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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">DTQ5ZWRyjqh7chJmC3TsgQR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00020</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000200020</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400220</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000200020</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular idiop&#225;tica com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo localizada no tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Roberval</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Edmur C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>D'&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Edson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonz&#225;les</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo A. V. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Luzia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>185</fpage>
      <lpage>187</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Paciente de 26 anos, sem cardiopatia estrutural, apresentando palpita&#231;&#245;es e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncopes devido &#224; taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada, foi submetida a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico para tentativa de abla&#231;&#227;o do foco arritmog&#234;nico, usando-se como local, os crit&#233;rios de mapeamento. Sem obter &#234;xito com o mapeamento da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, posicionou-se o cateter dentro da art&#233;ria pulmonar com mapeamento de foco satisfat&#243;rio, eliminando a taquicardia t&#227;o logo iniciada a radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia. Durante seguimento de 14 meses, a paciente permanece assintom&#225;tica, sem arritmia ao Holter e n&#227;o nessecitando de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Abla&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular idiop&#225;tica com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo localizada no tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Roberto Leite; Jos&#233; R. Barreto; Roberval Melo; Edmur C. Araujo; Luciano Nogueira; Lucas A. Fonseca; Edson D'&#193;vila; C&#233;sar Gonz&#225;les; Fernando Cruz; Angelo A. V. de Paola</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Brasilia, DF / Rio de Janeiro, RJ / S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Hospital Santa Luzia - Bras&#237;lia e Escola Paulista de Medicina - UFSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente de 26 anos, sem cardiopatia estrutural, apresentando palpita&#231;&#245;es e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncopes devido &#224; taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada, foi submetida a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico para tentativa de abla&#231;&#227;o do foco arritmog&#234;nico, usando-se como local, os crit&#233;rios de mapeamento. Sem obter &#234;xito com o mapeamento da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, posicionou-se o cateter dentro da art&#233;ria pulmonar com mapeamento de foco satisfat&#243;rio, eliminando a taquicardia t&#227;o logo iniciada a radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia. Durante seguimento de 14 meses, a paciente permanece assintom&#225;tica, sem arritmia ao Holter e n&#227;o nessecitando de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. </p>
    <p> H&#225; mais de 30 anos, Zipes e Knope<sup>1</sup> descreveram a presen&#231;a de fibras card&#237;acas com capacidade de forma&#231;&#227;o de impulso el&#233;trico dentro das veias tor&#225;cicas. Entretanto, apenas recentemente, foi dada aten&#231;&#227;o especial ao significado cl&#237;nico desse achado. As veias pulmonares e, menos freq&#252;entemente, a veia cava superior e a veia de Marshall (remanescente embriol&#243;gico da veia cava superior esquerda), t&#234;m sido identificadas como focos arritmog&#234;nicos que induzem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>2-6</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, tem sido demonstrado que a abla&#231;&#227;o desses focos pode curar a arritmia<sup>2-6</sup>.  </p>
    <p>Assim como as veias tor&#225;cicas, a art&#233;ria pulmonar e a aorta tamb&#233;m possuem extens&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio com atividade el&#233;trica. Asirvathan e cols., num estudo anat&#244;mico com 230 cora&#231;&#245;es humanos, demonstraram a presen&#231;a de fibras card&#237;acas dentro da art&#233;ria pulmonar. Nesse estudo, relatamos que 13% dos cora&#231;&#245;es estudados apresentavam m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, em m&#233;dia, tr&#234;s mm acima da valva pulmonar<sup>7</sup>. Tamb&#233;m tem sido relatado que a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia na c&#250;spide coronariana pode eliminar determinados tipos de extra-s&#237;stoles<sup>8,9</sup>. Entretanto, a abla&#231;&#227;o de focos arritmog&#234;nicos na art&#233;ria pulmonar &#233; pouco explorada, e, at&#233; o momento, apenas um grupo descreveu a origem desta arritmia acima do plano valvar pulmonar<sup>10,11</sup>. No presente estudo, relatamos o caso de uma paciente com taquicardia ventricular idiop&#225;tica, cujo foco arritmog&#234;nico foi eliminado com aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia no tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 26 anos, com quadro de palpita&#231;&#245;es e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncopes h&#225; 4 anos, a despeito do uso de propranolol, propafenona e sotalol. O exame cl&#237;nico evidenciou apenas ritmo card&#237;aco irregular pela presen&#231;a da arritmia. O eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es mostrou ritmo sinusal intercalado com taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, eixo desviado inferiormente no plano frontal e transi&#231;&#227;o S-R em V4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). A presen&#231;a de cardiopatia estrutural foi descartada atrav&#233;s de radiografia de t&#243;rax, ecocardiograma e resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica, sendo que esta &#250;ltima n&#227;o demonstrou substitui&#231;&#227;o de tecido muscular por adiposo no ventr&#237;culo direito. O eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o foi negativo para a presen&#231;a de potenciais tardios. O Holter de 24h mostrou 52% de batimentos ventriculares, sendo 1672 em forma de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada de at&#233; 15 batimentos. O diagn&#243;stico de taquicardia ventricular idiop&#225;tica com origem na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito foi aventado e a paciente encaminhada a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico para tentativa de abla&#231;&#227;o do foco arritmog&#234;nico. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0185-00020-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O procedimento foi realizado sob seda&#231;&#227;o e anestesia local. Os eletrogramas bipolares foram filtrados a 30-500 Hz e registrados com pol&#237;grafo de 32 canais. Atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#245;es da veia femoral direita, dois cateteres foram introduzidos sob vis&#227;o radiosc&#243;pica e posicionados no ventr&#237;culo direito (&#225;pex e via de sa&#237;da). Durante o estudo observou-se presen&#231;a de freq&#252;entes epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada espont&#226;nea, com a mesma morfologia descrita. O mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o foram realizados com um cateter 7 Fr com controle de temperatura e ponta de 5 mm (<italic>EP Technologies, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA</italic>). O local para aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia foi determinado atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o da morfologia do QRS estimulado com o QRS da taquicardia ventricular espont&#226;nea (<italic>pace mapping</italic>) e pela precocidade do eletrograma ventricular em rela&#231;&#227;o ao in&#237;cio do QRS mais precoce da taquicardia ventricular. Com esta t&#233;cnica foi realizado o mapeamento da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. Apesar de serem obtidos crit&#233;rios de 12/12 com estimula&#231;&#227;o, nenhuma precocidade foi obtida e duas aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia n&#227;o eliminaram a arritmia. O posicionamento do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar demonstrou a presen&#231;a de eletrograma ventricular com precocidade de 30 ms em rela&#231;&#227;o ao in&#237;cio do QRS mais precoce e crit&#233;rios de 12 em 12 com estimula&#231;&#227;o. O limiar de estimula&#231;&#227;o foi de 6 mA com largura de pulso de 2 ms. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref>). Nos primeiros segundos de aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia, neste local, a taquicardia ventricular e as extra-s&#237;stoles foram eliminadas, n&#227;o havendo recorr&#234;ncia, mesmo ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de isoproterenol. No decorre de 14 meses, a paciente permanece assintom&#225;tica, na aus&#234;ncia de tratamento com drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas e o Holter de 24h seriado n&#227;o demonstrou arritmias. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0185-00020-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0185-00020-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar de se saber que a presen&#231;a de atividade el&#233;trica de fibras mioc&#225;rdicas, dentro dos vasos tor&#225;cicos, pode ser de foco arritmog&#234;nico, s&#243; recentemente se demonstrou que a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter desses focos deflagradores pode curar a arritmia<sup>2-6,8-10</sup>. Especificamente no caso das arritmias com QRS alargado, extra-s&#237;stoles espec&#237;ficas com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo direito e eixo desviado para o quadrante inferior do plano frontal, podem ser eliminadas nas c&#250;spides coronarianas, demonstrando a origem da arritmia fora das c&#226;maras card&#237;aca.<sup>9</sup> Menos freq&#252;entemente, as extra-s&#237;stoles de via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo podem ter morfologia de bloqueio do ramo esquerdo e serem confundidas com as originadas em via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. A diferencia&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do eletrocardiograma tem sido feita pela rela&#231;&#227;o R/S na deriva&#231;&#227;o V3, correlacionando-se a transi&#231;&#227;o precoce com via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a tardia (R/S &lt; 1,0 em V3) com via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito<sup>8</sup>. Utilizando-se este crit&#233;rio, o padr&#227;o morfol&#243;gico da taquicardia ventricular aqui relatada sugeria origem na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. Entretanto, a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia, que resultou na cura da arritmia, foi realizada na art&#233;ria pulmonar. Recentemente, Timmermans e cols. descreveram a cura de taquicardia ventricular, com morfologia semelhante a aqui relatada, atrav&#233;s da abla&#231;&#227;o no tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar<sup>10,11</sup>. </p>
    <p>A origem na art&#233;ria pulmonar da arritmia pode ser ainda corroborada pelo fato de que a taquicardia ventricular idiop&#225;tica de via de sa&#237;da tem como mecanismos arritmog&#234;nicos o automatismo e/ou atividade deflagrada, caracter&#237;sticas que a tornam focal. Sendo assim, &#233; aceit&#225;vel que as fibras mioc&#225;rdicas localizadas nos grandes vasos possam ser foco de arritmias, e que, por sua natureza focal, a estimula&#231;&#227;o do local apresente a mesma morfologia do QRS da arritmia espont&#226;nea. Por este motivo, &#233; tamb&#233;m compreens&#237;vel que a aplica&#231;&#227;o pontual de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia no local de origem da arritmia a elimine definitivamente. Neste relato, ap&#243;s 14 meses de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico e com Holter seriados, a paciente permanece assintom&#225;tica e sem arritmia ventricular. </p>
    <p>A dificuldade em se alcan&#231;ar sucesso na abla&#231;&#227;o deste tipo de arritmia tem sido atribu&#237;da a supostos focos epic&#225;rdicos. O mapeamento epic&#225;rdico tem se mostrado uma op&#231;&#227;o para alcan&#231;ar o sucesso do tratamento. Entretanto, &#233; importante notar que assim como no presente caso e no de Timmermans e col.<sup>10,11</sup>, o foco da arritmia pode ter origem no tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar, podendo haver vantagens em se proceder o mapeamento deste local antes de se tentar outras formas de mapeamento ou outras vias de acesso. </p>
    <p>Portanto, as taquicardias ventriculares com padr&#227;o de bloqueio do ramo esquerdo e eixo desviado para o quadrante inferior no plano frontal, morfologia que sugere foco na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, pode tamb&#233;m ter sua origem no tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar. A aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia neste local pode curar definitivamente a arritmia e, nos casos de insucesso da abla&#231;&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, o mapeamento do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar pode ser uma alternativa &#250;til antes que outros m&#233;todos sejam tentados.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luiz Roberto Leite - SQSW 104 - Bloco F - 402 </p>
        <p> Cep 70670-406 - Brasilia - DF </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="leite.luiz@brturbo.com.br">leite.luiz@brturbo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 09/12/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 04/06/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ablation of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia with left bundle-branch block morphology located in the pulmonary trunk</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We report the case of a 26-year-old female patient with palpitations and presyncopes due to nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, who had no structural heart disease. The patient underwent electrophysiological study in an attempt to ablate the arrhythmogenic focus, whose location was determined by using mapping criteria. Because mapping of the right ventricular outflow tract was not successful, the catheter was placed inside the pulmonary artery with satisfactory mapping of the arrhythmogenic focus, and tachycardia was eliminated as soon as radiofrequency was initiated. The patient has remained asymptomatic for 14 months, with no treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs, and no arrhythmias on serial 24-hour Holter.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ablation of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia with left bundle-branch block morphology located in the pulmonary trunk</p>
      <p>Luiz Roberto Leite; Jos&#233; R. Barreto; Roberval Melo; Edmur C. Araujo; Luciano Nogueira; Lucas A. Fonseca; Edson D'&#193;vila; C&#233;sar Gonz&#225;les; Fernando Cruz; Angelo A. V. de Paola</p>
      <p>Brasilia, DF / Rio de Janeiro, RJ / S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Hospital Santa Luzia, Bras&#237;lia, and Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p> We report the case of a 26-year-old female patient with palpitations and presyncopes due to nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, who had no structural heart disease. The patient underwent electrophysiological study in an attempt to ablate the arrhythmogenic focus, whose location was determined by using mapping criteria. Because mapping of the right ventricular outflow tract was not successful, the catheter was placed inside the pulmonary artery with satisfactory mapping of the arrhythmogenic focus, and tachycardia was eliminated as soon as radiofrequency was initiated. The patient has remained asymptomatic for 14 months, with no treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs, and no arrhythmias on serial 24-hour Holter. </p>
      <p>More than 30 years ago, Zipes and Knope <sup>1</sup> reported the presence of cardiac fibers with the capacity to generate an electrical impulse within thoracic veins. It has only been recently, however, that special attention has been given to the clinical meaning of this finding. The pulmonary veins, and, less often, the superior vena cava and the Marshall vein (embryonic remnant of the left superior vena cava) have been identified as arrhythmogenic foci that induce atrial fibrillation <sup>2-6</sup>. In addition, ablation of those foci has been shown to cure the arrhythmia <sup>2-6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Like the thoracic veins, the pulmonary artery and aorta also have a myocardial extension with electrical activity. Asirvatham et al <sup>7</sup>, in an anatomic study with 230 human hearts, showed the presence of cardiac fibers within the pulmonary artery, and reported that 13% of the hearts studied had cardiac muscle, on average, 3 mm above the pulmonary valve. In addition, application of radiofrequency in the coronary leaflet has been reported to be able to eliminate certain types of extrasystoles <sup>8,9</sup>. However, the ablation of arrhythmogenic foci in the pulmonary artery has rarely been explored, and, so far, only one group has reported the origin of that arrhythmia above the pulmonary valve plane<sup> 10,11</sup>. In our study, we report the case of a patient with idiopathic ventricular tachycardia, whose arrhythmogenic focus was eliminated with application of radiofrequency in the pulmonary trunk. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is a 26-year-old female who has had palpitations and presyncopes for 4 years although using propranolol, propafenone, and sotalol. The clinical examination showed irregular cardiac rhythm due to the presence of arrhythmia. The 12-lead electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm intercalated with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia with left bundle-branch block morphology, lower deviation of the axis in the frontal plane, and S-R transition in V4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig.1</xref>). The presence of structural heart disease was ruled out through a chest X-ray, echocardiography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The latter did not show replacement of muscle tissue by adipose tissue in the right ventricle. The signal-averaged electrocardiogram was negative for the presence of late potentials. The 24-hour Holter showed 52% ventricular beats, 1672 of which were in the form of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia of up to 15 beats. The diagnosis of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia originating in the right ventricular outflow tract was suspected, and the patient was referred for electrophysiological study for ablation of the arrhythmogenic focus. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0185-00020-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The procedure was performed with the patient under sedation and with local anesthesia. The bipolar electrograms were filtered at 30-500 Hz and recorded with 32-channel polygraph. Through punctures of the right femoral vein, 2 catheters were introduced under radioscopic vision and positioned in the right ventricle (apex and outflow tract). During the study, the presence of frequent episodes of spontaneous nonsustained ventricular tachycardia with the same morphology as described were observed. Mapping and ablation were performed under controlled temperature with a 7-Fr catheter and 5-mm tip (EP Technologies, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA). The site for radiofrequency application was determined by comparing the morphology of the stimulated QRS with the QRS of the spontaneous ventricular tachycardia (pace mapping) and by the precocity of the ventricular electrogram in regard to the beginning of the earliest QRS of ventricular tachycardia. Mapping of the right ventricular outflow tract was performed with that technique. Although 12/12 criteria were obtained with stimulation, no precocity was observed and 2 applications of radiofrequency did not eliminate the arrhythmia. Positioning of the ablation catheter in the pulmonary trunk region showed the presence of a ventricular electrogram with 30-ms precocity in relation to the beginning of the earliest QRS and 12/12 criteria with stimulation. The threshold of stimulation was 6 mA with pulse width of 2 ms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref>). In the first seconds of radiofrequency application at that site, the ventricular tachycardia and extrasystoles were eliminated, without recurrence even after isoproterenol infusion. The patient has remained asymptomatic for 14 months, with no treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs, and no arrhythmias on serial 24-hour Holter monitoring. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0185-00020-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0185-00020-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although the presence of electrical activity in myocardial fibers within thoracic vessels may be an arrhythmogenic focus, it was only recently that catheter ablation of those triggering foci was shown to cure arrhythmia <sup>2-6,8-10</sup>. In the case of arrhythmias with wide QRS, specific extrasystoles with right bundle-branch block morphology and axis deviation to the inferior quarter of the frontal plane may be eliminated in the coronary leaflets, demonstrating that the origin of the arrhythmia is out of the cardiac chambers<sup>9</sup>. Less frequently, the extrasystoles of the left ventricular outflow tract may have the left bundle-branch block morphology and be confounded with those originating from the right ventricular outflow tract. Differentiation by using electrocardiography has been performed with the R/S ratio in the V3 lead, correlating an early transition with the left ventricular outflow tract, and a late transition (R/S &lt; 1.0 in V3) with the right ventricular outflow tract <sup>8</sup>. Based on that criterion, the morphological pattern of ventricular tachycardia here presented suggested a right ventricular outflow tract origin. However, the application of radiofrequency that cured the arrhythmia was performed in the pulmonary artery. Recently, Timmermans et al <sup>10,11 </sup>have reported the cure of ventricular tachycardia with morphology similar to that here presented by using ablation in the pulmonary trunk. </p>
      <p>The pulmonary artery origin of the arrhythmia may still be corroborated by the fact that the arrhythmogenic mechanisms of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia of the outflow tract are the automatism or triggering activity, or both, characteristics that make it focal. Therefore, it is acceptable that the myocardial fibers located in the great vessels may be foci of arrhythmias, and, due to their focal nature, the stimulation of the site has the same morphology of the QRS of the spontaneous arrhythmia. Thus, it is also understandable that the punctual application of radiofrequency at the site of arrhythmia origin definitely eliminates it. Our patient, after 14 months of clinical follow-up with serial Holter, remains asymptomatic with no ventricular arrhythmia. </p>
      <p>The difficulty in achieving success in ablating that type of arrhythmia has been attributed to supposed epicardial foci. Epicardial mapping has proved to be an option for successful treatment. However, it is worth noting that, as in our case and in that of Timmermans et al <sup>10,11</sup>, the arrhythmia focus may originate in the pulmonary trunk, and it may be advantageous to map that site before attempting other forms of mapping or other access routes. </p>
      <p>Therefore, ventricular tachycardia with the pattern of left bundle-branch block and axis deviation to the lower quarter in the frontal plane, a morphology that suggests the existence of a focus in the right ventricular outflow tract, may also have its origin in the pulmonary trunk. Radiofrequency application in that site may definitively cure the arrhythmia, and in cases in which ablation in the right ventricular outflow tract failed, mapping of the pulmonary trunk may be a useful alternative before other methods are used.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luiz Roberto Leite - SQSW 104 - Bloco F - 402</p>
          <p> Cep 70670-406 - Bras&#237;lia, DF, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="leite.luiz@brturbo.com.br">leite.luiz@brturbo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publication: 12/09/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 06/04/2004</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
