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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NNqHvWfbWchYP3Ngkm4bBZz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000200018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400218</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000200018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cintilografia com MIBI-dipiridamol negativa em doen&#231;a coronariana grave no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma de aorta abdominal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Halpern</surname>
            <given-names>Helio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miyoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Erika</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pesaro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Eduardo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wolosker</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>179</fpage>
      <lpage>181</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Descreve-se o caso de um paciente de 73 anos, candidato &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma de aorta abdominal, sem anormalidades na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica. A cirurgia foi postergada para tratamento de epididimite. Duas semanas ap&#243;s, o paciente retornou ao hospital com dor tor&#225;cica e a angiografia mostrou obstru&#231;&#245;es de duas coron&#225;rias, tratadas com sucesso por angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea com implante de stent. Ap&#243;s 45 dias, o paciente foi submetido &#224; cirurgia para corre&#231;&#227;o do aneurisma de aorta abdominal sob anestesia peridural e geral, evoluindo sem complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cintilografia com MIBI-dipiridamol negativa em doen&#231;a coronariana grave no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma de aorta abdominal</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Helio Halpern; Erika Miyoshi; Antonio Eduardo P. Pesaro; Carlos V. Serrano Jr.; Nelson Wolosker</bold>
    </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein e Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Descreve-se o caso de um paciente de 73 anos, candidato &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma de aorta abdominal, sem anormalidades na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica. A cirurgia foi postergada para tratamento de epididimite. Duas semanas ap&#243;s, o paciente retornou ao hospital com dor tor&#225;cica e a angiografia mostrou obstru&#231;&#245;es de duas coron&#225;rias, tratadas com sucesso por angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea com implante de <italic>stent</italic>. Ap&#243;s 45 dias, o paciente foi submetido &#224; cirurgia para corre&#231;&#227;o do aneurisma de aorta abdominal sob anestesia peridural e geral, evoluindo sem complica&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p> Em cirurgias n&#227;o-card&#237;acas de alto risco como cirurgias vasculares que implicam maior demanda card&#237;aca, os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia coronariana (ICO) significativa devem ser identificados adequadamente e submetidos a otimiza&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Estudos tentam definir estrat&#233;gias para identificar os pacientes de risco para eventos card&#237;acos no perioperat&#243;rio, mas sabe-se que, atualmente, nenhum teste &#233; capaz de mimetizar todo estresse perioperat&#243;rio.  </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Homem de 73 anos, masculino, ex-tabagista, parou h&#225; sete anos, candidato &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma de aorta abdominal infra-renal de 5cm, descoberto durante ultra-sonografia abdominal de rotina. Negava antecedentes m&#243;rbidos exceto por ressec&#231;&#227;o transuretral de pr&#243;stata realizada h&#225; dois anos. O paciente n&#227;o tinha qualquer sintoma cardiol&#243;gico. A avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica, incluindo ecocardiograma e cintilografia MIBI-dipiridamol, n&#227;o revelou qualquer anormalidade. A cirurgia foi postergada devido &#224; epididimite esquerda diagnosticada no dia da cirurgia, sendo o paciente tratado com antibi&#243;ticos. Duas semanas depois, o paciente retornou ao hospital queixando-se de dor tor&#225;cica aos pequenos esfor&#231;os. O eletrocardiograma revelou um bloqueio atrioventricular de 1&#186; grau e altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular na parede lateral. A coronariografia revelou 80% de obstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita e 70% da art&#233;ria descendente anterior. Ambas as les&#245;es foram tratadas com sucesso com angioplastia e implante de <italic>stent</italic>. O paciente recebeu terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria por 30 dias. Quarenta e cinco dias depois da angioplastia, com outra cintilografia MIBI-dipiridamol normal, e sem qualquer sintoma, o aneurisma de aorta abdominal foi corrigido atrav&#233;s de acesso retroperitoneal sob anestesia peridural lombar com cateter associada &#224; anestesia geral. O tempo de pin&#231;amento da aorta infra-renal foi de 49min e o tempo cir&#250;rgico de 2h e 25min. O paciente recebeu 3500 ml de cristal&#243;ides, 500 ml de hidroxietilamido, 150 ml de albumina 20% e 445 ml de sangue recuperado de auto-transfus&#227;o intra-operat&#243;ria. A diurese no intra-operat&#243;rio foi de 1000 ml, sendo 800 no per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o. A dosagem de hemoglobina inicial era de 14,3g/dl e, ap&#243;s a cirurgia, de 11,4g/dl. O paciente foi extubado ao final da cirurgia, permanecendo na UTI por 20h, e o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio transcorreu sem complica&#231;&#245;es e o paciente recebeu alta hospitalar ap&#243;s quatro dias da cirurgia. Dois anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia, encontra-se em excelente condi&#231;&#227;o, sem qualquer sintoma cardiovascular. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana &#233; substancialmente maior em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia vascular do que na popula&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica geral <sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
    <p>A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, utilizando MIBI e dipiridamol, tem sensibilidade de 96% quando se consideram estenoses &gt; 70% e especificidade para detectar doen&#231;a da coron&#225;ria descendente anterior de 97% e 89% para coron&#225;ria direita<sup>3</sup>. As limita&#231;&#245;es da cintilografia encontram-se em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o e hipertrofia ventricular e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo. O ecocardiograma com estresse &#233; preferido para esse subgrupo<sup>4</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, outros fatores, como ingesta de cafe&#237;na antes do exame (preparo inadequado), presen&#231;a de les&#245;es triarteriais e uso de betabloqueadores podem reduzir a sensibilidade da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica. Pacientes que ser&#227;o submetidos &#224; cintilografia com f&#225;rmacos, como adenosina ou dipiridamol, devem manter abstin&#234;ncia de cafe&#237;na e medicamentos derivados de xantinas, pelo menos 24h antes do exame. A cafe&#237;na e as xantinas bloqueiam receptores de adenosina, reduzindo seu efeito de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e eleva&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es reduzem a sensibilidade do teste e elevam a chance de resultados falso-negativos<sup>5,6</sup>. Pacientes com les&#245;es triarteriais ou de tronco t&#234;m pior progn&#243;stico. Apesar disso, quando h&#225; les&#245;es triarteriais, a cintilografia pode detectar um padr&#227;o "balanceado" de perfus&#227;o, o que reduz a sensibilidade do m&#233;todo. Como a isquemia ocorre de maneira semelhante nos diversos territ&#243;rios, h&#225; dificuladade em comparar as imagens de perfus&#227;o diminu&#237;da e normal, o que pode resultar em teste falso-negativo. Nesses casos, a associa&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise da perfus&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pode elevar a sensibilidade da cintilografia, identificando regi&#245;es com disfun&#231;&#227;o segmentar em pacientes com isquemia balanceada<sup>7</sup>. Finalmente, os betabloqueadores, apesar de &#250;teis no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, podem reduzir a detec&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas isqu&#234;micas na cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica. Dois estudos com betabloqueadores, introduzidos no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia coronariana ou apenas com m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco cardiovascular, evidenciaram benef&#237;cio com redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e at&#233; dois anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia<sup>8,9</sup>. No entanto, com o uso de betabloqueadores, pode haver redu&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade da cintilografia com dipiridamol, utilizada no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>A Revis&#227;o das Condutas para Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Perioperat&#243;ria de Cirurgia n&#227;o Card&#237;aca da Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana do Cora&#231;&#227;o e Col&#233;gio Americano de Cardiologistas sugere que a cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca geralmente &#233; segura em pacientes sem sinais ou sintomas maiores ou intermedi&#225;rios preditivos de risco cir&#250;rgico e que apresentam moderada ou excelente capacidade funcional<sup>11</sup>. Os resultados de testes n&#227;o invasivos podem ser usados para determinar a necessidade de exames adicionais pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios e o tratamento. Para pacientes com baixo risco e boa capacidade funcional (acima de 4 mets), os testes para estratifica&#231;&#227;o para risco card&#237;aco n&#227;o s&#227;o necess&#225;rios. </p>
    <p>Segundo as diretrizes para avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria do Col&#233;gio Americano de M&#233;dicos, o paciente em quest&#227;o seria classificado inicialmente, como de baixo risco. Entre as vari&#225;veis de alto risco, ele possui apenas a idade &gt; 70 anos e, portanto poderia at&#233; ser submetido ao procedimento sem estratifica&#231;&#227;o com cintilografia<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>Uma vez que a doen&#231;a coronariana tenha sido identificada ou diante de um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, a angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea &#233; considerada menos invasiva, menos dispendiosa e requer menor tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o e perman&#234;ncia hospitalar. Os avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos dos <italic>stents</italic> e dos f&#225;rmacos antiplaquet&#225;rios reduziram a taxa de oclus&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> em 30 dias em menos de 0,5%<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com infarto em menos de 6 meses e tratados com angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea e <italic>stent</italic>, a incid&#234;ncia de infarto p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi de 0,5%, compar&#225;vel a de pacientes sem coronariopatia<sup>14</sup>. Pacientes tratados com angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea e <italic>stent</italic> h&#225; mais de 90 dias antes de cirurgias n&#227;o-card&#237;acas tiveram metade dos eventos adversos card&#237;acos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o revascularizados, os quais apresentam o dobro de risco em rela&#231;&#227;o a pacientes saud&#225;veis<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Entretanto, outro estudo que examinou 40 pacientes revascularizados por angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea e <italic>stent</italic> com menos de 6 semanas antes da cirurgia n&#227;o-card&#237;aca revela uma alta incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias catastr&#243;ficas nos pacientes submetidos a cirurgias n&#227;o-card&#237;acas eletivas ou semi-eletivas<sup>16</sup>. Um relato de caso recente descreveu um paciente que evoluiu para fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s nefrectomia 32 dias ap&#243;s implante de <italic>stent</italic>, necessitando de angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea de urg&#234;ncia para desobstruir o <italic>stent</italic> trombosado<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em resumo, a falha na identifica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana mostra que exames de apoio negativos ou normais n&#227;o excluem a estreita associa&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a vascular e insufici&#234;ncia coronariana, devendo-se considerar todo portador de arteriopatia perif&#233;rica como de risco para desenvolver eventos adversos card&#237;acos. Ainda, o tempo h&#225;bil seguro entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea com implante de <italic>stent</italic> e a cirurgia de grande porte n&#227;o card&#237;aca aparentemente &#233; maior que 90 dias. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Helio Halpern </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Homem de Melo, 379/152 </p>
        <p> Cep 05007-001 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> Email: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="hhalpern@einstein.br">hhalpern@einstein.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 19/09/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 10/03/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Negative sestamibi-dipyridamole perfusion imaging in severe coronary artery disease in the preoperative period of correction of abdominal aortic aneurysm</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We report the case of a 73-year-old male patient who was a candidate for correction of an abdominal aortic aneurysm without abnormalities in his first cardiological evaluation. The surgery was postponed because of the need for treatment of epididymitis. Two weeks later, the patient returned to the hospital with thoracic pain, when the angiography showed obstructions in 2 coronary arteries, which were successfully treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent implantation. After 45 days, the patient underwent surgery for correction of the abdominal aortic aneurysm under peridural and general anesthesia. The patient evolved without complications.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Negative sestamibi-dipyridamole perfusion imaging in severe coronary artery disease in the preoperative period of correction of abdominal aortic aneurysm</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Helio Halpern; Erika Miyoshi; Antonio Eduardo P. Pesaro; Carlos V. Serrano Jr.; Nelson Wolosker</p>
      <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein e Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p> We report the case of a 73-year-old male patient who was a candidate for correction of an abdominal aortic aneurysm without abnormalities in his first cardiological evaluation. The surgery was postponed because of the need for treatment of epididymitis. Two weeks later, the patient returned to the hospital with thoracic pain, when the angiography showed obstructions in 2 coronary arteries, which were successfully treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent implantation. After 45 days, the patient underwent surgery for correction of the abdominal aortic aneurysm under peridural and general anesthesia. The patient evolved without complications. </p>
      <p>In high-risk noncardiac surgeries, such as vascular surgeries, that cause greater cardiac demand, patients with significant coronary artery disease (CAD) should be adequately identified and undergo pharmacological optimization or surgical revascularization. Some studies have tried to define strategies to identify patients at risk for perioperative cardiac events; however, it is currently known that no test is able to imitate all perioperative stress. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is a 73-year-old male, who quit smoking 7 years earlier, and who was a candidate for correction of a 5-cm infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm discovered during routine abdominal ultrasonography. The patient denied any morbid antecedents except for a transurethral resection of the prostate performed 2 years earlier. He had no cardiac symptoms. The cardiac assessment, including echocardiography and MIBI-dipyridamole perfusion imaging, showed no abnormality. The surgery was postponed due to left epididymitis diagnosed on the day of surgery, and the patient was treated with antibiotics. Two weeks later, he returned to the hospital complaining of chest pain on minor exertion. The electrocardiogram revealed a first-degree atrioventricular block and alteration of the ventricular repolarization in the lateral wall. The coronary angiography revealed an 80% obstruction of the right coronary artery and a 70% obstruction of the anterior descending coronary artery. Both lesions were successfully treated with angioplasty and stent implantation. The patient received antiplatelet therapy for 30 days. Forty-five days after angioplasty, with another normal sestamibi-dipyridamole perfusion imaging, and without any symptoms, the abdominal aortic aneurysm was corrected through retroperitoneal access while the patient was anesthetized with lumbar peridural anesthesia with a catheter combined with general anesthesia. Clamping of the infra-renal aorta lasted 49 minutes, and the surgery lasted 2 hours and 25 minutes. The patient received 3500 mL of crystalloids, 500 mL of hydroxyethyl amide, 150 mL of 20% albumin, and 445 mL of blood retrieved from intraoperative auto-transfusion. The diuresis during surgery was 1000 mL, 800 being in the period after reperfusion. At the beginning of surgery, hemoglobin was 14.3g/dL, and, after surgery, it was 11.4g/dL. The patient was extubated at the end of surgery and remained in the ICU for 20 hours. The postoperative period was uneventful, and the patient was discharged from the hospital 4 days after surgery. Two years after surgery, the patient is in excellent condition, with no cardiovascular symptoms. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The incidence of coronary artery disease is significantly greater in patients undergoing vascular surgery than in the general surgical population <sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Myocardial perfusion imaging with sestamibi and dipyridamole has a sensitivity of 96%, when stenoses &gt; 70% are considered, and specificity for detecting disease in the anterior descending coronary artery and in the right coronary artery of 97% and 89%, respectively <sup>3</sup>. The limitations of perfusion imaging are found in patients with hypertension, ventricular hypertrophy and left bundle-branch block. Stress echocardiography is preferred for that subgroup <sup>4</sup>. In addition, other factors, such as caffeine ingestion before the test (inadequate preparation), presence of 3-vessel lesions, and the use of beta-blockers may reduce the sensitivity of myocardial perfusion imaging. Patients who will undergo perfusion imaging with drugs, such as adenosine or dipyridamole, should refrain from having caffeine and medications derived from the xanthines at least in the 24 hours preceding the test. Caffeine and the xanthines block the adenosine receptors, reducing the effect of vasodilation and heart rate elevation. These alterations reduce the sensitivity of the test and increase the chance of false-negative results <sup>5,6</sup>. Patients with 3-vessel lesions or a lesion in the left main coronary artery have a worse prognosis. Nevertheless, in the presence of 3-vessel lesions, perfusion imaging may detect a "balanced" pattern of perfu sion, which reduces the sensitivity of the method. Because ischemia occurs in a similar manner in the different territories, it is difficult to compare the images of decreased and normal perfusion, which may result in a false-negative test. In those cases, the combined analysis of perfusion and ventricular function may increase the sensitivity of the perfusion imaging, identifying the regions with segmentary dysfunction in patients with balanced ischemia <sup>7</sup>. Finally, the beta-blockers, although useful in the preoperative period, may reduce the detection of ischemic areas on myocardial perfusion imaging. Two studies with beta-blockers introduced in the preoperative period of noncardiac surgery in patients with coronary artery disease or simply with multiple cardiovascular risk factors showed a benefit with reduction in mortality and in myocardial infarction in the postoperative period up to 2 years after surgery <sup>8,9</sup>. However, the use of beta-blockers may cause a reduction in the sensitivity of the perfusion imaging with dipyridamole performed in the preoperative period for risk stratification <sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>The ACC/AHA Guideline Update for Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery suggests that noncardiac surgery is usually safe in patients without major or intermediate predictive signs or symptoms of surgical risk and who have moderate or excellent functional capacity <sup>11</sup>. The results of noninvasive tests may be used to determine the need for additional preoperative tests and the treatment. For low-risk patients with good functional capacity (above 4 mets), tests for cardiac risk stratification are not necessary. </p>
      <p>According to the guidelines of the American College of Physicians for preoperative assessment, our patient would be initially classified as low risk. Of the high-risk variables, he had only age &gt; 70 years, and, therefore, could even undergo the procedure without stratification with perfusion imaging <sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Once the coronary artery disease is identified or in the presence of an acute myocardial infarction, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is considered to be less invasive, less expensive, and to require a shorter period of time for recovery and hospital stay. The technological advances of stents and antiplatelet agents have reduced the 30-day stent occlusion rate to less than 0.5% <sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>In patients who had an infarction in the preceding 6 months and were treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting, the incidence of postoperative infarction was 0.5%, comparable to that of patients with no coronary artery disease <sup>14</sup>. Patients treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting more than 90 days before noncardiac surgeries had half of the adverse cardiac events as compared with the nonrevascularized patients, whose risk is twice that of healthy individuals <sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>However, another study <sup>16</sup> analyzing 40 patients revascularized through percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stent implantation less than 6 weeks before noncardiac surgery reported a high incidence of catastrophic perioperative complications in patients undergoing elective or semi-elective noncardiac surgeries. A recent study reported the case of a patient who evolved to heart failure after nephrectomy 32 days after stent implantation and who required emergency percutaneous transluminal angioplasty to clear the thrombotic stent <sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, failure to identify coronary artery disease shows that negative or normal support tests do not exclude the close association between vascular disease and coronary artery disease, and all patients with peripheral artery disease should be considered at risk for developing adverse cardiac events. In addition, the safe time between performance of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stent implantation and highly serious noncardiac surgery is apparently longer than 90 days.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Helio Halpern</p>
          <p> Rua Dr. Homem de Melo, 379/152</p>
          <p> Cep 05007-001- S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> Email: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="hhalpern@einstein.br">hhalpern@einstein.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 09/19/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 03/10/2004</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
