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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yCQWWph8rYkDysjQmVfzvdC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000200016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400216</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000200016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Divert&#237;culo ventricular cong&#234;nito associado &#224; taquicardia ventricular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pitol</surname>
            <given-names>Ranieli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marne de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schvartzman</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>173</fpage>
      <lpage>175</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Divert&#237;culos ventriculares cong&#234;nitos s&#227;o raros. Clinicamente, podem ser assintom&#225;ticos ou causa de emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia valvar, ruptura ventricular, arritmia ventricular ou morte s&#250;bita. Apresentamos caso de uma mulher de 56 anos com taquicardia ventricular sustentada, na qual, durante a investiga&#231;&#227;o, foi diagnosticada a presen&#231;a de um divert&#237;culo na posi&#231;&#227;o &#237;nfero-basal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Comentam-se as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e o tratamento desta doen&#231;a infreq&#252;ente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Divert&#237;culo ventricular cong&#234;nito associado &#224; taquicardia ventricular</p>
    <p>Ranieli Pitol; Cristiano de Oliveira Cardoso; Carlos Roberto Cardoso; Marne de Freitas Gomes; Paulo Schvartzman </p>
    <p>Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Divert&#237;culos ventriculares cong&#234;nitos s&#227;o raros. Clinicamente, podem ser assintom&#225;ticos ou causa de emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia valvar, ruptura ventricular, arritmia ventricular ou morte s&#250;bita. Apresentamos caso de uma mulher de 56 anos com taquicardia ventricular sustentada, na qual, durante a investiga&#231;&#227;o, foi diagnosticada a presen&#231;a de um divert&#237;culo na posi&#231;&#227;o &#237;nfero-basal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Comentam-se as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e o tratamento desta doen&#231;a infreq&#252;ente.</p>
    <p> Divert&#237;culo ventricular cong&#234;nito &#233; uma altera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca muito rara <sup>1</sup>. Os relatos iniciais prov&#234;m de aut&#243;psias, sendo que muitos desses &#243;bitos ocorreram por ruptura do divert&#237;culo. O 1&#186; caso dessa natureza foi descrito em 1838 <sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Clinicamente, os divert&#237;culos ventriculares cong&#234;nitos podem ser assintom&#225;ticos ou causa de emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia valvar, ruptura ventricular, arritmia ventricular ou morte s&#250;bita <sup>1,2</sup>. Taquicardia ventricular &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o rara e grave, e o nosso relato o oitavo descrito na literatura. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 56 anos foi atendida na emerg&#234;ncia com quadro cl&#237;nico de taquicardia ventricular monom&#243;rfica sustentada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>) com repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Foi realizada cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica sincronizada e, posteriormente, administrada amiodarona endovenosa. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0173-00016-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A paciente apresentava hist&#243;ria pregressa de tratamento para hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica com propranolol, enalapril e hidroclorotiazida e estivera internada h&#225; tr&#234;s anos, em outra institui&#231;&#227;o, devido a epis&#243;dio arr&#237;tmico semelhante, quando foi realizado estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico com extra-estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular sob ciclo de 400 milisegundos e reprodu&#231;&#227;o da arritmia ap&#243;s um extra-est&#237;mulo. Na ocasi&#227;o, foi prescrita amiodarona, utilizada irregularmente. </p>
    <p>Durante a investiga&#231;&#227;o, o exame f&#237;sico da paciente n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es. O eletrocardiograma, ap&#243;s o controle do quadro agudo, o radiograma de t&#243;rax e os eletr&#243;litos s&#233;ricos encontravam-se dentro da normalidade. Na ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica, foi detectada presen&#231;a de abaulamento p&#243;stero-basal ventricular esquerdo, caracterizado na ventriculografia esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref>) como uma protus&#227;o em regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-basal, com conex&#227;o estreita com a cavidade ventricular, contratilidade preservada e, eliminando todo o contraste de seu interior, ap&#243;s tr&#234;s batimentos, compat&#237;vel com o diagn&#243;stico de divert&#237;culo. A resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica mioc&#225;rdica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>) confirmou os achados da ventriculografia esquerda. A rea&#231;&#227;o de hemoaglutina&#231;&#227;o para Chagas n&#227;o foi reagente e, na cineangiocoronariografia, as coron&#225;rias eram normais. N&#227;o foi realizado mapeamento ventricular para o foco arritmog&#234;nico. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0173-00016-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0173-00016-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0173-00016-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A paciente foi submetida &#224; ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do divert&#237;culo ventricular esquerdo com coloca&#231;&#227;o de retalho de peric&#225;rdio bovino. O exame anatomo-patol&#243;gico do material cir&#250;rgico revelou a presen&#231;a de epicardio, miocardio com acentuadas altera&#231;&#245;es distr&#243;ficas (fibrose intersticial, hipertrofia e vacuoliza&#231;&#227;o de fibras) e endoc&#225;rdio com fibrose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig.5</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0173-00016-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, apresentou boa evolu&#231;&#227;o, recebendo alta hospitalar com medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva e amiodarona. Um ano ap&#243;s o procedimento, encontra-se assintom&#225;tica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A diferen&#231;a entre aneurisma e divert&#237;culo cong&#234;nitos do cora&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; clara. N&#227;o &#233; apenas um problema de sem&#226;ntica, mas de defini&#231;&#227;o e classifica&#231;&#227;o <sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Abbot e cols. descreveram aneurisma cong&#234;nito como divert&#237;culo do cora&#231;&#227;o e esses dois termos, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia, t&#234;m sido a aus&#234;ncia de defeitos cong&#234;nitos associados n&#227;o exclui a origem cong&#234;nita<sup>3</sup>. A maior s&#233;rie de divert&#237;culos ventriculares cong&#234;nitos foi descrita por Okereke e cols., que relataram dez casos entre os anos de 1965 a 1984, no Instituto de Cardiologia do Texas<sup>1,2</sup>. A ventriculografia desses casos apresentava caracter&#237;sticas que as diferenciavam de aneurisma: conex&#227;o estreita com a cavidade ventricular verdadeira, contratilidade, enchimento r&#225;pido de contraste e esvaziamento completo ap&#243;s duas a quatro contra&#231;&#245;es<sup>1</sup>. A ventriculografia do caso relatado apresenta descri&#231;&#227;o semelhante. </p>
    <p>A localiza&#231;&#227;o mais comum dos divert&#237;culos ventriculares encontra-se na regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mas eles podem ocorrer, em qualquer topografia, no ventr&#237;culo direito ou em ambos<sup>1,2</sup>. Patologicamente, podem ser diferenciados em muscular ou fibroso. O tipo muscular origina-se no &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo, envolto por mioc&#225;rdio, endoc&#225;rdio e ocasionalmente peric&#225;rdio, sendo o ponto de conex&#227;o com o ventr&#237;culo geralmente estreito. Este tipo freq&#252;entemente &#233; acompanhado por anormalidades na linha m&#233;dia (defeitos no peric&#225;rdio, diafragma, ou parede abdominal) e por cardiopatia cong&#234;nita cian&#243;tica, e &#233; diagnosticado ao nascimento. O tipo fibroso origina-se na posi&#231;&#227;o apical ou subvalvar e ocorre, predominantemente, em negros e africanos. A forma subvalvular, a mais comum, pode ser acompanhada de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica ou mitral e de emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Os utilizados indistintamente<sup>4</sup>. Treistman e cols. utilizaram o termo divert&#237;culo quando o defeito na parede ventricular estava associado com outras altera&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas, cardiol&#243;gicas ou n&#227;o, descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada por Cantrel em 1958 como parte de uma pentalogia (associado com altera&#231;&#227;o da parede abdominal, esterno, diafragma, peric&#225;rdio e cora&#231;&#227;o)<sup>3,5,6</sup> e denominaram aneurisma quando n&#227;o ocorria esta associa&#231;&#227;o<sup>1-3</sup>. Contudo, 30% dos casos de divert&#237;culo ventricular esquerdo n&#227;o s&#227;o associados com malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas, sendo chamados de divert&#237;culo ventricular isolado<sup>6</sup>, e divert&#237;culos fibrosos n&#227;o s&#227;o associados com defeitos na linha m&#233;dia ou malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas<sup>1-3,7</sup>. </p>
    <p>A diferencia&#231;&#227;o histopatol&#243;gica entre divert&#237;culos e aneurismas cong&#234;nitos ou adquiridos n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel, pois, n&#227;o h&#225; altera&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas <sup>3,9</sup>. Segundo Treistman e cols., os achados histol&#243;gicos podem ser semelhantes &#224; parede ventricular normal ou ocorrer predom&#237;nio de tecido conjuntivo. Em dois casos relatados pelos autores, um apresentava as tr&#234;s camadas da parede ventricular, sendo o mioc&#225;rdio atr&#243;fico e repleto de tecido fibroso e o outro apresentava predom&#237;nio de tecido conjuntivo<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A etiologia dos divert&#237;culos &#233; incerta. Podem representar cistos epic&#225;rdicos cong&#234;nitos ou serem conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de fraqueza no m&#250;sculo ventricular, com gradual abocelamento devido &#224; alta press&#227;o intraventricular<sup>1-3,7</sup>. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico pode variar de horas ap&#243;s o nascimento a anos<sup>8</sup>, e ser realizado em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos como avalia&#231;&#227;o de um eletrocardiograma ou radiograma de t&#243;rax anormal, durante investiga&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas ou anormalidades na linha m&#233;dia <sup>1</sup>. Nos sintom&#225;ticos, apresenta-se como causa de eventos emb&#243;licos, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia valvar ou morte s&#250;bita<sup>1,2,9</sup>. A morte s&#250;bita pode ocorrer por ruptura do divert&#237;culo, mais comum no tipo fibroso, ou por taquiarritmias ventriculares<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>H&#225; poucos casos descritos de divert&#237;culos e aneurismas cong&#234;nitos com taquicardia ventricular<sup>1,8,10</sup>. Chesler e cols. descreveram os casos de duas mulheres Bantu com taquicardia ventricular e aneurisma cong&#234;nito subanular<sup>8</sup>. Maloy e cols. relataram o caso de uma mulher de 26 anos com aneurisma apical e taquicardia ventricular sustentada, submetida a aneurismectomia e permanecendo assintom&#225;tica ap&#243;s seis meses de acompanhamento<sup>11</sup>. Fellows e cols. descreveram tr&#234;s pacientes com aneurisma ventricular cong&#234;nito, dois sobreviventes de morte s&#250;bita e um com taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada recorrente<sup>10</sup>. Shen e cols. descreveram um caso de divert&#237;culo fibroso subvalvar com taquicardia ventricular sustentada refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento medicamentoso, submetido a mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do foco arritmog&#234;nico, apresentando recorr&#234;ncia um ano e meio ap&#243;s o procedimento<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>A hist&#243;ria natural dos pacientes com divert&#237;culo cong&#234;nito &#233; incerta<sup>1,7</sup>. Devido &#224; probabilidade de complica&#231;&#245;es, entre elas o risco de ruptura espont&#226;nea, alguns autores indicam ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica mesmo em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos<sup>2</sup>. A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica depende do tipo e extens&#227;o do divert&#237;culo. Os divert&#237;culos com conex&#227;o bem definida com a verdadeira cavidade ventricular, sem outros defeitos associados, podem ser ressecados sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea<sup>2</sup>. Okereke e cols. descreveram tratamento cir&#250;rgico de dez casos de divert&#237;culos ventriculares. Tr&#234;s foram ressecados sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e um necessitou de reparo ventricular com dacron. Nos demais casos, dois necessitaram de reparo valvar mitral, um de troca valvar mitral e um de troca valvar a&#243;rtica. </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com taquicardia ventricular, o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e o mapeamento fazem parte do diagn&#243;stico e tratamento<sup>1</sup>, pois n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecida na literatura uma conduta uniforme para esses casos. </p>
    <p>No nosso relato, a paciente apresentou dois epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular com repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico pr&#233;vio com reprodu&#231;&#227;o da arritmia. Durante a investiga&#231;&#227;o, foi constatada a presen&#231;a de um divert&#237;culo ventricular esquerdo subvalvar mitral, e n&#227;o foi realizado mapeamento ventricular do foco arritmog&#234;nico, devido &#224;s dificuldades locais para cumprir o procedimento. Fato que n&#227;o alterou a decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica devido ao risco de outras complica&#231;&#245;es (eventos emb&#243;licos, insufici&#234;ncia valvar e ruptura). Posteriormente, a paciente foi submetida &#224; ressec&#231;&#227;o do divert&#237;culo com boa evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. A ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi considerada o tratamento mais adequado, devido &#224; probabilidade das complica&#231;&#245;es descritas.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dr. Ranieli Pitol </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 </p>
        <p> Cep 90.620-001 - Porto Alegre - RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br">editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email> / </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ranielipitol@cardiol.br">ranielipitol@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 23/12/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 16/06/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Congenital ventricular diverticulum associated with ventricular tachycardia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Congenital ventricular diverticula are rare. Clinically, they may be asymptomatic or cause systemic embolization, heart failure, valvular regurgitation, ventricular rupture, ventricular arrhythmia, or sudden death. We report the case of a 56-year-old woman with sustained ventricular tachycardia, who, during investigation, was diagnosed with a diverticulum in the inferobasal portion of the left ventricle. The clinical characteristics and treatment of this rare disease are discussed.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Congenital ventricular diverticulum associated with ventricular tachycardia</p>
      <p>Ranieli Pitol; Cristiano de Oliveira Cardoso; Carlos Roberto Cardoso; Marne de Freitas Gomes; Paulo Schvartzman</p>
      <p>Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Congenital ventricular diverticula are rare. Clinically, they may be asymptomatic or cause systemic embolization, heart failure, valvular regurgitation, ventricular rupture, ventricular arrhythmia, or sudden death. We report the case of a 56-year-old woman with sustained ventricular tachycardia, who, during investigation, was diagnosed with a diverticulum in the inferobasal portion of the left ventricle. The clinical characteristics and treatment of this rare disease are discussed. </p>
      <p>Congenital ventricular diverticulum is an extremely rare cardiac abnormality <sup>1</sup>. The initial reports resulted from autopsies, and many of those deaths occurred due to rupture of the diverticulum. Such a case was first described in 1838 <sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Clinically, congenital ventricular diverticulum may be asymptomatic or cause systemic embolization, heart failure, valvular regurgitation, ventricular rupture, ventricular arrhythmia, or sudden death <sup>1,2</sup>. Ventricular tachycardia is a rare and severe complication, ours being the eighth case reported in the literature. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is 56-year-old woman who sought the emergency department due to clinical findings of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>) with hemodynamic repercussions. Synchronous electrical cardioversion was performed, and, later, amiodarone was administered intravenously. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0173-00016-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient had a history of previous treatment for systemic arterial hypertension with propranolol, enalapril, and hydrochlorothiazide, and reported being hospitalized at another institution 3 years earlier, due to a similar arrhythmic episode. On that occasion, an electrophysiologic study was carried out with ventricular extrastimulation at 400-millisecond cycles and reproduction of the arrhythmia after an extrastimulus. She was then prescribed amiodarone, but used it irregularly. </p>
      <p>During the investigation, the patient's physical examination showed some alterations. After controlling the acute setting, the electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, and serum electrolytes were within the normal range. The transthoracic echocardiography indicated the presence of left ventricular posterobasal bulging, which, on left ventriculography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref>), was characterized as a protrusion in the posterobasal region in close connection with the ventricular cavity and preserved contractility, which eliminated all its contrast medium content after 3 beats. The imaging findings were compatible with the diagnosis of diverticulum. Myocardial magnetic resonance imaging (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>) confirmed the findings of the left ventriculography. The reaction of hemagglutination for Chagas' disease was negative, and, on cine coronary angiography, the coronary arteries were normal. Ventricular mapping for the arrhythmogenic focus was not performed. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0173-00016-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0173-00016-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0173-00016-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient underwent surgical resection of the left ventricular diverticulum with placement of a bovine pericardial flap. The anatomicopathological examination of the surgical specimen revealed the presence of epicardium, myocardium with marked dystrophic alterations (interstitial fibrosis, hypertrophy, and vacuolization of fibers), and endocardial fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">fig. 5</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0173-00016-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient had an uneventful postoperative period and was discharged from the hospital with antihypertensive medications and amiodarone. One year after the procedure, she is asymptomatic. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The difference between aneurysm and congenital diverticulum of the heart is not clear. It is not only a question of semantics, but of definition and classification <sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Abbot et al <sup>4 </sup>reported congenital cardiac aneurysm as cardiac diverticulum, and those 2 terms have often been used interchangeably. Treistman et al <sup>3</sup> used the term "diverticulum" when the defect in the ventricular wall was associated with other congenital alterations, both cardiac and noncardiac. In 1958, Cantrel described it with details as part of a pentalogy (associated with changes in the abdominal wall, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium, and heart) <sup>3,5,6</sup> and reserved the term "aneurysm" when no association occurred <sup>1-3</sup>. However, 30% of the cases of left ventricular diverticulum are not associated with congenital malformations, being called isolated ventricular diverticulum <sup>6</sup>, and the lack of association of congenital defects does not exclude its congenital origin <sup>3</sup>. The largest series of congenital ventricular diverticula has been reported by Okereke et al <sup>2</sup>, with 10 cases between 1965 and 1984 at the Texas Heart Institute. On ventriculography, those cases had characteristics that differentiated them from aneurysms: close connection with the true ventricular cavity, contractility, rapid contrast medium filling, and complete emptying after 2 to 4 contractions <sup>1</sup>. Ventriculography of the case reported has a similar description. </p>
      <p>Most ventricular diverticula are found in the apical region of the left ventricle, but they may occur in any topography, in the right ventricle or in both ventricles <sup>1,2</sup>. From the pathological viewpoint, they may be muscular or fibrous. The muscular type originates in the ventricular apex, is surrounded by myocardium, endocardium, and, occasionally, pericardium, and the point of connection with the ventricle is usually narrow. This type is often accompanied by abnormalities in the median line (defects in the pericardium, diaphragm, or abdominal wall) and by congenital cyanotic heart disease, being diagnosed at birth. The fibrous type originates in the apical or subvalvular position, and occurs predominantly in black people and Africans. The subvalvular form, the most common, may be accompanied by aortic or mitral regurgitation and systemic embolism. The fibrous diverticula are associated with neither defects in the median line nor congenital cardiac malformations <sup>1-3,7</sup>. </p>
      <p>The histopathological differentiation between congenital or acquired diverticula and aneurysms is not possible, because specific alterations do not exist <sup>3,9</sup>. According to Treistman et al <sup>3</sup>, the histological findings may be similar to those of the normal ventricular wall or connective tissue may predominate. Those authors reported 2 cases, one had the 3 layers of the ventricular wall, the myocardium being atrophic and with fibrous tissue, and, in the other, the connective tissue predominated <sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The etiology of the diverticula is uncertain. They may represent congenital epicardial cysts or result from a weakness in the ventricular muscle, with gradual bulging due to the high intraventricular pressure <sup>1-3,7</sup>. </p>
      <p>The diagnosis may be performed hours or even years after birth<sup>8</sup>, in asymptomatic patients when assessing an abnormal electrocardiogram or chest X-ray during the investigation of congenital heart diseases or abnormalities in the median line <sup>1</sup>. In symptomatic patients, it presents as a cause of embolic events, heart failure, valvular regurgitation, or sudden death <sup>1,2,9</sup>. Sudden death may occur due to rupture of the diverticulum, which is more common in the fibrous type, or due to ventricular tachyarrhythmias <sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Few cases of congenital diverticula and aneurysms with ventricular tachycardia have been reported<sup> 1,8,10</sup>. Chesler et al <sup>8</sup> reported the cases of 2 Bantu women with ventricular tachycardia and congenital subannular aneurysm. Maloy et al <sup>11 </sup>reported the case of a 26-year-old woman with apical aneurysm and sustained ventricular tachycardia, who underwent aneurysmectomy and remained asymptomatic for 6 months. Fellows et al <sup>10 </sup>reported the cases of 3 patients with congenital ventricular aneurysm, 2 patients who experienced sudden death but were revived, and the third with recurring nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Shen et al <sup>1</sup> reported a patient with subvalvular fibrous diverticulum and sustained ventricular tachycardia refractory to medicamentous treatment, who underwent mapping and surgical ablation of the arrhythmogenic focus but recurred one and a half years after the procedure. </p>
      <p>The natural history of patients with congenital diverticulum is uncertain <sup>1,7</sup>. Because of the likelihood of complications, such as the risk of spontaneous rupture, some authors have indicated surgical resection even in asymptomatic patients <sup>2</sup>. The surgical technique depends on the type and extension of the diverticulum. The diverticula with well-defined connection and true ventricular cavity and no other associated defects may be resected without extracorporeal circulation <sup>2</sup>. Okereke et al <sup>2</sup> reported the surgical treatment in 10 cases of ventricular diverticula. Three were resected without extracorporeal circulation, and one required ventricular repair with dacron. In the remaining cases, 2 required mitral valve repair, one required mitral valve replacement, and one required aortic valve replacement. </p>
      <p>In patients with ventricular tachycardia, the electrophysiological study and mapping are part of the diagnosis and treatment <sup>1</sup>, because, so far, no uniform management has been established for those cases in the literature. </p>
      <p>Our patient had 2 episodes of ventricular tachycardia with hemodynamic repercussion and previous electrophysiological study with reproduction of the arrhythmia. During the investigation, a left ventricular subvalvular mitral diverticulum was identified. No ventricular mapping of the arrhythmogenic focus was performed, due to local difficulties for the procedure. This fact did not change the therapeutic decision due to the risk of other complications (embolic events, valvular regurgitation, and rupture). Later, the patient underwent resection of the diverticulum and had a good postoperative evolution. Surgical resection was considered the most adequate treatment, due to the probability of the complications described.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ranieli Pitol</p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370</p>
          <p> Cep 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br">editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email> / </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ranielipitol@cardiol.br">ranielipitol@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 12/23/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 06/16/2004</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
