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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7Wd5pqcQYQFJfdjtq9TkKFQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000200013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400213</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000200013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes que sobrevivem 24 meses ou mais ap&#243;s uma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o devido a descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Canesin</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Munhoz</surname>
            <given-names>Robson Tadeu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Del Carlo</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scipioni</surname>
            <given-names>Airton</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>161</fpage>
      <lpage>166</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar as principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sobreviventes h&#225; mais de 24 meses ap&#243;s hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o para compensa&#231;&#227;o. M&#201;TODOS: Estudados 126 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em classe funcional III ou IV, com idade m&#233;dia de 51,7 anos, a maioria homens (73%), com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) m&#233;dia de 0,36 e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico (DD) do VE de 7,13 cm. Avaliaram-se as principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais e no seguimento identificaram-se 25 (19.8%) pacientes que sobreviveram mais de 24 meses ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Compararam-se os dados dos sobreviventes (G1) aos dos que faleceram (G2) antes de 24 meses. RESULTADOS: No G1 encontraram-se n&#237;veis mais elevados do s&#243;dio s&#233;rico (138,3&#177;3,4 vs 134,5&#177;5,8 mEq/l; p=0,001), da press&#227;o arterial (120,0 vs 96,7 mmHg; p=0,003) e da FE do VE (0,40&#177;0,08 vs 0,34&#177;0,09; p=0,004) e valores menores da ur&#233;ia (59,8 vs 76,3 mg/dl; p=0,007), do tempo de protrombina (12,9 vs 14,8s; p=0,001), do DDVE (6,78&#177;0,55 vs 7,22&#177;0,91; p=0,003) e do di&#226;metro do AE (4,77 vs 4,99cm; p=0,0003). Houve mais sobreviventes entre os portadores de cardiomiopatia idiop&#225;tica e hipertensiva do que entre os chag&#225;sicos e doen&#231;a coronariana. Na an&#225;lise multivariada permaneceram como vari&#225;veis preditoras independentes da mortalidade o DDVE &gt; 7,8 cm (HR 1,95), o Na &lt; 132 mEq/l (HR 2,30) e o tempo de protrombina &gt; 14 seg (HR 1,69). CONCLUS&#195;O: O estudo permite predizer quais os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que poder&#227;o apresentar uma boa sobrevida ap&#243;s a alta e os com maior possibilidade de longa sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a alta.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>sobrevida</kwd>
        <kwd>hiponatremia e choque</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes que sobrevivem 24 meses ou mais ap&#243;s uma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o devido a descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</p>
    <p>Mucio Tavares de Oliveira Jr; Manoel Fernandes Canesin; Robson Tadeu Munhoz; Carlos Henrique Del Carlo; Airton Scipioni; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires; Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto </p>
    <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Estudar as principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sobreviventes h&#225; mais de 24 meses ap&#243;s hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o para compensa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Estudados 126 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em classe funcional III ou IV, com idade m&#233;dia de 51,7 anos, a maioria homens (73%), com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) m&#233;dia de 0,36 e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico (DD) do VE de 7,13 cm. Avaliaram-se as principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais e no seguimento identificaram-se 25 (19.8%) pacientes que sobreviveram mais de 24 meses ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Compararam-se os dados dos sobreviventes (G1) aos dos que faleceram (G2) antes de 24 meses. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> No G1 encontraram-se n&#237;veis mais elevados do s&#243;dio s&#233;rico (138,3&#177;3,4 vs 134,5&#177;5,8 mEq/l; p=0,001), da press&#227;o arterial (120,0 vs 96,7 mmHg; p=0,003) e da FE do VE (0,40&#177;0,08 vs 0,34&#177;0,09; p=0,004) e valores menores da ur&#233;ia (59,8 vs 76,3 mg/dl; p=0,007), do tempo de protrombina (12,9 vs 14,8s; p=0,001), do DDVE (6,78&#177;0,55 vs 7,22&#177;0,91; p=0,003) e do di&#226;metro do AE (4,77 vs 4,99cm; p=0,0003). Houve mais sobreviventes entre os portadores de cardiomiopatia idiop&#225;tica e hipertensiva do que entre os chag&#225;sicos e doen&#231;a coronariana. Na an&#225;lise multivariada permaneceram como vari&#225;veis preditoras independentes da mortalidade o DDVE &gt; 7,8 cm (HR 1,95), o Na &lt; 132 mEq/l (HR 2,30) e o tempo de protrombina &gt; 14 seg (HR 1,69). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> O estudo permite predizer quais os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que poder&#227;o apresentar uma boa sobrevida ap&#243;s a alta e os com maior possibilidade de longa sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a alta. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular, sobrevida, hiponatremia e choque </p>
    <p> A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233;, atualmente, reconhecida como doen&#231;a de mau progn&#243;stico<sup>1-5</sup>. A doen&#231;a evolui, no in&#237;cio, de maneira insidiosa, mas &#224; medida que os pacientes tornam-se sintom&#225;ticos, o progn&#243;stico torna-se reservado. Sua forma avan&#231;ada tem caracter&#237;sticas de malignidade, e seus portadores com sobrevida menor do que aqueles com muitos tipos de c&#226;ncer<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na hist&#243;ria natural da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a necessidade de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o para compensa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada a maior comprometimento card&#237;aco e fal&#234;ncia dos mecanismos de compensa&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes que s&#227;o inernados, t&#234;m pior evolu&#231;&#227;o, apresentando mortalidade 2 a 3 vezes maior do que os que n&#227;o necessitaram de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o<sup>3,7-10</sup>. Em nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o, atendemos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que necessitaram ser hospitalizados para compensa&#231;&#227;o, grupo de maior gravidade e pior progn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p>Temos observado, que a sobrevida desses pacientes, mesmo com os novos esquemas terap&#234;uticos, continua pequena, com menos de 50% de sobreviv&#234;ncia ao primeiro ano ap&#243;s a alta<sup>11,12</sup>. Entretanto, h&#225; pacientes que parecem desafiar estes resultados, sobrevivendo v&#225;rios anos ap&#243;s a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo procuramos avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, hospitalizados para compensa&#231;&#227;o, e que tiveram longa sobrevida (mais de 2 anos). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 126 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em classe funcional IV (NYHA), n&#227;o consecutivos, atendidos no Servi&#231;o de Emerg&#234;ncia do InCor e internados para compensa&#231;&#227;o no Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243; no per&#237;odo de 12/12/1993 a 25/09/1995. Os pacientes tinham disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar e hep&#225;tica, edema de membros inferiores e haviam sido medicados no Pronto Socorro e como n&#227;o conseguiram ter seus sintomas controlados com a terap&#234;utica administrada, foram hospitalizados. </p>
    <p>Foi crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o, a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica de qualquer etiologia identificada por valores abaixo de 55% (m&#233;todo do cubo) e exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que faleceram durante as primeiras 24h e aqueles com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, valvopatias com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica ou creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 2,5 mg/dl e doen&#231;as fatais n&#227;o card&#237;acas. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente no dia da interna&#231;&#227;o e submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial e estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico. </p>
    <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (73%), com idade m&#233;dia de 51,1&#177;14,2 anos. A doen&#231;a de Chagas foi a principal etiologia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (44,4%). Choque esteve presente em 31,7% dos pacientes. Ao ecocardiograma, o di&#226;metro m&#233;dio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi de 7,14&#177;0,9cm, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 0,36&#177;0,09 e 80,9% dos pacientes apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada ou importante. </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref> encontram-se os resultados dos exames laboratoriais do primeiro dia de interna&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o renal esteve reduzida na maioria, com os pacientes apresentando n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de ur&#233;ia de 73,1&#177;29,4 mg/dl e de creatinina de 1,48&#177;0,39 mg/dl. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio do InCor ap&#243;s a alta. Todos aqueles que n&#227;o mantiveram seguimento no InCor, foram contactados (ou seus familiares) no final de 1998, para verificar sua situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou obito. O tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 15,3 &#177;13,8 meses. </p>
    <p>Como o objetivo do estudo foi verificar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais dos pacientes que sobreviveram por mais de dois anos, dividimos a casu&#237;stica em dois grupos: grupo 1 constitu&#237;do por aqueles que continuavam vivos ap&#243;s 2 anos e o grupo 2 constitu&#237;do por aqueles que morreram antes de completar dois anos de seguimento. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica constituiu do c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, valor m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas atrav&#233;s de freq&#252;&#234;ncia e porcentagem. </p>
    <p>Os dois grupos foram comparados e para verificar se diferiam aplicou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste do qui-quadrado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para determina&#231;&#227;o dos preditores de mortalidade durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento, foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla pelo modelo dos riscos proporcionais de Cox. O modelo foi ajustado segundo as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais desta popula&#231;&#227;o. O crit&#233;rio utilizado para sele&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis no modelo m&#250;ltiplo foi o valor de p&lt;0,200 na an&#225;lise univariada. O modelo final foi constru&#237;do pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>Stepwise Forward</italic> e as vari&#225;veis foram mantidas no modelo final quando o valor de p fosse &lt;0,050. O m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier foi utilizado para descrever as taxas de sobrevida para as vari&#225;veis relevantes determinadas pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o. A diferen&#231;a de sobrevida entre os grupos foi determinada pelo teste de log-rank. Em todas as etapas da an&#225;lise foi adotado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No seguimento, identificaram-se 25 (19,8%) pacientes que sobreviveram por mais de 24 meses ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. As principais caracter&#237;sticas dos dois grupos encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade e sexo. Na an&#225;lise univariada foram identificadas como preditoras de mortalidade ser chag&#225;sico, ter press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica reduzida, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia reduzida, presen&#231;a de choque, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo superior a 7,8 cm, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo superior a 5,7 cm, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 0,30, s&#243;dio plasm&#225;tico inferior a 132 mEq/l, o n&#237;vel de ur&#233;ia superior a 55 mg/dl e tempo de protrombina superior a 14 segundos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nenhum paciente com di&#226;metro ventricular superior a 7,80 cm, com di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo maior que 5,70 cm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 0,30, e com s&#243;dio abaixo de 132 mEq/l sobreviveu ap&#243;s 24 meses de sua hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla pelo modelo de riscos proporcionais permaneceram no modelo como vari&#225;veis independentes o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo supeior a 7,8 cm (HR 1,95; p=0,009), o n&#237;vel de s&#243;dio plasm&#225;tico inferior a 132 mEq/l (HR 2,30; p&lt;0,001) e o tempo de protrombina superior a 14 segundos (HR 1,69; p=0,014) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que necessitam de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o para compensa&#231;&#227;o, s&#227;o em geral, portadores da forma avan&#231;ada da doen&#231;a, e evoluem com mortalidade mais alta do que os mantidos compensados, somente com a orienta&#231;&#227;o do consult&#243;rio<sup>1-5, 7-10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nos estudos populacionais, 10 a 20% dos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca morrem no 1&#186; ano de evolu&#231;&#227;o e as cifras atingem 50% aos 5 anos de seguimento<sup>1-5</sup>. Quando se analisa a sobrevida dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca hospitalizados, os n&#250;meros s&#227;o mais sombrios, com mortalidade de 30 a 40% no 1&#186; ano de evolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>7-10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes deste estudo eram provenientes do Pronto Socorro, transferidos para a enfermaria quando n&#227;o compensados ap&#243;s medica&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia. A n&#227;o resposta a diur&#233;ticos, no pronto atendimento, selecionou os pacientes mais graves. Neste estudo pudemos observar que 60% desses pacientes faleceram no 1&#186; ano de evolu&#231;&#227;o, documentando popula&#231;&#227;o portadora de doen&#231;a grave. Nossos achados s&#227;o concordes com a literatura que sinaliza que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na forma avan&#231;ada &#233; doen&#231;a com caracter&#237;sticas malignas<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo, parece ser mais grave do que as usualmente descritas nos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, ou mesmo nos grandes ensaios, pois em nenhum estudo foi relatada mortalidade superior a 50%<sup>1-5,7-10,13,14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar de uma popula&#231;&#227;o com grande comprometimento card&#237;aco, encontramos 19,8% de pacientes que sobreviveram por mais de 2 anos. Os sobreviventes diferiram dos que morreram por apresentarem, ao exame cl&#237;nico e laboratorial da admiss&#227;o, maior press&#227;o arterial, menor incid&#234;ncia de choque ou hipotens&#227;o, menor dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e atrial esquerda e maior fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, n&#237;veis de s&#243;dio normais, fun&#231;&#227;o renal pouco comprometida, bem como tempo de protrombina normal. </p>
    <p>Os fatores preditores da boa ou m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o relacionados com a fisiopatologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e com os mecanismos descritos de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a<sup>15-18</sup>. </p>
    <p>O resultado deste estudo &#233; relevante, pois nos mostrou que, atrav&#233;s da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e com exames laboratoriais corriqueiros, foi poss&#237;vel estratificar a popula&#231;&#227;o e identificar quais os pacientes com melhor potencial evolutivo. Esta informa&#231;&#227;o tem grande conota&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica, pois, assim como identificamos os pacientes com bom potencial de evolu&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m identificamos os de m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o, aqueles que deveriam ser acompanhados atentamente e que seriam os principais candidatos a um transplante card&#237;aco ou procedimentos mais agressivos, necess&#225;rios para tentar mudar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de hipotens&#227;o ou choque foi um importante preditor de m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes que conseguem manter a press&#227;o arterial sinalizam maior reserva card&#237;aca, fato associado &#224; melhor progn&#243;stico. Tamb&#233;m na literatura a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial &#233; identificada como fator progn&#243;stico independente nos estudos com popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes hospitalizados devido a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>3,7,19</sup>. Valores da press&#227;o arterial &lt; 100 mmHg est&#227;o associados &#224; maior mortalidade<sup>3,7,19</sup>. </p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; outro importante determinante progn&#243;stico<sup>5,10,15,16</sup>. Nossos dados documentaram que os pacientes com menor comprometimento card&#237;aco, menor dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e maior fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o sobrevivem mais, mostrando que, para a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, cada vez mais identificada como mecanismo de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, tem papel indiscut&#237;vel na hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a<sup>5,10,15,16,20</sup>. Os pacientes com diametro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &gt; 7,8 cm tiveram um risco de morte de quase duas vezes maior do que os com dilata&#231;&#227;o menor (HR 1,95) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <p>Nos exames de laborat&#243;rio, a hiponatremia, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da ur&#233;ia e o tempo de protrombina mais prolongado estiveram associados a pior progn&#243;stico. Os pacientes sobreviventes n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es de express&#227;o nesses exames. Na literatura, a hiponatremia e a insufici&#234;ncia renal, s&#227;o freq&#252;entemente identificados como preditores independentes da evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>3,5,7,10,18-22</sup>. A hiponatremia &#233; decorrente da estimula&#231;&#227;o neurohormonal aumentada e se mostra sempre um importante fator na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica e &#233;, freq&#252;entemente, sinalizada como o fator de maior poder de identifica&#231;&#227;o daqueles com pior progn&#243;stico<sup>5,7,10,18-20</sup>. Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, considerando o n&#237;vel de p e o resultado da an&#225;lise multivariada, foi o s&#243;dio aquele de maior express&#227;o estat&#237;tisca, valorizando a estimula&#231;&#227;o neurohormonal aumentada como importante determinante progn&#243;stico. Os pacientes com hiponatremia tiveram um risco 2,3 vezes maior de morte do que os com s&#243;dio normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia renal &#233;, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia, identificada como importante fator progn&#243;stico nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, induzindo aumento da mortalidade diretamente proporcional ao grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal<sup>3,5,7,10,20-22</sup>. </p>
    <p>Tanto a eleva&#231;&#227;o da ur&#233;ia como o prolongamento do tempo de protrombina s&#227;o decorrentes do baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e congest&#227;o hep&#225;tica, associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca caracter&#237;stica da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>3,5,7,10,19,20</sup>. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o tempo de protrombina superior a 14s identificou pacientes com risco 1,69 vezes maior de morrer do que com tempo n&#227;o t&#227;o prolongado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
    <p>Quando comparamos os valores encontrados nos dois grupos de pacientes (sobreviventes e n&#227;o) pudemos notar que algumas dessas vari&#225;veis apresentavam valores que n&#227;o s&#227;o superpon&#237;veis, o que permitiu selecionar valores que identificaram pacientes de grande gravidade, uma vez que os valores n&#227;o foram encontrados em nenhum sobrevivente. Assim, a dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo acima de 7,8 cm, identificou pacientes que faleceram sem completar 2 anos de sobrevida, o mesmo para fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 0,30 e para o s&#243;dio plasm&#225;tico abaixo de 132 mEq/l (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref>). </p>
    <p>Dois estudos que acompanharam a evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes atendidos em unidade de emerg&#234;ncia, um brasileiro e outro canadense, tamb&#233;m identificaram a hiponatremia como importante preditora independente de m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>19, 20</sup>. A hipotens&#227;o, a fun&#231;&#227;o renal deprimida e a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular tamb&#233;m foram identificadas como preditoras de m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo que as vari&#225;veis que identificamos s&#227;o fortes preditores de evolu&#231;&#227;o dos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada e que devem merecer aten&#231;&#227;o dos cl&#237;nicos que atendem os pacientes nesta fase da doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p>Este estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, sendo uma delas que a maioria dos pacientes, embora medicada com os inibidores da ECA, n&#227;o estava sendo medicada com betabloqueadores. &#201; poss&#237;vel que, com sua prescri&#231;&#227;o, um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes tivesse sobrevivido mais de 24 meses e que as vari&#225;veis identificadas como progn&#243;sticas tivessem outros valores. </p>
    <p> O reconhecimento da import&#226;ncia da participa&#231;&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, das altera&#231;&#245;es neurohormonais, da congest&#227;o venosa e da insufici&#234;ncia renal na determina&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, refor&#231;a o papel do tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com os bloqueadores neurohormonais (inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina, bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina e os bloqueadores da aldosterona) e dos betabloqueadores, que, reconhecidamente, modificam esses fatores identificados, modificando a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p>Conclui-se que 19,8% dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada sobrevive mais de 24 meses ap&#243;s uma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o para compensa&#231;&#227;o. Os par&#226;metros da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, os n&#237;veis de s&#243;dio, ur&#233;ia e o tempo de protrombina, permitem identificar, dentre os pacientes hospitalizados para compensa&#231;&#227;o, quais os com maiores possibilidades de sobreviverem mais longamente ap&#243;s a alta. A avalia&#231;&#227;o pela cl&#237;nica e atrav&#233;s de exames laboratoriais simples permite estratificar os portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e reconhecer quais os que ter&#227;o melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Mucio Tavares de Oliveira Jr </p>
        <p> Av. En&#233;as Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> Cep 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mucio@incor.usp.br">mucio@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 26/01/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 16/06/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Major clinical characteristics of patients surviving 24 months or more after hospitalization due to decompensated heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study the major clinical characteristics of patients with heart failure who survived more than 24 months after hospitalization for compensation. METHODS: The study comprised 126 patients with heart failure in functional class III or IV, with a mean age of 51.7 years. Most patients were men (73%), had a mean ejection fraction (EF) of 0.36 and left ventricular diastolic diameter (DD) of 7.13 cm. The major clinical and laboratory characteristics were assessed, and, on follow-up, 25 (19.8%) patients, who survived more than 24 months after hospital discharge, were identified. Data of survivors (G1) were compared with those of patients who died (G2) before 24 months. RESULTS: In G1, the following levels were greater: serum sodium (138.3&#177;3.4 vs 134.5&#177;5.8 mEq/L; P=0.001); blood pressure levels (120.0 vs 96.7 mm Hg; P=0.003); and LVEF levels (0.40&#177;0.08 vs 0.34&#177;0.09; P=0.004); and the following levels were lower: urea (59.8 vs 76.3 mg/dL; P=0.007); prothrombin time (12.9 vs 14.8 seconds; P=0.001); LVDD (6.78&#177;0.55 vs 7.22&#177;0.91; P=0.003); and LA diameter (4.77 vs 4.99cm; P=0.0003). More survivors were found among patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and arterial hypertension than among patients with Chagas' disease and coronary artery disease. In multivariate analysis, the following variables remained as independent predictors of mortality: LVDD &gt; 7.8 cm (HR 1.95); Na &lt; 132 mEq/L (HR 2.30); and prothrombin time &gt; 14 seconds (HR 1.69). CONCLUSION: The study allowed predicting which patients with heart failure will have a good survival after hospital discharge and those with a greater chance of a long survival after discharge.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>advanced heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular systolic dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>survival</kwd>
        <kwd>hyponatremia</kwd>
        <kwd>shock</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Major clinical characteristics of patients surviving 24 months or more after hospitalization due to decompensated heart failure</p>
      <p>Mucio Tavares de Oliveira Jr; Manoel Fernandes Canesin; Robson Tadeu Munhoz; Carlos Henrique Del Carlo; Airton Scipioni; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires; Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto</p>
      <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To study the major clinical characteristics of patients with heart failure who survived more than 24 months after hospitalization for compensation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The study comprised 126 patients with heart failure in functional class III or IV, with a mean age of 51.7 years. Most patients were men (73%), had a mean ejection fraction (EF) of 0.36 and left ventricular diastolic diameter (DD) of 7.13 cm. The major clinical and laboratory characteristics were assessed, and, on follow-up, 25 (19.8%) patients, who survived more than 24 months after hospital discharge, were identified. Data of survivors (G1) were compared with those of patients who died (G2) before 24 months.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> In G1, the following levels were greater: serum sodium (138.3&#177;3.4 vs 134.5&#177;5.8 mEq/L; P=0.001); blood pressure levels (120.0 vs 96.7 mm Hg; P=0.003); and LVEF levels (0.40&#177;0.08 vs 0.34&#177;0.09; P=0.004); and the following levels were lower: urea (59.8 vs 76.3 mg/dL; P=0.007); prothrombin time (12.9 vs 14.8 seconds; P=0.001); LVDD (6.78&#177;0.55 vs 7.22&#177;0.91; P=0.003); and LA diameter (4.77 vs 4.99cm; P=0.0003). More survivors were found among patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and arterial hypertension than among patients with Chagas' disease and coronary artery disease. In multivariate analysis, the following variables remained as independent predictors of mortality: LVDD &gt; 7.8 cm (HR 1.95); Na &lt; 132 mEq/L (HR 2.30); and prothrombin time &gt; 14 seconds (HR 1.69).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> The study allowed predicting which patients with heart failure will have a good survival after hospital discharge and those with a greater chance of a long survival after discharge. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold> advanced heart failure, ventricular systolic dysfunction, survival, hyponatremia, shock</p>
      <p> Heart failure is currently recognized as a disease with a poor prognosis <sup>1-5</sup>. Initially, the disease evolves insidiously, but as patients become symptomatic, the prognosis becomes poor. Its advanced form has characteristics of malignancy and results in a shorter survival than different types of cancer <sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the natural history of heart failure, the need for hospitalization for compensation is associated with a greater heart impairment and failure of the mechanisms of compensation. The patients are hospitalized, have a poorer evolution, and their mortality is 2 to 3 times greater than that of those who require no hospitalization <sup>3,7-10</sup>. At our institution, we treat patients with heart failure who need hospitalization for compensation, a group with disease of greater severity and a worse prognosis. </p>
      <p>We have observed that the survival of those patients, even with the new therapeutic schedules, remains small with less than 50% survival in the first year after hospital discharge <sup>11,12</sup>. However, some patients seem to challenge those results, surviving several years after hospitalization. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing the characteristics of patients with advanced heart failure hospitalized for compensation who survived longer (more than 2 years). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study comprised 126 patients with heart failure in NYHA functional class IV nonconsecutively treated at the emergency unit of InCor. They were hospitalized for compensation at the Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243; during the period 12/12/1993 to 09/25/1995. The patients had left ventricular dysfunction, signs of pulmonary and hepatic congestion, lower limb edema, and had been medicated at the emergency unit. Because their symptoms were not controlled with the therapy administered, they were hospitalized. </p>
      <p>The inclusion criterion was the presence of systolic ventricular dysfunction of any etiology identified by values below 55% (cube method). The exclusion criteria were as follows: patients who died within the first 24 hours and those with acute coronary syndrome, valvular heart diseases with a surgical indication, congenital heart diseases, chronic renal failure or serum creatinine &gt; 2.5 mg/dL, and fatal noncardiac diseases. All patients were clinically assessed on the day of hospitalization and underwent laboratory and echocardiographic assessments. </p>
      <p> The major clinical characteristics of the population studied are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <label>Table II</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Most patients were of the male sex (73%). The patients' mean age was 51.1&#177;14.2 years. Chagas' disease was the major etiology of ventricular dysfunction (44.4%). Shock was present in 31.7% of patients. On echocardiography, the mean left ventricular diameter was 7.14&#177;0.9 cm, the ejection fraction was 0.36&#177; 0.09, and 80.9% of patients had moderate or important mitral regurgitation. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The renal function was reduced in most patients, with mean levels of urea and creatinine of 73.1&#177;29.4 mg/dL and 1.48&#177;0.39 mg/dL, respectively. </p>
      <p>The patients were followed up at the outpatient care clinic of InCor after hospital discharge. All those who were not followed up at InCor were contacted (or their relatives) at the end of 1998 for assessing their clinical situation or death. The mean follow-up time was 15.3 &#177; 13.8 months. </p>
      <p>As the study's objective was to assess the basal clinical characteristics of the patients who survived more than 2 years, the patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) group 1, comprising those who remained alive after 2 years; and group 2, comprising those who died within 2 years of follow-up. </p>
      <p>The statistical analysis comprised the calculation of the mean, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum values of the continuous variables. The categorical variables were presented as frequency and percentage. </p>
      <p>The 2 groups were compared; the Student <italic>t</italic> test was used for the continuous variables and the chi-square test was used for the categorical variables. For determining the predictors of mortality during the follow-up period, multiple regression analysis was performed with the Cox proportional hazards model, which was adjusted according to the clinical and laboratory characteristics of that population. The criterion used for selecting the variables in the multiple model was P&lt;0.200 in the univariate analysis. The final model was constructed according to the Stepwise Forward technique, and the variables were maintained in the final model when the P value was &lt;0.050. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for describing the survival rates for the relevant variables determined by regression analysis. The difference of survival between the groups was determined by the log-rank test. In all steps of the analysis, the significance level of 5% was adopted. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>On follow-up, 25 (19.8%) patients who survived more than 24 months after hospital discharge were identified. The major characteristics of the 2 groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table III</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No difference was found between the groups regarding age and sex. On univariate analysis, the following conditions were identified as predictors of mortality: Chagas' disease; reduced systolic blood pressure; reduced mean blood pressure; shock; left ventricular diastolic diameter greater than 7.8 cm; left atrial diameter greater than 5.7 cm; ejection fraction lower than 0.30; plasma sodium lower than 132 mEq/L; urea level greater than 55 mg/dL; and prothrombin time greater than 14 seconds (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No patient with ventricular diameter greater than 7.80 cm, left atrial diameter greater than 5.70 cm, ejection fraction lower than 0.30, and sodium level below 132 mEq/L was alive 24 months after hospital discharge (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <fn id="fig03-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>On multiple regression analysis using the proportional hazards model, the following variables remained in the model as independent variables: left ventricular diastolic diameter greater than 7.8 cm (HR 1.95; P=0.009); plasma sodium lower than 132 mEq/L (HR 2.30; P&lt;0.001); and prothrombin time greater than 14 seconds (HR 1.69; P=0.014) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0161-00013-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with heart failure who require hospitalization for compensation usually have the advanced form of the disease, and evolve with higher mortality rates than that of those who remained compensated on an outpatient care basis only <sup>1-5, 7-10</sup>. </p>
      <p>In population-based studies, 10% to 20% of patients with heart failure die in the first year of evolution, and this number may reach 50% in a 5-year follow-up <sup>1-5</sup>. When analyzing the survival of patients hospitalized with heart failure, the numbers are not encouraging, with a 30 to 40% mortality in the first year of follow-up <sup>7-10</sup>. </p>
      <p>The patients in this study originated from the emergency unit and were transferred to the ward when not compensated after emergency medication. The nonresponse to diuretics in the emergency treatment indicated the most severely ill patients. In this study, 60% of the patients died during the first year of follow-up, evidencing a population with severe disease. Our findings are in accordance with the literature that signals that the advanced form of heart failure is a disease with malignant characteristics<sup> 6</sup>. </p>
      <p>The population in this study seems more severely ill than those usually described in epidemiological studies, or even in large assays, because no study reported mortality greater than 50% <sup>1-5,7-10,13,14</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although the population had great cardiac impairment, 19.8% of the patients survived more than 2 years. The survivors differed from those who died because, on clinical and laboratory examination on admission, they had higher blood pressure, a lower incidence of shock or hypotension, smaller left ventricular and atrial dilation, greater left ventricular ejection fraction, normal sodium levels, [Which is better? See change.] minor impairment in renal function, and normal prothrombin time. </p>
      <p>The predictive factors of good or poor evolution are related to the pathophysiology of heart failure and to the mechanisms of disease progression <sup>15-18</sup>. </p>
      <p>The result of this study is relevant, because it shows that, through clinical assessment and routine laboratory tests, the population could be stratified and the patients with better evolution potential could be identified. This information has great practical connotations, because, as the patients with good evolution potential are identified, those with poor evolution potential are also identified. The latter are those who should be carefully followed up and who are the major candidates for heart transplantation or more aggressive procedures, necessary for trying to change the evolution of the disease. </p>
      <p>The presence of hypotension or shock was an important predictor of poor outcome. The patients who manage to maintain arterial blood pressure signal a greater cardiac reserve, a fact associated with a better prognosis. In the literature, the reduction in blood pressure is identified as an independent prognostic factor in the studies with a population of patients hospitalized due to heart failure <sup>3,7,19</sup>. Blood pressure levels &lt; 100 mm Hg are associated with greater mortality <sup>3,7,19</sup>. </p>
      <p>Cardiac function is another important prognostic determinant<sup>5,10,15,16</sup>. Our data show that patients with greater cardiac impairment, smaller cardiac dilation, and greater ejection fraction survive longer. This shows that for the population of patients with advanced heart failure, cardiac remodeling, which is more and more identified as a mechanism of disease progression, plays an unquestionable role in the natural history of the disease <sup>5,10,15,16,20</sup>. The patients with left ventricular diastolic diameter &gt; 7.8 cm had a risk of death almost two times greater than that of patients with smaller dilation (HR 1.95) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <p>In laboratory tests, hyponatremia, an elevation in urea, and a more prolonged prothrombin time were associated with a worse prognosis. The surviving patients had no significant alterations in those tests. In the literature, hyponatremia and renal failure are frequently identified as independent predictors of the evolution of patients with heart failure <sup>3,5,7,10,18-22</sup>. Hyponatremia results from an increased neurohormonal stimulation, is always an important factor in prognostic stratification, and is frequently recognized as the most powerful factor for identifying those with the worst prognosis <sup>5,7,10,18-20</sup>. In the population studied, considering p level and the result of multivariate analysis, sodium was the factor with the greatest statistical expression, emphasizing the increased neurohormonal stimulation as an important prognostic determinant. Patients with hyponatremia had a 2.3-fold greater risk of death than those with normal sodium levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
      <p>The presence of renal failure is frequently identified as an important prognostic factor in patients with heart failure, inducing an increase in mortality directly proportional to the degree of renal dysfunction <sup>3,5,7,10,20-22</sup>. </p>
      <p>Both the elevation in urea level and the extension of the prothrombin time result from low cardiac output and hepatic congestion in association with the cardiac dysfunction characteristic of heart failure <sup>3,5,7,10,19,20</sup>. In multivariate analysis, a prothrombin time greater than 14 seconds identified patients with a 1.69-fold greater risk of death than those with a prothrombin time not so prolonged (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
      <p>When comparing the values found in the 2 groups of patients (survivors and nonsurvivors), some of the variables showed nonoverlapping values, which allowed the selection of values that identified severely ill patients, because the values were not found in any survivor. Thus, left ventricular dilation greater than 7.8 cm identified patients who died without completing 2 years of survival; the same occurred for an ejection fraction lower than 0.30 and for a plasma sodium level lower than 132 mEq/L (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref>). </p>
      <p>Two studies, a Brazilian and a Canadian, that assessed the evolution of patients treated at an emergency unit also identified hyponatremia as an important independent predictor of poor evolution <sup>19,20</sup>. Hypotension, depressed renal function, and ventricular dilation were also identified as predictors of a bad evolution, suggesting that the variables identified are strong predictors of evolution in patients with decompensated heart failure and deserve the attention of the clinicians treating patients in this phase of the disease. </p>
      <p>This study has limitations, such as the fact that most patients, although medicated with ACE inhibitors, were not receiving beta-blockers. Prescription of the latter might have allowed a greater number of patients to survive more than 24 months, and the variables identified as prognostic to have other values. </p>
      <p>The recognition of the importance of the participation of cardiac remodeling, neurohormonal alterations, venous congestion and renal failure in determining the prognosis reinforces the role of the treatment for heart failure with neurohormonal blockers (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, and aldosterone blockers) and beta-blockers, which are known to modify the identified factors, altering the evolution of the disease. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, 19.8% of the patients with advanced heart failure survive more than 24 months after hospitalization for compensation. In patients hospitalized for decompensation, the parameters of cardiac remodeling, the sodium and urea levels, and the prothrombin time allow the identification of those with the greatest chances of surviving longer after hospital discharge. Assessment through clinical parameters and simple laboratory tests allows the stratification of patients with heart failure and the recognition of those who will have a better outcome.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Mucio Tavares de Oliveira Jr</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> Cep 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mucio@incor.usp.br">mucio@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 01/26/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 06/16/2004</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
