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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RzdsXLL764jZ3kHQ4TnVkwn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000200011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400211</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000200011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Capacidade funcional m&#225;xima, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e classe funcional na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica: existe rela&#231;&#227;o entre estes &#237;ndices?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salemi</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Maria Cury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix Jos&#233; Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arteaga</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>152</fpage>
      <lpage>155</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a potencial associa&#231;&#227;o entre a capacidade funcional m&#225;xima (VO2max), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e a classe funcional (CF) pela NYHA em pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 104 homens, com idade m&#233;dia de 40.3&#177; 9.0 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o: de 18 a 65), com diagn&#243;stico estabelecido de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. A FEVE e VO2max foram classificadas em tr&#234;s categorias: FEVE &lt;0.30, 0.30&lt; FEVE &lt;0.50, e FEVE &gt; 0.50 e VO2max &lt;10, 10&lt;VO2max &lt;20, e VO2max &gt;20 ml.kg-1.min-1, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Do total, 31 (29.8%) pacientes estavam em CF II, 41 (39.4%) em classe funcional III, e 32 (30.8%) em CF IV. Os valores correspondentes do VO2max e da FEVE para CF II, III e IV foram 21.5&#177;4.0 ml.kg-1.min-1, 18.3&#177;5.8 ml.kg-1.min-1 e 14.7&#177;4.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 e 0.50&#177;0.6, 0.35&#177;0.9 e 0.29&#177;0.7, respectivamente. FEVE &lt;0.30 e VO2max &lt;10 ml.kg-1.min-1 foram encontradas na grande maioria dos pacientes em CF IV. Inversamente, pacientes em CF II foram relacionados com FEVE &gt;0.50 como tamb&#233;m VO2max &gt;20 ml.kg-1.min-1. CONCLUS&#195;O: Existe uma boa associa&#231;&#227;o entre a classe funcional, a capacidade funcional m&#225;xima e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. Dados que podem ser &#250;teis no manuseio da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em chag&#225;sicos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>capacidade funcional m&#225;xima</kwd>
        <kwd>fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>classe funcional</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Capacidade funcional m&#225;xima, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e classe funcional na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. Existe rela&#231;&#227;o entre estes &#237;ndices? </p>
    <p>Charles Mady; Vera Maria Cury Salemi; Barbara Maria Ianni; Felix Jos&#233; Alvarez Ramires; Edmundo Arteaga </p>
    <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar a potencial associa&#231;&#227;o entre a capacidade funcional m&#225;xima (VO<sub>2</sub>max), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e a classe funcional (CF) pela NYHA em pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 104 homens, com idade m&#233;dia de 40.3&#177; 9.0 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o: de 18 a 65), com diagn&#243;stico estabelecido de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. A FEVE e VO<sub>2</sub>max foram classificadas em tr&#234;s categorias: FEVE <underline>&lt;</underline>0.30, 0.30&lt; FEVE <underline>&lt;</underline>0.50, e FEVE &gt; 0.50 e VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline>10, 10&lt;VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline>20, e VO<sub>2</sub>max &gt;20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Do total, 31 (29.8%) pacientes estavam em CF II, 41 (39.4%) em classe funcional III, e 32 (30.8%) em CF IV. Os valores correspondentes do VO<sub>2</sub>max e da FEVE para CF II, III e IV foram 21.5&#177;4.0 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, 18.3&#177;5.8 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e 14.7&#177;4.9 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e 0.50&#177;0.6, 0.35&#177;0.9 e 0.29&#177;0.7, respectivamente. FEVE <underline>&lt;</underline>0.30 e VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline>10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> foram encontradas na grande maioria dos pacientes em CF IV. Inversamente, pacientes em CF II foram relacionados com FEVE &gt;0.50 como tamb&#233;m VO<sub>2</sub>max &gt;20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Existe uma boa associa&#231;&#227;o entre a classe funcional, a capacidade funcional m&#225;xima e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. Dados que podem ser &#250;teis no manuseio da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em chag&#225;sicos. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> capacidade funcional m&#225;xima, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, classe funcional, cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica </p>
    <p> A doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; uma doen&#231;a infecciosa causada pelo protozo&#225;rio <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> e pode resultar em forma dilatada de cardiomiopatia, geralmente complicada por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva<sup>1</sup>. A extens&#227;o do envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico e suas conseq&#252;&#234;ncias funcionais s&#227;o os determinantes fundamentais da hist&#243;ria natural<sup>2,3</sup>. Como em outras formas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>4-7</sup>, a mortalidade aumenta &#224; medida que se deteriora a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>3</sup>. Da mesma forma, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e a capacidade funcional m&#225;xima (VO<sub>2</sub>max) t&#234;m mostrado rela&#231;&#227;o com a pobre sobrevida a longo prazo, em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Entretanto, de modo inesperado, alguns estudos relativos a outras formas de cardiomiopatia dilatada t&#234;m indicado que, apesar de apresentar disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave, pode ser observada capacidade funcional quase normal<sup>8,9</sup>. Da mesma forma, existem alguns estudos destacando falta de rela&#231;&#227;o entre a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a capacidade funcional m&#225;xima nos referidos pacientes<sup>10-13</sup>. Esses achados indicam que os &#237;ndices tradicionais, amplamente utilizados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e da capacidade funcional, n&#227;o s&#227;o apropriados para todos os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Contrastando com esses estudos, tem-se demonstrado previamente, em pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, que a capacidade funcional m&#225;xima piora de modo progressivo com o aumento das dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>14,15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Assim, em vista dos dados conflitantes, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o potencial entre o a capacidade funcional m&#225;xima e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com a classe funcional em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com as normas da institui&#231;&#227;o e o respectivo protocolo aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local. Antes de participar do estudo, os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente e colhido seu perfil bioqu&#237;mico. Os pacientes com hist&#243;ria sugestiva de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica ou valvar, diabetes melittus, alcoolismo, insufici&#234;ncia renal (creatinina s&#233;rica &gt;1.4 mg/dl), anemia (hemoglobina s&#233;rica &lt;12 g/l), e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. O diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a de Chagas foi sugerido pela epidemiologia positiva, pela hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, bem como pelos achados de exame f&#237;sico e laboratorial indicativos de forma dilatada de cardiomiopatia, concomitante com altera&#231;&#245;es t&#237;picas do eletrocardiograma<sup>16</sup>, e confirmado por testes sorol&#243;gicos espec&#237;ficos (Machado-Guerrero e imunofluoresc&#234;ncia). </p>
    <p>Selecionaram-se 104 pacientes masculinos com m&#233;dia de idade de 40.3&#177;9.0 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o: de 18 a 65), com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva por doen&#231;a de Chagas, os quais assinaram o consentimento informado para participar do estudo. Todos os pacientes foram internados no hospital e receberam o tratamento convencional para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que incluiu repouso no leito, digital, diur&#233;tico e vasodilatores, inclusive inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina. O grau de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi classificado no momento da entrada no estudo, de acordo com o crit&#233;rio estabelecido pela classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA)<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes, ap&#243;s a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, foram submetidos a ergoespirometria para a determina&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional m&#225;xima (ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>). As vari&#225;veis respirat&#243;rias foram obtidas em condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o de temperatura, press&#227;o e umidade (StPD), aplicando-se fatores de corre&#231;&#227;o apropriados. Todos os pacientes realizaram teste de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo baseado no protocolo de Naughton modificado<sup>18</sup>, usando esteira motorizada (<italic>Quinton, model Q65, Seattle, Washington)</italic> com velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o variadas. </p>
    <p>Utilizou-se equipamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico comercial. A determina&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foi feita com base nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>19</sup>. </p>
    <p>A capacidade funcional m&#225;xima e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foram categorizadas da seguinte forma: VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline>10, 10&lt; VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline>20, VO<sub>2</sub>max &gt;20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, e FEVE<underline>&lt;</underline>0.30, 30&lt; FEVE<underline>&lt;</underline>0.50, FEVE&gt;0.50, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes, distribu&#237;dos em estratos de acordo com a classe funcional, foram comparados com a capacidade funcional m&#225;xima e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia e do m&#233;todo de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Duncan<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>A potencial associa&#231;&#227;o entre a classe funcional com a capacidade funcional m&#225;xima e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi testada por meio da an&#225;lise de correspond&#234;ncia<sup>21</sup>, m&#233;todo explorat&#243;rio multivariado de dados categ&#243;ricos para convers&#227;o da tabela de conting&#234;ncia em figura bidimensional. Nesta figura, um vetor distinto para cada categoria representa cada uma das tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis estudadas. A potencial associa&#231;&#227;o do par de categorias estudado &#233; expressa por um pequeno &#226;ngulo entre os vetores correspondentes. </p>
    <p>Todos os c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos foram realizados atrav&#233;s do SAS <italic>software</italic> (<italic>Statistical Analysis System</italic>). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em 0,05. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos pacientes estudados, 31 com idade m&#233;dia de 41.0&#177;7.9 anos achavam-se em classe funcional II; 41 com idade m&#233;dia de 41.2&#177;8.6 anos estavam em classe funcional III; e 32 com idade m&#233;dia de 39.8&#177;8.1 anos encontravam-se em classe funcional IV. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a capacidade funcional m&#225;xima de acordo com a classe funcional do paciente est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. Como se pode observar, cada uma das tr&#234;s categorias de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca estudadas mostrou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a capacidade funcional m&#225;xima diferentes. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0152-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> apresenta os resultados da an&#225;lise de correspond&#234;ncia. Observar-se que as vari&#225;veis FEVE e VO<sub>2</sub>max estavam, ambas, associadas &#224; classe funcional. Na verdade, os vetores correspondentes a FEVE &gt;0.50, VO<sub>2</sub>max &gt;20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e classe funcional II est&#227;o dentro do mesmo quadrante e os &#226;ngulos entre cada um dos dois s&#227;o muito pequenos. Associa&#231;&#245;es semelhantes s&#227;o evidentes para os dois grupos seguintes de categorias analisados: 0.30&lt; FEVE<underline>&lt;</underline>0.50, 10&lt; VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline>20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e classe funcional III; e FEVE<underline>&lt;</underline>0.30, VO<sub>2</sub>max &lt;10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e classe funcional IV. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0152-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os resultados desta an&#225;lise est&#227;o em conformidade com a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia, evidenciando clara associa&#231;&#227;o entre classe funcional, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a capacidade funcional m&#225;xima e indicando que, quanto mais avan&#231;ada a classe funcional, mais comprometidas a capacidade funcional e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De forma geral, existe um consenso de que a capacidade funcional apresenta uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa com a gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o que representa a base para a classifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica subjetiva e universalmente adotada da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, recomendada pela <italic>New York Heart Association</italic><sup>17</sup>. Esta observa&#231;&#227;o se baseia na rela&#231;&#227;o bem documentada entre a capacidade funcional e o desempenho mioc&#225;rdico, manifestada pela correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre e a capacidade funcional m&#225;xima e o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco<sup>22,23</sup>. No entanto, alguns pesquisadores n&#227;o conseguiram demonstrar tal rela&#231;&#227;o entre a FEVE e VO<sub>2</sub>max<sup>10-13</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio foi quase normal em grande n&#250;mero de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>8,9</sup>. Portanto, a premissa de que a capacidade funcional representa um bom &#237;ndice para avaliar e predizer o desempenho mioc&#225;rdico tem sido questionada. Especulamos a respeito do fato de que tais achados contradit&#243;rios resultam de classifica&#231;&#227;o inadequada da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, simplesmente como normal ou anormal em alguns estudos. Para evitar distor&#231;&#227;o, neste estudo os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com as tr&#234;s categorias de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e capacidade de exerc&#237;cio. Assim, os 37 pacientes com valores de VO<sub>2</sub>max &gt; 20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> foram os menos sintom&#225;ticos e apresentaram os maiores valores da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p>Atualmente, os dados relacionados com a capacidade funcional e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca fornecem a informa&#231;&#227;o essencial para decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas cl&#237;nicas e cir&#250;rgicas confi&#225;veis, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Mostrou-se, recentemente, que a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica isolada est&#225; longe de ser um m&#233;todo confi&#225;vel para determinar a capacidade funcional em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica ou com outras formas de cardiomiopatias<sup>24</sup>. A heterogeneidade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada deve ter representado uma importante limita&#231;&#227;o nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o. H&#225; muito tempo se reconheceu, por exemplo, que a curva de sobrevida deve diferir conforme a etiologia da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca subjacente<sup>25</sup>. Sabe-se, tamb&#233;m, que os homens, quando comparados a mulheres com equivalente grau de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, apresentam maior capacidade de exerc&#237;cio<sup>26</sup>. Neste estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos apenas homens com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. Entretanto, estudo pr&#233;vio mostrou que pacientes masculinos com doen&#231;a de Chagas t&#234;m risco maior de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, definida como morte ou presen&#231;a de novas altera&#231;&#245;es no eletrocardiograma ou no ecocardiograma no seguimento. Deste modo, esses pacientes formam um subgrupo de maior risco de eventos adversos<sup>27</sup>. </p>
    <p>Tem-se debatido a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o comprometimento da capacidade funcional m&#225;xima e o pobre progn&#243;stico a longo prazo<sup>28,29</sup>. Uma sobrevida limitada a curto prazo tem sido demonstrada em pacientes com grande limita&#231;&#227;o para o exerc&#237;cio, correspondente ao VO<sub>2</sub>max &lt; 10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-128</sup>. Quando pacientes com tal grau de limita&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional s&#227;o exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise, a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio promove pouca informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica<sup>29</sup>. De outro lado, tem-se demonstrado previamente que a capacidade funcional m&#225;xima &#233;, de fato, um bom preditor de sobrevida em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca devido &#224; doen&#231;a de Chagas<sup>3</sup>. O significado progn&#243;stico da capacidade funcional m&#225;xima permaneceu importante, mesmo, quando se inclu&#237;ram pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular discreta. De acordo com nossos achados, estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que a capacidade funcional dos pacientes, na fase inicial da forma cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a de Chagas, &#233; mais alta do que em pacientes na fase avan&#231;ada, e que a redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional diminui com o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>30</sup>. </p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; tamb&#233;m reconhecida como um &#237;ndice valioso para estimar o seguimento em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>31</sup>. Mais uma vez, como previamente demonstrado, tanto pela classe funcional como pela capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, existem alguns dados conflitantes a respeito da habilidade da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em predizer a sobrevida. Embora a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo venha sendo relatada como n&#227;o diferente entre vivos ou n&#227;o<sup>32</sup>, tem sido documentada uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa e positiva entre fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e sobrevida a longo prazo<sup>33,34</sup>. Novamente ficou claro, a partir de dados pr&#233;vios, que a FEVE deve ter uma influ&#234;ncia importante na sobrevida de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca devido a cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica<sup>3,35-40</sup>. Os nossos resultados demonstram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com ambas as classes funcionais e a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, ressaltando um dos principais mecanismos envolvidos no valor preditivo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo quanto &#224; sobrevida, chamado de comprometimento da capacidade funcional. </p>
    <p>Demonstramos, neste estudo, que a classe funcional est&#225; relacionada &#224; capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. Assim, quanto mais avan&#231;ada a classe funcional, mais comprometidos a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e o desempenho mioc&#225;rdico. Com base nestes resultados, podemos inferir que os &#237;ndices tradicionais, atualmente utilizados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, s&#227;o bem consistentes para pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas. </p>
    <p>Estamos convencidos de que estes dado ser&#227;o &#250;teis no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas. A consist&#234;ncia dos &#237;ndices tradicionais usados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, aqui demonstrada, certamente ajudar&#225; nas decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas mais apropriadas para cada paciente, individualmente considerado, levando-se em conta, primeiro, a severidade da doen&#231;a e, em seguida, as novas modalidades de tratamento.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dr. Charles Mady </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> Cep 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="cmady@cardiol.br">cmady@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="charles.mady@incor.usp.br">charles.mady@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 08/01/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 13/08/2004 </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <surname>Molina</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>40. Hagar JM, Rahimtoola S. Chagas heart disease    in the United States. N Engl J Med 1991;325:763-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Chagas heart disease in the United States</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>763</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>325</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hagar</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Maximal functional capacity, ejection fraction, and functional class in Chagas cardiomyopathy: are these indices related?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and maximal functional capacity (VO2max) have both been shown to be related to a poor long-term survival in Chagas' disease patients. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential association of VO2max, LVEF, and NYHA functional class in patients with Chagas' disease cardiomyopathy. METHODS: One hundred four male patients, aged 40.3&#177;9.0 years (range, 18 to 65), with a definite diagnosis of Chagas disease cardiomyopathy were studied. LVEF and VO2max were both classified into 3 degrees: LVEF &lt;0.30, 0.30&lt; LVEF &lt;0.50, and LVEF &gt; 0.50 and VO2max &lt;10, 10&lt;VO2max &lt;20, and VO2max &gt;20 ml.kg-1.min-1, respectively. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients (29.8%) were in NYHA functional class II, 41 (39.4%) in functional class III, and 32 (30.8%) in functional class IV. The corresponding values of VO2max and LVEF for functional classes II, III, and IV were 21.5&#177;4.0 ml.kg-1.min-1, 18.3&#177;5.8 ml.kg-1.min-1, and 14.7&#177;4.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 and 0.50&#177;0.6, 0.35&#177; 0.9, and 0.29&#177;0.7, respectively. LVEF= &lt;0.30 and VO2max = &lt;10 ml.kg-1.min-1 were found in the majority of patients in NYHA functional class IV. Conversely, patients in functional class II were mostly those with LVEF &gt;0.50 as well as VO2max &gt;20 ml.kg-1.min-1. CONCLUSION: A convincingly good association exists between NYHA functional class, functional capacity and LVEF in patients with Chagas' disease cardiomyopathy. These data may be helpful in the management of heart failure in Chagas' disease patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>maximal functional capacity</kwd>
        <kwd>ejection fraction</kwd>
        <kwd>functional class in Chagas cardiomyopathy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Maximal functional capacity, ejection fraction, and functional class in Chagas cardiomyopathy. Are these indices related?</p>
      <p>Charles Mady; Vera Maria Cury Salemi; Barbara Maria Ianni; Felix Jos&#233; Alvarez Ramires; Edmundo Arteaga</p>
      <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and maximal functional capacity (VO<sub>2</sub>max) have both been shown to be related to a poor long-term survival in Chagas' disease patients. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential association of VO<sub>2</sub>max, LVEF, and NYHA functional class in patients with Chagas' disease cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> One hundred four male patients, aged 40.3&#177;9.0 years (range, 18 to 65), with a definite diagnosis of Chagas disease cardiomyopathy were studied. LVEF and VO<sub>2</sub>max were both classified into 3 degrees: LVEF <underline>&lt;</underline>0.30, 0.30&lt; LVEF <underline>&lt;</underline>0.50, and LVEF&gt; 0.50 and VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline>10, 10&lt;VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline>20, and VO<sub>2</sub>max &gt;20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> Thirty-one patients (29.8%) were in NYHA functional class II, 41 (39.4%) in functional class III, and 32 (30.8%) in functional class IV. The corresponding values of VO<sub>2</sub>max and LVEF for functional classes II, III, and IV were 21.5&#177;4.0 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, 18.3&#177;5.8 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, and 14.7&#177;4.9 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1 </sup>and 0.50&#177;0.6, 0.35&#177;0.9, and 0.29&#177;0.7, respectively. LVEF = <underline>&lt;</underline>0.30 and VO<sub>2</sub>max = <underline>&lt;</underline>10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1 </sup>were found in the majority of patients in NYHA functional class IV. Conversely, patients in functional class II were mostly those with LVEF &gt;0.50 as well as VO<sub>2</sub>max &gt;20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS: </bold>A convincingly good association exists between NYHA functional class, functional capacity and LVEF in patients with Chagas' disease cardiomyopathy. These data may be helpful in the management of heart failure in Chagas' disease patients. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>maximal functional capacity, ejection fraction, functional class in Chagas cardiomyopathy</p>
      <p>Chagas' disease is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi,</italic> which may result in a dilated form of cardiomyopathy, usually complicated by congestive heart failure<sup>1</sup>. The extent of myocardial involvement and its functional consequences are the fundamental determinants of the natural history<sup>2,3</sup>. Similarly to that in other forms of heart failure <sup>4-7</sup>, mortality increases as myocardial function deteriorates <sup>3</sup>. In addition, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and maximal functional capacity (VO<sub>2</sub>max) have both been shown to be related to a poor long-term survival in Chagas' disease patients <sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Surprisingly, however, some studies on other forms of dilated cardiomyopathy have demonstrated that, despite having a severe left ventricular impairment, a rather normal functional capacity may be found <sup>8,9</sup>. In addition, some reports show a lack of connection between LVEF and VO<sub>2</sub>max in these patients <sup>10-13</sup>. These findings indicate that the traditional indices widely used for the evaluation of cardiac function and functional capacity are not entirely appropriate for all patients with heart failure. Contrasting with these reports, it has been previously shown in patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy that VO<sub>2</sub>max progressively worsens as left ventricular chamber dimension increases <sup>14,15</sup>. </p>
      <p>Therefore, in view of these conflicting data, the aim of the present study was to investigate the potential association of VO<sub>2</sub>max and LVEF with functional class in Chagas' disease. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All procedures were carried out in accordance with institutional guidelines, and the protocol was approved by our institutional review committee. Before entering the study, patients underwent complete clinical and biochemical evaluations. Those with a suggestive history of ischemic heart disease, valvular heart disease, diabetes, alcohol abuse, renal failure (serum creatinine &gt;1.4 mg/dL), anemia (serum hemoglobin &lt;12 g/L), and systemic hypertension were excluded from the study. The diagnosis of Chagas' disease was suggested by positive epidemiological evidence, clinical history, and physical and laboratory findings indicating a dilated form of cardiomyopathy concurrently with typical ECG changes <sup>16 </sup>and ultimately confirmed by specific serological tests (Machado-Guerrero and immunofluorescence). </p>
      <p>One hundred four male patients aged 40.3&#177;9.0 years (range, 18 to 65) with congestive heart failure due to Chagas' cardiomyopathy were selected and gave informed consent to enter the study. All patients were admitted to the hospital and received traditional measures aimed at heart failure treatment, which included bed rest, digitalis, diuretics, and vasodilator drugs, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Heart failure status was classified at the time of entering the study according to the criteria established by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) <sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>All patients after having been stabilized for heart failure symptoms underwent ergospirometry for VO<sub>2</sub>max (ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) determination using a Metabolic Cart (MGC CAD/NET 1988, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Respiratory variables were obtained under conditions of standard temperature, pressure, and humidity (StPD) with appropriate correction factors being used. All patients underwent a maximal exercise test based on the modified Naughton protocol <sup>18</sup> using monitoring treadmill equipment (Quinton, model Q65, Seattle, Washington) with variable speed and inclination. </p>
      <p>We used conventional echocardiographic equipment. The echocardiographic parameters were determined, based on the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography <sup>19</sup>. </p>
      <p>Maximal functional capacity and cardiac function were categorized as follows: VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline>10, 10&lt; VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline>20, VO<sub>2</sub>max &gt;20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, and LVEF<underline>&lt;</underline>0.30, 30&lt; LVEF <underline>&lt;</underline>0.50, LVEF &gt;0.50, respectively. </p>
      <p>Patients stratified according to functional class were compared regarding VO<sub>2</sub>max and LVEF by using the analysis of variance and the Duncan's multiple comparison method <sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>The potential associations of NYHA functional class with VO<sub>2</sub>max and LVEF were tested using the analysis of correspondence<sup>21</sup>, which is a multivariate exploratory method of categorical data for converting a contingency table into a 2-dimensional chart. In this chart, a distinctive vector for each category represents each one of the 3 variables studied. The potential association of a pair of categories studied is expressed by a small angle between their corresponding vectors. </p>
      <p>All statistical calculations were performed using SAS software (Statistical Analysis System). The significance level was established at 0.05. Continuous variables are expressed as mean value &#177; SD. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty-one patients aged 41.0&#177;7.9 years were in NYHA functional class II, 41 patients aged 41.2&#177;8.6 years were in functional class III, and 32 patients aged 39.8&#177;8.1 years were in functional class IV. LVEF and VO<sub>2</sub>max values according to patient's functional class are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. As can been observed, each one of the 3 categories of heart failure studied showed statistically different LVEF and VO<sub>2</sub>max. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0152-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the chart representing the results of the analysis of correspondence. We can observe that the variables LVEF and VO<sub>2</sub>max were both associated with NYHA functional class. As a matter of fact, the vectors corresponding to LVEF &gt;0.50, VO<sub>2</sub>max &gt;20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, and functional class II are within the same quadrant, and the angles between each 2 of them are all small. A similar association is evident for the following 2 groups of categories analyzed: 0.30&lt; LVEF <underline>&lt;</underline>0.50, 10&lt; VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline>20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> and functional class III; and LVEF <underline>&lt;</underline>0.30, VO<sub>2</sub>max &lt;10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, and functional class IV. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0152-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In short, the results of this analysis are in agreement with that of the analysis of variance showing an evident association of functional class, LVEF, and VO<sub>2</sub>max, indicating that the more advanced the functional class, the more impaired both functional capacity and cardiac function are. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In general, it is agreed that functional exercise capacity is significantly related to the severity of heart failure. This represents the basis of the universally adopted subjective clinical classification of heart failure recommended by the New York Heart Association<sup>17</sup>. This observation is based on the well-documented relationship found between functional capacity and cardiac performance, manifested by a positive correlation between VO<sub>2</sub>max and cardiac output <sup>22,23</sup>. However, some investigators were unable to demonstrate such a relationship between LVEF and VO<sub>2</sub>max <sup>10-13</sup>. Moreover, exercise capacity was found to be quite normal in a significant number of patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction <sup>8,9</sup>. Therefore, the premise that functional exercise capacity represents a good index for evaluating and predicting cardiac performance has been questioned. We speculate that these contradictory findings are the result of improperly classifying cardiac function merely as normal or abnormal in some of these studies. To avoid such a shortcoming, in the present study patients were classified according to 3 different categories of LVEF and maximal exercise capacity. Accordingly, the 37 patients with VO<sub>2</sub>max values over 20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> were actually those who were the least symptomatic and with the highest values of LVEF. </p>
      <p>Currently, data concerning functional exercise capacity and cardiac function provide the essential information for making confident clinical and surgical therapeutic decisions in patients with heart failure. Recently, it has been shown that clinical history alone is far from being a reliable method for determining functional capacity in patients with ischemic heart disease and other forms of cardiomyopathy <sup>24</sup>. The heterogeneity of the population studied might have represented an important drawback in that investigation. It has long been recognized, for instance, that survival curves may differ according to the underlying cause of heart disease <sup>25</sup>. It is also well known that men compared with women with equivalent heart failure status show a higher exercise capacity <sup>26</sup>. In the present study, only male patients, all with Chagas' cardiomyopathy, were included. However, a previous study showed that in male patients individuals with Chagas' disease were at higher risk of progression of the disease, defined as death or the presence of a new ECG or left ventricular echocardiographic abnormality on follow-up, making these patients a subgroup with increasing risk of adverse events <sup>27</sup>. </p>
      <p>The association between the impairment of VO<sub>2</sub>max and poor long-term prognosis has been debated <sup>28,29</sup>. A strikingly limited short-term survival has been demonstrated in patients with a marked exercise limitation, corresponding to a VO<sub>2</sub>max below 10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1 28</sup>. When patients with such a degree of exercise capacity impairment are excluded from the analysis, exercise capacity provides little prognostic information <sup>29</sup>. In contrast, it has been previously demonstrated that VO<sub>2</sub>max is in fact a good predictor of survival in patients with heart failure due to Chagas' disease <sup>3</sup>. The prognostic significance of VO<sub>2</sub>max remained strong even if Chagas' disease patients with only mild left ventricular dysfunction were included. In accordance with our findings, a previous study showed that the functional capacity of patients in the initial phase of chronic Chagas' disease is higher than that of patients in an advanced phase, and that this functional capacity decreases following the myocardial functional impairment <sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>LVEF is also recognized as a valuable index for estimating outcome in patients with heart failure <sup>31</sup>. Yet again, as previously pointed out for both functional class and exercise capacity, conflicting data exist regarding the ability of LVEF in predicting survival. Although LVEF has been reported not to differ between survivors and nonsurvivors <sup>32</sup>, a significant and positive relation between LVEF and long-term survival has been documented <sup>33,34</sup>. Once again, it became apparent from previous reported data that LVEF might have in fact a marked influence on survival of patients with heart failure due to Chagas' cardiomyopathy <sup>3</sup>. The present results, demonstrating a significant association of LVEF with both functional class and exercise capacity, underscores one of the major mechanisms involved in the predictive value of LVEF on survival, namely impairment in functional capacity. </p>
      <p>In the present study, we were able to demonstrate that NYHA functional class is related to functional exercise capacity and cardiac function in patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy. Accordingly, the more advanced the functional class, the more severely both exercise capacity and cardiac performance are affected. Based on these results, we may, thus, infer that the traditional indices currently used for clinical evaluation of patients with heart failure are very consistent for patients with Chagas' disease. </p>
      <p>We are convinced that these data will be helpful in the management of heart failure in the setting of Chagas' disease. The consistency of the traditional indices used for cardiac evaluation herein demonstrated certainly will help making more appropriate therapeutic decisions for each individual patient, taking into account, firstly, the severity of the disease and, ultimately, bearing in mind the new modalities of treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Charles Mady</p>
          <p> InCor - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> Cep 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="charles.mady@incor.usp.br">charles.mady@incor.usp.br</email> / </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="cmady@cardiol.br">cmady@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 01/08/04</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 08/13/04</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
