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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ByqckMfkkMnKm6KsPFKyGpw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000200009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000200009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas associadas &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel na miocardiopatia periparto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanati</surname>
            <given-names>Silm&#233;ia Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Therezinha Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine Farah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Bojikian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>141</fpage>
      <lpage>146</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de mulheres com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de miocardiopatia periparto e verificar as caracter&#237;sticas associadas &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel. M&#201;TODOS: Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, obst&#233;tricas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram estudadas em 12 pacientes com miocardiopatia periparto, avaliadas no momento do diagn&#243;stico e em consulta atual, quando foram divididas em dois grupos: GF (n= 6, sem altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas) e GD (n= 6, com cardiomegalia e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular persistentes). As compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas com o teste "t" de Student e exato de Fisher (p&lt;0,05). RESULTADOS: No diagn&#243;stico, a idade m&#233;dia das pacientes (8 brancas e 4 negras/pardas) foi de 24&#177;7,4 anos; todas em classe funcional IV (NYHA) e 8 relataram hipertens&#227;o gestacional ou pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. A mediana do tempo de seguimento foi de 25 meses. Dez pacientes evolu&#237;ram para classe funcional I/II. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos mostrou GD com menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (0,30&#177;0,05 vs. 0,58&#177;0,09; p&lt;0,001) e maior di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE (58&#177;5mm vs. 46&#177;3mm; p&lt;0,001), no momento do diagn&#243;stico. A evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel foi mais frequente entre as pardas (p=0,01). Na avalia&#231;&#227;o atual o GD apresentou menor espessura relativa da parede (0,13&#177;0,02 vs. 0,17&#177;0,02; p&lt; 0,05) e maior massa do VE (283&#177;90g vs. 186&#177;41g; p&lt;0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: Pacientes com miocardiopatia periparto pr&#233;via apresentam evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel associada &#224; ra&#231;a negra e altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas iniciais mais acentuadas e a evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel est&#225; associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da massa mioc&#225;rdica e aumento da espessura relativa da parede ventricular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiograma</kwd>
        <kwd>gesta&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas associadas &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel na miocardiopatia periparto  </p>
    <p>Caroline da Costa Moreira; Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati; Vera Therezinha Borges Medeiros; Cl&#225;udia Guimar&#227;es; Elaine Farah Sim&#245;es; Beatriz Bojikian Matsubara </p>
    <p>Botucatu, SP</p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Unesp </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de mulheres com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de miocardiopatia periparto e verificar as caracter&#237;sticas associadas &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, obst&#233;tricas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram estudadas em 12 pacientes com miocardiopatia periparto, avaliadas no momento do diagn&#243;stico e em consulta atual, quando foram divididas em dois grupos: GF (n= 6, sem altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas) e GD (n= 6, com cardiomegalia e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular persistentes). As compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas com o teste "t" de Student e exato de Fisher (p&lt;0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No diagn&#243;stico, a idade m&#233;dia das pacientes (8 brancas e 4 negras/pardas) foi de 24&#177;7,4 anos; todas em classe funcional IV (NYHA) e 8 relataram hipertens&#227;o gestacional ou pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. A mediana do tempo de seguimento foi de 25 meses. Dez pacientes evolu&#237;ram para classe funcional I/II. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos mostrou GD com menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (0,30&#177;0,05 vs. 0,58&#177;0,09; p&lt;0,001) e maior di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE (58&#177;5mm vs. 46&#177;3mm; p&lt;0,001), no momento do diagn&#243;stico. A evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel foi mais frequente entre as pardas (p=0,01). Na avalia&#231;&#227;o atual o GD apresentou menor espessura relativa da parede (0,13&#177;0,02 vs. 0,17&#177;0,02; p&lt; 0,05) e maior massa do VE (283&#177;90g vs. 186&#177;41g; p&lt;0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Pacientes com miocardiopatia periparto pr&#233;via apresentam evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel associada &#224; ra&#231;a negra e altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas iniciais mais acentuadas e a evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel est&#225; associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da massa mioc&#225;rdica e aumento da espessura relativa da parede ventricular. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ecocardiograma, gesta&#231;&#227;o</p>
    <p> Miocardiopatia periparto (MCPP) &#233; uma forma rara de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de causa desconhecida, que ocorre durante a gravidez (um m&#234;s antes do parto) ou no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-parto (at&#233; cinco meses), em mulheres previamente saud&#225;veis, sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;-existente. Seu diagn&#243;stico s&#243; &#233; feito ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de outras causas de miocardiopatia<sup>1-3</sup>. Estima-se que a incid&#234;ncia seja de 1:3000 a 1:4000 rec&#233;m-nascidos vivos, correspondendo entre 1000 a 1300 mulheres afetadas a cada ano nos Estados Unidos<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar de rara, sua import&#226;ncia reside na alta taxa de mortalidade, que varia entre 18% e 56%<sup>2</sup>. Essa variabilidade est&#225; relacionada com a diversidade de evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, pois a miocardiopatia periparto pode cursar com completa normaliza&#231;&#227;o da dimens&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ou com insufici&#234;ncia ventricular progressiva at&#233; o &#243;bito. Mesmo no primeiro caso, em que o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo retorna ao normal, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a reserva contr&#225;til fica comprometida e pode haver recorr&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a<sup>4</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, foi relatada evolu&#231;&#227;o significativamente pior de mulheres com miocardiopatia periparto, quando comparadas a mulheres com cardiomiopatia dilatada, diagnosticada antes da gravidez<sup>5-6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os fatores de risco que t&#234;m sido relacionados &#224; miocardiopatia periparto incluem multiparidade, idade materna avan&#231;ada (&gt; 30 anos), gemelaridade, pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, hipertens&#227;o gestacional e ra&#231;a negra<sup>2</sup>. H&#225; um estudo<sup>7</sup> que considera tamb&#233;m a obesidade e a ces&#225;rea como fatores predisponentes, e um outro, a hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>O progn&#243;stico das mulheres com miocardiopatia periparto parece depender da normaliza&#231;&#227;o do tamanho e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda at&#233; 6 meses depois do parto<sup>2</sup>. Dentre as mulheres com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda persistente, a taxa de mortalidade card&#237;aca foi de 85% em cinco anos, enquanto no grupo de pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal, n&#227;o ocorreram mortes de etiologia cardiovascular no mesmo intervalo de tempo<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Existem poucos estudos, na literatura nacional, que descrevem a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dessas pacientes. Marin-Neto e cols.<sup>10</sup> avaliaram 14 pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia periparto e verificaram que algumas se apresentavam em estado hiperdin&#226;mico, com d&#233;bito card&#237;aco aumentado. Avila e cols.<sup>11 </sup>e Albanesi e Silva<sup>12</sup> descreveram que a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda determina o progn&#243;stico de gesta&#231;&#245;es subseq&#252;entes. Um estudo publicado por Carvalho e cols.<sup>13 </sup>concluiu que algumas caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, como o aumento do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, na fase aguda da doen&#231;a, e o in&#237;cio tardio dos sintomas, no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-parto, encontram-se associados com mau progn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p>Em nosso servi&#231;o, n&#227;o temos levantamento sobre aspectos cl&#237;nicos e evolutivos de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia periparto. Assim, os objetivos do presente estudo foram: avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de mulheres com o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio da doen&#231;a e verificar as caracter&#237;sticas associadas com evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todas as mulheres inclu&#237;das no estudo preencheram os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de Demakis e cols.<sup>9</sup>: 1) desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s de gravidez ou em 5 meses p&#243;s-parto, 2) aus&#234;ncia de uma etiologia determin&#225;vel para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e 3) aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca demonstr&#225;vel antes do &#250;ltimo m&#234;s de gravidez. Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Institui&#231;&#227;o, OF.37/2002-CEP. </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de 1994 a 2002, foram diagnosticados 14 casos de miocardiopatia periparto no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, e analisados, retrospectivamente, por meio da consulta ao prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico e por meio de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica atualizada, ap&#243;s convoca&#231;&#227;o da paciente, o que foi denominado de avalia&#231;&#227;o atual. Duas pacientes que n&#227;o atenderam &#224; convoca&#231;&#227;o foram exclu&#237;das do estudo. No &#250;nico caso de &#243;bito, foi considerada a "avalia&#231;&#227;o atual" aquela registrada no prontu&#225;rio antes do evento. Todas as pacientes que compareceram &#224; &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o assinaram o termo de consentimento p&#243;s informado. Todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas foram efetuadas pelo cardiologista. </p>
    <p>Durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foram registradas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: a) vari&#225;veis obst&#233;tricas: hist&#243;rico obst&#233;trico, idade gestacional no parto, varia&#231;&#227;o de peso na gesta&#231;&#227;o que precedeu o diagn&#243;stico, tipo de parto, intercorr&#234;ncias obst&#233;tricas, vitalidade e maturidade do rec&#233;m-nascido; b) vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas: ra&#231;a, idade, peso, altura, sintomas, classe funcional, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial no momento do diagn&#243;stico e na avalia&#231;&#227;o atual, al&#233;m da medica&#231;&#227;o em uso, evolu&#231;&#227;o, antecedentes pessoais e familiares. </p>
    <p>Foram considerados os exames Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficos anexados ao prontu&#225;rio e realizados no laborat&#243;rio de ecocardiografia, no setor de fisiodiagn&#243;stico do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas. As pacientes foram submetidas a novo exame, no momento da avalia&#231;&#227;o atual. As an&#225;lises inclu&#237;ram as seguintes vari&#225;veis obtidas no primeiro e &#250;ltimo exames realizados: a) vari&#225;veis morfom&#233;tricas obtidas a partir do ecocardiograma monodimensional: tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico (VEd) e sist&#243;lico (VEs) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (MVE); MVE = [(2PPd + VEd)<sup> 3</sup> - VEd<sup>3</sup>] x 1,05, onde PPd e VEd s&#227;o a espessura da parede e o di&#226;metro da cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, na di&#225;stole, respectivamente. Foi tamb&#233;m analisada a espessura relativa da parede ventricular (PPd/VEd); b) vari&#225;veis funcionais: porcentagem de varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do VE (%DD), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE), d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC), volume ejetado durante a s&#237;stole (VS) e raz&#227;o E/A, correspondente &#224; raz&#227;o entre os picos de velocidade do fluxo transmitral nas fases de enchimento ventricular r&#225;pido (E) e contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (A). </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o atual, as pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos, segundo a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica no per&#237;odo de seguimento: 1) pacientes com evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel, ou seja, que cursaram com normaliza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o e da morfologia card&#237;aca, com FE &gt; 0,56, %DD &gt; 26%, AE <underline>&lt;</underline> 38mm e VED <underline>&lt;</underline> 56mm, na avaliac&#227;o atual; e 2) pacientes com evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel, com dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda persistentes. </p>
    <p>Foram calculados os valores m&#233;dios, com os respectivos desvios padr&#227;o para cada vari&#225;vel analisada. Quando a vari&#225;vel apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, foram calculadas as medianas e as amplitudes interquart&#237;licas. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos de pacientes foi feita por meio do teste "t" de Student e do teste exato de Fisher. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre espessura relativa da parede mioc&#225;rdica e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi analisada pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi p&lt;0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref> as vari&#225;veis obst&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas das pacientes. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 24 &#177; 7,4 (varia&#231;&#227;o de 15 a 36) anos no momento do diagn&#243;stico. Dez pacientes eram primigestas ou secundigestas e 8 apresentavam resolu&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o por ces&#225;rea. Das pacientes com evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel, quatro eram da ra&#231;a negra, enquanto que todas as pacientes do grupo com evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel eram brancas (p&lt;0,05). A mediana do tempo de seguimento foi de 25,5 meses, sendo que 75% acompanhadas por 15 meses ou mais.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Oito pacientes apresentaram hipertens&#227;o gestacional ou pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (PE). De acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>New York Heart Association </italic>(NYHA), 100% encontravam-se em classe funcional IV no momento do diagn&#243;stico, e submetidas a tratamento para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com digital, furosemida e inibidor de enzima conversora de angiotensina. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre a terap&#234;utica adotada para os dois grupos de pacientes. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o atual, oito das 12 pacientes estavam em classe funcional I, 2 em classe II e 2 em classe IV. De acordo com essa distribui&#231;&#227;o, todas as pacientes de evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel encontravam-se em classe funcional I. </p>
    <p>Uma paciente faleceu subitamente numa das interna&#231;&#245;es para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; era branca, com gesta&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica, tinha 17 anos de idade e faleceu ap&#243;s 2 meses do diagn&#243;stico, realizado 5 meses p&#243;s-parto. </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref> apresenta a m&#233;dia e os respectivos desvios padr&#227;o de vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas das 12 pacientes, no momento do diagn&#243;stico e na avalia&#231;&#227;o atual. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o foram efetuadas, devido &#224; grande heterogeneidade do intervalo de tempo entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es, na casu&#237;stica. Foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o direta e significante entre a espessura relativa da parede ventricular e o indicador de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica obtidos na avalia&#231;&#227;o atual (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref> acham-se a idade, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e d&#233;bito card&#237;aco observados nos dois momentos e nos dois grupos considerados, sendo que, a &#250;nica com diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos foi o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco obtido no diagn&#243;stico (GF: 4,3 &#177; 0,8 l/min vs. GD: 3,1 &#177; 0,8 l/min; p&lt;0,05).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02a">figuras 2</xref> a <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig04a">4</xref> s&#227;o apresentadas as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas obtidas nos dois grupos, no momento do diagn&#243;stico e na avalia&#231;&#227;o atual. No momento do diagn&#243;stico, o grupo favor&#225;vel era compar&#225;vel ao desfavor&#225;vel quanto &#224;s dimens&#245;es das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas, aumentadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02a">fig. 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02a">A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig02b">B</xref>). No intervalo de tempo entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es, houve redu&#231;&#227;o mais expressiva dessas dimens&#245;es nas pacientes com evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel, ocorrendo diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos. Desde o momento do diagn&#243;stico, o desem penho sist&#243;lico apresentou-se mais prejudicado no grupo com evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a">fig. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a">A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig03b">B</xref>), refletido na maior dimens&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (58 &#177; 5 mm e 46 &#177; 3 mm, p&lt;0,001) e na menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (0,30 &#177; 0,05 e 0,58 &#177; 0,09, p&lt;0,001). A <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig04a">figura 4</xref> mostra os valores da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e da espessura relativa da parede ventricular. Os dois grupos eram compar&#225;veis, no momento do diagn&#243;stico, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e &#224; espessura relativa da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o atual foi observada menor massa do ventr&#237; culo esquerdo e maior espessura relativa da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no grupo de pacientes com evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig04a">fig. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig04a">A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig04b">B</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02a">
      <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ByqckMfkkMnKm6KsPFKyGpw/85b35811346af81bd38eda8bab04af842f602e40.gif"/>
    <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03a">
      <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ByqckMfkkMnKm6KsPFKyGpw/c7d9e432c9dc4d5ea52a2911640e6c78ea1ab3a8.gif"/>
    <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <fn id="fig04a"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fn id="fig04b">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-e02.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>) foram compar&#225;veis nos dois grupos com miocardiopatia periparto, exceto a velocidade de fluxo durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial no momento do diagn&#243;stico, que apresentou valor significantemente maior no grupo que iria evoluir favoravelmente. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os 12 casos apresentados no presente estudo s&#227;o de relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, diante da baixa incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a. De fato, os trabalhos publicados na literatura sobre o tema, tamb&#233;m oferecem casu&#237;stica de grandeza semelhante<sup>5,7-14</sup>. Cabe destacar os 47 casos diagnosticados em 7 anos, em servi&#231;o m&#233;dico do Haiti, por Fett e cols.<sup>3</sup>, sem defini&#231;&#227;o das causas dessa incid&#234;ncia elevada. </p>
    <p>As pacientes atendidas em nosso servi&#231;o apresentavam idade m&#233;dia entre eles, diferindo do estudo de Carvalho e cols.<sup>13</sup>, no qual as mulheres do grupo com evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel tenderam a ser mais velhas. Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m diferiu em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; literatura, no que diz respeito &#224; ra&#231;a e &#224; paridade, pois foi composta por uma maioria de mulheres brancas (64,3%), primigestas ou secundigestas, na &#233;poca do diagn&#243;stico. A literatura em geral admite, como fatores de risco, a ra&#231;a negra, a multiparidade e a gemelaridade<sup>2,5,7, 9,14</sup>. Todas as nossas pacientes de cor negra cursaram com evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel, e elas representaram 67% do grupo que evoluiu desfavoravelmente, tamb&#233;m relatado por Carvalho e cols.<sup>13</sup>. Ford e cols.<sup>8</sup>, estudaram uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes muito semelhante &#224; nossa, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade m&#233;dia de acometimento da doen&#231;a, &#224; ra&#231;a e &#224; porcentagem de nul&#237;paras em rela&#231;&#227;o ao total de mulheres avaliadas, e observaram &#237;ndice de boa evolu&#231;&#227;o maior do que o relatado na literatura. Os autores atribu&#237;ram esses achados ao fato de serem mulheres jovens, com baixa paridade e &#224; aus&#234;ncia de comorbidades. Portanto, consideramos de relev&#226;ncia analisar em separado as pacientes com evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel e as com evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel. </p>
    <p>Assim como nos estudos de outros autores<sup>3,8,14,15</sup>, o diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia periparto, na maioria dos casos, foi feito no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-parto, principalmente, 1&#186; m&#234;s ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da gesta&#231;&#227;o. Coincide tamb&#233;m com a literatura o alto &#237;ndice de casos de hipertens&#227;o induzida pela gesta&#231;&#227;o ou de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (71,4%) nas pacientes atendidas em nosso servi&#231;o. N&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o gestacional e a evolu&#231;&#227;o das pacientes e este fator n&#227;o &#233; referido pela literatura como sendo definidor do progn&#243;stico das pacientes acometidas. At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o se conhece o mecanismo envolvido na fisiopatologia da miocardiopatia periparto que pudesse explicar a sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a hipertens&#227;o gestacional ou pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, 8 pacientes evolu&#237;ram com melhora cl&#237;nica e classe funcional I, sendo que seis apresentaram indicadores de fun&#231;&#227;o e morfologia normais no ecocardiograma convencional de repouso, indicando evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel. Esse resultado tamb&#233;m est&#225; de acordo com a literatura, que relata boa evolu&#231;&#227;o em 50% dos casos<sup>2,5,9,12,15</sup>. </p>
    <p>As pacientes do grupo desfavor&#225;vel apresentavam d&#233;bito card&#237;aco menor que as mulheres do outro grupo, no momento do diagn&#243;stico, apesar dos valores m&#233;dios normais, mesmo na vig&#234;ncia de classe funcional IV. &#201; prov&#225;vel que naquele momento, o d&#233;bito se mantivesse &#224;s custas da taquicardia. Em ambos os grupos, o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco observado na avalia&#231;&#227;o atual foi semelhante ao verificado no diagn&#243;stico. No entanto, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o foi menor, indicando aumento do volume ejetado, compat&#237;vel com a melhora cl&#237;nica observada. Outro dado a ser destacado &#233; que, independentemente da evolu&#231;&#227;o, as pacientes apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o tempo de observa&#231;&#227;o, ocorrido provavelmente em resposta ao tratamento. </p>
    <p>De acordo com os valores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, obtidos no momento do diagn&#243;stico, a cardiomegalia n&#227;o era acentuada, embora todas as pacientes estivessem em classe funcional IV (NYHA), o que refor&#231;a o car&#225;ter agudo do quadro. Acrescido a esse fato, o exame precoce na evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a pode justificar a discrep&#226;ncia do quadro cl&#237;nico das 12 pacientes e a redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o t&#227;o acentuada da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inicial e da %DD inicial. Diante da agress&#227;o aguda, qualquer redu&#231;&#227;o da eje&#231;&#227;o pode causar aumento s&#250;bito do volume residual na cavidade. Estando a c&#226;mara desadaptada a esse maior volume, haveria aumento desproporcional da press&#227;o de enchimento ventricular. Com isso, a congest&#227;o pulmonar &#233; desproporcionalmente mais intensa do que a redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e da %DD. De fato, a dispn&#233;ia em repouso e os sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar predominaram no quadro cl&#237;nico inicial. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o atual mostrou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e %DD com valores m&#233;dios pouco acima dos limites inferiores da normalidade, considerados 0,56 e 26%, respectivamente. Esses resultados sugerem que, apesar da aparente boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, houve persist&#234;ncia de dano card&#237;aco em muitas pacientes. No diagn&#243;stico, o grupo que evoluiria de forma desfavor&#225;vel apresentou dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo levemente maior, apenas com tend&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao outro grupo (p= 0,065), mas com aumento do ventr&#237;culos esquerdos e redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Nossas observa&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o em acordo com o estudo de Carvalho e cols.<sup>13</sup>, que ao dividir as pacientes de acordo com sua evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, encontraram forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre valor aumentado da dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular e progn&#243;stico ruim. Provavelmente, um dos fatores envolvidos &#233; que o cora&#231;&#227;o com menor dilata&#231;&#227;o permite a manuten&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis menos elevados de p&#243;s-carga ventricular esquerda e direita, com desempenho sist&#243;lico mais adequado e fluxo sist&#234;mico preservado, ensejando melhores condi&#231;&#245;es de perfus&#227;o tissular<sup>10</sup>. Outros autores<sup>16,17 </sup>observaram que, dentre caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, hemodin&#226;micas ou histol&#243;gicas avaliadas no in&#237;cio do quadro, somente o &#237;ndice de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo estava associado a pior evolu&#231;&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m &#233; feita refer&#234;ncia ao retorno do tamanho do cora&#231;&#227;o ao normal no prazo de at&#233; 6 meses, como associa&#231;&#227;o ao curso cl&#237;nico favor&#225;vel da miocardiopatia periparto<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Considerando-se todas as pacientes, os valores de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo observados na interna&#231;&#227;o indicaram que a hipertrofia j&#225; estava presente na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o. Esse resultado &#233; interessante porque consideramos que o exame foi realizado muito precocemente, no desenvolvimento do processo patol&#243;gico, dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas. O fato de encontrarmos hipertrofia nesse per&#237;odo inicial, sugere que algum tipo de est&#237;mulo para hipertrofia deveria estar atuando antes do in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Se esse est&#237;mulo foi humoral ou mec&#226;nico (hipertens&#227;o) ou fisiol&#243;gico da gravidez n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel esclarecer. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o atual, as pacientes com evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel apresentaram massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo maior do que as de evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel. Esse resultado sugere que as pacientes com boa evolu&#231;&#227;o tiveram regress&#227;o da hipertrofia, enquanto que essa altera&#231;&#227;o persistiu nas demais. </p>
    <p>A partir da avalia&#231;&#227;o da espessura relativa da parede ventricular, p&#244;de-se sugerir que o primeiro exame refletia uma situa&#231;&#227;o de dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular, com remodela&#231;&#227;o exc&#234;ntrica da cavidade. Esse &#233; um dos mecanismos reativos na fase aguda de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para aumentar a capacit&#226;ncia ventricular numa situa&#231;&#227;o de aumento de volume<sup>18</sup>. Assim, o maior valor de PPd/VEd no GF em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GD, na avalia&#231;&#227;o atual, foi interpretado como um sinal de adapta&#231;&#227;o e retorno da geometria original do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o direta significante entre a espessura relativa da parede e o &#237;ndice de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Esse resultado sugere que a geometria da c&#226;mara tem papel fundamental no desempenho card&#237;aco. Refor&#231;a este racioc&#237;nio o fato de n&#227;o ter se observado associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre a massa mioc&#225;rdica ou dimens&#227;o ventricular e indicadores de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Isto &#233;, o preju&#237;zo da eje&#231;&#227;o esteve associado com o crescimento desproporcional do volume da cavidade, n&#227;o compensado pela hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica. Essa situa&#231;&#227;o de desajuste causa aumento da pr&#233;-carga e da p&#243;s-carga, com desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>18</sup>. A espessura relativa da parede, no momento do diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o foi uma vari&#225;vel que indicaria o tipo de evolu&#231;&#227;o, favor&#225;vel ou desfavor&#225;vel, das pacientes. </p>
    <p>Com as an&#225;lises efetuadas at&#233; o momento, podemos concluir que a miocardiopatia periparto, na s&#233;rie de casos analisada, foi de grave repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica, com evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel em apenas 50% dos casos. Ao subdividir as pacientes de acordo com o tipo de evolu&#231;&#227;o apresentada, p&#244;de-se concluir que a evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel da miocardiopatia periparto est&#225; associada &#224; ra&#231;a negra e altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais card&#237;acas, mais acentuadas desde o in&#237;cio do quadro cl&#237;nico, e que a evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel associa-se &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da massa mioc&#225;rdica e ao aumento da espessura relativa da parede ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Caroline da Costa Moreira </p>
        <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Carmelo, 452 - Apto 01 </p>
        <p> Botucatu - SP - E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="caroline@cardiol.br">caroline@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 05/11/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 18/08/2004</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical characteristics associated with unfavorable outcomes in peripartum myocardiopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical characteristics of women with a previous diagnosis of peripartum myocardiopathy and to study the characteristics associated with unfavorable outcomes. METHODS: Clinical, obstetric, and echocardiographic variables were studied in 12 patients with peripartum myocardiopathy, assessed at diagnosis and at a current appointment, when they were divided into 2 groups: FG (n = 6, without cardiac alterations) and UG (n = 6, with cardiomegaly and persistent ventricular dysfunction). The comparisons were made using the Student t test and Fisher's exact test (P &lt; 0.05). RESULTS: At diagnosis, mean age of the patients (8 Caucasian and 4 black/non-Caucasian) was 24&#177;7.4 years, all in Functional Class IV (NYHA) and 8 reporting gestational hypertension or preeclampsia. Mean follow-up time was 25 months. Ten patients developed Functional Class I/II. Comparison between the groups demonstrated that UG had lower left ventricular ejection fractions (0.30&#177;0.05 vs. 0.58&#177;0.09; P &lt; 0.001) and greater LV systolic diameter (58&#177;5mm vs. 46&#177;3mm; P &lt; 0.001) at diagnosis. An unfavorable outcome was more frequent among non-Caucasian women (P = 0.01). In the current evaluation, UG had lower relative wall thickness (0.13&#177;0.02 vs. 0.17&#177;0.02; P &lt; 0.05) and greater LV mass (283&#177;90g vs. 186&#177;41g; P &lt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with previous peripartum myocardiopathy had unfavorable outcomes associated with black race, and stronger initial cardiac alterations; a favorable outcome was associated with a reduction in myocardial mass and an increase in relative ventricular wall thickness.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiogram</kwd>
        <kwd>gestation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical characteristics associated with unfavorable outcomes in peripartum myocardiopathy</p>
      <p>Caroline da Costa Moreira; Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati; Vera Therezinha Borges Medeiros; Cl&#225;udia Guimar&#227;es; Elaine Farah Sim&#245;es; Beatriz Bojikian Matsubara</p>
      <p>Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Unesp </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To assess the clinical characteristics of women with a previous diagnosis of peripartum myocardiopathy and to study the characteristics associated with unfavorable outcomes.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> Clinical, obstetric, and echocardiographic variables were studied in 12 patients with peripartum myocardiopathy, assessed at diagnosis and at a current appointment, when they were divided into 2 groups: FG (n = 6, without cardiac alterations) and UG (n = 6, with cardiomegaly and persistent ventricular dysfunction). The comparisons were made using the Student t test and Fisher's exact test (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> At diagnosis, mean age of the patients (8 Caucasian and 4 black/non-Caucasian) was 24&#177;7.4 years, all in Functional Class IV (NYHA) and 8 reporting gestational hypertension or preeclampsia. Mean follow-up time was 25 months. Ten patients developed Functional Class I/II. Comparison between the groups demonstrated that UG had lower left ventricular ejection fractions (0.30&#177;0.05 vs. 0.58&#177;0.09; P &lt; 0.001) and greater LV systolic diameter (58&#177;5mm vs. 46&#177;3mm; P &lt; 0.001) at diagnosis. An unfavorable outcome was more frequent among non-Caucasian women (P = 0.01). In the current evaluation, UG had lower relative wall thickness (0.13&#177;0.02 vs. 0.17&#177;0.02; P &lt; 0.05) and greater LV mass (283&#177;90g vs. 186&#177;41g; P &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> Patients with previous peripartum myocardiopathy had unfavorable outcomes associated with black race, and stronger initial cardiac alterations; a favorable outcome was associated with a reduction in myocardial mass and an increase in relative ventricular wall thickness. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold> heart failure, echocardiogram, gestation</p>
      <p> Peripartum myocardiopathy (PPMC) is a rare form of heart failure with an unknown cause, occurring usually during pregnancy (one month before delivery) or after delivery (up to 5 months), in previously healthy women without preexisting cardiac disease. Its diagnosis is made after other causes of myocardiopathy have been excluded <sup>1-3</sup>. The incidence is estimated at 1:3000 to 1:4000 live births, corresponding to 1000 to 1300 women affected every year in the United States <sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although it is a rare anomaly, it is important because of the high mortality rate, ranging from 18% to 56% <sup>2</sup>. This variability is related to the diversity of the clinical evolvement; the outcome can be complete normalization of cardiac dimensions and function or progressive ventricular failure leading to death. Even in the first case, where the left ventricle returns to normal, evidence exists that the contractile reserve is involved, and the disease may be recurrent <sup>4</sup>. Additionally, women with peripartum myocardiopathy had significantly worse evolvement when compared with women with dilated cardiomyopathy diagnosed before pregnancy <sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Risk factors related to peripartum myocardiopathy include multiparity, advanced maternal age (&gt; 30 years), twins, preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and black race <sup>2</sup>. One study <sup>7</sup> also considers obesity and Cesarean delivery as predisposing factors, and another study <sup>8</sup> considers a history of chronic hypertension as a predisposing factor. </p>
      <p>The prognosis of women with peripartum myocardiopathy may depend on normalization of size and of left ventricular function up to 6 months after delivery <sup>2</sup>. Among the women with persistent left ventricular dysfunction, the cardiac mortality rate was 85% in 5 years, whereas in the group of patients with normal ventricular function, deaths from cardiovascular disease did not occur in the same time interval <sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>Few studies in our literature describe the clinical outcome of these patients. Marin-Neto et al <sup>10</sup> assessed 14 patients with a diagnosis of peripartum myocardiopathy and verified that some women presented in a hyperdynamic state with increased cardiac output. Avila et al <sup>11 </sup>and Albanesi and Silva <sup>12</sup> reported that left ventricular function determines the prognosis of future pregnancies. A study published by Carvalho et al <sup>13 </sup>concluded that some echocardiographic characteristics such as increase in the final left ventricle diastolic diameter, in the acute phase of the disease, and the late appearance of symptoms, in the postpartum period, are associated with a poor prognosis. </p>
      <p>We do not have in our work a study on the clinical aspects and outcomes of patients with a diagnosis of peripartum myocar diopathy. Thus, the objectives of the present study were to assess clinical characteristics of women with a previous diagnosis of the disease and to assess the characteristics associated with unfavorable outcomes. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All women included in the study met the diagnostic criteria of Demakis et al <sup>9</sup>; these were 1) development of heart failure in the last month of pregnancy or 5 months after delivery, 2) absence of a determinable cause for heart failure and 3) absence of apparent heart disease before the last month of pregnancy. All the procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institution, OF.37/2002-CEP. </p>
      <p>In the period from 1994 to 2002, 14 cases of peripartum myocardiopathy were diagnosed at Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, and retrospectively assessed through evaluation of medical charts and updated clinical evaluations, conducted after the patient was included in the study called current evaluation. Two patients were not present at the appointment and were excluded from the study. In the only death, we have regarded as the "current evaluation" that information recorded in the chart after the event. All patients that were present at the last evaluation gave their written consent. All medical evaluations were performed by cardiologists. </p>
      <p>During clinical evaluation, the following variables were recorded: a) obstetric variables: obstetric history, gestational age at delivery, weight variation during gestation before diagnosis, type of delivery, obstetric complications, vitality and maturity of the newborn; b) clinical and demographic variables: race, age, weight, height, symptoms, Functional Class, heart rate, and blood pressure at diagnosis and in the current evaluation, together with the medication in use, outcome, and personal and familial history. </p>
      <p>Doppler-echocardiographic examinations that were attached to the chart and performed in the echocardiography laboratory were analyzed, in the physical therapy diagnosis section at Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas. Patients underwent a new examination, at the current evaluation. The analysis included the following variables obtained in the first and last examinations performed: a) morphometric variables obtained from the M-mode echocardiogram: left atrium (LA) size, left ventricle diastolic (LVd), and systolic (LVs) diameters and left ventricle mass (LVM); LVM = [(2PPd + LVd)<sup> 3</sup> - LVd<sup>3</sup>] x 1.05, where PPd and LVd are respectively wall thickness and left ventricle cavity diameter at diastole. Relative thickness of ventricular wall was also assessed (PPd/LVd); b) functional variables: percentage of LV diameter variation (%DD), ejection fraction (EF), cardiac output (CO), ejected volume during systoles (VS), and E/A ratio, corresponding to the ratio between the peak velocity of the transmitral flow in the rapid ventricular filling (E) phases and atrial contraction (A). </p>
      <p>After the current evaluation, patients were divided into 2 groups, according to clinical outcome in the follow-up period: 1) patients with favorable outcomes, that is, patients with normal cardiac function and morphology, with EF &gt; 0.56, %DD &gt; 26%, AE <underline>&lt;</underline> 38mm and LVD <underline>&lt;</underline> 56mm, in the current evaluation; and 2) patients with unfavorable outcomes, with dilation and persistent left ventricle dysfunction. </p>
      <p>Mean values were calculated with the respective standard deviation for each variable assessed. When the variable's distribution was not normal, medians and interquartile ranges were calculated. Comparison between the 2 groups of patients was performed using the Student <italic>t</italic> test and Fisher's exact test. The association between the relative thickness of the myocardial wall and ejection fraction was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. The significance level adopted was P &lt; 0.05. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients' clinical and obstetric variables are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. Mean age was 24 &#177; 7.4 years (range, 15 to 36) at diagnosis. Ten patients were in their first or second pregnancy, and 8 underwent Cesarean delivery. Of the patients with unfavorable outcomes, 4 were black, whereas all the patients of the group with favorable outcomes were Caucasian (P &lt; 0.05). The median follow-up was 25.5 months, and 75% were followed-up for at least 15 months. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Eight patients presented with gestational hypertension or preeclampsia (PE). According to New York Heart Association classification (NYHA), 100% were in Functional Class IV at diagnosis, undergoing treatment for heart failure with digitalis, furosemide, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. No difference was found between the therapeutics adopted for the 2 groups of patients. In the current evaluation, 8 out of the 12 patients were in Functional Class I, 2 were in Functional Class II, and 2 were in Functional Class IV. According to this distribution, all patients with favorable outcomes were in Functional Class I. </p>
      <p>One patient died suddenly on admission for treatment of congestive heart failure; she was a 17-year-old Caucasian girl, with a single gestation, and she died 2 months after diagnosis<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ByqckMfkkMnKm6KsPFKyGpw/eedd49c3e1052727e4763a9cd4fb35785c857e69.gif"/> made 5 months after delivery. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table II</xref> presents the average between the respective standard deviation for echocardiographic variables of the 12 patients, at diagnosis, and in the current evaluation. Comparison between the variables was not performed, because of the great heterogeneity of the time interval between the evaluations, in the cohort. Direct and significant association between the relative ventricular wall thickness and the indicator of systolic function obtained in the current evaluation was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table III</xref>, the age, heart rate, and cardiac output at the 2 times and in the 2 groups considered are presented. The only statistical difference between the groups was the cardiac output obtained at diagnosis (FG: 4.3 &#177; 0.8 l/min vs. UG: 3.1 &#177; 0.8 l/min; P &lt; 0.05). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02a-body2">figures 2 to 4</xref>, the echocardiographic variables obtained in the 2 groups are presented, at diagnosis and in the current evaluation. At diagnosis, the favorable group was comparable to the unfavorable one regarding the increased dimensions of left cardiac chamber (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02a-body2">fig. 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02a-body2">A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig02b-body2">B</xref>). In the time interval between the evaluations, a more expressive reduction was seen in these dimensions in the patients with favorable outcomes with a significant difference between the groups. From diagnosis, systolic performance was worst in the group with unfavorable outcomes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a-body2">fig. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a-body2">A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig03b-body2">B</xref>), reflected in the increased left ventricle systolic dimension (58 &#177; 5 mm and 46 &#177; 3 mm, P &lt; 0.001), and in the decreased ejection fraction (0.30 &#177; 0.05 and 0.58 &#177; 0.09, P &lt; 0.001). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04a-body2">Figure 4</xref> demonstrates the left ventricle mass values and relative ventricular wall thickness. At diagnosis, the 2 groups were comparable regarding left ventricle mass and relative ventricular posterior wall thickness. In the current evaluation, a decreased left ventricular mass was observed, together with greater left ventricular posterior wall thickness in the group of patients with unfavorable outcomes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04a-body2">fig. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04a-body2">A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig04b-body2">B</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig02a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ByqckMfkkMnKm6KsPFKyGpw/dae7ca95edfa174e18a10108c679093eb0d15e30.gif"/>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ByqckMfkkMnKm6KsPFKyGpw/987b2ebb4d9e846b480a85e293e5690006838488.gif"/>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ByqckMfkkMnKm6KsPFKyGpw/b56d95fbc3646998658148e1f8dc0f319a548816.gif"/>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Doppler and echocardiographic variables of diastolic function (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>) were comparable in the 2 groups with peripartum myocardiopathy, except for the flow velocity during atrial contraction at diagnosis, which had a significantly greater value in the group with favorable outcomes. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0141-00009-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The 12 cases presented in this study are clinically relevant, because of the low incidence of the disease. In fact, the studies published in the literature on the theme also have a similar cohort<sup>5,7-14</sup>. It is important to point out the 47 cases diagnosed in 7 years, in a medical service in Haiti, by Fett et al <sup>3</sup>, with no reasons for this high incidence. </p>
      <p>The mean age of our patients at diagnosis was lower than that found in the literature, which is 30 years of age or older <sup>2,5,7</sup>. When they were divided into 2 groups according to clinical evolvement and echocardiography, no significant difference was found in their mean age, contrary to the study of Carvalho et al <sup>13</sup>, in which women from the group with unfavorable outcomes were older. Our population was also different from that of the literature concerning race and parity, because the majority was Caucasian (64.3%), in the first or second pregnancy, at diagnosis. The literature generally assumes as risk factors, black race, multiparity and twins <sup>2,5,7,9,14</sup>. All of our black patients had unfavorable outcomes, and they accounted for 67% of the group with unfavorable outcomes, also reported by Carvalho et al <sup>13</sup>. Ford et al <sup>8</sup> studied a population of patients very similar to ours regarding mean age at the onset of the disease, race, and the percentage of nulliparous women compared with the total number of women assessed, and they have observed an outcome index greater than that reported in the literature. The authors have attributed these findings to the fact that these were young women, with low parity and no comorbidities. Therefore, we considered it important to assess separately those patients with favorable outcomes and those with unfavorable outcomes. </p>
      <p>Just as the studies of other authors <sup>3,8,14,15</sup>, the diagnosis of peripartum myocardium, in most cases, was performed in the postpartum period, especially one month after the end of the gestation. The high index of cases of hypertension induced by gestation and preeclampsia (71.4%) in the patients from our service were also in accordance with reports in the literature. No statistical significance existed regarding the occurrence of gestational hypertension and the outcome of patients; this factor is not regarded in the literature as a defining factor for the prognosis of patients with the disease. Up to the moment, the mechanism involved in the physiopathology of peripartum myocardiopathy that can explain its association with gestational hypertension or preeclampsia remains unknown. </p>
      <p>In our study, 8 patients evolved with clinical improvement and Functional Class I, and only 6 patients had indicators of normal function and morphology on resting conventional echocardiography, indicating a favorable outcome. This result is also in accordance with results in the literature, which reports a good outcome in 50% of the cases <sup>2,5,9,12,15</sup>. </p>
      <p>The patients in the group with unfavorable outcomes had cardiac output lower than those from the other group at diagnosis, although their mean values were normal, even in Functional Class IV. It is possible that at that time, cardiac output was maintained through tachycardia. In both groups, the cardiac output observed was similar to that assessed at diagnosis. However, heart rate in the last evaluation was smaller, indicating an increase in the ejected volume, in accordance with the clinical improvement observed. Another point that should be emphasized is that the patients had a decrease in heart rate during the period they were observed regardless of the outcome, probably because of the treatment. </p>
      <p>According to the echocardiographic values obtained at diagnosis cardiomegaly was not marked, although the patients were in Functional Class IV (NYHA), reinforcing the acute feature of the picture. Early examination in the onset of the disease may also justify the difference in the clinical picture of the 12 patients, and the not so significant decrease of the initial ejection fraction and the initial %DD. With acute aggression, any reduction of the ejection may lead to a sudden increase in residual volume in the cavity. If the chamber is not adapted to this increased volume, a disproportionate increase in the ventricular filling pressure would occur. Thus, the pulmonary congestion is disproportionally more intense than the reduction of the ejection fraction and the %DD. In fact, dyspnea at rest, and the signs of pulmonary congestion are predominant in the initial clinical picture. </p>
      <p>Current evaluation demonstrated ejection fraction and %DD with mean values slightly lower than those considered normal, 0.56 and 26%, respectively. These results suggest that, despite the apparent good clinical outcome, cardiac damage persisted in many patients. At diagnosis, the group with unfavorable outcomes had slightly increased left ventricle diastolic dimensions, with only a statistical tendency compared with the other group (P = 0.065); however, they also had increased left ventricles and reduced ejection fractions. Our observations are in accordance with those in the study of Carvalho et al <sup>13</sup>, who found a strong association between increased values of ventricular diastolic dimension and poor prognosis when dividing patients according to their clinical outcome. Probably one of the factors involved<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ByqckMfkkMnKm6KsPFKyGpw/eedd49c3e1052727e4763a9cd4fb35785c857e69.gif"/> is that the heart with lower dilation enables the maintenance of less increased levels of right and left ventricular afterload, with more suitable systolic performance, and preserved systemic flow, with greater conditions of tissue perfusion<sup>10</sup>. Other authors <sup>16,17 </sup>observed that, among the clinical, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, or histologic characteristics assessed in the beginning of the picture, only the left ventricle systolic function was associated with a poor outcome. The normalization of heart size in up to 6 months is also mentioned as being associated with a favorable outcome of peripartum cardiomyopathy <sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>Considering all the patients, left ventricle mass values observed on admittance indicated that hypertrophy was already present in the first evaluation. This is an interesting result because we have considered that the examination was performed too early, in the evolvement of the pathology, days after the onset of the symptoms. The presence of hypertrophy in this initial period suggests that some kind of stimulus for hypertrophy must have been occurring before the onset of symptoms. Whether this stimulus was humoral or mechanical (hypertension) or physiologic due to pregnancy is impossible to know. In the current evaluation, the patients with unfavorable outcomes had left ventricle mass greater than that in those patients with favorable outcomes. This result suggests that the patients with good evolvement had hypertrophy regression, whereas the other patients remained with this alteration. </p>
      <p>From the evaluation of relative ventricular wall thickness, we were able to suggest that the first examination reflected ventricular dilation, with eccentric remodeling of the cavity. This is one of the reactive mechanisms in the acute phase of heart failure to increase the ventricular capacity in a situation of increased volume<sup>18</sup>. Thus, the greater PPd/LVd value in FG compared with UG, in the current evaluation, was interpreted as a sign of adaptation and return of the original left ventricle geometry. Significant direct association was observed between the relative wall thickness and ventricular ejection index. This result suggests that the geometry of the chamber plays an essential role in cardiac performance. This assumption is reinforced by the lack of significant association between the myocardial mass or ventricular dimension and systolic function indicators. The loss in ejection was associated with disproportional growth of the cavity volume, uncompensated by myocardial hypertrophy. This unbalanced situation leads to preload and postload increase with the development of heart failure <sup>18</sup>. The relative thickness of the wall, at diagnosis, was not a variable that would indicate a favorable or unfavorable outcome of the patients. </p>
      <p>With the analysis conducted so far, we may conclude that peripartum myocardiopathy has severe clinical repercussions, in the series of cases studied, with favorable outcomes in only 50% of the cases. When the patients were subdivided according to the type of outcome, it was possible to conclude that the unfavorable outcome of peripartum myocardiopathy is associated with black race, and cardiac morphologic and functional alterations, more increased since the beginning of the clinical picture, and the favorable outcome is associated with myocardial mass reduction and relative ventricular wall thickness increase.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Caroline da Costa Moreira</p>
          <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Carmelo, 452/01</p>
          <p> Botucatu - SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="caroline@cardiol.br">caroline@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for Publication: 11/05/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 08/18/2004</p>
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  </sub-article>
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