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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BTMYVBYRvxvvtLvB39jzTPv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000200007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000200007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo angiogr&#225;fico da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar na tetralogia de Fallot com atresia pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Manuel Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>130</fpage>
      <lpage>136</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Identificar os tipos de suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar na tetralogia de Fallot com atresia pulmonar por meio de estudo hemodin&#226;mico. M&#201;TODOS: Foram submetidos a estudo cineangiocardiogr&#225;fico 56 pacientes portadores de tetralogia de Fallot com atresia pulmonar com idade de 20 dias a 4 anos e efetuadas inje&#231;&#245;es de contraste nas seguintes estruturas vasculares: 1) veia pulmonar encunhada, 2) colaterais aortopulmonares, 3) aorta tor&#225;cica e 4) ductus arteriosus e/ou shunt sist&#234;mico pulmonar. RESULTADOS: Dos 56 pacientes, 15 tinham o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar atrav&#233;s de colaterais aortopulmonares, em 36 o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar era feito isoladamente pelo ductus arteriosus e em 5 pelo ductus arteriosus e colaterais aortopulmonares. Conforme a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de estruturas vasculares que comp&#245;em a circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar na tetralogia de Fallot com atresia pulmonar e do tipo de perfus&#227;o vascular pulmonar, os doentes foram classificados em 6 tipos. CONCLUS&#195;O: Em fun&#231;&#227;o da grande complexidade e extrema variabilidade do suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar na tetralogia de Fallot com atresia pulmonar torna-se poss&#237;vel, com este tipo de abordagem, a obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es, suficientemente necess&#225;rias, para o correto manuseio cl&#237;nico-cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>atresia pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>tetralogia de Fallot</kwd>
        <kwd>colaterais aortopulmonares</kwd>
        <kwd>angiocardiograma</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo angiogr&#225;fico da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar na tetralogia de Fallot com atresia pulmonar  </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos; Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Identificar os tipos de suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar na tetralogia de Fallot com atresia pulmonar por meio de estudo hemodin&#226;mico. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram submetidos a estudo cineangiocardiogr&#225;fico 56 pacientes portadores de tetralogia de Fallot com atresia pulmonar com idade de 20 dias a 4 anos e efetuadas inje&#231;&#245;es de contraste nas seguintes estruturas vasculares: 1) veia pulmonar encunhada, 2) colaterais aortopulmonares, 3) aorta tor&#225;cica e 4) ductus arteriosus e/ou shunt sist&#234;mico pulmonar. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos 56 pacientes, 15 tinham o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar atrav&#233;s de colaterais aortopulmonares, em 36 o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar era feito isoladamente pelo ductus arteriosus e em 5 pelo ductus arteriosus e colaterais aortopulmonares. Conforme a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de estruturas vasculares que comp&#245;em a circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar na tetralogia de Fallot com atresia pulmonar e do tipo de perfus&#227;o vascular pulmonar, os doentes foram classificados em 6 tipos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Em fun&#231;&#227;o da grande complexidade e extrema variabilidade do suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar na tetralogia de Fallot com atresia pulmonar torna-se poss&#237;vel, com este tipo de abordagem, a obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es, suficientemente necess&#225;rias, para o correto manuseio cl&#237;nico-cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> atresia pulmonar; tetralogia de Fallot; colaterais aortopulmonares; angiocardiograma</p>
    <p> A tetralogia de Fallot, quando associada &#224; atresia pulmonar, apresenta em cerca de 85% dos pacientes anomalias da &#225;rvore vascular pulmonar. As art&#233;rias pulmonares n&#227;o est&#227;o conectadas ao ventr&#237;culo direito, s&#227;o, freq&#252;entemente, de pequeno calibre e muitas vezes n&#227;o confluentes. Em muitos casos, os ramos proximais s&#227;o esten&#243;ticos, hipopl&#225;sicos ou totalmente ausentes. As art&#233;rias colaterais aortopulmonares est&#227;o freq&#252;entemente presentes e podem suprir parte ou a quase totalidade do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar. </p>
    <p>O tratamento tem por objetivo o estabelecimento da conflu&#234;ncia, normaliza&#231;&#227;o do calibre e distribui&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias pulmonares, o que pode ser obtido pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>shunts</italic> e unifocaliza&#231;&#227;o desses vasos. V&#225;rios procedimentos s&#227;o normalmente necess&#225;rios antes da corre&#231;&#227;o definitiva<sup>1-4</sup>. A dilata&#231;&#227;o com cateter bal&#227;o e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents </italic>nas art&#233;rias pulmonares podem adicionar um importante fator no sucesso do seu tratamento<sup>5-7</sup>. O risco operat&#243;rio varia de 0% a 20% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de <italic>shunts</italic> e toracotomias antes da corre&#231;&#227;o definitiva, que somente &#233; poss&#237;vel em 60% a 70% dos casos<sup>3,4</sup>. Recentemente alguns investigadores v&#234;m adotando uma abordagem radical com reconstru&#231;&#227;o arterial pulmonar completa, fechamento da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular e coloca&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo neonatal<sup>8-10 </sup>de um tubo na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. Muito embora o risco operat&#243;rio tenha sido descrito como pequeno esta abordagem requer t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas mais complexas e experi&#234;ncia do grupo cir&#250;rgico dispon&#237;veis apenas em alguns centros<sup>11,12</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo do nosso trabalho &#233; demonstrar a import&#226;ncia do estudo angiogr&#225;fico do suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar na sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes candidatos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o total ou parcial desta malforma&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de 1980 a 2000 foram estudados, sob o ponto de vista hemodin&#226;mico e cineangiocardiogr&#225;fico, 82 portadores de tetralogia de Fallot com atresia pulmonar. Exclu&#237;dos 26 com atresia pulmonar associada &#224; malforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca complexa (&#225;trio &#250;nico, ventr&#237;culo &#250;nico, v&#225;lvula AV &#250;nica e via de sa&#237;da &#250;nica - atresia pulmonar). Os 56 pacientes restantes tinham entre 20 dias a 4 anos e peso de 1,7 Kg a 10 Kg. O estudo do suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar foi realizado utilizando-se os m&#233;todos: aortografia por oclus&#227;o da aorta tor&#225;cica com cateter angiogr&#225;fico de Berman<sup>13</sup>; aortografia por compress&#227;o manual da aorta abdominal<sup>14</sup>; inje&#231;&#227;o seletiva de contraste nas colaterais aortopulmonares<sup>15</sup> e inje&#231;&#227;o seletiva de contraste em veia pulmonar encunhada<sup>16</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os diversos tipos de perfus&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea vascular pulmonar foram estabelecidos baseados na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia das estruturas: 1) tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar; 2) <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic>; 3) art&#233;ria pulmonar direita e esquerda e sua conflu&#234;ncia e 4) colaterais aortopulmonares. </p>
    <p>Seguindo esta metodologia, o estudo angiogr&#225;fico do suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar teve como objetivo o esclarecimento dos seguintes par&#226;metros: 1) identificar o modo pelo qual o sangue alcan&#231;a a circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar a partir da circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica; 2) confirmar a presen&#231;a do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar; 3) demonstrar a presen&#231;a de conflu&#234;ncia entre as art&#233;rias pulmonares direita e esquerda; 4) identificar a exist&#234;ncia de colaterais aortopulmonares e sua conex&#227;o com as art&#233;rias pulmonares; 5) demonstrar a presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o nas art&#233;rias pulmonares e colaterais aortopulmonares e 6) inferir o di&#226;metro das art&#233;rias pulmonares. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 56 pacientes estudados, 15 tinham o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar feito atrav&#233;s de colaterais aortopulmonares, sendo que em 2 n&#227;o foram identificadas art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais e em 13 eram confluentes, 10 tinham dimens&#245;es min&#250;sculas e 3 apresentavam calibre "adequado". Todos os demais 41 pacientes tinham art&#233;rias pulmonares de calibre "adequado". Em 36 eram confluentes e o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar era feito isoladamente atrav&#233;s de <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> de pequeno calibre, tortuoso, em forma de v&#237;rgula e que fazia com a aorta descendente um &#226;ngulo agudo<sup>17</sup>. Nos cinco pacientes restantes, as art&#233;rias pulmonares n&#227;o eram confluentes. O suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar se fazia atrav&#233;s do <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> para um pulm&#227;o (direito ou esquerdo) e atrav&#233;s de colateral aortopulmonar para o pulm&#227;o contralateral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01">quadro I</xref>). Em nenhum paciente o fluxo pulmonar foi feito atrav&#233;s de <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> bilateral. </p>
    <fig id="qdr01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As art&#233;rias pulmonares foram definidas como "adequadas", quando apresentaram calibre suficiente para aceitar um <italic>shunt</italic> sist&#234;mico-pulmonar. Postula&#231;&#227;o esta arbitr&#225;ria, por&#233;m baseada na experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica/cir&#250;rgica da nossa Unidade. Assim, no nosso material, art&#233;rias pulmonares &gt;3mm de di&#226;metro foram consideradas de calibre adequado. </p>
    <p>Em fun&#231;&#227;o da complexidade e da extrema variabilidade com que o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar se faz nesta malforma&#231;&#227;o, os investigadores, ao longo destas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, t&#234;m proposto diversas classifica&#231;&#245;es<sup>18-21</sup>. No nosso material, utilizamos uma classifica&#231;&#227;o baseada na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia das estruturas vasculares e da perfus&#227;o vascular pulmonar encontradas na tetralogia de Fallot com atresia pulmonar: tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar, <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic>, art&#233;rias pulmonares (conflu&#234;ncia) e colaterais aortopulmonares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab.I</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No tipo I, composto de 25 pacientes, o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar se faz isoladamente atrav&#233;s do <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic>. Todos apresentam tronco de art&#233;ria pulmonar, as art&#233;rias pulmonares direita e esquerda s&#227;o confluentes, o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo unifocal, n&#227;o sendo, entretanto identificada &#224; presen&#231;a de colaterais aortopulmonares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>). Neste exemplo, observa-se vasoconstric&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias pulmonares, por&#233;m com todos os lobos de ambos os pulm&#245;es perfundidos. O <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> j&#225; se encontra dilatado (infus&#227;o de prostaglandina E<sub>1</sub>) e o tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar n&#227;o &#233; atr&#233;sico. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O tipo II era representado por 11 pacientes. O tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar encontra-se atr&#233;sico e o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar se faz tamb&#233;m isoladamente atrav&#233;s do <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic>. As art&#233;rias pulmonares s&#227;o confluentes, de calibre adequado e o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo unifocal. Tamb&#233;m neste grupo n&#227;o foram identificadas colaterais aortopulmonares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig.2</xref>). Nesta figura observa-se que as art&#233;rias pulmonares direita e esquerda s&#227;o confluentes e perfundem todos os segmentos de ambos os pulm&#245;es. Observa-se estenose de graus vari&#225;veis em v&#225;rios segmentos das art&#233;rias pulmonares. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No tipo III, composto de 13 pacientes, a perfus&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea vascular pulmonar se faz exclusivamente atrav&#233;s das colaterais aortopulmonares. Estas se anastomosam com art&#233;rias pulmonares confluentes. O tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar &#233; atr&#233;sico e a perfus&#227;o pulmonar &#233; multifocal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a">fig.3</xref>). Nesta figura observam-se as disparidades entre as dimens&#245;es das art&#233;rias pulmonares nestes dois pacientes. As colaterais aortopulmonares se originam da aorta descendente em n&#250;mero de quatro e apresentam zonas de estenose na sua origem, trajeto ou no local da anastomose com as art&#233;rias pulmonares. </p>
    <fig id="fig03a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig03c">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O tipo IV &#233; composto por dois pacientes. Neste grupo n&#227;o foi identificada a presen&#231;a de art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais. A perfus&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea vascular pulmonar &#233; feita exclusivamente por colaterais aortopulmonares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04a">fig.4</xref>). Nestes dois exemplos, mesmo na fase tardia da aortografia, as art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais n&#227;o s&#227;o visibilizadas e o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo prov&#234; de v&#225;rios focos, isto &#233;, multifocal. </p>
    <fig id="fig04a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig04c">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>No tipo V, composto de cinco pacientes, a perfus&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea vascular pulmonar se faz atrav&#233;s do <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> e de colaterais aortopulmonares. Em dois, a art&#233;ria pulmonar direita se origina do <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> &#224; direita do arco a&#243;rtico e a art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda de uma colateral da aorta descendente. Em tr&#234;s pacientes, a art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda se origina do <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> &#224; esquerda do arco a&#243;rtico e a pulmonar direita de uma colateral aortopulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05a">fig.5</xref>). Nesta figura observa-se que as art&#233;rias pulmonares n&#227;o s&#227;o confluentes e que existe estenose na conex&#227;o do <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> com a art&#233;ria pulmonar, como tamb&#233;m na conex&#227;o da colateral com a art&#233;ria pulmonar contralateral. Tamb&#233;m nesse grupo o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar &#233; multifocal. </p>
    <fig id="fig05a">
      <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/BTMYVBYRvxvvtLvB39jzTPv/250e9f0ca8ebf3c0299d402fcd1145969ebd71af.gif"/>
    <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p> O tipo VI, com perfus&#227;o atrav&#233;s de <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> bilateral, n&#227;o foi encontrado no nosso material, muito embora j&#225; tenha sido descrito na literatura em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes isom&#233;ricas. </p>
    <p>Dos 56 pacientes, 20 tinham o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar atrav&#233;s de colaterais aortopulmonares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). Seis pacientes apresentavam uma colateral aortopulmonar que se originava da aorta descendente, sete apresentavam duas colaterais aortopulmonares, cinco tinham tr&#234;s colaterais aortopulmonares e dois apresentavam quatro colaterais aortopulmonares. Observou-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o n&#250;mero total de colaterais aortopulmonares com o tamanho e exist&#234;ncia de art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Das 43 colaterais aortopulmonares, 39 vasos (90,7%-IC95= 76,9% a 97,0%) apresentavam um estreitamento definido em algum ponto do seu trajeto ou de sua origem (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a">fig. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04a">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05a">5</xref>). Em 4 dos 20 pacientes (20% - IC95 = 6,6% a 44,3%) n&#227;o foram identificadas colaterais aortopulmonares com estenose. O local mais freq&#252;ente de estenose foi na conex&#227;o da colateral aortopulmonar com a art&#233;ria pulmonar. As outras colaterais aortopulmonares, sem uma estenose claramente definida, eram freq&#252;entemente tortuosas, alongadas e certamente ofereciam alguma forma de obstru&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo pulmonar. </p>
    <p>O local mais freq&#252;entemente encontrado de estenose arterial pulmonar foi na art&#233;ria pulmonar central (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). Em cinco pacientes a estenose localizava-se na origem da art&#233;ria pulmonar direita e em 8 na origem da art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda. A estenose de art&#233;ria pulmonar perif&#233;rica foi evidenciada em 5 pacientes. Quatro pacientes apresentavam estenose de art&#233;ria pulmonar no local da anastomose sist&#234;mico-pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2C</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de arboriza&#231;&#227;o arterial incompleta no nosso material foi de 29%, particularmente encontrada em situa&#231;&#245;es em que n&#227;o existia conflu&#234;ncia entre as art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais; j&#225; quando existia conflu&#234;ncia entre os ramos direito e esquerdo, ele n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou 4%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os capilares que perfundem os &#225;cinos pulmonares representam a via final comum do suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar. Estes capilares se conectam a um plexo arterial intrapulmonar, que se ramifica dentro dos segmentos broncopulmonares, podendo o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar ter uma ou diferentes fontes sist&#234;micas. </p>
    <p>Quando todas as art&#233;rias intrapulmonares se conectam com a art&#233;ria pulmonar central somente uma &#250;nica cabe&#231;a de press&#227;o perfundir&#225; todo o par&#234;nquima pulmonar de ambos os pulm&#245;es. Este tipo de suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo &#233; denominado unifocal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>). </p>
    <p>Em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es as art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais n&#227;o s&#227;o confluentes, mas s&#227;o perfundidas por vasos sist&#234;micos com uma &#250;nica cabe&#231;a de press&#227;o. Neste caso teremos tamb&#233;m um suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo unifocal. Freq&#252;entemente no suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar unifocal existe conflu&#234;ncia das art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais que s&#227;o alimentadas por um <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic>. Entretanto o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar atrav&#233;s de um &#250;nico foco pode ser feito por colaterais aortopulmonares que se anastomosam com as art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais. </p>
    <p>Por fim, em situa&#231;&#245;es ainda mais raras de suprimento unifocal, as art&#233;rias pulmonares recebem seu suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo de m&#250;ltiplas art&#233;rias colaterais adquiridas sob a forma de intercostais<sup>22</sup>. </p>
    <p>O suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar multifocal tamb&#233;m pode ocorrer na presen&#231;a de conflu&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03c">fig. 3C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03c">3D</xref>). Neste caso as art&#233;rias pulmonares confluentes n&#227;o est&#227;o conectadas a todas as art&#233;rias intrapulmonares de ambos os pulm&#245;es. Esta &#233; a forma mais comum de suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar multifocal. Assim as art&#233;rias pulmonares confluentes, perfundidas por uma ou mais colaterais aortopulmonares estar&#227;o conectadas a uma determinada regi&#227;o do pulm&#227;o, enquanto que o restante do par&#234;nquima pulmonar &#233; perfundido por outra ou outras colaterais aortopulmonares que se anastomosam com os segmentos pulmonares restantes. Outra possibilidade de suprimento multifocal na presen&#231;a de art&#233;rias pulmonares confluentes, mais rara, seria quando as art&#233;rias pulmonares confluentes estivessem perfundidas pelo <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> e os outros segmentos pulmonares perfundidos por colaterais aortopulmonares. </p>
    <p>O conceito de suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar unifocal e multifocal, descrito por Macartney e cols.<sup>22</sup>, foi baseado na medida da resist&#234;ncia pulmonar total, relativa &#224; aorta, usualmente elevada. Esta resist&#234;ncia &#233; conseq&#252;&#234;ncia dos in&#250;meros n&#237;veis de obstru&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rvore arterial pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2C</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). Sob o ponto de vista da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica o que nos interessa &#233; a resist&#234;ncia relativa do vaso que vai ser conectado ao ventr&#237;culo direito, ou seja, art&#233;ria pulmonar central. Assim, quando o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar &#233; unifocal, todas as art&#233;rias intrapulmonares est&#227;o conectadas a uma &#250;nica cabe&#231;a de press&#227;o, desde que n&#227;o exista estenose de import&#226;ncia em ramos centrais e perif&#233;ricos da art&#233;ria pulmonar. </p>
    <p>Quando o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar &#233; multifocal, nem todas as art&#233;rias intrapulmonares est&#227;o conectadas a uma &#250;nica cabe&#231;a de press&#227;o. Uma vez que diferentes focos certamente t&#234;m diferentes cabe&#231;as de press&#227;o o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo regional pulmonar &#233; extremamente vari&#225;vel, encontrando-se seguimentos pulmonares hipo e hiperperfundidos. </p>
    <p>&#201; importante enfatizar que as colaterais aortopulmonares s&#227;o estruturas vasculares distintas das art&#233;rias br&#244;nquicas. As colaterais aortopulmonares originam-se somente de uma art&#233;ria sist&#234;mica e se dirigem para a origem de uma art&#233;ria intrapulmonar na regi&#227;o do hilo pulmonar ou pr&#243;xima (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a">fig. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04a">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05a">5</xref>). S&#227;o art&#233;rias condutoras e n&#227;o tem fun&#231;&#227;o de nutri&#231;&#227;o em termos de par&#234;nquima pulmonar. As colaterais aortopulmonares se originam, freq&#252;entemente, da face anterior da aorta (oposta &#224; origem das art&#233;rias intercostais), podendo, mais raramente, se originar do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico direito, da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via ou mesmo de uma coron&#225;ria. Elas se diferenciam do <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> por sua estrutura histol&#243;gica <sup>23</sup> e tamb&#233;m por que o <italic>ductus arteriosus </italic>est&#225; circunscrito a uma determinada regi&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico. Mesmo quando o <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> se origina de um arco a&#243;rtico &#224; direita, ele encontra-se mais ou menos oposto &#224; origem do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico ou da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via. </p>
    <p>A circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar colateral adquirida pode ocorrer em qualquer cardiopatia cong&#234;nita cian&#243;tica. J&#225; h&#225; um consenso na literatura na diferen&#231;a que existe entre este tipo de suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar e as colaterais aortopulmonares. Sob o ponto de vista fisiopatol&#243;gico, a diferencia&#231;&#227;o mais importante encontra-se no local da anastomose com a circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. De outro modo, &#233; imediatamente pr&#233;-capilar na circula&#231;&#227;o colateral adquirida, e na regi&#227;o do hilo no caso de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral aortopulmonar<sup>24</sup>. Ambas fornecem suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar efetivo. Como a circula&#231;&#227;o colateral adquirida nunca produz insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, admite-se que exista uma alta resist&#234;ncia ao fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo entre a aorta e as art&#233;rias pulmonares. Estudos em animais indicam que este fen&#244;meno &#233; conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da prolifera&#231;&#227;o da &#237;ntima nas art&#233;rias br&#244;nquicas de pequeno calibre<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>O <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> &#233; uma estrutura vascular, normalmente originada no lado contralateral do arco a&#243;rtico pr&#243;ximo &#224; bifurca&#231;&#227;o do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05a">5A</xref> e <label href="#fig05d" link-type="internal" xml_text="5d">5D</label>). Raramente o <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> se origina de uma art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via an&#244;mala. Na aus&#234;ncia de isomerismo atrial &#233; excepcional a identifica&#231;&#227;o de <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> bilateral como forma de perfus&#227;o pulmonar. Como na nossa casu&#237;stica as formas de atresia pulmonar complexas foram exclu&#237;das, estes tipos de perfus&#227;o pulmonar n&#227;o foram por n&#243;s identificados. Mais raramente a perfus&#227;o pulmonar pode se fazer pelo 5&#186; arco a&#243;rtico, segundo Macartney e cols.<sup>22</sup> e posteriormente por Yoo e cols.<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>As colaterais aortopulmonares apresentam-se na maioria dos casos como vasos de grande calibre, tortuosos, com m&#250;ltiplas estenoses na sua origem, curso ou no local de anastomose com as art&#233;rias intrapulmonares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a">fig. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04a">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05a">5</xref>). Nunca se conectam com as art&#233;rias intercostais. No seu trajeto acompanham os br&#244;nquios, por&#233;m nunca formam um plexo ao seu redor. Sua morfologia &#233; a mesma desde o per&#237;odo neonatal at&#233; a idade mais avan&#231;ada. </p>
    <p>A circula&#231;&#227;o colateral adquirida &#233; rara no 1&#186; ano de vida e, por isso, n&#227;o identificada no nosso material. Entretanto, com o passar dos anos, torna-se mais desenvolvida, principalmente, p&#243;s-toracotomia, quando a ades&#227;o das pleuras visceral e parietal permite o desenvolvimento de uma circula&#231;&#227;o colateral centr&#237;peta, ou seja, da parede tor&#225;cica para o pulm&#227;o. No estudo angiogr&#225;fico, a circula&#231;&#227;o adquirida aparece como mir&#237;ades de finos vasos originando-se de qualquer art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica. J&#225; as art&#233;rias br&#244;nquicas s&#227;o reconhecidas pela sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a traqu&#233;ia e broncofonte e tamb&#233;m pelo modo com que ela desenvolve um plexo nutritivo com as paredes br&#244;nquicas. Recentemente, se tem valorizado este tipo de circula&#231;&#227;o durante a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica total, pelas complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias que se t&#234;m observado no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Estas surgem p&#243;s unifocaliza&#231;&#227;o e est&#227;o relacionadas a um processo isqu&#234;mico de vias respirat&#243;rias, pela interrup&#231;&#227;o do suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo traquebr&#244;nquico, durante a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o das colaterais aortopulmonares<sup>27</sup>. </p>
    <p>As art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais s&#227;o identificadas com mais facilidade, quando s&#227;o confluentes, j&#225; que esta &#233; a forma como usualmente se apresentam. Sua conflu&#234;ncia, associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o ou aus&#234;ncia do seu tronco lhe d&#225; uma configura&#231;&#227;o em forma de "gaivota" quando visibilizadas no plano frontal<sup>28</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a">fig. 3B</xref>). No nosso material elas estiveram ausentes em 2 dos 56 pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04a">fig. 4</xref>). Em 22 pacientes observaram-se estenoses de graus vari&#225;veis no seu trajeto, sendo que em 4 foi conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de <italic>shunts</italic> sist&#234;mico-pulmonares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). Quando as art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais n&#227;o s&#227;o confluentes, muitas vezes torna-se dif&#237;cil a sua identifica&#231;&#227;o. Como o tronco pulmonar na grande maioria dos casos encontra-se reduzido a um cord&#227;o fibroso, por&#233;m conectado ao cora&#231;&#227;o, durante a cineangiocardiografia, existe concomit&#226;ncia de movimento das art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais com o cora&#231;&#227;o, enquanto que as demais art&#233;rias do mediastino se movimentam juntamente com o pulm&#227;o<sup>29</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na tetralogia de Fallot com atresia pulmonar, as art&#233;rias intrapulmonares t&#234;m configura&#231;&#227;o e distribui&#231;&#227;o normais. Quando n&#227;o existe conflu&#234;ncia das art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais e as art&#233;rias intrapulmonares est&#227;o conectadas &#224; colateral aortopulmonar, elas podem ter uma configura&#231;&#227;o distinta, em forma de um plexo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05a">fig. 5C</xref>). &#201; poss&#237;vel que esta anormalidade seja conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do dist&#250;rbio hemodin&#226;mico resultado do modo pelo qual est&#225; conectada &#224; aorta<sup>30</sup>. </p>
    <p>Quando existe um dist&#250;rbio de conex&#227;o, as art&#233;rias intrapulmonares podem permanecer isoladas n&#227;o se fusionando com as art&#233;rias hilares, como normalmente acontece<sup>19</sup>. Como resultado, o suprimento arterial pulmonar para um lobo ou segmento ou mesmo parte de um segmento fica completamente isolado do restante do pulm&#227;o. As art&#233;rias segmentares ou lobares estar&#227;o conectadas em sua por&#231;&#227;o proximal ou a uma art&#233;ria pulmonar central, ou a uma colateral aortopulmonar ou a ambas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03c">fig. 3C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03c">3D</xref>). A conseq&#252;&#234;ncia deste dist&#250;rbio &#233; que o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar torna-se compartimentado. De outro modo, cada colateral aortopulmonar perfunde somente um segmento do pulm&#227;o. A inje&#231;&#227;o seletiva de contraste na colateral aortopulmonar opacificar&#225; somente aquela regi&#227;o determinada do pulm&#227;o. </p>
    <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas por inje&#231;&#227;o seletiva de contraste nas colaterais aortopulmonares, nos <italic>shunts</italic> sist&#234;mico-pulmonares, e nas pr&#243;prias art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais possibili tar&#225; precisamente de onde se origina o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar de cada segmento pulmonar e, mais importante, quanto de cada par&#234;nquima pulmonar estar&#225; conectado a determinada art&#233;ria pulmonar. Com esta informa&#231;&#227;o poder-se-&#225; saber se existe ou n&#227;o duplica&#231;&#227;o de suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar para um mesmo lobo ou segmento, ou seja, se uma determinada regi&#227;o do pulm&#227;o &#233; perfundida por mais que uma fonte. </p>
    <p>O conhecimento dessas informa&#231;&#245;es &#233; extremamente importante no manuseio cir&#250;rgico desses pacientes. Por exemplo, suponhamos que o lobo superior direito esteja conectado a uma colateral aortopulmonar e, tamb&#233;m, a uma art&#233;ria pulmonar central, enquanto que o lobo inferior direito estaria conectado somente a uma art&#233;ria colateral aortopulmonar. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, um <italic>shunt</italic> para a art&#233;ria pulmonar central direita ou mesmo um <italic>conduite</italic> de uma cirurgia corretiva somente aumentar&#225; o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo vascular pulmonar do lobo superior direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03c">fig. 3C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03c">3D</xref>). Por&#233;m se existir comunica&#231;&#227;o na perfus&#227;o de um lobo com outro, ent&#227;o o procedimento cir&#250;rgico permitir&#225; o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo de todo o pulm&#227;o direito. </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de arboriza&#231;&#227;o pulmonar incompleta foi elevada nos nossos pacientes, principalmente quando n&#227;o existia conflu&#234;ncia entre as art&#233;rias pulmonares direita e esquerda. Ao contr&#225;rio, a arboriza&#231;&#227;o incompleta n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou 5% quando existia conflu&#234;ncia do ramo direito com o ramo esquerdo<sup>31</sup>. </p>
    <p>Uma outra observa&#231;&#227;o identificada no nosso material foi que, quando existia conflu&#234;ncia entre as art&#233;rias pulmonares direita e esquerda das art&#233;rias pulmonares estas se apresentavam com um maior calibre. Este achado, entretanto n&#227;o foi confirmado quando existia associa&#231;&#227;o de colaterais aortopulmonares com art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01">quadro 1</xref>) em que identificamos 10 pacientes com art&#233;rias pulmonares confluentes, por&#233;m "min&#250;sculas", associadas a in&#250;meras colaterais aortopulmonares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a">fig. 3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a">3B</xref>). Tamb&#233;m as dimens&#245;es das colaterais aortopulmonares foram maiores nos pacientes em que n&#227;o existia conflu&#234;ncia entre os ramos direito e esquerdo da art&#233;ria pulmonar, e tamb&#233;m quando as art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais eram inexistentes. </p>
    <p>Finalmente o n&#250;mero total de colaterais aortopulmonares est&#225; inversamente relacionado com o tamanho e com a exist&#234;ncia das art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04c">fig. 4C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04c">4D</xref>), j&#225; demonstradas por Shimezaki e cols.<sup>31</sup>. </p>
    <p>Algumas observa&#231;&#245;es por n&#243;s feitas foram produto de infer&#234;ncias, principalmente, pela limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo imposta pelo nosso material composto em mais de 50% dos pacientes por neonatos e lactentes. Assim, a inje&#231;&#227;o seletiva de contraste em cada colateral isoladamente, evidentemente que n&#227;o poderia ser feita n&#227;o s&#243; pela excessiva quantidade de contraste a ser utilizada, como tamb&#233;m pelo prolongamento excessivo do tempo de procedimento, num grupo de pacientes criticamente enfermos. Portanto parece-nos razo&#225;vel aceit&#225;-las at&#233; porque um estudo perfeito, dificilmente poderia ser realizado em todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo </p>
        <p> Rua Visconde de Ouro Preto, 39/304 </p>
        <p> Cep 22250-180 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vitoraze@cardiol.br">vitoraze@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 28/01/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 01/04/2004</p>
  </body>
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            <name>
              <surname>Marquis</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Shimazaki Y, Malhara T, Blackstone EH et    al. The structure of the pulmonary atresia. A quantitative cineangiographic    study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988; 95: 1048-58.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The structure of the pulmonary atresia: A quantitative cineangiographic study</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1048</fpage>
          <lpage>58</lpage>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shimazaki</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malhara</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blackstone</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Angiographic study of pulmonary circulation in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To identify the types of pulmonary vascular blood supply in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia by use of hemodynamic study. METHODS: Fifty-six patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia, and ages ranging from 20 days to 4 years, underwent cineangiocardiographic study with contrast medium injections in the following vascular structures: 1) wedged pulmonary vein; 2) aortopulmonary collaterals; 3) thoracic aorta; and 4) ductus arteriosus or systemic-pulmonary shunt. RESULTS: In the 56 patients studied, pulmonary blood was supplied as follows: in 15, by aortopulmonary collaterals; in 36, only by the ductus arteriosus; and in 5, by the ductus arteriosus and aortopulmonary collaterals. The patients were classified into 6 types depending on the type of pulmonary vascular perfusion and the presence or absence of vascular structures that compose the pulmonary circulation in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia. CONCLUSION: This type of approach enables the obtainment of information necessary for the correct clinicosurgical management of patients, due to the great complexity and extreme variability of the pulmonary blood supply in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>pulmonary atresia</kwd>
        <kwd>tetralogy of Fallot</kwd>
        <kwd>aortopulmonary collaterals</kwd>
        <kwd>angiocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Angiographic study of pulmonary circulation in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia</p>
      <p>Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos; Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo</p>
      <p>Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To identify the types of pulmonary vascular blood supply in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia by the use of hemodynamic studies.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Fifty-six patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia, and ages ranging from 20 days to 4 years, underwent cineangiocardiographic study with contrast medium injections in the following vascular structures: 1) wedged pulmonary vein; 2) aortopulmonary collaterals; 3) thoracic aorta; and 4) ductus arteriosus or systemic-pulmonary shunt.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> In the 56 patients studied, pulmonary blood was supplied as follows: in 15, by aortopulmonary collaterals; in 36, only by the ductus arteriosus; and in 5, by the ductus arteriosus and aortopulmonary collaterals. The patients were classified into 6 types depending on the type of pulmonary vascular perfusion and the presence or absence of vascular structures that compose the pulmonary circulation in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> This type of approach enables the obtainment of information necessary for the correct clinicosurgical management of patients, due to the great complexity and extreme variability of the pulmonary blood supply in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold> pulmonary atresia, tetralogy of Fallot, aortopulmonary collaterals, angiocardiography</p>
      <p> Approximately 85% of the patients with tetralogy of Fallot associated with pulmonary atresia have anomalies of the pulmonary vascular tree. The pulmonary arteries are usually of a small caliber, often nonconfluent, and not connected to the right ventricle. In many cases, the proximal branches are stenotic, hypoplastic, or totally absent. The aortopulmonary collateral arteries are frequently present and may supply partially or almost totally the pulmonary blood flow. </p>
      <p>The treatment aims at establishing the confluence, normalizing the caliber and distribution of the pulmonary arteries, which may be obtained through the use of shunts and unifocalization of those vessels. Several procedures are usually required before the definitive correction <sup>1-4</sup>. Dilation with a balloon catheter and use of stents in the pulmonary arteries may represent an important factor for the success of treatment <sup>5-7</sup>. The operative risk ranges from 0 to 20% depending on the number of shunts and thoracotomies before the definitive correction, which is only possible in 60 to 70% of patients<sup>3,4</sup>. Recently, some researchers have adopted a radical approach with complete pulmonary arterial reconstruction, closure of the interventricular communication, and placement, in the neonatal period <sup>8-10</sup>, of a tube in the right ventricular outflow tract. Although the operative risk has been described as small, this approach requires more complex surgical techniques and experience of the surgical team, which are available only in certain centers <sup>11,12</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at demonstrating the importance of the angiographic study of the pulmonary blood supply in selecting patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia for total or partial correction of that malformation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From 1980 to 2000, 82 patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia were studied from the hemodynamic and cineangiocardiographic points of view. Twenty-six patients with pulmonary atresia associated with complex cardiac malformation (single atrium, single ventricle, single AV valve, and single outflow tract - pulmonary atresia) were excluded. The remaining 56 patients were between 20 days and 4 years of age, and their weights ranged from 1.7 kg to 10 kg. The pulmonary blood supply was studied by using the following methods: aortography with occlusion of the thoracic aorta with the Berman angiographic catheter <sup>13</sup>; aortography with manual compression of the abdominal aorta <sup>14</sup>; selective injection of contrast medium in the aortopulmonary collaterals <sup>15</sup>; and selective injection of contrast medium in the wedged pulmonary vein <sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p> The different types of pulmonary blood perfusion were established based on the presence or absence of the following structures: 1) pulmonary trunk; 2) ductus arteriosus; 3) right and left pulmonary arteries and their confluence; and 4) aortopulmonary collaterals. </p>
      <p>The angiographic study of the pulmonary blood supply aimed at clarifying the following parameters: 1) to identify the way blood reaches the pulmonary circulation from the systemic circulation; 2) to confirm the presence of the pulmonary trunk; 3) to demonstrate the presence of confluence of the right and left pulmonary arteries; 4) to identify the existence of aortopulmonary collaterals and their connection with the pulmonary arteries; 5) to demonstrate the presence of obstruction in the pulmonary arteries and aortopulmonary collaterals; and 6) to infer the diameter of the pulmonary arteries. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 56 patients studied, 15 had pulmonary blood supplied by aortopulmonary collaterals with the following characteristics: in 2 patients, no central pulmonary arteries were identified and, in 13, they were confluent; in 10 patients, the pulmonary arteries had minuscule dimensions; and, in 3, the caliber was "adequate". All the remaining 41 patients had pulmonary arteries of "adequate" caliber, whose characteristics were as follows: 36 were confluent and pulmonary blood was supplied only through a tortuous, small-caliber ductus arteriosus in the shape of a comma, forming with the descending aorta an acute angle <sup>17</sup>. In the 5 remaining patients, the pulmonary arteries were not confluent. Pulmonary blood was supplied through the ductus arteriosus to one lung (right or left) and through an aortopulmonary collateral to the contralateral lung (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="cht01-body2">chart I</xref>). No patient had the pulmonary flow bilaterally provided by the ductus arteriosus. </p>
      <fig id="cht01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The pulmonary arteries were defined as "adequate" when their caliber was sufficient to accept a systemic-pulmonary shunt. Although arbitrary, that definition is based on the clinical/surgical experience of our unit. Therefore, in our material, a pulmonary artery diameter &gt; 3 mm was considered an adequate caliber. </p>
      <p>Because of the complexity and extreme variability of the pulmonary blood supply in this malformation, the investigators, throughout the past decades, have proposed different classifications<sup>18-21</sup>. In our material, we used a classification based on the presence or absence of the following vascular structures and the pulmonary vascular perfusion found in the tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia: pulmonary trunk, ductus arteriosus, pulmonary arteries (confluence), and aortopulmonary collaterals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In type I, comprising 25 patients, pulmonary blood flow was supplied exclusively through the ductus arteriosus. All patients had pulmonary trunks, the right and left pulmonary arteries were confluent, the blood supply was unifocal, and no aortopulmonary collaterals were identified (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). That example depicts vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arteries, but all lobes of both lungs were perfused. The ductus arteriosus is already dilated (infusion of prostaglandin E<sub>1</sub>), and the pulmonary trunk is not atretic. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Type II was represented by 11 patients. The pulmonary trunk was atretic and pulmonary blood flow was also supplied only by the ductus arteriosus. The pulmonary arteries were confluent, had an adequate caliber, and the blood supply was unifocal. No aortopulmonary collaterals were identified in this group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">figure 2</xref>, the right and left pulmonary arteries are confluent and perfused all segments of both lungs. Different degrees of stenosis are observed in several segments of the pulmonary arteries. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In type III, represented by 13 patients, pulmonary vascular perfusion is exclusively provided by aortopulmonary collaterals, which anastomose with the confluent pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary trunk is atretic and pulmonary perfusion is multifocal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a-body2">fig. 3</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a-body2">Figure 3</xref> depicts the disparities between the dimensions of the pulmonary arteries in 2 patients. The aortopulmonary collaterals, 4 in number, originate from the descending aorta and show stenotic areas in their origin, trajectory, or site of anastomosis with the pulmonary arteries. </p>
      <fig id="fig03a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig03c-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Type IV was represented by 2 patients. No central pulmonary arteries were identified in this group. Pulmonary blood perfusion is exclusively provided by aortopulmonary collaterals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04a-body2">fig. 4</xref>). In the 2 examples depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04a-body2">figure 4</xref>, even in the late phase of aortography, the central pulmonary arteries are not visualized, and blood supply is provided from several foci, ie, is multifocal. </p>
      <fig id="fig04a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig04c-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In type V, represented by 5 patients, pulmonary vascular perfusion is supplied by the ductus arteriosus and aortopulmonary collaterals. In 2 patients, the right pulmonary artery originates from the ductus arteriosus at the right-hand side of the aortic arch, and the left pulmonary artery originates from one collateral of the descending aorta. In 3 patients, the left pulmonary artery originates from the ductus arteriosus at the left-hand side of the aortic arch, and the right pulmonary artery originates from an aortopulmonary collateral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05a-body2">fig. 5</xref>). In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05a-body2">figure 5</xref>, the pulmonary arteries are not confluent, and stenosis may be seen in the connection of the ductus arteriosus with the pulmonary artery and also in the connection of the collateral with the contralateral pulmonary artery. In this group, pulmonary vascular supply is also multifocal. </p>
      <fig id="fig05a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/BTMYVBYRvxvvtLvB39jzTPv/51e2004755276ce6869874a518a626f2767d5a51.gif"/>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Type VI, with perfusion through bilateral ductus arteriosus, was not found in our material, although it has already been reported in the literature in patients with isomeric syndromes. </p>
      <p>Of the 56 patients, 20 had their pulmonary blood flow supplied by aortopulmonary collaterals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). Six patients had one aortopulmonary collateral originating from the descending aorta, 7 had 2 aortopulmonary collaterals, 5 had 3 aortopulmonary collaterals, and 2 had 4 aortopulmonary collaterals. An inverse relation was observed between the total number of aortopulmonary collaterals and the size and existence of central pulmonary arteries. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 43 aortopulmonary collaterals, 39 vessels (90.7% - 95%CI = 76.9% to 97.0%) had a defined narrowing at some point of its trajectory or its origin (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a-body2">fig. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04a-body2">4</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05a-body2">5</xref>). The most frequent site of stenosis was the connection between the aortopulmonary collateral and the pulmonary artery. In 4 of 20 patients (20% - 95%CI = 6.6% to 44.3%), no aortopulmonary collaterals with stenosis were identified. The other aortopulmonary collaterals without a clearly defined stenosis were frequently tortuous, elongated, and offered some degree of obstruction to the pulmonary flow. </p>
      <p>The most frequent site of pulmonary artery stenosis was in the central pulmonary artery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). In 5 patients, the stenosis was located at the origin of the right pulmonary artery, and, in 8 patients, at the origin of the left pulmonary artery. Stenosis of the peripheral pulmonary artery was evidenced in 5 patients. Four patients had stenosis of the pulmonary artery at the site of the systemic-pulmonary anastomosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2C</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0130-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The incidence of incomplete arterial arborization in our material was 29%, and it was particularly found in situations without any confluence of the central pulmonary arteries. When confluence of the right and left branches existed, it did not reach 4%. </p>
      <p>
        <bold> Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The capillaries that perfuse the pulmonary acini represent the final common path of the pulmonary vascular blood supply. They connect to an intrapulmonary arterial plexus, which branches inside the bronchopulmonary segments, and the pulmonary blood supply may have one or more systemic sources. </p>
      <p>When all intrapulmonary arteries connect to the central pulmonary artery, only one single head of pressure perfuses the entire pulmonary parenchyma of both lungs. This type of blood supply is called unifocal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>). </p>
      <p>In some situations, the central pulmonary arteries are not confluent, but are perfused by systemic vessels with one single head of pressure. In this case, blood supply is also unifocal. Usually, the unifocal pulmonary blood supply has confluence of the central pulmonary arteries, which are supplied by a ductus arteriosus. However, the unifocal pulmonary blood supply may be performed through aortopulmonary collaterals that anastomose to the central pulmonary arteries. </p>
      <p>Finally, in even rarer situations of unifocal supply, the pulmonary arteries are supplied by multiple collateral arteries acquired as intercostal vessels <sup>22</sup>. </p>
      <p>Multifocal pulmonary blood supply may also occur in the presence of pulmonary arterial confluence (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03c-body2">fig. 3C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03c-body2">3D</xref>), in which case the confluent pulmonary arteries are not connected to all intrapulmonary arteries in both lungs. This is the most common form of multifocal pulmonary blood supply. Thus, the confluent pulmonary arteries perfused by one or more aortopulmonary collaterals are connected to a certain region of the lung, while the rest of the pulmonary parenchyma is perfused by another aortopulmonary collateral or others that anastomose with the rest of the pulmonary segments. Another rarer possibility of multifocal supply in the presence of confluent pulmonary arteries is when the confluent pulmonary arteries are perfused by the ductus arteriosus and the other pulmonary segments are perfused by aortopulmonary collaterals. </p>
      <p>The concept of unifocal and multifocal pulmonary blood supply, as described by Macartney et al <sup>22</sup>, was based on the measurement of total pulmonary resistance relative to the aorta, which is usually elevated. That resistance is consequent to several levels of obstruction of the pulmonary arterial tree (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2C</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). From the surgical correction viewpoint, what matters is the relative resistance of the vessel that will be connected to the right ventricle, ie, the central pulmonary artery. Therefore, when the pulmonary blood supply is unifocal, all intrapulmonary arteries are connected to a single head of pressure, as long as no significant stenosis exists in the central and peripheral branches of the pulmonary artery. </p>
      <p> When the pulmonary blood supply is multifocal, not all intrapulmonary arteries are connected to a single head of pressure. Because different foci certainly have different heads of pressure, the pulmonary regional blood flow is extremely variable, resulting in hypo- and hyperperfused pulmonary segments. </p>
      <p>It is worth emphasizing that the aortopulmonary collaterals are vascular structures different from the bronchial arteries. The aortopulmonary collaterals originate only from one systemic artery and run towards the origin of one intrapulmonary artery in the region of the pulmonary hilum or its vicinity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a-body2">fig. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04a-body2">4</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05a-body2">5</xref>). They are conducting arteries with no nutritional function in terms of the pulmonary parenchyma. The aortopulmonary collaterals usually originate from the anterior face of the aorta (opposed to the origin of the intercostal arteries) and, more rarely, from the right brachiocephalic trunk, the subclavian artery, or even a coronary artery. They differ from the ductus arteriosus in their histological structure <sup>23</sup> and also because the ductus arteriosus is circumscribed to a certain region of the aortic arch. Even when the ductus arteriosus originates from the right-hand side of the aortic arch, it is somewhat opposite to the origin of the brachiocephalic trunk or the subclavian artery. </p>
      <p>Acquired collateral pulmonary circulation may occur in any cyanotic congenital heart disease. A consensus still exists in the literature regarding the difference existing between that type of pulmonary blood supply and the aortopulmonary collaterals. From the pathophysiological viewpoint, the most important differentiation is found in the site of anastomosis with the pulmonary circulation. It may be immediately precapillary in the acquired collateral circulation, or in the hilar region in the case of aortopulmonary collateral circulation<sup> 24</sup>. Both provide effective pulmonary vascular blood supply. Because acquired collateral circulation never produces heart failure, it is clear that high resistance to blood flow is present between the aorta and the pulmonary arteries. Studies in animals have reported that that phenomenon results from intimal proliferation in the small caliber bronchial arteries <sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>The ductus arteriosus is a vascular structure that usually originates from the contralateral side of the aortic arch, close to the bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05a-body2">5A</xref>, and <label href="#fig05d" link-type="internal" xml_text="5d">5D</label>). Rarely, the ductus arteriosus originates from one anomalous subclavian artery. In the lack of atrial isomerism, the bilateral ductus arteriosus is exceptionally identified as a form of pulmonary perfusion. Because in our case series the complex forms of pulmonary atresia were excluded, those types of pulmonary perfusion were not identified in our study. According to Macartney et al <sup>22</sup> and, afterwards, to Yoo et al <sup>26</sup>, pulmonary perfusion may more rarely be provided by the fifth aortic arch. </p>
      <p>Most aortopulmonary collaterals present as tortuous, large caliber vessels with multiple stenoses in their origin, their trajectory, or at the site of anastomosis with the intrapulmonary arteries (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. 2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a-body2">fig. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04a-body2">4</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05a-body2">5</xref>). They never connect to the intercostal arteries. In their trajectory, they accompany the bronchi but never form a plexus around them. Their morphology is the same from the neonatal period until a more advanced age. </p>
      <p>The acquired collateral circulation is rare in the first year of life, and, therefore, it was not identified in our material. However, over the years, it has become more developed, mainly after thoracotomy, when adhesion of the visceral and parietal pleurae allows the development of a centripetal collateral circulation, ie, from the thoracic wall to the lung. In the angiographic study, the acquired circulation appears as innumerous thin vessels originating from any thoracic artery. On the other hand, the bronchial arteries are recognized by their relation with the trachea and main bronchi, and by the way they develop a nutritive plexus with the bronchial walls. Recently, this type of circulation has been valued during total surgical correction, because of the respiratory complications observed in the postoperative period. The latter appear after unifocalization and are related to an ischemic process in the respiratory airways, due to the interruption of the tracheobronchial blood supply during the mobilization of aortopulmonary collaterals <sup>27</sup>. </p>
      <p>The central pulmonary arteries are more easily identified when they are confluent, because that is the form in which they usually occur. Their confluence associated with a reduction in or absence of their trunk provides a "seagull" configuration when visualized in the frontal plane <sup>28</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a-body2">fig. 3B</xref>). In our material, they were absent in 2 of the 56 patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04a-body2">fig. 4</xref>). In 22 patients, different degrees of stenoses were observed in their trajectory, and, in 4, they were consequent to systemic-pulmonary shunts (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). When the central pulmonary arteries are not confluent, their identification is often difficult. In most cases, the pulmonary trunk is reduced to a fibrous cord, which is connected to the heart; therefore, during cineangiocardiography, a concomitance of movement exists between the central pulmonary arteries and the heart, while the remaining arteries in the mediastinum move together with the lungs <sup>29</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia, the intrapulmonary arteries have normal configuration and distribution. When no confluence of the central pulmonary arteries exists and the intrapulmonary arteries are connected to the aortopulmonary collateral, they may have a distinct configuration, in the shape of a plexus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05a-body2">fig. 5C</xref>). This abnormality may result from a hemodynamic disorder consequent to the way they are connected to the aorta<sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>When a disorder in connection exists, the intrapulmonary arteries may remain isolated and not fuse with the hilar arteries, as usually occurs <sup>19</sup>. As a result, the pulmonary arterial supply to one lobe, or segment, or even part of a segment, remains completely isolated from the rest of the lung. The segmentary or lobar arteries are connected in their proximal portion either to a central pulmonary artery, or to an aortopulmonary collateral, or both (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03c-body2">fig. 3C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03c-body2">3D</xref>). The consequence of that disorder is that the pulmonary blood supply becomes compartmentalized. Therefore, each aortopulmonary collateral perfuses only one segment of the lung. The selective contrast medium injection in the aortopulmonary collateral opacifies only that specific region of the lung. </p>
      <p>The combination of pieces of information obtained through selective injection of contrast medium into the aortopulmonary collaterals, into the systemic-pulmonary shunts, and into the central pulmonary arteries will enable the accurate determination of the origin of the pulmonary blood supply of each pulmonary segment, and, more important, of the amount of pulmonary parenchyma connected to a certain pulmonary artery. This will reveal whether duplication of the pulmonary blood supply exists, or not, to the same lobe or segment, ie, whether a determined pulmonary region is perfused by more than one source. </p>
      <p>Knowing that information is extremely important in the surgical management of those patients. For example, suppose that the right upper lobe is connected to an aortopulmonary collateral, and also to a central pulmonary artery, while the right lower lobe is connected only to an aortopulmonary collateral artery. In that situation, one shunt to the right central pulmonary artery or even a duct of a corrective surgery will only increase the pulmonary blood supply to the right upper lobe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03c-body2">fig. 3C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03c-body2">3D</xref>). However, if a communication exists between the perfusion of both lobes, then the surgical procedure will supply blood to the entire right lung. </p>
      <p>The prevalence of incomplete pulmonary arborization was high in our patients, mainly when no confluence existed between the right and left pulmonary arteries. On the contrary, incomplete arborization did not reach 5% when confluence of the right branch with the left one existed <sup>31</sup>. </p>
      <p>Another point identified in our material was that, when confluence of the right and left pulmonary arteries existed, those vessels had a greater caliber. This finding, however, was not confirmed when association of the aortopulmonary collaterals and the central pulmonary arteries existed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="cht01-body2">chart 1</xref>). In that situation, we identified 10 patients with confluent, but "minuscule", pulmonary arteries and innumerous aortopulmonary collaterals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a-body2">fig. 3A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a-body2">3B</xref>). The dimensions of the aortopulmonary collaterals were greater in patients without confluence of the right and left pulmonary arteries, and also when the central pulmonary arteries did not exist. </p>
      <p>Finally, the total number of aortopulmonary collaterals is inversely related to the size and existence of central pulmonary arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04c-body2">fig. 4C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04c-body2">4D</xref>), which had already been demonstrated by Shimezaki et al <sup>31</sup>. </p>
      <p>Some of our observations derived from inferences, mainly because of the limitation of the study imposed by our material, which was composed, by more than 50%, of newborn and infant patients. Therefore, the selective contrast medium injection in each collateral in isolation could not be performed, not only due to the excessive amount of contrast medium required, but also due to the excessive prolongation of the procedure in a group of critically ill patients. Therefore, we decided to accept those observations, because a perfect study could hardly be carried out in all patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo</p>
          <p> Rua Visconde de Ouro Preto, 39/304</p>
          <p> Cep 22250-180 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="vitoraze@cardiol.br">vitoraze@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 01/28/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 04/01/2004</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
