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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4PShGrS7wnKhLtX9nPrz7Kw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000200006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000200006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil inflamat&#243;rio, metab&#243;lico e lip&#237;dico na s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda: rela&#231;&#227;o com eventos intra e p&#243;s-hospitalares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth da Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portal</surname>
            <given-names>Vera L&#250;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>122</fpage>
      <lpage>129</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Associar o perfil lip&#237;dico, inflamat&#243;rio (prote&#237;na C reativa ultra sens&#237;vel - PCR us - e fibrinog&#234;nio) e metab&#243;lico (glicose) com eventos intra e p&#243;s-hospitalares de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda (SIA) e descrever preditores de mortalidade nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo de coorte com 199 pacientes com SIA (angina inst&#225;vel, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com ou sem supradesnivelamento de ST) internados na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) de uma institui&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica, no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o a novembro de 2002. Foram registrados as doen&#231;as pr&#233;vias, as medica&#231;&#245;es em uso e os fatores de risco coronarianos. Os eventos cl&#237;nicos intra-hospitalares considerados foram Re-IAM, angina, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e &#243;bito e os p&#243;s-hospitalares (30 dias ap&#243;s a alta) foram Re-IAM, angina, IC, &#243;bito e re-interna&#231;&#227;o para procedimentos percut&#226;neos (ACTP) ou de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (CRM). RESULTADOS: A PCR us e a glicemia alterada associaram-se, significativamente, com os eventos intra-hospitalares (p=0,03 e p&lt;0,01, respectivamente), mas n&#227;o com os eventos p&#243;s-hospitalares (p=0,19 e p=0,61, respectivamente). O perfil lip&#237;dico e o fibrinog&#234;nio n&#227;o mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa em nenhum dos momentos avaliados. Ap&#243;s regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, idade (p=0,04), IAM pr&#233;vio (p=0,04), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supra ST (p=0,008) ou sem supra de ST (p=0,048) e glicemia alterada (p=0,002) foram preditores de mortalidade hospitalar. CONCLUS&#195;O: A PCR us elevada e a glicemia alterada associaram-se a maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos intra-hospitalares enquanto a idade, IAM pr&#233;vio, IAM com ou sem supra de ST e glicemia alterada foram preditores de mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>perfil lip&#237;dico</kwd>
        <kwd>marcadores inflamat&#243;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Perfil inflamat&#243;rio, metab&#243;lico e lip&#237;dico na s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda: rela&#231;&#227;o com eventos intra e p&#243;s-hospitalares</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Elizabeth da Rosa Duarte; Lucia Campos Pellanda; Vera L&#250;cia Portal</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Associar o perfil lip&#237;dico, inflamat&#243;rio (prote&#237;na C reativa ultra sens&#237;vel - PCR us - e fibrinog&#234;nio) e metab&#243;lico (glicose) com eventos intra e p&#243;s-hospitalares de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda (SIA) e descrever preditores de mortalidade nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo de coorte com 199 pacientes com SIA (angina inst&#225;vel, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com ou sem supradesnivelamento de ST) internados na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) de uma institui&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica, no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o a novembro de 2002. Foram registrados as doen&#231;as pr&#233;vias, as medica&#231;&#245;es em uso e os fatores de risco coronarianos. Os eventos cl&#237;nicos intra-hospitalares considerados foram Re-IAM, angina, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e &#243;bito e os p&#243;s-hospitalares (30 dias ap&#243;s a alta) foram Re-IAM, angina, IC, &#243;bito e re-interna&#231;&#227;o para procedimentos percut&#226;neos (ACTP) ou de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (CRM). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A PCR us e a glicemia alterada associaram-se, significativamente, com os eventos intra-hospitalares (p=0,03 e p&lt;0,01, respectivamente), mas n&#227;o com os eventos p&#243;s-hospitalares (p=0,19 e p=0,61, respectivamente). O perfil lip&#237;dico e o fibrinog&#234;nio n&#227;o mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa em nenhum dos momentos avaliados. Ap&#243;s regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, idade (p=0,04), IAM pr&#233;vio (p=0,04), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supra ST (p=0,008) ou sem supra de ST (p=0,048) e glicemia alterada (p=0,002) foram preditores de mortalidade hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> A PCR us elevada e a glicemia alterada associaram-se a maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos intra-hospitalares enquanto a idade, IAM pr&#233;vio, IAM com ou sem supra de ST e glicemia alterada foram preditores de mortalidade hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda, perfil lip&#237;dico, marcadores inflamat&#243;rios</p>
    <p> A denomina&#231;&#227;o s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda corresponde a um amplo espectro de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que inclui angina inst&#225;vel, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial de ST elevado, infarto com supradesnivelamento de ST e morte s&#250;bita. </p>
    <p>A fisiopatologia da s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda &#233; comum a todas as suas formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o. Considera-se que a ruptura da placa e a trombose sejam as respons&#225;veis pela convers&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana da forma est&#225;vel para a inst&#225;vel. A intensidade das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas costuma guardar rela&#231;&#227;o com o calibre do vaso e a placa rota, o grau de trombose e a presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral<sup>1</sup>. A oclus&#227;o do vaso, al&#233;m da ruptura da placa, depende de v&#225;rios fatores, como di&#226;metro do vaso, geometria da les&#227;o, vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o distal, agregabilidade plaquet&#225;ria e equil&#237;brio entre fatores end&#243;genos homeost&#225;ticos e trombol&#237;ticos. A obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana costuma ser total no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e parcial na angina inst&#225;vel e no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica elevada da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) tem rela&#231;&#227;o direta com o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>3</sup> e a baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) tem sido apontada como um dos mais fortes fatores de risco independentes para a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana<sup>4</sup>. Novas evid&#234;ncias indicam que aumentos modestos nos triglicer&#237;deos aumentam o risco de eventos coronarianos e a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, como tamb&#233;m a forma&#231;&#227;o de novas les&#245;es<sup>5-7</sup>. Pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, que tenham altos n&#237;veis de colesterol total, aumento de LDL-C e baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-C, t&#234;m um aumento de risco de reinfarto, de morte por doen&#231;a coronariana e morte por todas as causas<sup>8-12</sup>. Estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados<sup>13-17</sup>, metan&#225;lises de estudos cl&#237;nicos pr&#233;vios<sup>18</sup> e estudos angiogr&#225;ficos<sup>19-20</sup> t&#234;m documentado os benef&#237;cios de baixar o LDL-C em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. </p>
    <p>Os avan&#231;os na fisiopatologia da aterosclerose mostraram o papel fundamental da inflama&#231;&#227;o mediando todas as etapas da doen&#231;a, do in&#237;cio at&#233; as complica&#231;&#245;es avan&#231;adas, como a ruptura e trombose da placa. As dislipidemias est&#227;o associadas a uma maior atividade inflamat&#243;ria, mas fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica como o diabetes e a hipertens&#227;o arterial tamb&#233;m parecem associados &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o. Mais recentemente, ficou evidenciado que os marcadores da inflama&#231;&#227;o podem identificar indiv&#237;duos de alto risco para uma evolu&#231;&#227;o adversa, que n&#227;o pode ser predita apenas pela an&#225;lise de fatores de risco ou perfil lip&#237;dico<sup>21</sup>. Os n&#237;veis elevados de prote&#237;na C ultra-sens&#237;vel (PCR us) t&#234;m sido associados a eventos cardiovasculares futuros<sup>22</sup>. Alguns estudos demonstraram que os n&#237;veis de PCR us foram preditores de mortalidade precoce e tardia em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda<sup>23-26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Paralelamente, v&#225;rios estudos cl&#237;nicos e epidemiol&#243;gicos t&#234;m associado os n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>27-29</sup>. </p>
    <p>No paciente diab&#233;tico &#233; sabido que a doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; respons&#225;vel por 80% das causas de mortalidade e cerca de 75% das hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es atribu&#237;das a complica&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a<sup>30</sup>. A presen&#231;a de diabetes &#233; particularmente prejudicial &#224;s mulheres, especialmente na presen&#231;a de baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-C, que constitui um risco maior de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; mesma condi&#231;&#227;o nos homens<sup>31</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre o perfil inflamat&#243;rio (PCR us e fibrinog&#234;nio), lip&#237;dico e metab&#243;lico (glicemia), com eventos intra e p&#243;s-hospitalares de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda, em uma unidade de terapia intensiva cardiol&#243;gica de um centro terci&#225;rio. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, ser&#227;o descritos os preditores de mortalidade, durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo de coorte realizado na UTI de uma institui&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica, no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o a novembro 2002. </p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o consistiu de pacientes com, no m&#225;ximo, 10 horas do in&#237;cio do quadro de s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda internados na UTI. Esses pacientes permaneceram em jejum por um per&#237;odo de 12 horas para coleta de exames laboratoriais, e todos assinaram termo de consentimento, previamente aprovado pela comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica do hospital. </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro de s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda superior a 10 horas, aus&#234;ncia de jejum de 12 horas e/ou a presen&#231;a de alguma patologia inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica. </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados e acompanhados, durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, 200 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda. Um paciente foi exclu&#237;do do estudo por ter recebido, na interna&#231;&#227;o, o diagn&#243;stico de neoplasia. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil cl&#237;nico, os dados foram obtidos a partir da anamnese e do exame f&#237;sico, no momento da admiss&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis estudadas foram: idade, sexo, cor, peso e altura (referidos pelo paciente), na chegada &#224; UTI. O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) foi calculado usando a f&#243;rmula do peso/altura<sup>2</sup>. Foram registradas as doen&#231;as pr&#233;vias, os medicamentos em uso, os fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coronariana e a terap&#234;utica institu&#237;da. </p>
    <p>Quanto aos fatores de risco, foram investigados: hist&#243;ria familiar de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, tabagismo, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, sedentarismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e uso de &#225;lcool. Hist&#243;ria familiar positiva incluiu aqueles que apresentassem familiares de primeiro grau (com idade &lt; 55 anos, no homem, e &lt; 65 anos, na mulher) com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ou outro tipo de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica; foram definidos como tabagistas os pacientes que tinham o h&#225;bito de fumar, e como ex-tabagistas os que haviam suspendido o cigarro h&#225;, pelo menos, um ano. Foram classificados como diab&#233;ticos os que tinham diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio da doen&#231;a e/ou estavam em uso de hipoglicemiantes ou aqueles que, em exames pr&#233;vios ou durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, apresentassem n&#237;veis de glicemia de jejum &gt;126 mg/dl. Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi considerada naqueles que tinham este diagn&#243;stico previamente &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o e/ou faziam uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas ou que apresentassem press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline>140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline>90 mmHg. Foram considerados sedent&#225;rios os pacientes que n&#227;o tinham atividade f&#237;sica regular. Dislipidemia foi determinada pela presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de LDL-C e/ou n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos baixos de HDL-C e/ou aumento s&#233;rico de triglicer&#237;deos (LDL-C &gt;130 mg/dl, HDL-C &lt;40 mg/dl e TG &gt;150 mg/dl). Excesso de peso foi considerado nos pacientes com IMC &gt;25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Quanto ao uso de &#225;lcool foi investigado se fazia uso regular ou n&#227;o da ingesta de &#225;lcool. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico das complica&#231;&#245;es intra e p&#243;s-hospitalares foi baseado nos dados de prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes. Foram registradas todas as complica&#231;&#245;es descritas em prontu&#225;rio, por&#233;m foram con siderados eventos intra-hospitalares: reinfarto agudo do mic&#225;rdio, angina de peito, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (parada cardio-respirat&#243;ria recuperada) e &#243;bito. Ap&#243;s o primeiro m&#234;s da alta hospitalar, foram feitos contatos telef&#244;nicos e revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio em busca de eventos p&#243;s-hospitalares. Foram considerados eventos p&#243;s-hospitalares: reinfarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, angina, IC e reinterna&#231;&#227;o para procedimentos (ACTP e CRM). </p>
    <p>O seguimento do per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a alta apresentou uma perda de 5% (11 pacientes sem contato telef&#244;nico e sem dados de nova consulta no prontu&#225;rio). </p>
    <p>A amostra de sangue foi coletada em dec&#250;bito dorsal e analisada no laborat&#243;rio de an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas. O colesterol plasm&#225;tico e os triglicer&#237;deos foram analisados em triplicata, usando "kits" enzim&#225;ticos (<italic>Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics</italic>). O HDL-C foi isolado, utilizando o m&#233;todo heparina-2M Mncl2 e medido com o mesmo kit enzim&#225;tico usado para colesterol plasm&#225;tico total. LDL-C e VLDL-C foram estimados pela f&#243;rmula de Friedwald em mg/dl. Quando os triglicer&#237;deos foram maiores que 400, o LDL foi analisado pelo m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico, no aparelho Hitachi 902. A partir das vari&#225;veis lipoprot&#233;icas, foram calculados os quocientes CT/HDL-C e LDL/HDL-C. O colesterol n&#227;o-HDL foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula: N&#195;O-HDL= colesterol total - HDL-C. </p>
    <p>A glicose foi dosada usando "kits" dispon&#237;veis comercialmente (<italic>Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics</italic>). O fibrinog&#234;nio foi avaliado pelo m&#233;todo de coagulopatia, automatizado no aparelho CA 500. A prote&#237;na C reativa ultra-sens&#237;vel foi dosada por nefelometria no aparelho BN 100. </p>
    <p>Todos os exames laboratoriais foram coletados em uma &#250;nica amostra, com 12 horas de jejum, dentro das primeiras 24h do in&#237;cio do quadro isqu&#234;mico coronariano. Considerando que a maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada chegou ao hospital com tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica inferior a 6 horas, o tempo m&#233;dio para coleta de exames foi de 18 a no m&#225;ximo de 22 horas. </p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra foi estimado em 182 pacientes pelo programa EPI-INFO 6.0, sendo considerado um alfa de 0,05%, poder de 80% e incid&#234;ncia de eventos de 40% na popula&#231;&#227;o exposta, com RR de 2,0. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o aux&#237;lio do <italic>programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) 10.0. As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas s&#227;o descritas sob a forma de m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o, ou medianas e intervalos interquartis (25-75%). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o descritas sob a forma de propor&#231;&#245;es. Foram utilizados os testes do Qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e teste <italic>t</italic> de student ou Mann Whitney para as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre mais de dois grupos (s&#237;ndromes cl&#237;nicas), foi utilizada ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis. Para todas estas compara&#231;&#245;es, foi considerado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Adicionalmente, foi feita an&#225;lise multivariada com regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para avaliar fatores preditores de eventos e mortalidade, incluindo as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram p&lt;0,10 na an&#225;lise bivariada ou que foram consideradas no modelo te&#243;rico. As vari&#225;veis IC e AVC foram retiradas pela baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia destes diagn&#243;sticos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 199 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda, sendo 35% (69) do sexo feminino e 65% (130) do masculino. A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 61&#177;12 anos. </p>
    <p>Quanto ao tipo de s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda, 17% (34) foram internados por angina inst&#225;vel, 12% (23) por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supra e 71% (142) por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supra. Os tipos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio mais freq&#252;entes foram o anterior extenso em 21% (42) dos pacientes e o dorso-diafragm&#225;tico em 19% (37). </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes ao entrarem no estudo e a an&#225;lise de poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o destas caracter&#237;sticas com o desenvolvimento de eventos intra e p&#243;s-hospitalares. Das caracter&#237;sticas analisadas (sexo, idade, IMC, tipo de SIA, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares pr&#233;vias, fatores de risco coronarianos e medicamentos em uso), a idade (p=0,03), o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com ou sem supradesnivelamento de ST (p=0,05) e os diagn&#243;sticos pr&#233;vios de acidente vascular cerebral (p=0,03) e IC (p=0,02) associaram-se ao desenvolvimento de eventos intra-hospitalares. Nenhuma das caracter&#237;sticas gerais avaliadas mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com a evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-hospitalar. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0122-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>&#201; importante observar que, da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, 60% (118) dos pacientes eram hipertensos, 60,5% (129) eram dislipid&#234;micos, 42% (84) eram fumantes e 55% dos pacientes tinham IMC acima de 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Em 40% dos pacientes caracterizou-se o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome plurimetab&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil lip&#237;dico observa-se que 39,5% (79) dos pacientes tinham o perfil lip&#237;dico normal, 21,5% (43) aumento do colesterol total, 17,0% (34) hipertrigliceridemia, 11,5% (23) tinham HDL-C baixo e 10,5% (21) apresentavam dislipidemia mista. A m&#233;dia do colesterol total foi de 192 mg/dl, a do LDL-C de 118 mg/dl, a do HDL-C de 46 mg/dl e a dos triglicer&#237;deos de 137 mg/dl. A m&#233;dia do colesterol n&#227;o-HDL foi de 146 mg/dl e da rela&#231;&#227;o colesterol total/HDL-C de 4,36. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre as vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas e os eventos intra e p&#243;s-hospitalares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). Somente 11% dos pacientes usavam estatinas antes do quadro de s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0122-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas (glicemia) e inflamat&#243;rias (fibrinog&#234;nio e PCR us) s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0122-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; glicemia, 19,6% dos pacientes apresentavam diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de diabetes. Na nossa amostra, 42,5% (85) apresentaram glicemia &gt; 126 mg/dl, com m&#233;dia de 142 mg/dl. A glicemia alterada associou-se significativamente (p&lt;0,01) com eventos intra-hospitalares, mas n&#227;o mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos p&#243;s-hospitalares (p=0,61). Dos pacientes com glicemia &gt;126 mg/dl, 57% (48 pacientes) apresentaram eventos intra-hospitalares (4 reinfarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, 21 IC, 7 &#243;bitos) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>) e 19% (15) apresentaram eventos p&#243;s-hospitalares sendo 14 reinterna&#231;&#245;es (2 reinfartos agudos do mioc&#225;rdio, 4 IC e 5 anginas). Entre os &#243;bitos ocorridos na fase intra-hospitalar, 70% dos pacientes tinham a glicose elevada. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0122-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A mediana da PCR us foi de 0,55 mg/l (0,24-1,84), demonstrando uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com eventos intra-hospitalares (p=0,03), por&#233;m n&#227;o com eventos p&#243;s-hospitalares (p=0,19). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref> mostra a rela&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PCR us e a incid&#234;ncia de eventos intra-hospitalares em que os maiores valores ocorreram em pacientes que apresentaram angina, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e aqueles que faleceram. No entanto, em an&#225;lise multivariada a PCR us n&#227;o se manteve como preditor para mortalidade hospitalar. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0122-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p> O fibrinog&#234;nio foi &gt; 277 mg/dl em 41% dos pacientes, com uma m&#233;dia de 251 mg/dl. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa para a associa&#231;&#227;o do fibrinog&#234;nio com a incid&#234;ncia de eventos intra e p&#243;s-hospitalares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). </p>
    <p>Os eventos mais freq&#252;entes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 23,1% (46), angina em 8,5% (17), fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular em 11,6% (23) e re-IAM em 5,5% (11) dos pacientes. </p>
    <p>Na alta hospitalar, 76% (152) dos pacientes encontravam-se assintom&#225;ticos, 19% (38) estavam est&#225;veis clinicamente e 5% (10) faleceram. Desses pacientes, 71,4% (142) realizaram ACTP, sendo que 54% realizaram ACTP prim&#225;ria, 2,5% (5) realizaram ACTP e CRM e 5% (10) dos pacientes realizaram CRM. </p>
    <p>Dos 48 pacientes que apresentaram eventos ap&#243;s o 1&#186; m&#234;s da alta hospitalar, 36 foram reinternados, sendo 11 por angina (5,5%), 7 por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (3,5%) e 5 por reinfarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (2,5%). Al&#233;m disso, 5 pacientes foram internados para procedimentos (CRM/ACTP). Ocorreu uma morte s&#250;bita no domic&#237;lio. </p>
    <p>Em regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, os fatores que permaneceram como preditores de mortalidade hospitalar foram: idade, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com ou sem supradesnivelamento de ST e glicemia alterada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0122-00006-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o perf&#237;l lip&#237;dico e o risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares j&#225; foi bem demonstrada por meio de estudos cl&#237;nicos e observacionais<sup>32-34</sup>. Esses estudos mostraram que a redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol e, mais especificamente, do LDL-C promoveu benef&#237;cios na preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos coronarianos, tanto em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (WOSCOPS, AFCAPS/TexCAPS), como na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria (4S,CARE, LIPID e HPS)<sup>13-17,35</sup>. </p>
    <p>Embora neste estudo os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos m&#233;dios do colesterol total (192 mg/dl), do LDL-C (118 mg/dl), do HDL-C (46 mg/dl) e dos triglicer&#237;deos (137 mg/dl) n&#227;o sejam considerados elevados, chama-se a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de que 60,5% dos pacientes apresentavam alguma altera&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos (21,5% tinham aumento do colesterol total, 17% tinham hipertrigliceridemia, 11,5% tinham HDL-C baixo e 10,5% apresentavam dislipidemia mista). Al&#233;m disso, trata-se de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco cardiovascular pela presen&#231;a de v&#225;rios fatores de risco: 60% eram hipertensos, 42% eram fumantes, 53% tinham hist&#243;ria familiar para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, 42% tinham glicemia alterada e 55% tinham IMC acima de 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Estes dados refor&#231;am o que tem sido apresentado, na literatura, da import&#226;ncia da associa&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco na determina&#231;&#227;o do risco de um indiv&#237;duo sofrer um evento coronariano e n&#227;o somente da avalia&#231;&#227;o de um fator, isoladamente. V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m indicado que o n&#237;vel de colesterol cai durante o curso de um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>36-41</sup>. As varia&#231;&#245;es nos lip&#237;deos e lipoprote&#237;nas ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio aparecem dentro de 24-48 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da dor precordial e se manifestam por queda no colesterol total (24% a 70% do basal), no LDL-C (31%), no HDL-C (12-18%) e aumento nos n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos (25%). Neste estudo, houve a preocupa&#231;&#227;o de coletar amostras sang&#252;&#237;neas antes de completar 24 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro de s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda (o tempo m&#233;dio foi de 22 horas), para descartar a possibilidade de rea&#231;&#227;o de fase aguda. Um ponto a ser considerado para explicar os resultados obtidos, mas que n&#227;o foi objetivo do nosso estudo, &#233; o conhecimento atual que pessoas com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos compar&#225;veis de LDL-C e HDL-C tamb&#233;m podem apresentar n&#237;veis muito diferentes de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana devido &#224;s diferen&#231;as na distribui&#231;&#227;o de subclasses destas lipoprote&#237;nas<sup>42</sup>. Pacientes com predom&#237;nio de LDLs pequenas e densas e/ou HDL pequenas t&#234;m um perfil bastante aterog&#234;nico. </p>
    <p>Estudos cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m demonstrado que marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica s&#227;o fortes preditores de eventos cl&#237;nicos na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>43</sup>. A PCR tem-se mostrado um preditor de eventos cardiovasculares. Liuzzo e cols.<sup>24 </sup>estudaram pacientes com angina est&#225;vel, angina inst&#225;vel e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, utilizando um ponto de corte para PCR us alta/normal em 3 mg/l. Os pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel apresentaram maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de PCR us do que os com angina est&#225;vel, mais epis&#243;dios isqu&#234;micos e maior risco de &#243;bito do que aqueles com PCR us baixa (4,8 &#177;2,5/1,8 &#177;2,4; p=0,02). Nos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, n&#237;veis mais elevados de PCR us correlacionaram-se com maior extens&#227;o da &#225;rea de necrose mioc&#225;rdica<sup>44,45</sup>. Em um estudo retrospectivo com 37 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, a PCR us <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 mg/l correlacionou-se com maior risco de ruptura mioc&#225;rdica<sup>46</sup>. Nos portadores de angina inst&#225;vel, a PCR us correlaciona-se com maior risco de eventos coronarianos (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, necessidade de angioplastia ou de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ou morte s&#250;bita)<sup>47-49</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo refor&#231;a os dados da literatura. A PCR us esteve significativamente associada com a maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos intra-hospitalares. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os n&#237;veis de PCR us e a incid&#234;ncia de eventos p&#243;s-hospitalares. </p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis da PCR aumentam ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, refletindo o grau de les&#227;o tissular. Kushner e cols.<sup>50</sup> encontraram um pequeno aumento da PCR ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, o dobro da m&#233;dia em 8 horas e um pico em 2-4 dias, retornando ao basal depois de 3-4 semanas. Na s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda, a PCR pode aumentar modestamente<sup>51</sup> e essa eleva&#231;&#227;o parece ser restrita a pacientes com necrose tissular evidenciada por aumento nos n&#237;veis de troponina<sup>52</sup>. Uma medida isolada de PCR, ap&#243;s infarto, n&#227;o &#233; preditiva de futuros eventos<sup>53</sup>, a menos que seja verificada logo ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e antes da rea&#231;&#227;o de fase aguda<sup>54</sup>. A defini&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis elevados de PCR us tem variado entre os diferentes estudos. Essas diferen&#231;as s&#227;o devidas &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, incluindo idade, obesidade, uso de cigarro, extens&#227;o da DAC, diferen&#231;as regionais (preval&#234;ncia de <italic>C. pneumoniae</italic> ou positividade para <italic>cytomegalovirus</italic>), uso de medicamentos que afetam os n&#237;veis de PCR (aspirina, estatinas, estr&#243;genos)<sup>55</sup>. Na classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para evento cardiovascular futuro, os n&#237;veis de PCR us t&#234;m sido considerados baixos, quando &lt; 1 mg/l; moderados, quando entre 1 e 3 mg/l; e elevados, quando &gt; 3 mg/dl. No nosso estudo, aproximadamente em 90% dos pacientes, a PCR us ficou entre 0,05 e 2,90 mg/l. Apesar de ser um reagente de fase aguda, a PCR apresenta uma variabilidade individual, similar &#224; associada com o rastreamento do colesterol. Muitos investigadores t&#234;m recomendado duas medidas da PCR, com o menor valor, ou a m&#233;dia, sendo usada para determinar risco vascular, sendo essa uma pr&#225;tica consistente com a avalia&#231;&#227;o do colesterol<sup>21</sup>. No presente estudo, a PCR us foi avaliada dentro das primeiras 24 horas do in&#237;cio do quadro e somente por uma amostra. </p>
    <p>O fibrinog&#234;nio, um reagente de fase aguda, desempenha um papel importante na ades&#227;o e agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria. Os estudos ECAT (<italic>European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study</italic>)<sup>27</sup> e PROCAM (<italic>Prospective Cardiovascular M&#252;nster</italic>)<sup>56</sup> demonstraram uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre colesterol total, LDL-colesterol e fibrinog&#234;nio. No ECAT, a presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis moderados e altos de fibrinog&#234;nio acentuaram o risco cardiovascular em indiv&#237;duos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, enquanto baixos n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio identificaram pacientes sob menor risco de eventos, mesmo na presen&#231;a de concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de colesterol. No PROCAM, observou-se um risco maior de eventos em indiv&#237;duos com eleva&#231;&#227;o de fibrinog&#234;nio e LDL-C. Becker e cols.<sup>29 </sup>constataram que um n&#237;vel de fibrinog&#234;nio no plasma &gt;300 mg/dl estava associado a um aumento de morte, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e isquemia espont&#226;nea, em pacientes com angina e infarto sem supra desnivelamento de ST. </p>
    <p>No nosso estudo n&#227;o ocorreu diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa com rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel de fibrinog&#234;nio entre eventos e aus&#234;ncia de eventos, tanto intra como p&#243;s-hospitalares. A m&#233;dia de fibrinog&#234;nio encontrada na angina inst&#225;vel foi de 262 mg/dl, no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi de 245 mg/dl e no infarto sem supradesnivelamento de ST foi de 262 mg/dl. Pacientes que apresentaram eventos intra-hospitalares tinham, em m&#233;dia, 242 mg/dl de fibrinog&#234;nio e pacientes com eventos p&#243;s-hospitalares 251 mg/dl de fibrinog&#234;nio. </p>
    <p>No estudo realizado, 42% dos pacientes apresentaram a glicemia alterada (&gt;110 mg/dl) e somente 19% tinham o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de diabetes. Dos pacientes com glicemia alterada, 86% (72 pacientes) tiveram infarto como manifesta&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda. A m&#233;dia da glicemia encontrada para eventos intra-hospitalares foi de 157 mg/dl e para eventos p&#243;s-hospitalares foi de 143 mg/dl. A glicemia associou-se significativamente com eventos intra-hospitalares (p=0,01) e com mortalidade hospitalar (p=0,002). Entre os &#243;bitos ocorridos na fase hospitalar, 70% dos pacientes tinham glicose aumentada. </p>
    <p>Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos<sup>57</sup> mostram que indiv&#237;duos com diabetes mellitus t&#234;m aumento de 2 a 4 vezes do risco relativo de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, quando comparados com indiv&#237;duos sem diabetes. Alguns estudos mostram que, em pacientes com diabetes, o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular aumenta com o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de glicose no plasma. Pacientes com diabetes n&#227;o controlada, com aumento da glicemia de jejum ou aumento da hemoglobina glicosilada, t&#234;m um risco aumentado de doen&#231;a cariovascular e mortalidade, quando comparados com indiv&#237;duos com bom controle glic&#234;mico<sup>58-60</sup>. Haffner e cols.<sup>61</sup> avaliaram a mortalidade cardiovascular por um per&#237;odo de oito anos em pacientes diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, com e sem infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, concluindo que a mortalidade de um indiv&#237;duo diab&#233;tico sem infarto pr&#233;vio &#233; igual &#224; mortalidade de um indiv&#237;duo sem diabetes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio. Wahab e cols. avaliaram a glicose sang&#252;&#237;nea como preditor independente de mortalidade no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, na era trombol&#237;tica<sup>62</sup>, em 1.664 pacientes. Concluiram que a hiperglicemia est&#225; associada com pior evolu&#231;&#227;o do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio mesmo entre pacientes sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de diabetes e que a hiperglicemia conferiu maior risco, independente do &#237;ndice de massa corporal ou de hist&#243;ria de eleva&#231;&#227;o da glicose, sugerindo que o <italic>status</italic> da mesma, por si s&#243;, pode contribuir para um desfecho adverso ou ser um marcador chave para tal. V&#225;rios estudos<sup>63-65</sup> sugerem que a hiperglicemia, em pacientes n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, representa, na verdade, o diabetes n&#227;o diagnosticado. Al&#233;m disso, estudos sugerem um papel do estresse na eleva&#231;&#227;o da glicose no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, mas ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se esta situa&#231;&#227;o predisp&#245;e a uma pior evolu&#231;&#227;o ou se &#233; simplesmente um marcador de pior progn&#243;stico. &#201; poss&#237;vel que a hiperglicemia de estresse possa ser um marcador de extenso dano mioc&#225;rdico<sup>66</sup>. A hiperglicemia, tanto aguda quanto cr&#244;nica, tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionada com comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<sup>67,68</sup>, libera&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas, diminui&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade &#224; insulina<sup>69</sup> e diurese osm&#243;tica. Esta &#250;ltima leva a uma redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica<sup>70</sup>. </p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, a mortalidade hospitalar foi de 5% e a p&#243;s-hospitalar de 0,5% em 60 dias. Em regress&#227;o log&#237;stica os preditores de mortalidade foram a idade, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, com e sem supra de ST e glicemia alterada. </p>
    <p>Nossos dados refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia de diferenciar o papel do fator de risco para uma doen&#231;a e o do fator preditor de eventos (fator progn&#243;stico). Estudamos uma popula&#231;&#227;o com v&#225;rios fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para doen&#231;a coronariana como dislipidemia, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hist&#243;ria familiar positi va para cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, mas esses fatores de risco n&#227;o contribu&#237;ram para piorar o progn&#243;stico deste grupo de pacientes. Todavia, a eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, como a PCR us, e metab&#243;licos, como a glicemia, mostrou estar relacionada com uma maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos intra-hospitalares. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; glicemia elevada, a contribui&#231;&#227;o estendeu-se para maior risco de mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Portanto, os fatores causais, n&#227;o necessariamente, est&#227;o relacionados ao pior progn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda. </p>
    <p>Concluindo, neste estudo, n&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre o perfil lip&#237;dico e o fibrinog&#234;nio com a evolu&#231;&#227;o intra e p&#243;s-hospitalar de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda. A prote&#237;na C ultra-sens&#237;vel e a glicemia alterada estiveram associadas com a maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos intra-hospitalares, mas n&#227;o se associaram significativamente com os eventos p&#243;s-hospitalares. Os preditores de mortalidade foram idade, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com e sem supradesnivelamento de ST e glicemia alterada.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Vera L&#250;cia Portal </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 Epidemiologia </p>
        <p> Cep 90620-001 </p>
        <p> Porto Alegre - RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="verap.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">verap.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 09/12/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 17/03/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Inflammatory, lipid, and metabolic profile in acute ischemic syndrome: correlation with hospital and posthospital events</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To associate the markers lipid profile, inflammatory profile (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein HSCRP and fibrinogen), and metabolic profile (glucose determination) with hospital and posthospital events in patients with acute ischemic syndrome (AIS) and to describe the predictors of mortality in this population. METHODS: A cohort study with 199 patients with AIS (unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with or without ST segment elevation) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a university cardiology Hospital, from March to November 2002. The previous diseases, the medication in use, and the coronary risk factors were recorded. The clinical events considered in the hospital were reinfarction, angina, heart failure (HF), ventricular fibrillation, and death; the posthospital events considered (30 days after hospital discharge) were reinfarction, angina, HF, death, and admittance for percutaneous procedures (PTCA) or for revascularization (MRS). RESULTS: HSCRP and altered glycemia were significantly associated with hospital events (P = 0.03 and P &lt; 0.01, respectively); however, they were not associated with posthospital events (P = 0.19 and P = 0.61, respectively). Lipid profile and fibrinogen did not have a statistically significant association in any of the times assessed. Using multiple logistic regression, age (P = 0.04), previous AMI (P = 0.04), myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation (P = 0.008) or without ST segment elevation (P = 0.048), and altered glycemia (P = 0.002) were predictors of hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Increased HSCRP and altered glycemia were associated with a greater number of hospital events, whereas age, previous AMI, AMI with or without ST segment elevation, and altered glycemia were predictors of hospital mortality.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>acute ischemic syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>lipid profile</kwd>
        <kwd>inflammatory markers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Inflammatory, lipid, and metabolic profile in acute ischemic syndrome. Correlation with hospital and posthospital events</p>
      <p>Elizabeth da Rosa Duarte; Lucia Campos Pellanda; Vera L&#250;cia Portal</p>
      <p>Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To associate the markers of lipid profile, inflammatory profile (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [HSCRP] and fibrinogen), and metabolic profile (glucose determination) with hospital and posthospital events in patients with acute ischemic syndrome (AIS) and to describe the predictors of mortality in this population.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> A cohort study with 199 patients with AIS (unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with or without ST segment elevation) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a university cardiology Hospital, from March to November 2002. The previous diseases, the medication in use, and the coronary risk factors were recorded. The clinical events considered in the hospital were reinfarction, angina, heart failure (HF), ventricular fibrillation, and death; the posthospital events considered (30 days after hospital discharge) were reinfarction, angina, HF, death, and admittance for percutaneous procedures (PTCA) or for revascularization (MRS).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> HSCRP and altered glycemia were significantly associated with hospital events (P = 0.03 and P &lt; 0.01, respectively); however, they were not associated with posthospital events (P = 0.19 and P = 0.61, respectively). Lipid profile and fibrinogen did not have a statistically significant association in any of the times assessed. Using multiple logistic regression, age (P = 0.04), previous AMI (P = 0.04), myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation (P = 0.008) or without ST segment elevation (P = 0.048), and altered glycemia (P = 0.002) were predictors of hospital mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> Increased HSCRP and altered glycemia were associated with a greater number of hospital events, whereas age, previous AMI, AMI with or without ST segment elevation, and altered glycemia were predictors of hospital mortality. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold> acute ischemic syndrome, lipid profile, inflammatory markers</p>
      <p> The name "acute ischemic syndrome" corresponds to a wide range of clinical manifestations including unstable angina, myocardial infarction initially without elevated ST segment, myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation, and sudden death. </p>
      <p>The physiopathology of acute ischemic syndrome is the same in all its presentations. The rupture of the plaque and thrombosis are responsible for the change of stable coronary artery disease to unstable coronary artery disease. The intensity of clinical manifestations is related to the vessel caliber, to the rupture of the plaque, to the intensity of thrombosis, and to the presence of collateral circulation <sup>1</sup>. Vessel occlusion depends on several factors in addition to the plaque rupture, such as vessel diameter, shape of lesion, distal vasoconstriction, platelet aggregability, and balance between homeostatic and thromboembolic endogenous factors. Coronary obstruction is usually total in acute myocardial and partial in angina pectoris and myocardial infarction without ST segment elevation <sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Increased plasma concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is directly related to the development of coronary artery disease<sup>3</sup> and the low plasma concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) has been regarded as one of the strongest independent risk factors for coronary atherosclerotic disease<sup>4</sup>. New evidence indicates that small elevations in triglycerides increase the risk of coronary events and the development of coronary artery disease; it also leads to the formation of new lesions<sup>5-7</sup>. Patients with previous myocardial infarction, high levels of total cholesterol, increased LDL-C, and low levels of HDL-C, have an increased risk of reinfarction, death from coronary disease, and death from all causes <sup>8-12</sup>. Randomized clinical trials <sup>13-17</sup>, meta-analysis of previous clinical studies <sup>18</sup> and angiographic studies <sup>19-20</sup> have reported the benefits of decreasing LDL-C in patients with coronary artery disease. </p>
      <p>Advances in understanding of the physiopathology of atherosclerosis have revealed the essential role of inflammation throughout the stages of the disease, from the onset to the advanced complications, such as rupture and thrombosis of the plate. Dyslipidemias are associated with a greater inflammatory activity; however, classical risk factors for atherosclerotic disease, such as diabetes and blood hypertension, seem also to be associated with inflammation. More recently, it became evident that inflammation markers may identify high-risk individuals for adverse outcomes that cannot be predicted by risk-factor or lipid profile analysis alone <sup>21</sup>. Elevated levels of highly sensitive C-reactive protein (HSPCR) have been associated with future cardiovascular events <sup>22</sup>. Some studies have demonstrated that HSPCR levels were predictors of early and late mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome <sup>23-26</sup>. </p>
      <p> Several clinical and epidemiologic studies have associated fibrinogen levels with cardiovascular diseases <sup>27-29</sup>. </p>
      <p>In diabetic patients, cardiovascular events account for 80% of the causes of mortality, and about 75% of the hospital admissions are due to disease complications <sup>30</sup>. The presence of diabetes is particularly harmful in women, especially in those with low levels of HDL-C. They have a greater risk of coronary artery disease than do men with the same condition <sup>31</sup>. </p>
      <p>The objective of our study was to assess the possible correlation of inflammation (HSCRP and fibrinogen), lipid profile, and metabolic profile (glycemia) with hospital and posthospital events in patients with acute ischemic syndrome, in the intensive care unit (ICU) at a university hospital. The predictors of mortality during hospital admission will also be described. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cohort study was performed in the ICU of a cardiology referral center, from March to November 2002. </p>
      <p>Patients no more than 10 hours after the onset of acute ischemic syndrome admitted to the ICU were included in the study. These patients fasted for 12 hours to provide samples for laboratory testing, and they all gave written consent to participate in the study that had been approved by the Ethics Committee of the hospital. </p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were onset of acute ischemic syndrome lasting longer than 10 hours, absence of 12-hour-fasting, and the presence of chronic inflammatory pathology. </p>
      <p>Two hundred patients with acute ischemic syndrome were assessed and followed up during their hospital stay. One patient was excluded from the study at admittance because he was diagnosed with neoplasia. </p>
      <p>Regarding the clinical profile, data were obtained from anamneses and physical examination on admittance. Variables studied were age, sex, skin color, weight, and height (indicated by the patient), when admitted to the ICU. Body mass index (BMI) was assessed using the height/weight formula<sup>2</sup>. Previous diseases, the medication in use, risk factors for coronary disease, and the therapeutics adopted were recorded. </p>
      <p>Risk factors investigated were familial history of ischemic heart disease, smoking, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, systemic blood hypertension, and alcohol consumption. Positive familial history included those that had first-degree relatives (age&lt;55 years old in males and&lt;65 years old in females) with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease or another type of atherosclerotic disease. Those patients who smoked regularly were considered smokers, and those who had quit smoking for at least one year were considered former-smokers. Patients who had a previous diagnosis of diabetes, those using hypoglycemic medication, and those with a fasting glycemia &gt;126 mg/dL, in previous examinations or during admission were considered diabetic. Patients with systolic blood pressure &gt;140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure &gt; 90 mm Hg, or with a diagnosis of systolic blood hypertension before hospital admission, and those using antihypertensive medication were considered as having systemic blood hypertension. Those patients who did not exercise regularly were considered sedentary individuals. Dyslipidemia was determined by the presence of increased serum levels of LDL-C or low serum levels of HDL-C or a serum increase in triglycerides (LDL-C &gt;130 mg/dL, HDL-C &lt;40 mg/dL, and TG &gt;150 mg/dL), or all of these. Patients with BMI &gt;25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were considered overweight. Regarding the use of alcohol, the investigation concerned its regular use. </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of hospital and posthospital complications was based in the patients' charts. All the complications described in the charts were recorded; however, only the following were considered hospital events: acute myocardial re-infarction, chest angina, heart failure, ventricular fibrillation (recovered cardiac and respiratory arrest), and death. After the first month of hospital discharge, the patients were called, and the charts were reviewed for posthospital events. Posthospital events analyzed were acute myocardial infarction, angina, HF, and readmission for procedures (PTCA and MRS). </p>
      <p>Five percent of the sample was lost to follow-up after hospital discharge (11 patients without telephone numbers, and without data for new appointments in the chart). </p>
      <p>Blood samples were collected and assessed in the clinical analysis laboratory. Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were assessed 3 times, using enzymatic kits (<italic>Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics</italic>). HDL-C was determined, using the heparine-2M Mncl2 method and assessed with the same enzymatic kit used for total plasma cholesterol. LDL-C and VLDL-C were estimated using Friedwald's formula in mg/dL. When triglycerides were over 400, LDL was assessed using the enzymatic method, in a <italic>Hitachi 902 appliance</italic>. From the lipid and proteic variables, TC/HDL-C ratio and LDL/HDL-C were calculated. Non-HDL cholesterol was calculated with the formula NON-HDL= total cholesterol - HDL-C. </p>
      <p>Glucose was dosed using commercially available kits (<italic>Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics</italic>). Fibrinogen was assessed with a <italic>CA 500 automated coagulation analyzer.</italic> Highly sensitive C-reactive protein was dosed using the <italic>Behring BN ll Nephelometer </italic> </p>
      <p>All laboratory specimens were collected in a single sample, after a 12-hour fast within the first 24 hours of the onset of an ischemic coronary event. Considering that most of the population studied was admitted to the hospital with ischemic syndrome of &lt; 6 hours evolution, the mean time for specimen collection was 18 hours, and the maximum time was 22 hours. </p>
      <p>Sample size was estimated with the EPI-INFO 6.0 program, in 182 patients, with an alpha error of 0.05%, power of 80% and an incidence of events of 40% in the exposed population an RR of 2.0. </p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was performed using the <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) 10.0 software. Numerical variables are described as mean and standard deviation, or medians and interquartile intervals (25-75%). Categorical variables are described as proportions. Chi-square tests were used for categorical variables and the Student <italic>t </italic>test or Mann Whitney's test for numerical variables. For the comparison between more than 2 groups (clinical syndromes), ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis were used. For all comparisons, a 5% significance level was considered. Additionally, a multivariate analysis was performed with multiple logistic regression to assess the predictor factors of events and mortality, including the variables with P &lt; 0.10 in the bi-variate analysis considered in the theoretical model. HF and AVC variables were discharged because of the low frequency of these diagnoses. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One hundred and ninety-nine patients with acute ischemic syndrome were assessed; 35% (69) were females and 65% (130) were males. Mean age of patients was 61&#177;12 years old. </p>
      <p> Regarding the type of acute ischemic syndrome, 17% (34) were admitted due to unstable angina, 12% (23) due to acute myocardial infarction without ST segment elevation, and 71% (142) due to acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation. The most common types of acute myocardial infarctions were extensive anterior infarction in 21% (42) of the patients, and dorsal or posterior myocardial infarction in 19% (37) of the patients. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> demonstrates the general characteristics of patients at the beginning of the study, the analysis of the possible association of these characteristics, and the occurrence of hospital and posthospital events. Of the characteristics assessed (sex, age, AMI, type of AIS, previous cardiovascular disease, coronary risk factors, and medications used), age (P = 0.03), diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction with or without ST segment elevation (P= 0.05), and the previous diagnosis of stroke (P = 0.03) and HF (P=0.02) were associated with the development of hospital events. None of the general characteristics assessed demonstrated a statistically significant association with posthospital outcome. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0122-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>It is important to note that 60% (118) of the patients from the population studied were hypertensive, 60.5% (129) were dyslipidemic, 42% (84) were smokers, and 55% had AMI above 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Forty percent of the patients were diagnosed with multiple metabolic disorders (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). </p>
      <p>Regarding lipid profile, 39.5% (79) of the patients had a normal lipid profile, 21.5% (43) had an increase in the total cholesterol, 17.0% (34) had hypertriglyceridemia, 11.5% (23) had low HDL-C, and 10.5% (21) had mixed dyslipidemia. Mean total cholesterol was 192 mg/dL, that of LDL-C was 118 mg/dL, that of HDL-C 46 mg/dL, and that of triglycerides was 137 mg/dL. Mean non-HDL cholesterol was 146 mg/dL, and the total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio was 4.36. No statistically significant difference was noted between the lipid variables and hospital and posthospital events (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). Only 11% of the patients were taking statins before the onset of acute ischemic syndrome (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>) </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0122-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Metabolic (glycemia) and inflammatory (fibrinogen and HSCRP) variables are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table III</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0122-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding glycemia, 19.6% of the patients had a previous diagnosis of diabetes. In our sample, 42.5% (85) had glycemia &gt; 126 mg/dL, with a 142 mg/dL mean. Altered glycemia was significantly associated with hospital events (P &lt; 0.01); however, it was not associated with posthospital events (P = 0.61). Among the patients with glycemia &gt;126 mg/dL, 57% (48 patients) had hospital events (4 acute myocardial reinfarction, 21 HF, 7 deaths) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig.1</xref>), and 19% (15 patients) had posthospital events, 14 were hospital admittances (2 acute myocardial reinfarction, 4 HF, and 5 angina). Of the patients who died in the hospital, 70% had elevated glucose. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0122-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Median HSCRP was 0.55 mg/L (0.24-1.84), demonstrating a statistically significant association with hospital events (P=0.03), the same did not occur with posthospital events (P=0.19). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the ratio between HSCRP levels and the incidence of hospital events where the same values occurred in patients with angina, heart failure, and those who died. However, in a multivariate analysis, HSCRP was not a predictor of hospital mortality. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0122-00006-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Fibrinogen was &gt; 277 mg/dL in 41% of patients, with a mean of 251 mg/dL. The difference for the association of fibrinogen with the incidence of hospital and posthospital events was not significant. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). </p>
      <p>The most frequent events during hospital admittance were heart failure in 23.1% (46) of patients, angina in 8.5% (17) of patients, ventricular fibrillation in 11.6% (23) of patients, and reinfarction in 5.5% (11) of patients. </p>
      <p>At hospital discharge, 76% (152) of patients were asymptomatic, 19% (38) were clinically stable, and 5% (10) died. Of these patients, 71.4% (142) underwent PTCA, 54% underwent primary PTCA, 2.5% (5) underwent PTCA and MRS, and 5% (10) of the patients underwent MRS. </p>
      <p>Of the 48 patients who experienced events 1 month after hospital discharge, 36 were admitted again, 11 patients (5.5%) because of angina, 7 patients (3.5%) because of heart failure, and 5 patients (2.5%) because of acute myocardial re-infarction. Additionally, 5 patients were admitted again to the hospital for procedures (MRS/PTCA). One sudden death occurred at home. </p>
      <p>In multiple regression logistics, the factors that remained as predictors of hospital mortality were age, previous acute myocardial infarction with or without ST segment elevation, and altered glycemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0122-00006-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The ratio between lipid profile and risk of cardiovascular diseases has been well demonstrated in clinical and observational studies<sup>32-34</sup>. </p>
      <p> These studies have demonstrated that the decrease in cholesterol, especially in LDL-C, helped to prevent coronary artery disease and to reduce coronary events, both in primary (WOSCOPS, AFCAPS/TexCAPS), and in the secondary prevention (4S,CARE, LIPID and HPS) <sup>13-17,35</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although in this study mean serum levels of total cholesterol (192 mg/dL), of LDL-C (118 mg/dL), HDL-C (46 mg/dL), and triglycerides (137 mg/dL) were not considered increased, it is important to note that 60.5% of patients had some alteration in lipid levels (21.5% had increased total cholesterol, 17% had hypertriglyceridemia, 11.5% had low HDL-C, and 10.5% had mixed dyslipidemia). Additionally, this is a high cardiovascular risk population with several risk factors as follows: 60% were hypertensive, 42% were smokers, 53.8% had a familial history of atherosclerotic disease, 42.5% had altered glycemia, and 55% had BMI above 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. These data reinforce those of the literature and call attention to the importance of associating risk factors to determine the risk of coronary events of an individual rather than assessing one isolated risk factor. Several studies have indicated that cholesterol levels decrease during acute myocardial infarction <sup>36-41</sup>. Lipid and lipoprotein variation after acute myocardial infarction occur within 24-48h after the onset of precordial pain and are made evident by decreases in total cholesterol (24% to 70% baseline), in LDL-C (31%), HDL-C (12-18%), and by increases in triglyceride levels (25%). In this study, samples were collected before the acute ischemic syndrome had evolved for 24 hours (mean time was 22h), to eliminate the possibility of an acute-phase reaction. A point to be considered to explain the results obtained is the current knowledge that individuals with comparable serum levels of LDL-C and HDL-C can also have fairly different levels of risk for coronary artery disease because of the differences in subclass distribution of these lipoproteins; however, this was not the objective of our study <sup>42</sup>. Patients with a predominance of small/dense LDL and/or small HDL had a very atherogenic profile. </p>
      <p>Clinical studies have demonstrated that systemic inflammation markers are strong predictors of clinical events in coronary artery disease <sup>43</sup>. CRP is a predictor of cardiovascular events. Liuzzo et al <sup>24 </sup>studied patients with stable angina, unstable angina, and acute myocardial infarction, using a cut point for normal/high HSCRP at 3 mg/L. Patients with unstable angina had greater serum concentrations of HSCRP than those patients with stable angina, more ischemic episodes, and greater risk of death than those patients with low HSCRP (4.8&#177;2.5/1.8 &#177;2.4; P=0.02). In patients with acute myocardial infarction, more increased levels of HSCRP are correlated with a greater area of myocardial necrosis<sup>44,45</sup>. In a retrospective study of 37 patients with acute myocardial infarction, HSCRP <underline>&gt;</underline>2 mg/L correlated with a greater risk of myocardial rupture <sup>46</sup>. In patients with unstable angina, HSCRP correlates with a greater risk of coronary events (acute myocardial infarction, need for angioplasty or myocardial revascularization surgery, or sudden death) <sup>47-49</sup>. </p>
      <p>Our study reinforces the data from the literature. HSCRP was significantly associated with a greater incidence of hospital events. No significant difference occurred between HSPCR levels and the incidence of posthospital events. </p>
      <p> CRP levels increased after acute myocardial infarction, reflecting the level of tissue lesion. Kushner et al <sup>50</sup> found a small increase in CRP after acute myocardial infarction, twice as much as the mean in 8h and a peak at 2-4 days, returning to baseline after 3-4 weeks. In acute ischemic syndrome, CRP may increase modestly,<sup>51</sup> and this increase seems to be restricted to patients with tissue necrosis demonstrated by the levels of troponin <sup>52</sup>. An isolated measure of CRP, after infarction, is not predictive of future events<sup>53</sup>, unless it is found right after the onset of symptoms and before the acute phase reaction <sup>54</sup>. Definition of increased levels of HSCRP has varied in different studies. These differences are because of the patients' characteristics, including age, obesity, smoking, DAC extension, regional differences (prevalence of <italic>C. pneumoniae</italic> or positivity for <italic>cytomegalovirus</italic>), use of medications that can affect CRP levels (aspirin, statins, estrogens) <sup>55</sup>. In the classification of risk for future cardiovascular events, HSCRP levels have been considered low when they were &lt; 1 mg/L; mild when they were 1 to 3 mg/L; and increased when they were &gt; 3 mg/dL. In our study, HSCRP was between 0.05 and 2.90 mg/L in approximately 90% of patients. Despite being an acute-phase marker, CRP has an individual variability similar to that associated with cholesterol tracking. Several investigators have recommended 2 measures of CRP using the mean or the lower value to determine vascular risk. This is a practice that is in accordance with cholesterol evaluation<sup>21</sup>. In the present study, HSCRP was assessed within the first 24h of the onset of the picture and by only one determination. </p>
      <p>Fibrinogen, an acute-phase marker, plays an important role in platelet compliance and aggregation. ECAT (<italic>European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study</italic>) <sup>27</sup> and PROCAM (<italic>Prospective Cardiovascular M&#252;nster</italic>) studies <sup>56</sup> demonstrated an interaction between total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and fibrinogen. In the ECAT study, the presence of moderate and high levels of fibrinogen increased the cardiovascular risk in individuals with hypercholesterolemia, whereas low levels of fibrinogen identified patients with smaller risk of events even in the presence of increased concentrations of cholesterol. In the PROCAM study, a greater risk of events in individuals with increased fibrinogen and LDL-C was observed. Becker et al <sup>29 </sup>verified that a fibrinogen level in the plasma &gt;300 mg/dL is associated with an increase in death, acute myocardial infarction and spontaneous ischemia in patients with angina and infarction without ST segment elevation. </p>
      <p>In our study, a statistically significant difference did not occur regarding the level of fibrinogen between events and the absence of events, in both hospital and posthospital events. Mean fibrinogen found in unstable angina was 262 mg/dL, in acute myocardial infarction it was 245 mg/dL, and in infarction with ST segment elevation it was 262 mg/dL. Patients experiencing hospital events had, on average, 242 mg/dL of fibrinogen, and patients with posthospital events had 251 mg/dL of fibrinogen. </p>
      <p>In the study performed, 42% of patients had altered glycemia (&gt;110 mg/dL), and only 19% had a previous diagnosis of diabetes. Among the patients with altered glycemia, 86% (72 patients) had infarction as an acute ischemic syndrome manifestation. Mean glycemia during hospital events was 157 mg/dL, and during posthospital events it was 143 mg/dL. Glycemia was significantly associated with hospital events (P = 0.01) and with hospital mortality (P = 0.002). Among the deaths occurring in the hospital phase, 70% of the patients had elevated glucose. </p>
      <p>Epidemiologic studies <sup>57</sup> demonstrates that individuals with diabetes mellitus present have a relative risk for cardiovascular disease increased 2 to 4 times, when compared with individuals without diabetes. Some studies show that, in patients with diabetes, the risk of cardiovascular disease increases with the elevation of glucose concentration in the plasma. Patients with uncontrolled diabetes, increase in fasting glycemia, or increase in glycated hemoglobin, have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality, when compared with individuals with controlled glycemia. <sup>58-60</sup>. Haffner et al <sup>61</sup> assessed cardiovascular mortality for an 8-year period in diabetic and nondiabetic patients, with or without previous acute myocardial infarction; they concluded that the mortality of a diabetic individual without previous infarction is equal to the mortality of a nondiabetic individual with previous acute myocardial infarction. Wahab et al<sup>62</sup> determined that blood glucose is an independent risk factor of mortality in acute myocardial infarction, in the thromboembolic age, in 1664 patients. They concluded that hyperglycemia is associated with a worse evolution of acute myocardial infarction even in patients without a previous diagnosis of diabetes and that hyperglycemia added greater risk, regardless of body mass index or history of increased glucose, suggesting that its status <italic>per se</italic> may contribute to an adverse outcome or may be a key marker. Several studies <sup>63-65</sup> suggest that hyperglycemia, in nondiabetic patients is, in fact, undiagnosed diabetes. Furthermore, studies suggest a role of stress in the increase of glucose in acute myocardial infarction; however, it is not clear whether this leads to a worse evolution or whether it is only a marker of a worse prognosis. Stress hyperglycemia may be a marker of extensive myocardial damage <sup>66</sup>. Hyperglycemia, both acute and chronic, is also related to involvement of endothelial function<sup>67,68</sup>, catecholamine release, decrease in insulin sensitivity <sup>69</sup> and osmotic diuresis. The last leads to a decrease in myocardial contractility <sup>70</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our study, hospital mortality was 5%, and posthospital mortality was 0.5% in 60 days. In the logistic regression, the mortality predictors were age, previous acute myocardial infarction with or without ST segment elevation, and altered glycemia. </p>
      <p>Our data reinforce the importance of differentiating the role of risk factors for a disease and that of the factor predictive of events (prognostic factor). We have studied a population with several classic risk factors for coronary disease, such as dyslipidemia, smoking, systemic blood hypertension, positive familial history of ischemic heart disease, but these risk factors do not contribute to worsen the prognosis of this group of patients. The increase of inflammatory markers, such as HSCRP, and metabolic markers, such as glycemia were related to a greater incidence of hospital events. Regarding increased glycemia, it also contributed to a greater risk of hospital mortality. Therefore, casual factors are not necessarily correlated to a worse prognosis of acute ischemic syndrome. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, this study did not find any association between lipid profile and fibrinogen with the hospital and posthospital outcome in patients with acute ischemic syndrome. High sensitivity C-reactive protein and altered glycemia were associated with a greater incidence of hospital events but were not significantly associated with posthospital events. The mortality predictors were age, previous acute myocardial infarction with or without ST segment elevation, and altered glycemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Vera L&#250;cia Portal</p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370</p>
          <p> Epidemiologia - Cep 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="verap.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">verap.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 12/09/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 03/17/2004</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
