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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TdDSmjP5nMNctdTJyY4yb6v</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000200005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000200005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A administra&#231;&#227;o precoce de horm&#244;nio de crescimento resulta em efeitos delet&#233;rios na remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sugisaki</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Vit&#243;ria</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>115</fpage>
      <lpage>121</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Verificar a a&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio de crescimento (GH) sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em ratos infartados. M&#201;TODOS: Ratos Wistar foram submetidos ao infarto e tratados com GH (IAM-GH; n=8), ou com o ve&#237;culo (IAM; n=8). Ratos controles foram submetidos ao infarto simulado (C; n=8). Ap&#243;s 30 dias, os animais foram submetidos ao estudo funcional por meio de ecocardiograma e as altera&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica estudadas no m&#250;sculo papilar isolado do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). RESULTADOS: O ecocardiograma identificou aumento nos di&#226;metros (mm) diast&#243;lico (C=7,32&#177;0,49; IAM=8,50&#177;0,73; IAM-GH= 9,34&#177; 0,73; P&lt;0,05) e sist&#243;lico (C=3,38&#177;0,47, IAM= 5,16&#177;1,24; IAM-GH=5,96&#177;1,54; P&lt;0,05) no VE dos animais com infarto. Os animais do grupo IAM-GH apresentaram menor fra&#231;&#227;o (%) de eje&#231;&#227;o (C=0,9&#177;0,03; IAM=0,76&#177;0,12; IAM-GH=0,72&#177;0,14; P&lt;0,05 para C vs IAM-GH) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles. O estudo do m&#250;sculo papilar isolado do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mostrou que o grupo IAM-GH apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es (C=1,50&#177;0,59; IAM= 1,28&#177;0,38; IAM-GH=1,98&#177;0,41; P&lt;0,05 para C vs IAM-GH) somente na tens&#227;o de repouso (TR - g/mm&#178;) e no delta do tempo para a tens&#227;o desenvolvida decrescer 50% (TR50, ms) ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o com c&#225;lcio (C=23,75&#177;9,16; IAM=-16,56&#177;14,82; IAM-GH=-4,69&#177;8,39; P&lt;0,05 para C vs IAM-GH) e no delta da tens&#227;o desenvolvida (TD, g/mm&#178;) ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o com isoproterenol (C=0,99&#177;0,17; IAM=0,54&#177;0,62; IAM-GH= 0,08&#177;0,75; P&lt;0,05 para C vs IAM-GH), em rela&#231;&#227;o aos animais controle. CONCLUS&#195;O: A administra&#231;&#227;o precoce do GH no modelo de infarto experimental em ratos pode resultar em efeitos adversos no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>hipertrofia</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiograma</kwd>
        <kwd>m&#250;sculo papilar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A administra&#231;&#227;o precoce de horm&#244;nio de crescimento resulta em efeitos delet&#233;rios na remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; G. Mill; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff; Marina P. Okoshi; Katashi Okoshi; Carlos R. Padovani; M&#225;rio Sugisaki; Cl&#225;udia M. Leite; Ant&#244;nio C. Cicogna</bold>
    </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de Vit&#243;ria e Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Verificar a a&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio de crescimento (GH) sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em ratos infartados. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Ratos Wistar foram submetidos ao infarto e tratados com GH (IAM-GH; n=8), ou com o ve&#237;culo (IAM; n=8). Ratos controles foram submetidos ao infarto simulado (C; n=8). Ap&#243;s 30 dias, os animais foram submetidos ao estudo funcional por meio de ecocardiograma e as altera&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica estudadas no m&#250;sculo papilar isolado do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> O ecocardiograma identificou aumento nos di&#226;metros (mm) diast&#243;lico (C=7,32&#177;0,49; IAM=8,50&#177;0,73; IAM-GH= 9,34&#177; 0,73; P&lt;0,05) e sist&#243;lico (C=3,38&#177;0,47, IAM= 5,16&#177;1,24; IAM-GH=5,96&#177;1,54; P&lt;0,05) no VE dos animais com infarto. Os animais do grupo IAM-GH apresentaram menor fra&#231;&#227;o (%) de eje&#231;&#227;o (C=0,9&#177;0,03; IAM=0,76&#177;0,12; IAM-GH=0,72&#177;0,14; P&lt;0,05 para C vs IAM-GH) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles. O estudo do m&#250;sculo papilar isolado do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mostrou que o grupo IAM-GH apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es (C=1,50&#177;0,59; IAM= 1,28&#177;0,38; IAM-GH=1,98&#177;0,41; P&lt;0,05 para C vs IAM-GH) somente na tens&#227;o de repouso (TR - g/mm<sup>2</sup>) e no delta do tempo para a tens&#227;o desenvolvida decrescer 50% (TR50, ms) ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o com c&#225;lcio (C=23,75&#177;9,16; IAM=-16,56&#177;14,82; IAM-GH=-4,69&#177;8,39; P&lt;0,05 para C vs IAM-GH) e no delta da tens&#227;o desenvolvida (TD, g/mm<sup>2</sup>) ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o com isoproterenol (C=0,99&#177;0,17; IAM=0,54&#177;0,62; IAM-GH= 0,08&#177;0,75; P&lt;0,05 para C vs IAM-GH), em rela&#231;&#227;o aos animais controle. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A administra&#231;&#227;o precoce do GH no modelo de infarto experimental em ratos pode resultar em efeitos adversos no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> hipertrofia, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, ecocardiograma, m&#250;sculo papilar</p>
    <p> O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio determina complexas altera&#231;&#245;es da arquitetura ventricular, envolvendo tanto a regi&#227;o infartada como a regi&#227;o n&#227;o infartada. Seguindo-se &#224; oclus&#227;o coronariana, podemos observar dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular aguda, caracterizada por adelga&#231;amento e distens&#227;o da regi&#227;o comprometida. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o &#233; denominada expans&#227;o do infarto e resulta do deslizamento de grupos musculares necr&#243;ticos em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da desintegra&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno interfibrilar<sup>1</sup>. Na fase tardia do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, podem ser observados diferentes graus de dilata&#231;&#227;o cavit&#225;ria. Esse fen&#244;meno &#233; resultado do processo de hipertrofia card&#237;aca do tipo exc&#234;ntrica, que parece se manifestar como resposta ao aumento do estresse parietal. Paralelamente, foi demonstrado que h&#225; ac&#250;mulo anormal de col&#225;geno, fibrose, nas &#225;reas vi&#225;veis do mioc&#225;rdio, tanto no ventr&#237;culo infartado como no outro ventr&#237;culo. Esse conjunto de adapta&#231;&#245;es, em que ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es na composi&#231;&#227;o, massa, volume e geometria card&#237;aca &#233; chamado de remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>2-4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Uma das caracter&#237;sticas mais marcantes da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; que esse processo resulta, invariavelmente, em queda progressiva da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Inicialmente, em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do crescimento celular, a remodela&#231;&#227;o pode contribuir para manter ou restaurar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Cronicamente, entretanto, ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas, gen&#233;ticas e estruturais que v&#227;o resultar em disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular progressiva<sup>2-4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Assim, in&#250;meras estrat&#233;gias v&#234;m sendo utilizadas para prevenir ou atenuar o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>2-4</sup>. Algumas evid&#234;ncias experimentais e cl&#237;nicas sugerem que a administra&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nio do crescimento (GH), na fase adulta da vida, pode resultar em altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais capazes de modular a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>5,6</sup>. A administra&#231;&#227;o de GH, iniciado semanas ap&#243;s o infarto em animais, resultou em melhora morfol&#243;gica e funcional<sup>7-10</sup>.No entanto, os efeitos da administra&#231;&#227;o precoce de horm&#244;nio de crescimento ap&#243;s o infarto ainda n&#227;o foram estudados. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a a&#231;&#227;o da administra&#231;&#227;o precoce de horm&#244;nio de crescimento no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos submetidos ao infarto experimental por ligadura coronariana. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O protocolo experimental deste estudo foi conduzido em conformidade com os Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos na Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal adotados pelo Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal. </p>
    <p>Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos, pesando entre 200 e 250gr. O infarto foi produzido de acordo com m&#233;todo previamente descrito<sup>11,12</sup>. Os ratos foram anestesiados com &#233;ter e submetidos &#224; toracotomia lateral esquerda. Ap&#243;s exterioriza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, o &#225;trio esquerdo foi afastado e a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda ligada com fio mono-nailon 6.0 entre a sa&#237;da da art&#233;ria pulmonar e o &#225;trio esquerdo. A seguir, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi retornado ao t&#243;rax, os pulm&#245;es inflados com press&#227;o positiva e o t&#243;rax fechado por suturas com algod&#227;o 1.0. O grupo controle foi submetido a uma cirurgia fict&#237;cia, sem oclus&#227;o coronariana. </p>
    <p>Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas para recupera&#231;&#227;o, alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o comercial padr&#227;o e livre acesso &#224; &#225;gua, com controle de luz (ciclos de 12h), temperatura de aproximadamente 25&#186;C. </p>
    <p>Imediatamente ap&#243;s a cirurgia os animais sobreviventes foram divididos em 3 grupos: grupo controle (C, n=8), formado pelos animais com cirurgia fict&#237;cia e tratados com o diluente do horm&#244;nio de crescimento (com composi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o revelada); grupo IAM-GH (n=8): constitu&#237;do pelos animais infartados e tratados por via intramuscular com horm&#244;nio de crescimento (0,4 UI/dia) e grupo IAM (n=8), composto pelos animais infartados e tamb&#233;m tratados com o diluente do horm&#244;nio de crescimento. Os tratamentos com horm&#244;nio de crescimento ou diluente foram iniciados entre 12-24h ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coronariana. Ampolas de horm&#244;nio de crescimento e do diluente foram gentilmente fornecidas pela NovoNordisk (S&#227;o Paulo). </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s 30 dias de tratamento, os animais foram anestesiados com cloridrato de cetamina (50mg/kg) e cloridrato de xilidino (1mg/kg) por via intramuscular para o estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico. Ap&#243;s tricotomia da regi&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax, os animais foram posicionados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo para realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma com ecocardi&#243;grafo Hewlett-Packard (modelo Sonos 2000) equipado com transdutor eletr&#244;nico de 7,5 MHz. A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos fluxos foi realizada com o mesmo transdutor operando em 5,0 MHz. Para medir as estruturas card&#237;acas, utilizamos imagens em modo-M com o feixe de ultra-som orientado pela imagem bidimensional com o transdutor na posi&#231;&#227;o para-esternal eixo menor. A imagem da cavidade ventricular esquerda foi obtida posicionando o cursor do modo-M logo abaixo do plano da valva mitral entre os m&#250;sculos papilares. As imagens da aorta e do &#225;trio esquerdo tamb&#233;m foram obtidas na posi&#231;&#227;o para-esternal eixo menor com o cursor do modo-M posicionado ao n&#237;vel da valva a&#243;rtica. O registro da imagem monodimensional (velocidade: 100 mm/s) foi realizado por meio da impressora modelo UP-890MD da Sony Co. Posteriormente, as estruturas card&#237;acas foram medidas manualmente com o aux&#237;lio de um paqu&#237;metro de precis&#227;o, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic><sup>13</sup> e j&#225; validadas no modelo de ratos infartados<sup>14</sup>. As estruturas card&#237;acas foram medidas em, pelo menos, cinco ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos. O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) e a espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (EDVE) foram medidos no momento correspondente ao di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo da cavidade. O di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE) foi medido no momento de m&#225;xima excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica da parede posterior da cavidade. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi avaliada calculando-se a porcentagem de encurtamento sist&#243;lico {(DDVE-DSVE)/DDVE x 100} e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o {(DDVE<sup>3</sup>-DSVE<sup>3</sup>)/DDVE<sup>3</sup> }. O fluxo diast&#243;lico transmitral (ondas E e A) foi obtido com o transdutor na posi&#231;&#227;o apical quatro c&#226;maras. As medidas referentes aos fluxos foram realizadas diretamente no monitor do ecocardi&#243;grafo. </p>
    <p>O estudo do m&#250;sculo papilar isolado foi realizado de acordo com procedimentos anteriormente descritos<sup>15-16</sup> tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia. O estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica foi realizado em m&#250;sculos papilares anteriores do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Os m&#250;sculos foram obtidos ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitonial de pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50 mg/kg). O rato foi decapitado, o t&#243;rax aberto, o cora&#231;&#227;o removido rapidamente e colocado em solu&#231;&#227;o de KrebsHenseleit, &#224; temperatura de 28&#186;C, previamente oxigenada (10min) com 95% de oxig&#234;nio (O<sub>2</sub>) e 5% de di&#243;xido de carbono (CO<sub>2</sub>). Ap&#243;s disseca&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito e corte no septo interventricular, o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi dividido em duas partes, cada uma contendo o seu m&#250;sculo papilar, que, em seguida, foram cuidadosamente dissecados numa c&#226;mara contendo solu&#231;&#227;o de KrebsHenseleit, adequadamente oxigenada e aquecida a 28&#186;C. Os m&#250;sculos papilares, ap&#243;s terem as suas extremidades presas a dois an&#233;is de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel, foram, rapidamente, transferidos para uma c&#226;mara de vidro contendo solu&#231;&#227;o de KrebsHenseleit, constantemente oxigenada com 95% de O<sub>2</sub> e 5% de CO<sub>2</sub> e mantida &#224; temperatura de 28&#186;C, gra&#231;as ao uso de banho circulante. A composi&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o de KrebsHenseleit, em milimoles por litro, foi: 118,5 NaCl; 4,69 KCl; 1,25 CaCl<sub>2</sub>; 1,16 MgSO<sub>4</sub>; 1,18 KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>; 5,50 glicose e 25,88 NaHCO<sub>3</sub>. A press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio da solu&#231;&#227;o foi mantida entre 550 a 600 mmHg. Os m&#250;sculos papilares foram mantidos em posi&#231;&#227;o vertical nas c&#226;maras de vidro. O anel inferior foi ligado a fio de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel de 0,031 cm de di&#226;metro, que encontra-se conectado ao transdutor de for&#231;a (Kyowa 120T20B). O anel superior foi conectado a outro fio de a&#231;o, semelhante ao anterior, preso &#224; extremidade do bra&#231;o longo de uma alavanca isot&#244;nica. Sobre essa extremidade h&#225; micr&#244;metro que, controlando a extens&#227;o dos movimentos da alavanca, permitia ajustar o comprimento do m&#250;sculo na fase de relaxamento muscular. O estiramento inicial das fibras musculares foi realizado com carga de pequeno peso (pr&#233;carga) suspensa na extremidade do bra&#231;o curto da alavanca, constru&#237;da em alum&#237;nio; sendo r&#237;gida e leve, com a raz&#227;o entre os bra&#231;os longo e curto &#233; de 4:1. </p>
    <p>Os m&#250;sculos foram estimulados 12 vezes por minuto por meio de eletrodos de platina tipo agulha, acoplados a estimulador el&#233;trico programado para liberar est&#237;mulos em onda quadrada de 5 ms. A voltagem do est&#237;mulo era ajustada para valor 10% maior que o m&#237;nimo necess&#225;rio para provocar resposta mec&#226;nica m&#225;xima do m&#250;sculo. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional, as vari&#225;veis foram estudadas em condi&#231;&#245;es basais e ap&#243;s tr&#234;s diferentes est&#237;mulos inotr&#243;picos: p&#243;s-pausa compensat&#243;ria, aumento na concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio de 1,25 mM para 5,2 mM e estimula&#231;&#227;o beta-adren&#233;rgica obtida pela adi&#231;&#227;o de isoproterenol ao banho de perfus&#227;o (concentra&#231;&#227;o final de 10<sup>-6</sup> M de isoproterenol na solu&#231;&#227;o nutriente). </p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicos usados para caracterizar os m&#250;sculos papilares foram: comprimento (mm) e &#225;rea seccional (mm<sup>2</sup>). O comprimento <italic>in vitro</italic>, em L<sub>max </sub>(estiramento no qual a for&#231;a &#233; m&#225;xima), foi obtido com catet&#244;metro Gartner. A &#225;rea seccional foi calculada a partir de medidas do di&#226;metro do segmento central, assumindo-se que o m&#250;sculo tem forma geom&#233;trica cil&#237;ndrica e peso espec&#237;fico 1,0. A contratilidade foi avaliada a partir das medidas: tens&#227;o de repouso (TR); tens&#227;o desenvolvida (TD), definida como a diferen&#231;a entre o pico de tens&#227;o e a TR; tempo para desenvolvimento de tens&#227;o ativa m&#225;xima (TPT) e, finalmente, o tempo para ocorrer 50% do relaxamento total (TR50). A velocidade do aumento e decr&#233;scimo da tens&#227;o em cada contra&#231;&#227;o foi determinada a partir da derivada de tens&#227;o (+dT/dt e -dT/dt, respectivamente). </p>
    <p>O peso &#250;mido do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e direito, normalizado para peso corp&#243;reo final do rato (PC), foi utilizado como &#237;ndice de hipertrofia ventricular. </p>
    <p>O conte&#250;do de &#225;gua dos tecidos foi avaliado pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre peso &#250;mido e seco dos tecidos do f&#237;gado, pulm&#227;o e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p>Os dados morfom&#233;tricos e do estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico foram analisados por meio da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia complementada com o teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Tukey. Os resultados do estudo funcional com o m&#250;sculo papilar foram analisados por meio da an&#225;lise de medidas repetidas dos perfis m&#233;dios dos grupos complementada com os testes de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi fixado em 5%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis estruturais dos animais encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. Podemos observar que o horm&#244;nio de crescimento n&#227;o interferiu com o tamanho do infarto. O peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ajustado para o peso corp&#243;reo final (mg/g) dos ratos foi maior no grupo IAM-GH em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo IAM (C=1,938&#177;0,137; IAM=1,924&#177;0,135; IAM-GH=2,076&#177;0,114; P&lt;0,05 para IAM vs IAM-GH). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica das outras vari&#225;veis quando da compara&#231;&#227;o entre os 3 grupos. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0115-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref> s&#227;o apresentados os valores obtidos no estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico. O ecocardiograma identificou aumento nos DDVE (C=7,32&#177;0,49; IAM=8,50&#177;0,73; IAM-GH=9,34&#177;0,73 mm; P&lt;0,05) e DSVE (C=3,38&#177;0,47, IAM=5,16&#177;1,24; IAM-GH=5,96&#177;1,54 mm; P&lt;0,05) nos animais com infarto, sendo que somente os animais IAM-GH apresentaram maiores DDVE/PC (C=21,16&#177;1,60; IAM=25,41&#177;4,74; IAM-GH=25,78&#177;3,02 mm/kg; P&lt;0,05 para C vs IAM-GH) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles. Os animais do grupo IAM-GH apresentaram menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (C=0,90&#177;0,03;IAM=0.76&#177;0,12;IAM-GH=0,72&#177;0,14; P&lt;0,05 para C vs IAM-GH) e de encurtamento (C=53,10&#177;7,05; IAM=40,80&#177;15,65;IAM-GH=35,80&#177;22,20; P&lt;0,05 para C vs IAM-GH) que os animais do grupo controle. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0115-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os resultados do estudo funcional com m&#250;sculo papilar isolado e estimula&#231;&#227;o inotr&#243;pica com pausa na contra&#231;&#227;o encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref>. Os animais do grupo IAM-GH apresentaram maiores valores da tens&#227;o de repouso que os animais dos outros grupos em condi&#231;&#245;es basais (C=1,39&#177;0,35; IAM=1,22&#177;0,35; IAM-GH=1,83&#177;0,58 g/mm<sup>2</sup>; P&lt;0,05). Ap&#243;s a pausa, podemos observar o mesmo comportamento que na situa&#231;&#227;o controle (C=1,39&#177;0,32; IAM=1,25&#177;0,37; IAM-GH=1,85&#177;0,56 g/mm<sup>2</sup>; P&lt;0,05). Para as outras vari&#225;veis, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0115-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os resultados da resposta inotr&#243;pica ap&#243;s aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio no meio de perfus&#227;o de 1,25 mM para 5,2 mM acham-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela IV</xref>. O grupo IAM-GH apresentou aumento na TR nas condi&#231;&#245;es basais (C=1,50&#177;0,59; IAM=1,28&#177;0,38; IAM-GH=1,98&#177;0,41; P&lt;0,05 para C vs IAM-GH) e diminui&#231;&#227;o no delta da TR50 ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o com c&#225;lcio (C=23,75&#177;9,16; IAM=16,56&#177;14,82; IAM-GH=4,69&#177;8,39 ms; P&lt;0,05 para C vs IAM-GH). Para as outras vari&#225;veis, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre os 3 grupos. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0115-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os resultados da estimula&#231;&#227;o inotr&#243;pica com isoproterenol est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela V</xref>. O grupo IAM-GH apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es no delta da TD (C=0,99&#177;0,17; IAM=0,54&#177;0,62; IAM-GH= 0,08&#177;0,75; P&lt;0,05 para C vs IAM-GH) ap&#243;s o isoproterenol. Para as outras vari&#225;veis, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre os 3 grupos. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0115-00005-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O objetivo do nosso estudo foi analisar os efeitos da administra&#231;&#227;o precoce do horm&#244;nio de crescimento nas altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais que ocorrem ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio produzido experimentalmente em ratos. Para tanto, os animais foram estudados por meio do ecocardiograma e da prepara&#231;&#227;o com m&#250;sculo papilar isolado. Nestes, foram analisados os comportamentos funcionais dos m&#250;sculos em condi&#231;&#245;es basais e ap&#243;s tr&#234;s tipos de interven&#231;&#245;es que cursam com inotropismo positivo: a contra&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa, o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio e adi&#231;&#227;o de isoproterenol ao banho de perfus&#227;o. Essas manobras permitem identificar anormalidades funcionais n&#227;o detectadas em condi&#231;&#245;es basais, al&#233;m de identificar os mecanismos envolvidos nas disfun&#231;&#245;es da contra&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco secund&#225;rias a diversos tipos de inj&#250;ria. </p>
    <p>O nosso estudo indica que a administra&#231;&#227;o precoce de horm&#244;nio de crescimento foi acompanhada de aumento da massa e das dimens&#245;es da cavidade ventricular esquerda em ratos com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es foram acompanhadas por piora de algumas vari&#225;veis funcionais card&#237;acas, como a queda na fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento e na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Assim, o conjunto de nossos resultados sugere que o uso precoce de horm&#244;nio de crescimento pode resultar em efeitos adversos no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Devemos destacar que a piora da remodela&#231;&#227;o no grupo horm&#244;nio de crescimento ocorreu sem que o horm&#244;nio tivesse tido influ&#234;ncia no tamanho do infarto. </p>
    <p>Um dos aspectos principais de nosso trabalho refere-se ao fato de que o infarto resultou em aumento da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A administra&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nio de crescimento foi acompa nhada por aumento adicional da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, identificado pelo ecocardiograma e pela an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica. Observamos tamb&#233;m que essa hipertrofia foi acompanhada por aumento da cavidade ventricular esquerda que, a exemplo do aumento da massa, foi maior no grupo tratado com horm&#244;nio de crescimento. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, no grupo horm&#244;nio de crescimento houve diminui&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a espessura da parede e o di&#226;metro da cavidade. O conjunto desses dados indica que o horm&#244;nio de crescimento intensificou a hipertrofia ventricular de padr&#227;o exc&#234;ntrico. </p>
    <p>Outro aspecto relevante de nosso estudo foi que no grupo infartado e tratado com horm&#244;nio de crescimento, a hipertrofia card&#237;aca foi acompanhada de acentua&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular produzida pelo infarto. O estudo funcional <italic>in vivo </italic>pelo ecocardiograma identificou menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e de encurtamento nos animais tratados com horm&#244;nio de crescimento. De outro modo, o estudo <italic>in vitro </italic>no m&#250;sculo papilar isolado evidenciou altera&#231;&#245;es em algumas vari&#225;veis. Em condi&#231;&#245;es basais, foram identificadas altera&#231;&#245;es na tens&#227;o de repouso nos animais infartados tratados com horm&#244;nio de crescimento. Do mesmo modo, a estimula&#231;&#227;o inotr&#243;pica tamb&#233;m evidenciou algumas altera&#231;&#245;es, j&#225; que o aumento do c&#225;lcio causou menor varia&#231;&#227;o (delta) na TR50, enquanto que o isoproterenol resultou em menor delta na tens&#227;o de repouso nos ratos do grupo horm&#244;nio de crescimento. </p>
    <p>Outros autores analisaram os efeitos da administra&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio de crescimento na fase adulta na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Em ratos normais, o horm&#244;nio de crescimento resultou em hipertrofia card&#237;aca sem aumento de fibrose. Essa resposta foi acompanhada por aumento da contratilidade, altera&#231;&#245;es na g&#234;nese dos potenciais de a&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acos e vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica. Em humanos em fases precoces da acromegalia, observou-se aumento do d&#233;bito e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sinais compat&#237;veis com s&#237;ndrome hipercin&#233;tica<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em situa&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas, considerando estudos experimentais, Yang e cols. analisaram os efeitos do horm&#244;nio de crescimento (2 mg/kg/dia), iniciado 4 semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o de grandes infartos em ratos. Ap&#243;s 13 dias de tratamento, os animais do grupo tratado apresentaram aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, do volume sist&#243;lico e da primeira derivada de press&#227;o, acompanhados de diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o dist&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais n&#227;o tratados<sup>7</sup>. No mesmo modelo de infartos grandes em ratos, a administra&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nio de crescimento resultou em atenua&#231;&#227;o do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 3 semanas de tratamento<sup>8</sup>. Recentemente, observou-se que o horm&#244;nio de crescimento resultou em aumento no RNA mensageiro para a bomba de c&#225;lcio do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (SERCA-2), diminui&#231;&#227;o da apoptose e do ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno em ratos infartados. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es foram acompanhadas por melhora funcional e prolonga&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida<sup>9,10</sup>. Devemos considerar, entretanto, que os benef&#237;cios do GH n&#227;o foram consistentes em todos os estudos. Em outro estudo tamb&#233;m realizado no modelo de infarto em ratos, a administra&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio de crescimento (2 mg/kg/d) resultou em melhora discreta da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, mas sem efeitos em vari&#225;veis da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos estudos cl&#237;nicos que avaliaram o papel do horm&#244;nio de crescimento em situa&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas, j&#225; foi documentado que pacientes com infarto gudo do mioc&#225;rdio apresentam eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nio de crescimento nas primeiras 24h ap&#243;s o infarto<sup>18</sup>. Considerando que os n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nio de crescimento relacionaram-se com o tamanho do infarto e com a mortalidade, especulou-se que o horm&#244;nio de crescimento poderia participar dos eventos fisiopatol&#243;gicos do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-infarto em humanos<sup>19, 20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Um aspecto relevante &#233; que os estudos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m apresentaram resultados conflitantes com a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nio de crescimento. Em estudo com 7 pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada, a adminstra&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nio de crescimento por 3 meses resultou em aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, com queda do estresse sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>18</sup>. Entretanto, esses achados preliminares sobre os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do horm&#244;nio de crescimento em casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular n&#227;o foram comprovados em estudos rand&#244;micos<sup>21,22</sup>. Portanto, os efeitos do horm&#244;nio de crescimento em casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e/ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente esclarecidos. </p>
    <p>Algumas teorias foram levantadas para explicar os dados conflitantes apresentados na literatura. V&#225;rios fatores s&#227;o considera dos importantes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos da administra&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio de crescimento em modelos de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Assim, o uso de horm&#244;nio de crescimento humano em animais de experimenta&#231;&#227;o, diferen&#231;as na dose administrada, o tempo do tratamento, bem como a etiologia da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, poderiam justificar as diferen&#231;as observadas nos estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais. </p>
    <p>O nosso estudo apresenta duas caracter&#237;sticas que o diferencia de outros trabalhos experimentais que estudaram os efeitos do horm&#244;nio de crescimento ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Em primeiro lugar, os estudos citados usaram animais com grandes infartos, maiores que 35% do total da circunfer&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, os animais apresentavam sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca importante. Nosso estudo utilizou animais com infartos pequenos (variando de 16,7 a 30,6%) e, portanto, com altera&#231;&#245;es discretas da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Assim, nossos dados, em conjunto com os resultados observados na literatura, sugerem que o grau da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pode ser fator determinante dos efeitos do horm&#244;nio de crescimento ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Outra peculiaridade do nosso trabalho &#233; que, enquanto outros estudos introduziram o horm&#244;nio de crescimento ap&#243;s semanas da indu&#231;&#227;o do infarto, os nossos animais come&#231;aram a receber o horm&#244;nio de crescimento imediatamente ap&#243;s o infarto. Esse fato sugere que o horm&#244;nio de crescimento possa interferir de maneira delet&#233;ria com os fen&#244;menos fisiopatol&#243;gicos que ocorrem na fase precoce p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, particularmente o processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o e a expans&#227;o do infarto. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos mecanismos envolvidos na g&#234;nese da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular induzida pelo horm&#244;nio de crescimento, podemos observar que, em nosso estudo, n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a no comportamento funcional ap&#243;s a manobra de pausa da contra&#231;&#227;o. Considerando que essa manobra analisa a integridade do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico<sup>23</sup>, podemos concluir que esse sistema n&#227;o foi afetado pelo horm&#244;nio de crescimento. Por outro lado, sua administra&#231;&#227;o resultou em menor delta de algumas vari&#225;veis funcionais com o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio, bem como ap&#243;s o isoproterenol. Assim, nossos dados indicam que podem ter ocorrido depress&#227;o na responsividade ao c&#225;lcio e da via beta-adren&#233;rgica. Devemos observar, entretanto, que essas altera&#231;&#245;es do m&#250;sculo papilar foram apenas em algumas vari&#225;veis isoladas, o que poderia indicar fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica preservada. Deste modo, apesar da fun&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo n&#227;o estar seriamente comprometida, o horm&#244;nio de crescimento resultou em fun&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara ventricular esquerda deprimida. Os nossos resultados est&#227;o de acordo com o conceito de que a geometria desempenha papel relevante na fisiopatologia da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular no cora&#231;&#227;o remodelado, provavelmente pelo aumento do estresse parietal<sup>24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nossos resultados sugerem que, no modelo de infarto experimental em ratos, a administra&#231;&#227;o precoce do horm&#244;nio de crescimento pode resultar em efeitos adversos no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> FM - Clinica Medica - s/n&#186; </p>
        <p> Cep 18618-000 Botucatu - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lzornoff@cardiol.br">lzornoff@cardiol.br</email> / </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br">lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 08/01/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 01/07/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Matsubara BB, Zornoff LAM. Matriz col&#225;gena    intersticial e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a expans&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica    no infarto agudo. Arq Bras Cardiol 1995; 64: 559-63. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Matriz col&#225;gena intersticial e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a expans&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no infarto agudo</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>559</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
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              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Zornoff LAM, Cicogna AC, Paiva SAR, Spadaro    J. Remodelamento e seu impacto na progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o    ventricular. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo 2002; 12: 371-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Remodelamento e seu impacto na progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>371</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zornoff</surname>
              <given-names>LAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cicogna</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paiva</surname>
              <given-names>SAR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spadaro</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The early administration of growth hormone results in deleterious effects on ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of growth hormone (GH) on myocardial remodeling in infarcted rats. METHODS: This study comprised 24 Wistar rats divided into 3 groups as follows: 1) AMI-GH group - comprising 8 rats that underwent infarction and were treated with GH; 2) AMI group - comprising 8 rats that underwent infarction and received only the diluent of the GH solution; and 3) control group (C group) - comprising 8 rats that underwent simulated infarction. After 30 days, the animals underwent functional study through echocardiography, and the changes in myocardial contractility of the isolated left ventricular (LV) papillary muscle were studied. RESULTS:The echocardiography identified an increase in the diastolic (C=7.32&#177;0.49; AMI=8.50&#177;0.73; AMI-GH=9.34&#177;0.73; P&lt;0.05) and systolic (C=3.38&#177;0.47, AMI=5.16&#177;1.24; AMI-GH=5.96&#177;1.54; P&lt;0.05) diameters (mm) in the LV of the infarcted animals. The AMI-GH group animals had a lower ejection fraction (%) (C=0.9&#177;0.03; AMI=0.76&#177;0.12; AMI-GH= 0.72&#177; 0.14; P&lt;0.05 for C vs AMI-GH) compared with those in controls. The study of the isolated left ventricular papillary muscle showed that the AMI-GH group had changes (C= 1.50&#177;0.59; AMI= 1.28&#177;0.38; AMI-GH=1.98&#177;0.41; P&lt;0.05 for C vs AMI-GH) only in the tension at rest (TR - g/mm&#178;) and in the time delta for a 50% decrease in the tension developed (TR50, ms) after stimulation with calcium (C=23.75&#177;9.16; AMI=-16.56&#177;14.82; AMI-GH=-4.69&#177;8.39; P&lt;0.05 for C vs AMI-GH) and in the delta of tension developed (TD, g/mm&#178;) after stimulation with isoproterenol (C=0.99&#177;0.17; AMI=0.54&#177;0.62; AMI-GH=0.08&#177;0.75; P&lt;0.05 for C vs AMI-GH) compared with those in control animals. CONCLUSION: The early administration of GH in the experimental infarction model in rats may result in adverse effects on the process of ventricular remodeling.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>hypertrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular function</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>papillary muscle</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The early administration of growth hormone results in deleterious effects on ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction</p>
      <p>Jos&#233; G. Mill; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff; Marina P. Okoshi; Katashi Okoshi; Carlos R. Padovani; M&#225;rio Sugisaki; Cl&#225;udia M. Leite; Ant&#244;nio C. Cicogna</p>
      <p>Vit&#243;ria, ES / Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de Vit&#243;ria e Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To assess the effect of growth hormone (GH) on myocardial remodeling in infarcted rats.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> This study comprised 24 Wistar rats divided into 3 groups as follows: 1) AMI-GH group - comprising 8 rats that underwent infarction and were treated with GH; 2) AMI group - comprising 8 rats that underwent infarction and received only the diluent of the GH solution; and 3) control group (C group) - comprising 8 rats that underwent simulated infarction. After 30 days, the animals underwent functional study through echocardiography, and the changes in myocardial contractility of the isolated left ventricular (LV) papillary muscle were studied.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> The echocardiography identified an increase in the diastolic (C=7.32&#177;0.49; AMI=8.50&#177;0.73; AMI-GH=9.34&#177;0.73; P&lt;0.05) and systolic (C=3.38&#177;0.47, AMI=5.16&#177;1.24; AMI-GH=5.96&#177;1.54; P&lt;0.05) diameters (mm) in the LV of the infarcted animals. The AMI-GH group animals had a lower ejection fraction (%) (C=0.9&#177;0.03; AMI=0.76&#177;0.12; AMI-GH= 0.72&#177;0.14; P&lt;0.05 for C vs AMI-GH) compared with those in controls. The study of the isolated left ventricular papillary muscle showed that the AMI-GH group had changes (C= 1.50&#177;0.59; AMI=1.28&#177;0.38; AMI-GH=1.98&#177;0.41; P&lt;0.05 for C vs AMI-GH) only in the tension at rest (TR - g/mm<sup>2</sup>) and in the time delta for a 50% decrease in the tension developed (TR50, ms) after stimulation with calcium (C=23.75&#177;9.16; AMI=-16.56&#177;14.82; AMI-GH=-4.69&#177;8.39; P&lt;0.05 for C vs AMI-GH) and in the delta of tension developed (TD, g/mm<sup>2</sup>) after stimulation with isoproterenol (C=0.99&#177;0.17; AMI=0.54&#177;0.62; AMI-GH=0.08&#177;0.75; P&lt;0.05 for C vs AMI-GH) compared with those in control animals.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> The early administration of GH in the experimental infarction model in rats may result in adverse effects on the process of ventricular remodeling. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold> hypertrophy, ventricular function, echocardiography, papillary muscle</p>
      <p> Acute myocardial infarction results in complex alterations in ventricular architecture, involving both the infarcted and noninfarcted regions. After coronary occlusion, one may observe acute ventricular dilation characterized by thinning and distension of the impaired region. This alteration is called expansion of the infarction and results from sliding necrotic muscle groups due to disintegration of the interfibrillar collagen <sup>1</sup>. In the late phase of acute myocardial infarction, different degrees of cavitary dilation may be observed. This phenomenon results from the process of cardiac hypertrophy of the eccentric type, which seems to manifest as a response to an increase in parietal stress. In parallel, an abnormal accumulation was observed in collagen and fibrosis in the viable myocardial areas, both in the infarcted ventricle and the other ventricle. This set of adaptations, in which changes in cardiac composition, mass, volume, and geometry occur, is called myocardial remodeling <sup>2-4</sup>. </p>
      <p>One of the most striking characteristics of cardiac remodeling is that the process invariably results in a progressive drop in ventricular function. Initially, consequently to cell growth, remodeling may contribute to maintain or restore cardiac function. Chronically, however, biochemical, genetic, and structural changes occur, leading to progressive ventricular dysfunction <sup>2-4</sup>. </p>
      <p>Therefore, several strategies have been used to prevent or attenuate the process of ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction<sup> 2-4</sup>. Experimental and clinical evidence has suggested that the administration of growth hormone (GH) in the adult phase may result in morphological and functional alterations capable of modulating cardiac remodeling <sup>5,6</sup>. The administration of GH, initiated some weeks after infarction in animals, resulted in morphological and functional improvement <sup>7-10</sup>. However, the effects of early administration of growth hormone after infarction have not been studied. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the effect of the early administration of growth hormone on the process of myocardial remodeling in hearts of rats undergoing experimental infarction caused by coronary ligation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The experimental protocol of our study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles in animal experimentation adopted by the Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal. </p>
      <p>Male Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 250 g were used. Infarction was produced according to the previously described method <sup>11,12</sup>. The rats were anesthetized with ether and underwent left lateral thoracotomy. After exteriorization of the heart, the left atrium was pushed aside and the left coronary artery was ligated with a 6.0 mononylon thread between the emergence of the pulmonary artery and the left atrium. Then, the heart was returned to the thorax, the lungs inflated with positive pressure, and the thorax closed with 1.0 cotton sutures. The control group underwent a fictitious surgery with no coronary occlusion. </p>
      <p>The animals were maintained in cages for recovery, with controlled light (12-hour cycles), temperature of approximately 25&#186;C, and fed a standard commercial diet with free access to water. </p>
      <p>Immediately after surgery, the surviving animals were divided into 3 groups as follows: 1) control group (C, n = 8), comprising animals that underwent the fictitious surgery and were treated with the diluent of the growth hormone (nonrevealed composition); 2) AMI-GH group (n = 8): comprising infarcted animals treated intramuscularly with growth hormone (0.4 IU/day); and 3) AMI group (n = 8), comprising infarcted animals also treated with the diluent of growth hormone. The treatments with growth hormone or diluent were initiated between 12 and 24 hours after coronary occlusion. Vials of growth hormone and of the diluent were kindly provided by NovoNordisk (S&#227;o Paulo). </p>
      <p>After 30 days of treatment, the animals were anesthetized with intramuscular ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) and xylidine chloride (1 mg/kg) for echocardiographic study. After epilation of the anterior region of the thorax, the animals were placed in the left lateral decubitus position for undergoing echocardiography with the Hewlett-Packard echocardiograph (Sonos 2000 model) equipped with a 7.5-MHz electronic transducer. The flows were assessed with the same transducer operating at 5.0 MHz. For measuring the cardiac structures, M-mode images were used with the ultrasound beam oriented by the 2-dimensional image with the transducer in the parasternal position of the shorter axis. The image of the left ventricular cavity was obtained by positioning the M-mode cursor right below the mitral valve plane between the papillary muscles. The images of the aorta and left atrium were also obtained in the parasternal position of the short axis with the M-mode cursor positioned at the level of the aortic valve. Recording of the monodimensional image (velocity of 100 mm/s) was performed by using a Sony printer (UP-890MD model, Sony Co.). Later, the cardiac structures were manually measured with the aid of a precision pachymeter, according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup> 13</sup>, which had already been validated in the model of infarcted rats <sup>14</sup>. The cardiac structures were measured in at least 5 consecutive cardiac cycles. The left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) and the left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT) were measured at the moment corresponding to the maximum diameter of the cavity. The left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSD) was measured at the moment of the maximum systolic excursion of the posterior wall of the cavity. The left ventricular systolic function was assessed by calculating the percentage of systolic shortening {(LVDD-LVSD)/LVDD x 100} and the ejection fraction {(LVDD<sup>3</sup>-LVSD<sup>3</sup>)/LVDD<sup>3</sup> }. Transmitral diastolic flow (E and A waves) was obtained with the transducer in the 4-chamber apical position. The measurements referring to flows were directly taken in the echocardiographic monitor. </p>
      <p>The study of the isolated papillary muscle was performed according to the previously described procedures <sup>15,16</sup> 3 days after echocardiography was performed. The mechanical function was studied in the left ventricular anterior papillary muscles. After intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg), the rat was beheaded, the chest opened, the heart rapidly removed and placed into the KrebsHenseleit solution, at the temperature of 28&#186;C, previously oxygenated (10 min) with 95% oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) and 5% carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). After dissection of the right ventricle and a cut in the interventricular septum, the left ventricle was divided into 2 parts, each one containing its papillary muscle, which was then carefully dissected in a chamber containing the KrebsHenseleit solution, adequately oxygenated and warmed at 28&#186;C. The papillary muscles, after having their 2 extremities tied to 2 stainless steel rings, were rapidly transferred to a glass chamber containing the KrebsHenseleit solution, which was constantly oxygenated with 95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub> and maintained at the temperature of 28&#186;C, due to the use of a circulating bath. The composition of the KrebsHenseleit solution, in millimoles per liter, was as follows: 118.5 NaCl; 4.69 KCl; 1.25 CaCl<sub>2</sub>; 1.16 MgSO<sub>4</sub>; 1.18 KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>; 5.50 glucose; and 25.88 NaHCO<sub>3</sub>. The partial oxygen pressure of the solution was maintained between 550 and 600 mm Hg. The papillary muscles were maintained in the vertical position in glass chambers. The lower ring was attached to a stainless steel thread 0.031 cm in diameter, which was connected to a power transducer (Kyowa 120T20B). The upper ring was connected to another stainless steel thread, similar to the previously described one, attached to the extremity of the long arm of an isotonic lever. On this extremity, there was a micrometer that, controlling the extension of the movements of the lever, allowed the adjustment of the muscle length in the phase of muscular relaxation. The initial stretching of the muscle fibers was performed with a low-weight load (preload), suspended in the extremity of the short arm of the lever, constructed of aluminum, rigid and light, the ratio between the long and short arms being 4:1. </p>
      <p>The muscles were stimulated 12 times per minute by use of platinum needle electrodes, coupled to an electric stimulator programmed to release stimuli in 5-ms square waves. The voltage of the stimulus was adjusted for a value 10% greater than the minimum necessary to cause the maximum mechanical response of the muscle. For functional evaluation, the variables were studied in baseline conditions and after the 3 following different inotropic stimuli: 1) compensatory pause; 2) an increase in the concentration of calcium from 1.25 mM to 5.2 mM; and 3) beta-adrenergic stimulation obtained by the addition of isoproterenol to the perfusion bath (final concentration of 10<sup>-6</sup> M of isoproterenol in the nutrient solution). </p>
      <p>The morphological parameters used for characterizing the papillary muscles were as follows: length (mm) and sectional area (mm<sup>2</sup>). The in vitro length, in L<sub>max </sub>(stretching in which the force is maximum), was obtained with the Gartner cathetometer. The sectional area was calculated based on the measurements of the diameter of the central segment, assuming that the muscle has a cylindrical geometric form and specific weight of 1.0. Contractility was assessed based on the following measurements: tension at rest (TR); developed tension (DT), defined as the difference between the peak tension and TR; time for developing the maximum active tension (TPT); and finally, the time for occurring 50% of the total relaxation (TR50). The velocity of increase and decrease in tension in each contraction was determined from the derivative of tension (+dT/dt and -dT/dt, respectively). </p>
      <p> The wet weight of the left and right ventricles, normalized for the final body weight of the rat (BW), was used as an index of ventricular hypertrophy. </p>
      <p>The water content of the tissues was assessed through the relation between the wet and dry weights of tissues from the liver, lung, and left ventricle. </p>
      <p>The morphometric and echocardiographic data were analyzed through analysis of variance complemented by the Tukey multiple comparisons test. The results of the functional study with the papillary muscle were analyzed through repeated measurements of the mean profiles of the groups complemented by the multiple comparison tests. The significance level was fixed at 5%. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The structural variables of the animals are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. One can see that growth hormone did not interfere with the size of the infarction. The left ventricular weight adjusted for final body weight (mg/g) of the rats was greater in the AMI-GH group compared with that in the AMI group (C = 1.938&#177;0.137; AMI = 1.924&#177;0.135; AMI-GH = 2.076&#177;0.114; P &lt; 0.05 for AMI vs AMI-GH). No statistical difference was observed in the other variables when comparing the 3 groups. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <label>Table II</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0115-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0115-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The results of the functional study with isolated papillary muscle and inotropic stimulation with a pause in contraction are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table III</xref>. The AMI-GH group animals had greater values of tension at rest than the animals in the other groups did in baseline conditions (C = 1.39&#177;0.35; AMI = 1.22&#177;0.35; AMI-GH = 1.83&#177;0.58 g/mm<sup>2</sup>; P &lt; 0.05). After the pause, one could observe the same behavior as that in the control situation (C = 1.39&#177;0.32; AMI = 1.25&#177;0.37; AMI-GH = 1.85&#177;0.56 g/mm<sup>2</sup>; P &lt; 0.05). For the other variables, no differences were found between the groups. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0115-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The results of the inotropic response after an increase in the calcium concentration in the perfusion medium from 1.25 mM to 5.2 mM are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">table IV</xref>. The AMI-GH group showed an increase in TR in baseline conditions (C = 1.50&#177;0.59; AMI = 1.28&#177;0.38; AMI-GH = 1.98&#177;0.41; P &lt; 0.05 for C vs AMI-GH) and a decrease in the TR50 delta after stimulation with calcium (C = 23.75&#177;9.16; AMI = 16.56&#177;14.82; AMI-GH = 4.69&#177;8.39 ms; P &lt; 0.05 for C vs AMI-GH). For the other variables, no differences were found in the 3 groups. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0115-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The results of inotropic stimulation with isoproterenol are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">table V</xref>. The AMI-GH group had changes in the TD delta (C = 0.99&#177;0.17; AMI = 0.54&#177;0.62; AMI-GH = 0.08&#177;0.75; P &lt; 0.05 for C vs AMI-GH) after isoproterenol. The other variables showed no differences in the 3 groups. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0115-00005-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study aimed at analyzing the effects of the early administration of growth hormone in the morphological and functional changes occurring after acute myocardial infarction experimentally produced in rats. For such, the animals were studied by use of echocardiography and preparation of isolated papillary muscle. In the latter, the functional behavior of the muscles was studied in baseline conditions and after 3 types of interventions with positive inotropism: contraction after pause; an increase in calcium concentration; and addition of isoproterenol to the perfusion bath. These maneuvers allow the identification of functional abnormalities not detected in basal conditions, in addition to the identification of mechanisms involved in the dysfunctions of contractility of the cardiac muscle secondary to several types of injury. </p>
      <p> Our study indicates that the early administration of growth hormone was accompanied by an increase in the mass and dimensions of the left ventricular cavity in rats with myocardial infarction. These alterations were accompanied by worsening of some cardiac functional variables, such as a drop in the shortening and ejection fractions. Therefore, our results suggest that the early use of growth hormone may result in adverse effects in the process of ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. It is worth emphasizing that the worsening of remodeling observed in the group receiving growth hormone occurred without an influence from the hormone on the infarction size. </p>
      <p>One of the major aspects of our study is the fact that infarction resulted in an increase in left ventricular mass. Administration of growth hormone was accompanied by an additional increase in left ventricular mass, identified on echocardiography and morphological analysis. We also observed that that hypertrophy was accompanied by an increase in the left ventricular cavity, which, similarly to the increase in mass, was greater in the group treated with growth hormone. In addition, in the group receiving growth hormone, a decrease in the relation between thickness of the wall and diameter of the cavity was observed. These data indicate that growth hormone intensified ventricular hypertrophy of the eccentric pattern. </p>
      <p>Another relevant aspect of our study was that in the group of infarcted rats treated with growth hormone, cardiac hypertrophy was accompanied by an increase in the ventricular dysfunction produced by infarction. The in vivo functional study with echocardiography identified lower ejection and shortening fractions in animals treated with growth hormone. On the other hand, the in vitro study of the isolated papillary muscle evidenced changes in some variables. In baseline conditions, alterations were identified in tension at rest in infarcted animals treated with growth hormone. Similarly, the inotropic stimulation also evidenced some changes, because the increase in calcium caused a lower variation (delta) in TR50, while the use of isoproterenol resulted in a lower delta in tension at rest in rats of the growth hormone group. </p>
      <p>Other authors have analyzed the effects of the administration of growth hormone in the adult phase in the absence of cardiovascular disease. In normal rats, the use of growth hormone resulted in cardiac hypertrophy without an increase in fibrosis. This response was accompanied by an increase in contractility, alterations in the genesis of cardiac action potentials and peripheral vasodilation. In human beings, in the early phases of acromegaly, an increase in cardiac output and heart rate is observed, signs compatible with hyperkinetic syndrome <sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Considering pathological situations, Yang et al <sup>7</sup>, in an experimental study, assessed the effects of growth hormone (2 mg/kg/day) initiated 4 weeks after the induction of large infarcts in rats. After being treated for 13 days, the animals in the treated group showed an increase in cardiac output, in systolic volume, and in the first derivative of the pressure, accompanied by a reduction in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure compared with the findings in nontreated animals <sup>7</sup>. In the same model of large infarcts in rats, the administration of growth hormone resulted in attenuation of the remodeling process after 3 weeks of treatment <sup>8</sup>. Recently, growth hormone has been observed to cause an increase in the messenger RNA to the calcium pump of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA-2), a decrease in apoptosis, and an accumulation of collagen in infarcted rats. These alterations were accompanied by functional improvement and prolongation in survival <sup>9,10</sup>. It is worth noting, however, that the benefits of GH have not been consistent in all studies. In another study also performed in the model of infarcted rats, the administration of growth hormone (2 mg/kg/day) resulted in a discrete improvement in cardiac function, but with no effects on the variables of ventricular remodeling<sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Clinical studies <sup>18</sup> assessing the role of growth hormone in pathological situations have already reported that patients with acute myocardial infarction have a significant elevation in the levels of growth hormone in the first 24 hours after infarction. Considering that the growth hormone levels related to infarction size and mortality, it has been speculated that growth hormone could participate in the physiopathological events of the remodeling process after infarction in human beings <sup>19, 20</sup>. </p>
      <p>A relevant aspect is that clinical studies in patients with heart failure also reported conflicting results regarding supplementation with growth hormone. In a study of 7 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, the administration of growth hormone for 3 months resulted in an increase in cardiac output, with a decrease in the left ventricular end-systolic stress <sup>18</sup>. However, these preliminary findings about the beneficial effects of growth hormone in cases of ventricular dysfunction have not been confirmed in randomized studies <sup>21,22</sup>. Therefore, the effects of growth hormone in cases of ventricular dysfunction or acute myocardial infarction, or both, have not been completely clarified. </p>
      <p>Some theories have been raised to explain the conflicting data reported in the literature. Several factors have been considered important in regard to the effects of the administration of growth hormone in models of cardiac dysfunction. Therefore, the experimental use of growth hormone in animals, differences in the dose administered, the duration of treatment, and the etiology of ventricular dysfunction could justify the differences observed between clinical and experimental studies. </p>
      <p>Two characteristics differentiate our study from other experi mental studies about the effects of growth hormone after acute myocardial infarction. First of all, the studies cited used animals with large infarctions, greater than 35% of the total left ventricular circumference. Consequently, the animals had signs of significant cardiac dysfunction. Our study used animals with small infarctions (range: from 16.7 to 30.6%), and, therefore, with mild alterations in ventricular function. Therefore, our data together with those reported in the literature suggest that the degree of ventricular dysfunction may be a determining factor in the effects of growth hormone after acute myocardial infarction. Another peculiarity of our study is that, while other studies introduced growth hormone weeks after infarction induction, our animals began to receive growth hormone immediately after infarction. This fact suggests that growth hormone may interfere in a deleterious manner with the physiopathological phenomena that occur in the early phase after acute myocardial infarction, particularly the healing process and infarction expansion. </p>
      <p>In regard to the mechanisms involved in the genesis of ventricular dysfunction induced by growth hormone, our study showed no change in functional behavior after the maneuver to pause the contraction. Considering that that maneuver analyzes the integrity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum <sup>23</sup>, one can conclude that that system is not affected by the growth hormone. On the other hand, the administration of growth hormone resulted in a smaller delta for some functional variables with the increase in calcium concentration, as well as after isoproterenol administration. Thus, our data indicate that a decrease in responsiveness to calcium and in the beta-adrenergic pathway may have occurred. It is worth noting, however, that these alterations in the papillary muscle occurred only in some isolated variables, which could indicate preserved myocardial function. This way, although the muscular function was not severely impaired, the growth hormone caused depression in left ventricular function. Our results are in accordance with the concept that geometry plays a relevant role in the pathophysiology of ventricular dysfunction in the remodeled heart, probably due to an increase in parietal stress <sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, our results suggest that, in the model of experimental infarction in rats, the early administration of growth hormone may result in adverse effects in the process of ventricular remodeling.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</p>
          <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP - Depto de Clinica M&#233;dica - Rubi&#227;o Jr, S/N</p>
          <p> Cep 18618-000 - Botucatu, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="lzornoff@cardiol.br">lzornoff@cardiol.br</email> / </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br">lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 01/08/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 07/01/2004</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
