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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6N3pdmjjZ79jXyprC8fby9v</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000200004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000200004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas demogr&#225;ficas em 99 epis&#243;dios de febre reum&#225;tica no Acre, Amaz&#244;nia Brasileira</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Beyruth</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ol&#237;via C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bastos</surname>
            <given-names>Claudilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar do Acre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFB</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>111</fpage>
      <lpage>114</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Relatar as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas de pacientes com febre reum&#225;tica atendidos em servi&#231;o p&#250;blico no Estado do Acre. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo de corte transversal em pacientes atendidos consecutivamente no Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia da FUNDHACRE, avaliados atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rio contendo dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais. O diagn&#243;stico de febre reum&#225;tica foi realizado atrav&#233;s da aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de Jones, em associa&#231;&#227;o com dados laboratoriais, eletrocardiograma, radiografia de t&#243;rax e ecocardiograma bidimensional. Exclu&#237;dos portadores com outras cardiopatias, diabetes, obesidade, doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias, processos infecciosos, tabagismo, gestantes, uso de drogas anti-inflamat&#243;rias ou reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal. RESULTADOS: De julho/2003 a fevereiro/2004, foram avaliados 99 pacientes com febre reum&#225;tica aguda (idade m&#233;dia de 11 anos, dp= &#177; 10,18) com predomin&#226;ncia feminina (59,6%) e fen&#243;tipo racial mesti&#231;o de &#237;ndio (60,6%). Exclu&#237;dos 3 indiv&#237;duos, por n&#227;o preencherem os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos. A idade m&#233;dia de in&#237;cio foi de 9,1 anos, sendo que em 30,4% dos pacientes a doen&#231;a foi diagnosticada no primeiro epis&#243;dio de atividade reum&#225;tica. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais freq&#252;entes foram cardite (69,7%), artrite (21,4%) e cor&#233;ia (6,1%) e a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (36,4%) a les&#227;o mais comum seguida da associa&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral com a&#243;rtica (9,1%). CONCLUS&#195;O: Cardite reum&#225;tica foi a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais freq&#252;ente de febre reum&#225;tica, predominando no grupo racial mesti&#231;o de &#237;ndio (60,6%), A baixa ader&#234;ncia &#224; antibioticoprofilaxia contribuiu para recorr&#234;ncias e seq&#252;elas card&#237;acas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>febre reum&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>cardite</kwd>
        <kwd>cor&#233;ia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas demogr&#225;ficas em 99 epis&#243;dios de febre reum&#225;tica no Acre, Amaz&#244;nia Brasileira </p>
    <p>
      <bold>F&#225;tima Borges; Maria Luiza A. Barbosa; Renata Beyruth Borges; Ol&#237;via C. Pinheiro; Carlos Cardoso; Claudilson Bastos; Roque Aras</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Rio Branco, AC / Salvador, BA</p>
    <p>Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar do Acre - FUNDHACRE e UFB </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Relatar as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas de pacientes com febre reum&#225;tica atendidos em servi&#231;o p&#250;blico no Estado do Acre. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo de corte transversal em pacientes atendidos consecutivamente no Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia da FUNDHACRE, avaliados atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rio contendo dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais. O diagn&#243;stico de febre reum&#225;tica foi realizado atrav&#233;s da aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de Jones, em associa&#231;&#227;o com dados laboratoriais, eletrocardiograma, radiografia de t&#243;rax e ecocardiograma bidimensional. Exclu&#237;dos portadores com outras cardiopatias, diabetes, obesidade, doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias, processos infecciosos, tabagismo, gestantes, uso de drogas anti-inflamat&#243;rias ou reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> De julho/2003 a fevereiro/2004, foram avaliados 99 pacientes com febre reum&#225;tica aguda (idade m&#233;dia de 11 anos, dp= &#177; 10,18) com predomin&#226;ncia feminina (59,6%) e fen&#243;tipo racial mesti&#231;o de &#237;ndio (60,6%). Exclu&#237;dos 3 indiv&#237;duos, por n&#227;o preencherem os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos. A idade m&#233;dia de in&#237;cio foi de 9,1 anos, sendo que em 30,4% dos pacientes a doen&#231;a foi diagnosticada no primeiro epis&#243;dio de atividade reum&#225;tica. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais freq&#252;entes foram cardite (69,7%), artrite (21,4%) e cor&#233;ia (6,1%) e a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (36,4%) a les&#227;o mais comum seguida da associa&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral com a&#243;rtica (9,1%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Cardite reum&#225;tica foi a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais freq&#252;ente de febre reum&#225;tica, predominando no grupo racial mesti&#231;o de &#237;ndio (60,6%), A baixa ader&#234;ncia &#224; antibioticoprofilaxia contribuiu para recorr&#234;ncias e seq&#252;elas card&#237;acas. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> febre reum&#225;tica, cardite, cor&#233;ia</p>
    <p> A febre reum&#225;tica &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o tardia, inflamat&#243;ria, n&#227;o supurativa, de base imunol&#243;gica recidivante e que, freq&#252;entemente, atinge indiv&#237;duos de 5 a 15 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, ap&#243;s infec&#231;&#245;es repetidas de faringoamigdalites pelo estreptococo beta hemol&#237;tico do grupo A<sup>1</sup>. &#201; a principal causa de doen&#231;a cardiovascular adquirida na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia<sup>2</sup>. Caracteriza-se pelo acometimento do cora&#231;&#227;o, articula&#231;&#245;es, sistema nervoso central, pele e tecido celular subcut&#226;neo<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A febre reum&#225;tica ainda constitui um s&#233;rio problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Cerca de 30 milh&#245;es de pessoas s&#227;o acometidas pela doen&#231;a em todo o mundo <sup>4</sup>. Em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a vem diminuindo em resposta &#224;s melhorias das condi&#231;&#245;es s&#243;cio-econ&#244;micas, culturais e do uso de antibi&#243;ticos para infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias<sup>5</sup>. No Brasil, a preval&#234;ncia da febre reum&#225;tica &#233; de 3 a 5% de crian&#231;as e adolescentes<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da febre reum&#225;tica, freq&#252;&#234;ncia de les&#245;es valvares e as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas de uma popula&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial no Estado do Acre. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados, consecutivamente, todos os pacientes encaminhados para o Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia e Reumatologia da FUNDHACRE, com a suspeita cl&#237;nica de febre reum&#225;tica, na cidade de Rio Branco, Acre. O hospital faz parte da rede conveniada do SUS (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de) e vinculado &#224; Faculdade de Medicina do Acre, atendendo a popula&#231;&#227;o geral procedente das cidades e zona rural do estado. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s consentimento informado e esclarecido, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, de ambos os sexos, que preencheram fichas cl&#237;nicas, atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rio contendo dados da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, exame f&#237;sico, exames laboratoriais (velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o, prote&#237;na C-reativa, cultura de orofaringe, mucoprote&#237;nas, antiestreptolisina O, hemograma), realizados eletrocardiograma, radiografia de t&#243;rax em proje&#231;&#227;o p&#243;stero-anterior e ecocardiograma, al&#233;m informa&#231;&#245;es relativas ao estado civil, sexo, cren&#231;a religiosa, ocupa&#231;&#227;o, renda familiar, forma&#231;&#227;o educacional, data do nascimento, peso, altura, n&#250;mero de pessoas na fam&#237;lia. Foi considerado para diagn&#243;stico de febre reum&#225;tica os pacientes que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de Jones modificados<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os portadores de processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico (osteoartrite, doen&#231;as de col&#225;geno), pacientes em vig&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o ou processos inflamat&#243;rios agudos nas &#250;ltimas tr&#234;s semanas (n&#227;o relacionados &#224; febre reum&#225;tica), uso de anti-inflamat&#243;rios nas &#250;ltimas 3 semanas, reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, diabetes mellitus, obesidade (IMC&gt;30), tabagistas e gestantes. </p>
    <p>Inicialmente, os pacientes foram avaliados por uma equipe m&#233;dica composta por cardiologista e reumatologista, cujo diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a foi feito com base nos crit&#233;rios de Jones modificados<sup>7</sup>. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de veia braquial na quantidade de 15 ml, acondicionado em tubos (vacutainer) com anticoagulante EDTA para hemograma e velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o e, em tubos sem anticoagulante, para a dosagem de prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade, mucoprote&#237;nas, prote&#237;na C-reativa convencional e antiestreptolisina O (AEO). Foram considerados como valores laboratoriais anormais os utilizados pelos crit&#233;rios adotados por Jones modificados, sendo a PCR at&#233; 6mg/l; velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o at&#233; 20 mm na 1&#186; hora; PCR-AS at&#233; 0,30 mg/l; mucoprote&#237;nas &lt; 4,0 mg% e antiestreptolisina O at&#233; 200 ui/l. </p>
    <p>Com o objetivo de avaliar ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento e uso de antibioticoterapia na profilaxia secund&#225;ria, foram inseridas no question&#225;rio as vari&#225;veis: uso regular de penicilina benzatina, antiinflamat&#243;rios hormonais e n&#227;o hormonais, digit&#225;licos, diur&#233;ticos, inibidores da ECA, bloqueadores de c&#225;lcio, antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios e betabloqueadores. </p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa e somente conduzido ap&#243;s a assinatura do consentimento. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise atrav&#233;s da estat&#237;stica descritiva foi utilizada, indicando os valores das m&#233;dias e medianas. Os testes do c2-quadrado e exato de Fisher foram utilizados para comparar propor&#231;&#245;es, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 95% (p&lt;0,05). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De julho/2003 a fevereiro/2004, foram avaliados 99 pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de febre reum&#225;tica aguda, (idade m&#233;dia de 11 anos dp= &#177; 10,18). Predominou o sexo feminino com 59,6% da amostra populacional e,na distribui&#231;&#227;o por grupo racial, verificou-se que o mesti&#231;o de &#237;ndio foi o fen&#243;tipo racial mais prevalente (60,6%). Foram exclu&#237;dos tr&#234;s pacientes por n&#227;o preencherem os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos. A idade m&#233;dia de in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a foi de 9,1 anos, sendo que em 30,4% a doen&#231;a foi diagnosticada no primeiro epis&#243;dio de atividade reum&#225;tica, enquanto que 65,7% tiveram dois ou mais surtos. Idade e sexo n&#227;o foram associados a comprometimento valvar. </p>
    <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais freq&#252;entes foram cardite em 69 (69,7%), artrite em 21(21,4%) e cor&#233;ia em 6 (6,1%). Dos 69 pacientes com cardite ativa, 21 evolu&#237;ram com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, distribu&#237;dos segundo a NYHA (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic>) em: nove em classe funcional I, cinco em classe II, quatro em classe III e 3 em classe IV. Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar secund&#225;ria severa foi encontrada em 1 paciente e de grau discreto em 3 casos. Regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral isolada (36,4%) foi a les&#227;o mais comum, seguida pela associa&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral com a&#243;rtica (9,1%). A presen&#231;a de cardite foi observada em 39 pacientes mesti&#231;os de &#237;ndio, 17 em pacientes brancos e 13 em mulatos. </p>
    <p>O envolvimento articular foi manifesto por artrite ocorrida em 21 pacientes, por&#233;m mais prevalente em mesti&#231;o de &#237;ndio (13), seguido por brancos (6) e mulatos (2). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e evolutivas t&#237;picas do quadro articular da febre reum&#225;tica, ocorreram em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o representadas por 11,1% como artrite migrat&#243;ria, 6,1% com car&#225;ter aditivo e 4% como monoartrite. </p>
    <p>Dos 99 pacientes estudados 70 (70,7%) apresentaram les&#245;es valvares, com o predom&#237;nio de insufici&#234;ncia mitral em 36 (36,4%), seguida de insufici&#234;ncia mitral associada a insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica com 9 (9,1%), pr&#243;tese mitral associada a insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica em 4 (4,0%), 3 (3,0%) tinham insufici&#234;ncia mitral associada a insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, 2 (2%) com estenose mitral, insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, insufici&#234;ncia mitral associada a dupla les&#227;o a&#243;rtica, pr&#243;tese mitral e plastia mitral, e 1 (1%) com outras les&#245;es valvulares. Febre reum&#225;tica aguda foi encontrada em 30 (30,3%) dos pacientes no primeiro epis&#243;dio da doen&#231;a e 66 (66,7%) em recorr&#234;ncia de 2 ou mais ataques. </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes en contram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de amigdalites de repeti&#231;&#227;o foi de 80,8%. Cirurgia card&#237;aca foi realizada em 5 (5%) pacientes: biopr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica em 2 (2%), uma biopr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica com comissurotomia mitral, uma biopr&#243;tese mitro-a&#243;rtica e outra biopr&#243;tese mitral. A falta de ader&#234;ncia &#224; antibi&#243;ticoprofilaxia ocorreu em 61 (61,6%) dos pacientes. Observamos em nosso estudo que em 38 (38,4%) dos pacientes que fizeram uso regular da penicilina benzatina, 27 (27%) apresentaram novo epis&#243;dio de febre reum&#225;tica. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0111-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foi encontrada eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de mucoprote&#237;nas em 61 (61,6%) e a de prote&#237;na C-reativa em 24 (24,2%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o a antiestreptolisina, tamb&#233;m observamos aumento em 58 (58,8%) dos pacientes com febre reum&#225;tica. Os n&#237;veis de VHS foram mais elevados no grupo que apresentava artrite com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (r&lt;0,026), quando comparados ao grupo de cardite. </p>
    <p>No grupo de pacientes com artrite, 16 (16%) apresentaram os valores de antiestreptolisina (ASLO) elevados, enquanto que 4 (4%) estavam normais, as mucoprote&#237;nas acima do normal em 15 (15%) pacientes e 4 encontravam-se normais sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. A prote&#237;na C-reativa foi normal em 11 (11%) pacientes e alterada em 10 (10%) com os n&#237;veis r&lt;0,02 estatisticamente significativos. </p>
    <p>No grupo de pacientes com cardite, a velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o foi elevada em 37 (56%) pacientes, ou seja, metade deles e n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa quando comparada aos pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es de velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o. Os valores de AEO encontravam-se elevados em 41 (41,4%) pacientes, mucoprote&#237;nas em 40 (40,4%) e a prote&#237;na C-reativa em 18 (18,2%) n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significante neste grupo. </p>
    <p>Os dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o foram registrados no eletrocardiograma em 30 (30,3%), sendo aumento do espa&#231;o P-R observado em 7 (7%) das crian&#231;as com idade at&#233; 13 anos e 5 (5%) para as maiores de 13 anos. Entre as arritmias, a taquicardia sinusal manifestou-se em 12 (12,1%) dos pacientes, seguidas de bradicardia sinusal 7 (7,1%), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 4 (4%), extra-s&#237;stoles supra-ventriculares em 1 (1,0 %) e um paciente evoluiu com bloqueio atrioventricular total. </p>
    <p>No grupo de pacientes com cardite, 25 (50,5%) apresentaram arritmias, e no grupo com artrite em apenas 6 indiv&#237;duos. Identificamos dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o em 20 (20,2%) pacientes com cardite ativa, sendo que em 17 encontramos bloqueio de ramo direito de 1&#186; grau e 2 com bloqueio de ramo direito de 2&#186; grau. </p>
    <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax mostrou transpar&#234;ncia pulmonar normal em 79 (79,8%), sendo que nos pacientes com cardite ativa, 25 (36%) apresentaram aumento do &#237;ndice c&#225;rdio-tor&#225;cico, com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia (r&lt;0,031) quando comparados aos indiv&#237;duos sem cardite. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A febre reum&#225;tica continua a ser grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no Brasil<sup>8-10</sup>. Em nossa s&#233;rie de casos, observamos elevada freq&#252;&#234;ncia de les&#245;es valvares e cardite (69,7%), demonstrando a severidade dos ataques iniciais ou de recorr&#234;ncias da atividade inflamat&#243;ria, com les&#227;o ao cora&#231;&#227;o, que, certamente, contribuir&#227;o para a eleva&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia das cardiopatias em nosso meio. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao fen&#243;tipo racial, observamos o predom&#237;nio do mesti&#231;o de &#237;ndio (60,6%), caracter&#237;stica da regi&#227;o Norte do Brasil. Esse grupo populacional, n&#227;o relatado por outras publica&#231;&#245;es nacionais, poderia justificar alguma susceptibilidade gen&#233;tica &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o pelo estreptococos, como tem sido descrito em outros grupos de brancos e mulatos em associa&#231;&#227;o com HLA classe II em diferentes pa&#237;ses e etnias. Por outro lado, a elevada freq&#252;&#234;ncia das les&#245;es card&#237;acas em 42 (70%) pacientes nesse grupo, poderia ser explicada, pelo maior n&#250;mero proporcional na amostra estudada. Por&#233;m, quando analisamos a popula&#231;&#227;o de brancos (23,2%) e mulatos (16,2%), encontramos tamb&#233;m o mesmo perfil de gravidade com les&#245;es valvares em 15 (65%) e 13 (81%) dos pacientes respectivamente. Estes dados sugerem que provavelmente outros fatores est&#227;o envolvidos al&#233;m da predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica, como a associa&#231;&#227;o entre baixo n&#237;vel s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico e educacional, como o ambiente da Amaz&#244;nia de clima quente e &#250;mido, intercalado por per&#237;odo chuvoso, reconhecidamente favor&#225;veis ao agente infeccioso<sup>11-13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar do baixo rendimento diagn&#243;stico na identifica&#231;&#227;o de cardite, as altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas na an&#225;lise dos registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, concordam com outras publica&#231;&#245;es, tanto na freq&#252;&#234;ncia de arritmias quanto na presen&#231;a de anormalidades que envolvem o prolongamento do intervalo P-R<sup>14-16</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar do aumento do n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as com cor&#233;ia pura ou em associa&#231;&#227;o com cardite nos &#250;ltimos anos, esta sintomatologia tem sido pouco relatada nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, diferindo do encontrado em nosso estudo, onde a cor&#233;ia de Sydenham ocorreu em 6,1% dos pacientes<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>De modo geral, as provas de atividade inflamat&#243;ria mostraram-se alteradas, com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia nos pacientes com artri te, dado este encontrado em nossos pacientes, controverso pela expectativa natural de ser mais relacionado na sua intensidade ao processo inflamat&#243;rio envolvendo o cora&#231;&#227;o. A prote&#237;na C-reativa n&#227;o mostrou aumentos consistentes com a atividade inflamat&#243;ria, provavelmente em raz&#227;o da fugacidade de sua eleva&#231;&#227;o, podendo estar associada ao curso da doen&#231;a e ao tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o quando da coleta das amostras sang&#252;&#237;neas. Quando comparamos os valores de velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o e prote&#237;na C-reativa entre o grupo de pacientes com artrite ou cardite, encontramos que as provas inflamat&#243;rias (VHS e PCR) foram mais elevadas no grupo artrite com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (r=0,026). </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma tornou-se um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico indispens&#225;vel para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com febre reum&#225;tica, por permitir an&#225;lise detalhada das les&#245;es card&#237;acas e ser mais espec&#237;fico do que a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica<sup>18</sup>. Dos 67 pacientes com envolvimento card&#237;aco, 36 apresentaram regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, mesmo sem apresentar sopro org&#226;nico ao exame cl&#237;nico, 6 pacientes foram diagnosticados com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral de grau discreto, s&#243; evidenciada pelo ecocardiograma e 2 apresentaram regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral fisiol&#243;gica. Estes dados v&#227;o ao encontro de outros autores, que identificaram anormalidades valvares em pacientes com febre reum&#225;tica sem apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de cardite, sugerindo que alguns indiv&#237;duos teriam curso subcl&#237;nico de cardite com les&#245;es valvares<sup>19</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo observamos um alto &#237;ndice de falhas na ader&#234;ncia &#224; profilaxia antibi&#243;tica com penicilina benzatina, levando a maior risco de recorr&#234;ncia e de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, o que poderia ser explicado pela falta de campanhas de esclarecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, baixo grau de instru&#231;&#227;o familiar e n&#237;vel s&#243;cio econ&#244;mico encontrados na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. </p>
    <p>&#192; profilaxia prim&#225;ria da febre reum&#225;tica aguda deve ser dada aten&#231;&#227;o especial, diagnosticando e tratando precocemente as infec&#231;&#245;es das vias a&#233;reas superiores, causadas pelo estreptococo b-hemol&#237;tico do grupo A, esclarecendo a popula&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s dos meios de comunica&#231;&#227;o de massas, priorizando o atendimento nos postos de sa&#250;de e hospitais da rede p&#250;blica, facilitando o acesso da popula&#231;&#227;o carente e mais atingida &#224;s pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, melhorando, assim, a ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento. A antibioticoprofilaxia secund&#225;ria &#233; extremamente necess&#225;ria nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, devido a gravidade da recorr&#234;ncia de febre reum&#225;tica reduzindo as les&#245;es e seq&#252;elas valvares<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, observamos que apesar da febre reum&#225;tica ter ocorrido mais, freq&#252;entemente, no grupo racial de mesti&#231;o de &#237;ndio, o grave envolvimento do cora&#231;&#227;o foi um fator independente de etnia. Campanhas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na regi&#227;o devem ser implementadas para interromper o ciclo de infec&#231;&#227;o estreptoc&#243;cica e surgimento de febre reum&#225;tica, al&#233;m do uso sistem&#225;tico de antibioticoprofilaxia secund&#225;ria. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> F&#225;tima Maria da Silva Borges </p>
        <p> Rua Alvorada, 632 </p>
        <p> Cep 69909-380 - Rio Branco - Acre </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="borgesfatima@uol.com.br">borgesfatima@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 06/07/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 18/08/2004</p>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>19. Folger GM. &amp; Hajar R. Doppler echocardiographic    findings of mitral and aortic valvular regurgitation in children manifesting    only rheumatic arthritis. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63:1278-80. </mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Hajar</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>20. Ruoff GE. Recurrent streptococal pharingits.    Postgrad Med 1996; 99:211-21.</mixed-citation>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical and demographic characteristics of 99 episodes of rheumatic fever in Acre, the Brazilian Amazon</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To report clinical manifestations and demographic characteristics of patients with rheumatic fever treated in a public hospital in the state of Acre. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted of patients consecutively seen in the Cardiology Ward at FUNDHACRE Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were assessed through a questionnaire. The diagnosis of rheumatic fever was made based on Jones' criteria, associated with laboratory data, electrocardiography, chest X-ray, and bi-dimensional echocardiography. Patients with other heart diseases, diabetes, obesity, inflammatory disease, and infections were excluded. Those who smoked, were pregnant, or used anti-inflammatory medication or hormone therapy were also excluded. RESULTS: From July 2003 to February 2004, 99 patients with rheumatic fever were assessed (mean age, 11 years, SD= &#177; 10.18) with a predominance of females (59.6%), and a racial phenotype of a mixture of Caucasian and Indian (60.6%). Three individuals were excluded because they did not meet the diagnostic criteria. Mean age was 9.1 years old, and in 30.4% of the patients, the disease was diagnosed at the first episode of rheumatic fever. The most frequent clinical manifestations were carditis (69.7%), arthritis (21.4%), and chorea (6.1%). Mitral regurgitation was the most common lesion (36.4%) followed by the association of mitral regurgitation and aortic regurgitation (9.1%). CONCLUSION: Rheumatic carditis was the most common manifestation of rheumatic fever, predominant in the group with a racial mixture of Caucasian and Indian (60.6%). Low compliance with antibiotic therapy contributed to the recurrence of the disease and to cardiac sequelae.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>rheumatic fever</kwd>
        <kwd>carditis</kwd>
        <kwd>chorea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Clinical and demographic characteristics of 99 episodes of rheumatic fever in Acre, the Brazilian Amazon</p>
      <p>F&#225;tima Borges; Maria Luiza A. Barbosa; Renata Beyruth Borges; Ol&#237;via C. Pinheiro; Carlos Cardoso; Claudilson Bastos; Roque Aras</p>
      <p>Rio Branco, AC / Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar do Acre/FUNDHACRE e Universidade Federal da Bahia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To report clinical manifestations and demographic characteristics of patients with rheumatic fever treated in a public hospital in the state of Acre.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> A cross-sectional study was conducted of patients consecutively seen in the Cardiology Ward at FUNDHACRE Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were assessed through a questionnaire. The diagnosis of rheumatic fever was made based on Jones' criteria, associated with laboratory data, electrocardiography, chest X-ray, and bi-dimensional echocardiography. Patients with other heart diseases, diabetes, obesity, inflammatory disease, and infections were excluded. Those who smoked, were pregnant, or used anti-inflammatory medication or hormone therapy were also excluded.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> From July 2003 to February 2004, 99 patients with rheumatic fever were assessed (mean age, 11 years, SD= &#177; 10.18) with a predominance of females (59.6%), and a racial phenotype of a mixture of Caucasian and Indian (60.6%). Three individuals were excluded because they did not meet the diagnostic criteria. Mean age was 9.1 years old, and in 30.4% of the patients, the disease was diagnosed at the first episode of rheumatic fever. The most frequent clinical manifestations were carditis (69.7%), arthritis (21.4%), and chorea (6.1%). Mitral regurgitation was the most common lesion (36.4%) followed by the association of mitral regurgitation and aortic regurgitation (9.1%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Rheumatic carditis was the most common manifestation of rheumatic fever, predominant in the group with a racial mixture of Caucasian and Indian (60.6%). Low compliance with antibiotic therapy contributed to the recurrence of the disease and to cardiac sequelae. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold> rheumatic fever, carditis, chorea </p>
      <p> Rheumatic fever is a delayed inflammatory complication, nonsuppurative, with recurrent immunologic bases, frequently occurring in individuals from 5 to 15 years old, from both sexes after recurrent infections of group A streptococcal pharyngitis <sup>1</sup>. It is the main cause of heart disease in infancy and adolescence <sup>2</sup>. It is characterized by heart, joint, central nervous system, skin, and subcutaneous cellular tissue involvement <sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Rheumatic fever remains a serious public health problem. About 30 million people suffer from the disease around the world<sup>4</sup>. In developed countries, the prevalence of the disease has decreased due to improvement in social, economic, and cultural conditions, together with the use of antibiotics for respiratory infections <sup>5</sup>. In Brazil, the prevalence of rheumatic fever is 3 to 5% in children and adolescents <sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at describing the clinical manifestation of rheumatic fever, the frequency of valvular lesion, and the demographic characteristics of a hospital population in the State of Acre. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All patients with a clinical suspicion of rheumatic fever in the city of Rio Branco, Acre referred to the Cardiology and Rheumatology Ward at FUNDHACRE were consecutively assessed. The hospital is part of the federal Unique Health System (SUS/Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de) and is connected to the Medical School in Acre, which takes care of the general population of the cities and rural areas of the state. </p>
      <p>After patients were informed about the study and gave their written consent, those from both sexes with symptoms who completed the clinical chart were included. The questionnaire contained data from the clinical history, physical examination, laboratory examinations (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, throat swab culture, mucoprotein, antistreptolysin O, blood count). Electrocardiograms, chest X-ray in posterior-anterior projections, and echocardiograms were performed, together with collection of information concerning marital status, sex, religion, occupation, family income, educational background, date of birth, weight, height, and number of people in the family. The patients who met the modified Jones' criteria were considered to have a diagnosis of rheumatic fever <sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Patients with chronic inflammatory processes (osteoarthritis, collagen disease), infections, or acute inflammatory processes in the preceding 3 weeks (unrelated to rheumatic fever), use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the preceding 3 weeks, on hormone replacement therapy, diabetes mellitus, and obesity (BMI&gt;30) were excluded. Those who were smokers and pregnant women were also excluded. </p>
      <p>Initially, patients were assessed by a medical team comprising a cardiologist and a rheumatologist, and the diagnosis of the disease was made based on modified Jones' criteria <sup>7</sup>. Fifteen milliliters of blood from the brachial artery were collected and maintained in tubes (Vacutainer) with EDTA anticoagulant for blood count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate and in tubes without anticoagulant to dose high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, mucoproteins, conventional C-reactive protein, and antistreptolysin O (AEO). The values used in the criteria adopted by the modified Jones were considered abnormal laboratory values. These were PCR up to 6mg/L; erythrocyte sedimentation rate up to 20 mm in the first hour; PCR-AS up to 0.30 mg/L; mucoproteins &lt; 4.0 mg%, and antistreptolysin O up to 200 UI/L. </p>
      <p>Aiming at assessing the compliance with treatment and the use of antibiotic medication as secondary prophylaxis, the following variables were added to the questionnaire: regular use of benzathine penicillin, hormonal and nonhormonal anti-inflammatory drugs, digitalis, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, platelet inhibitors, and beta-blockers. </p>
      <p>The Ethics and Research Committee approved the study, and it was only conducted after written informed consent was given. </p>
      <p>Descriptive statistical analysis was used, indicating the values of means and medians. The chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare proportions, with a 95% significance level (P &lt; 0.05). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From July 2003 to February 2004, 99 patients with a diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever were assessed (mean age, 11 years SD= &#177; 10.18). Female sex was predominant, accounting for 59.6% of the population sample, and in the distribution according to racial group, we verified that the mixture of Caucasian and Indian was the most prevalent race (60.6%). Three patients were excluded because they did not fulfill the diagnostic criteria. Mean age at the onset of the disease was 9.1 years, and in 30.4% of the cases, the disease was diagnosed at the first episode of rheumatic activity, while 65.7% experienced 2 episodes or more. Age and sex were not associated with valvular involvement. </p>
      <p>The most frequent clinical manifestations were carditis in 69 patients (69.7%), arthritis in 21 patients (21.4%), and chorea in 6 patients (6.1%). Of the 69 patients with active carditis, 21 patients developed heart failure, distributed according to NYHA (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic>) as follows: 9 patients were in Functional Class I, 5 patients were in Functional Class II, 4 patients were in Functional Class III, and 3 patients were in Functional Class IV. Severe secondary pulmonary hypertension was found in 1 and mild secondary hypertension was found in 3 patients. Isolated mitral regurgitation was the most common lesion (36.4%), followed by the association of mitral regurgitation and aortic regurgitation (9.1%). The presence of carditis was observed in 39 mestizo patients (Caucasian and Indian), 17 in Caucasian patients, and 13 in non-Caucasian patients. </p>
      <p>Joint involvement was manifest by arthritis occurring in 21 patients; however, it was more prevalent in mestizo (Caucasian and Indian) (13), followed by Caucasians (6), and non-Caucasians (2). Clinical and evolvement characteristics typical of the joint picture of rheumatic fever occurred in our population, represented by 11.1% as migrating arthritis, 6.1% with additional features, and 4% monoarthritis. </p>
      <p>Of the 99 patients studied, 70 (70.7%) had valvular lesions with a predominance of mitral failure in 36 patients (36.4%); 9 patients (9.1%) had mitral failure associated with aortic failure; 4 patients (4.0%) had a mitral prosthesis associated with aortic failure; 3 patients (3.0%) had mitral failure associated with tricuspid failure; 2 patients (2%) had mitral stenosis, tricuspid failure, mitral failure associated with aortic double lesion, mitral prostheses and mitral valvuloplasty, and 1 patient (1%) had other valvular lesions. Acute rheumatic fever was found in 30 patients (30.3%) at the first episode of the disease and in 66 patients (66.7%) with a recurrence of 2 or more episodes. </p>
      <p>Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. Frequency of recurrent tonsillitis was 80.8%. Five patients (5%) underwent cardiac surgery: 2 patients (2%) received aortic bioprostheses, one patient received an aortic bioprosthesis with mitral commissurotomy, one received a mitral aortic bioprosthesis, and another patient received a mitral bioprosthesis. Sixty-one patients (61.6%) did not comply with the antibiotic prophylaxis. In our study, of 38 patients (38.4%) who used penicillin benzathine regularly, 27 (27%) had a new episode of rheumatic fever. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0111-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Serum levels of mucoproteins were increased in 61 patients (61.6%) and those of C-reactive protein in 24 patients (24.2%). Regarding antistreptolysin, we also observed an increase in 58 patients (58.8%) with rheumatic fever. VHS levels were higher in the group with arthritis with statistical significance (P&lt; 0.026), when compared with that in the carditis group. </p>
      <p> In the group of patients with arthritis, 16 patients (16%) had high antistreptolysin (ASLO) levels, whereas 4 patients (4%) had normal levels. Mucoproteins values were above normal in 15 patients (15%), and 4 patients had normal levels without statistical significance. C-reactive protein was normal in 11 patients (11%) and altered in 10 patients (10%) with statistically significant levels (P&lt;0.02). </p>
      <p>In the group of patients with carditis, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated in 37 patients (56%), which is half of the patients, but with no significant difference when compared with patients that did not have changes in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. AEO values were increased in 41 patients (41.4%), mucoproteins in 40 patients (40.4%), and C-reactive protein in 18 patients (18.2%), with no statistically significant difference in this group. </p>
      <p>Conduction disturbances were recorded on electrocardiograms in 30 patients (30.3%), and an increase in the P-R space was observed in 7 children (7%) with ages up to 13 years old, and in 5 children (5%) over 13 years old. Among the arrhythmias, sinus tachycardia was present in 12 patients (12.1%), followed by sinus bradycardia in 7 patients (7.1%), atrial fibrillation in 4 patients (4%), supraventricular extrasystole in 1 patient (1.0 %), and total atrial ventricular block in one patient. </p>
      <p>In the group of patients with carditis, arrhythmias occurred in 25 patients (50.5%), and in the group with arthritis, they occurred in only 6 patients. Conduction disturbances were identified in 20 patients (20.2%) with active carditis. In 17 patients, first-degree right bundle-branch block occurred, and in 2 patients second-degree right bundle-branch block occurred. </p>
      <p>Chest X-rays demonstrated normal pulmonary transparency in 79 patients (79.8%), and among the patients with active carditis, 25 of them (36%) had an increase in the cardiac and thoracic index, with a significance level when compared with those individuals without carditis (P &lt; 0.031). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Rheumatic fever is still a severe health problem in Brazil <sup>8-10</sup>. In our series of patients, we have observed an increased frequency of valvular lesions and carditis (69.7%), demonstrating the severity of initial attacks or of recurrences of the inflammatory activity, with heart lesion that will certainly contribute to the increase in the prevalence of heart disease in our country. </p>
      <p>Regarding race, we observed the predominance of mestizos (Caucasian and Indian) (60.6%), a characteristic of the north region of Brazil. This population group that has not been reported on in other national publications may have some genetic predisposition to infection by streptococcus, as described in other groups of Caucasians and non-Caucasians associated with HLA Class II in different countries and ethnic groups. On the other hand, the high frequency of cardiac lesions in 42 patients (70%) of this group may be explained by the greater proportional number of the sample studied. However, when we assess the Caucasian (23.2%) and non-Caucasian (16.2%) population, we find the same severity of valvular lesions in 15 patients (65%) and 13 patients (81%), respectively. These data suggest that other factors are probably involved in addition to a genetic predisposition, such as low educational, social, and economical level; the environment in the Amazon, with a hot and humid weather, and a rainy season, which favor the infectious agent <sup>11-13</sup>. </p>
      <p>Despite the low diagnostic output in carditis identification, the alterations found in the electrocardiographic records analysis are in agreement with reports in other publications <sup>14-16</sup>, both in the frequency of arrhythmias and in the presence of abnormalities involving the P-R interval prolonging. </p>
      <p>Despite the increase in the number of children with pure chorea or chorea associated with carditis in recent years, this symptomatology has not been reported much in developing countries, which is different from our study where Sydenham's chorea occurred in 6.1% of patients <sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Overall, the evidence of inflammatory activity has changed, with greater frequency in patients with arthritis. These data, which are controversial because they predict that the intensity of arthritis is related more to the inflammatory process involving the heart, were also found in our patients. C-reactive protein did not demonstrate an increase consistent with inflammatory activity, probably because of the fugacity of its elevation, which may be associated with the course of the disease and the duration of the evolvement from the collection of blood samples. When we compared values of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein between the patients with arthritis and carditis, we found that the inflammation was (VHS and PCR) more elevated in the group with arthritis with statistical significance (P = 0.026). </p>
      <p>Echocardiography has become an essential diagnostic method for the assessment of patients with rheumatic fever, because it enables a detailed analysis of the cardiac lesions and because it is more specific than clinical evaluation <sup>18</sup>. Of the 67 patients with cardiac involvement, 36 had mitral regurgitation, without an organic murmur at clinical examination. Six patients were diagnosed with mild mitral regurgitation, demonstrated by echocardiography, and 2 had physiologic mitral regurgitation. These data are in accordance with that of other authors who identified valvular abnormalities in patients with rheumatic fever without clinical presentation of carditis, suggesting that some patients may have a subclinical course of carditis with valvular lesions <sup>19</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our study, a high rate of failure to comply with antibiotic prophylaxis with penicillin benzathine occurred, leading to a greater risk of recurrence and of cardiac complications, which may be explained by the lack of campaigns to educate the population, low social and economical level, and poor education of the family in the population studied. </p>
      <p>Special attention must be paid to the primary prophylaxis of acute rheumatic fever. The upper airway infections caused by group A streptococcus b-hemolytic must be diagnosed and treated early. The population must be informed through mass media communication, giving priority to care for patients in health care units and public hospitals, enabling the needy population to have access to public health policies, thus improving compliance with the treatment. Secondary antibiotic prophylaxis is extremely necessary in this population, because of the severity of recurrence of rheumatic fever reducing lesions and valvular sequelae <sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, we have observed that although rheumatic fever occurred more often in the racial group of mestizos (Caucasians and Indians), severe heart involvement was a factor regardless of ethnic group. A public health campaign in the region must be introduced to stop the cycle of streptococcus infection and the occurrence of rheumatic fever, in addition to the systematic use of secondary antibiotic prophylaxis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> F&#225;tima Maria da Silva Borges</p>
          <p> Rua Alvorada, 632</p>
          <p> Cep 69909-380 - Rio Branco, Acre - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="borgesfatima@uol.com.br">borgesfatima@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 07/06/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 08/18/2004</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
