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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FXXyDVrdDsfGJsjkV5LM47w</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000200003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000200003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em diab&#233;ticos tipo 1 candidatos a transplante duplo (rim e p&#226;ncreas)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gusm&#227;o Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Glauco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakamoto</surname>
            <given-names>Alysson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Francival L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Roberto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pestana</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; O. Medina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valter C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>108</fpage>
      <lpage>110</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) em popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes diab&#233;ticos tipo 1, nefropatas, em programa de di&#225;lise e candidatos a transplante duplo (rim e p&#226;ncreas). M&#201;TODOS: De janeiro/2000 a julho/2002, foram submetidos a cinecoronariografia, como protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o para transplante duplo, 58 pacientes diab&#233;ticos tipo 1. Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi definida como qualquer irregularidade nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, e classificada, de acordo com a grau de estenose luminal, em leve (&lt;30%), moderada (&gt;30 a 70%) e grave (&gt;70%). RESULTADOS: A idade dos pacientes foi 34 &#177; 12 anos, sendo que 32 (55%) eram homens. Nenhum paciente tinha hist&#243;ria de angina ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Os principais fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a foram hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em 93%, dislipidemia em 38%, historia familiar em 25% e tabagismo 20%. O tempo m&#233;dio de dura&#231;&#227;o do diabetes foi 20,8 &#177; 9 anos, o tempo de di&#225;lise de 26 &#177; 9 meses. A coronariografia revelou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em 42 (72%) pacientes, sendo 20 (34%) discreta, 9 (16%) moderada e 13 (22%) grave. CONCLUS&#195;O: Pacientes diab&#233;ticos tipo 1 em programa de di&#225;lise e candidatos a transplante duplo t&#234;m elevada preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, tornando-se marcante a observa&#231;&#227;o de que esses pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam sintomas da doen&#231;a.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>diabetes mellitus tipo 1</kwd>
        <kwd>transplante duplo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em diab&#233;ticos tipo 1 candidatos a transplante duplo (rim e p&#226;ncreas) </p>
    <p>Dinaldo C. Oliveira; Glauco Gusm&#227;o Filho; Alysson Nakamoto; Francival L. Souza; Jo&#227;o Roberto de S&#225;; Jos&#233; O. Medina Pestana; Valter C. Lima </p>
    <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Hospital S&#227;o Paulo e Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o (FOR) - UNIFESP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) em popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes diab&#233;ticos tipo 1, nefropatas, em programa de di&#225;lise e candidatos a transplante duplo (rim e p&#226;ncreas). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> De janeiro/2000 a julho/2002, foram submetidos a cinecoronariografia, como protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o para transplante duplo, 58 pacientes diab&#233;ticos tipo 1. Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi definida como qualquer irregularidade nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, e classificada, de acordo com a grau de estenose luminal, em leve (&lt;30%), moderada (<underline>&gt;</underline>30 a 70%) e grave (&gt;70%). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A idade dos pacientes foi 34 &#177; 12 anos, sendo que 32 (55%) eram homens. Nenhum paciente tinha hist&#243;ria de angina ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Os principais fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a foram hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em 93%, dislipidemia em 38%, historia familiar em 25% e tabagismo 20%. O tempo m&#233;dio de dura&#231;&#227;o do diabetes foi 20,8 &#177; 9 anos, o tempo de di&#225;lise de 26 &#177; 9 meses. A coronariografia revelou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em 42 (72%) pacientes, sendo 20 (34%) discreta, 9 (16%) moderada e 13 (22%) grave. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Pacientes diab&#233;ticos tipo 1 em programa de di&#225;lise e candidatos a transplante duplo t&#234;m elevada preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, tornando-se marcante a observa&#231;&#227;o de que esses pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam sintomas da doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> aterosclerose, diabetes mellitus tipo 1, transplante duplo</p>
    <p> Acredita-se que nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica haja cerca de 17 milh&#245;es de pessoas diab&#233;ticas, sendo que 90 a 95% s&#227;o do tipo 2, e 5 a 10% do tipo 1 (DMT1)<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Tanto a preval&#234;ncia, quanto a incid&#234;ncia, e a morbi-mortalidade de todas as formas de doen&#231;a cardiovascular s&#227;o mais elevadas em pacientes diab&#233;ticos (tipo 1 ou 2) quando comparadas &#224;s de n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos<sup>2-6</sup>. </p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e diabetes mellitus no diab&#233;tico tipo 2 tem sido bem estudada e j&#225; &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar uma s&#233;rie de fatores que participa na g&#234;nese e na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, com rela&#231;&#227;o ao diab&#233;tico tipo 1 n&#227;o h&#225; a mesma exuber&#226;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudos n&#227;o invasivos revelaram que pacientes diab&#233;ticos tipo 1 t&#234;m aumento precoce da calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana e possuem v&#225;rios fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>O melhor tratamento do DMT1 nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos tem propiciado sobreviv&#234;ncia at&#233; a idade adulta a muitos pacientes, expondo assim o sistema cardiovascular aos fatores aterog&#234;nicos exacerbados por muito mais tempo, permitindo o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana cada vez mais freq&#252;ente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. De fato, o estudo <italic>Stent or Surgery</italic>, que comparou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com angioplastia coronariana em paciente com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multi-arterial recrutou 6% de pacientes DMT1<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o precoce ou sub-cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a cardiovascular tem sido um grande desafio na preven&#231;&#227;o e no tratamento de pacientes com DMT1<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>O protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-oper&#225;toria de candidatos a transplante duplo (rim e p&#226;ncreas) da UNIFESP-EPM inclui cinecoronariografia e ventriculografia esquerda. Com a finalidade de avaliarmos alguns aspectos da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana nesses pacientes, propuzemo-nos a descrever a s&#233;rie inicial desta avalia&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>O objetivo prim&#225;rio foi avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana numa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes DMT1 candidatos a transplante duplo e o secund&#225;rio, avaliar o grau de estenose luminal provocado pela les&#227;o obstrutiva coronariana na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizamos an&#225;lise retrospectiva, de janeiro/2000 a julho/2002, no Hospital do Rim e da Hipertens&#227;o e no Hospital S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), com os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: pacientes com DMT1 e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica em programa de di&#225;lise e candidatos a transplante duplo, submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica cardiol&#243;gica seguida de cinecoronariografia e ventriculografia esquerda. Nenhum paciente avaliado foi exclu&#237;do da an&#225;lise. </p>
    <p>Definiram-se pacientes DMT1 como aqueles que iniciaram uso de insulina no tempo do diagn&#243;stico, ou at&#233; 6 meses ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a, e que tivessem n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de pept&#237;deo C compat&#237;vel com os crit&#233;rios de diagnostico da doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica invasiva foi realizada atrav&#233;s da cinecoronariografia, sendo esta realizada pela t&#233;cnica Judkins. Os exames foram armazenados em filmes de 35 mm ou em disco compacto e depois analisados por angiografia coronariana quantitativa (QCA-CMS; vers&#227;o 3; <italic>Medis, Nuenen, The Netherlands</italic>). </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233; considerada obstrutiva quando produz estenose da luz arterial <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%, enquanto n&#227;o obstrutiva quando produz estenose &lt; que 50%<sup>11</sup>. Consideramos doen&#231;a arterial coronariana qualquer estreitamento ou irregularidade da luz arterial. Les&#227;o discreta foi definida como aquela que determinasse uma estenose luminal &lt; 30%, moderada de <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 a 70% e grave &gt; 70%. Avaliou-se a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de Dodge. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Conforme protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; transplante duplo, na nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o, foram estudados 58 pacientes. A idade foi 34 &#177; 12 anos (mediana de 33,5). O tempo m&#233;dio de di&#225;lise foi 26 &#177; 9 meses (mediana de 23), enquanto o de <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> foi de 20,8 &#177; 9 anos (mediana de 21). O m&#233;todo dial&#237;tico mais comum foi hemodi&#225;lise (86%). </p>
    <p>Houve predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino sobre o feminino [32 homens (55%) e 26 mulheres (45%)]. Os principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foram: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em 93%, dislipidemia em 38%, hist&#243;ria familiar em 25% e tabagismo em 20%. </p>
    <p>Sete (12%) pacientes apresentavam algum sinal ou sintoma de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (classe funcional II e III), enquanto os demais (88%) eram assintom&#225;ticos. De fato, nenhum paciente apresentava angina, equivalente isqu&#234;mico ou antecedente de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o grave relacionada &#224; cinecoronariografia. Como complica&#231;&#245;es leves ocorreram tr&#234;s hematomas no s&#237;tio vascular de acesso e uma rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica urticariforme. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da cinecoronariografia revelou que 42 (72%) pacientes eram portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Em 13 (22%) pacientes a estenose do l&#250;men arterial foi &gt; 70%, em 9 (16%) entre 30 e 70% e em 20 (34%) &lt; 30%. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana dos pacientes com estenose &gt; 30%, sete eram bi-arteriais e dois tri-arteriais. Havia les&#227;o obstrutiva &gt; 30% em 12 art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias descendentes anteriores, tr&#234;s art&#233;rias circunflexas e sete art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias direitas, as demais les&#245;es eram localizadas em ramos secund&#225;rios (diagonais ou marginais). </p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi 54 &#177; 19%. A disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 50%) ocorreu em 12 pacientes (20%), sendo que em nove (75%), a disfun&#231;&#227;o foi segmentar, e a mais comum a de parede anterior ocorrida em seis (66%) pacientes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>S&#227;o escassas as informa&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana nos pacientes com DMT1, ao contr&#225;rio da sua riqueza em pacientes com DMT2. </p>
    <p>Pajune e cols.<sup>12</sup> realizaram um estudo caso controle, no qual pacientes diab&#233;ticos tipo 1, com indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de cinecoronarografia, foram pareados com pacientes n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos pelo sexo, idade, data do cateterismo e n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de creatinina e analisados o grau de estenose do l&#250;men, o comprimento da les&#227;o e a carga de placa aterosclerotica. Diab&#233;ticos tipo 1 exibiram maior grau de estenose luminal (49% vs 34%, p&lt; 0,01), les&#245;es mais longas (35 mm vs 18 mm, p&lt; 0,001) e maior carga de placa (21 mm<sup>2</sup> vs 13 mm<sup>2</sup>, p&lt;0,001)<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p> Larsen e cols.<sup>13</sup> avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (diagnosticada por cinecoronariografia e ultra-som intracoronariano) e o controle glic&#234;mico numa popula&#231;&#227;o de diab&#233;ticos tipo 1 (29 pacientes) que haviam sido inclu&#237;dos na d&#233;cada de 80 no estudo de Oslo. Na &#233;poca do estudo invasivo, os pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam sintomas da doen&#231;a. A an&#225;lise da cinecoronariografia revelou estenose &gt; 50% em 34% dos pacientes, enquanto de acordo com o ultra-som intracoronariano o percentual de estenose foi &gt; 40% em 34,5% dos pacientes, entre 20 e 40% em 31% e &lt; 20% em 34,5%. </p>
    <p>Diab&#233;ticos tipo 1 candidatos a transplante duplo foram estudados por Jukema e cols.<sup>14</sup>, que realizaram cinecoronariografia antes e ap&#243;s quatro anos do transplante duplo para avaliar o impacto da normaliza&#231;&#227;o glic&#234;mica sobre as caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Os pacientes dessa s&#233;rie n&#227;o apresentavam estenoses graves. Entretanto, a contribui&#231;&#227;o mais relevante da publica&#231;&#227;o foi a constata&#231;&#227;o de que os pacientes, cujos enxerto renais e pancre&#225;ticos estavam funcionantes depois de quatro anos, apresentavam marcada redu&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose. Ao contr&#225;rio, os seis pacientes cujos enxertos pancre&#225;ticos eram n&#227;o funcionantes apresentaram progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes do nosso estudo diferem daqueles dos estudos citados por serem candidatos a transplante duplo que n&#227;o apresentavam sintomas de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e, principalmente, por apresentarem uma elevada taxa de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva (42 (72%) pacientes com estenose &gt; 30% e 13 (22%) &gt;70%). </p>
    <p>Alguns estudos avaliaram a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana no DMT1 utilizando crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos ou de provas funcionais. Os resultados da an&#225;lise de mais de 5.500 pacientes revelaram que a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana esteve presente de forma marcante, chegando a 35% em determinadas faixas et&#225;rias. Os principais fatores de risco independentes foram: dura&#231;&#227;o do DMT1, nefropatia diab&#233;tica, n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de creatinina e a presen&#231;a de microalbuminuria<sup>15-17</sup>. </p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana n&#227;o s&#243; foi elevada, como tamb&#233;m revelou estenoses graves em 13 (22%) pacientes. Entretanto, a sintomatologia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana esteve ausente em todos os pacientes. Acredita-se que um dos poss&#237;veis mecanismos para explicar tal achado seja a presen&#231;a de neuropatia auton&#244;mica avan&#231;ada<sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os resultados do nosso trabalho sugerem que a doen&#231;a macrovascular coronariana no diab&#233;tico tipo 1 candidato a transplante duplo esteja sendo subdiagnosticada pelos m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos cl&#225;ssicos. Visto esta popula&#231;&#227;o ser de alto risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>19</sup> acreditamos ser necess&#225;rio rever as rotinas de rastreamento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana nestes pacientes, o que &#233; refor&#231;ado pelo conhecimento de que a maior causa de morte nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos &#233; a doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>A possibilidade de regress&#227;o da DAC com o transplante duplo pela normaliza&#231;&#227;o glic&#234;mica do DMT1, tem gerado grande expectativa, que dever&#225; ser investigada com estudos angiogr&#225;ficos e ultra-sonogr&#225;ficos seriados.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Valter C. Lima </p>
        <p> Rua Napole&#227;o de Barros, 715 - T&#233;rreo </p>
        <p> Cep 0424-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="valterlima.dmed@epm.br">valterlima.dmed@epm.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 24/07/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 25/07/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Harris MI, Flegal KM, Cowie CC, et al. Prevalence    of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S.    adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94.    Diabetes Care 1988;21:518-24. </mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U. S. adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94</article-title>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of coronary artery disease in type I diabetic candidates for double transplantation (kidney and pancreas)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a population of type I diabetic, nephropathic patients in a dialysis program and candidates for double transplantation (kidney and pancreas). METHODS: From January 2000 to July 2002, 58 type I diabetic patients underwent coronary cineangiography as part of an assessment protocol for double transplantation. Coronary artery disease was defined as any irregularity in the coronary arteries and was classified according to the degree of luminal stenosis as mild (&lt; 30%), moderate (&gt; 30 to 70%), and severe (&gt; 70%). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 34 &#177; 12 years, and 32 (55%) were men. No patient had a history of angina or acute myocardial infarction. The major risk factors for the disease were systemic arterial hypertension in 93% of the patients, dyslipidemia in 38%, familial history in 25%, and smoking in 20%. The mean duration of diabetes was 20.8 &#177; 9 years, and the duration of dialysis was 26 &#177; 9 months. Coronary angiography revealed coronary artery disease in 42 (72%) patients, which was mild in 20 (34%) patients, moderate in 9 (16%), and severe in 13 (22%). CONCLUSION: Patients with type I diabetes in a dialysis program and candidates for double transplantation had an elevated prevalence of coronary artery disease. It is worth noting that those patients had no symptoms of the disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>type I diabetes mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>double transplantation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prevalence of coronary artery disease in type I diabetic candidates for double transplantation (kidney and pancreas)</p>
      <p>Dinaldo C. Oliveira; Glauco Gusm&#227;o Filho; Alysson Nakamoto; Francival L. Souza; Jo&#227;o Roberto de S&#225;; Jose O. Medina Pestana; Valter C. Lima</p>
      <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Hospital S&#227;o Paulo and Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o (FOR) - UNIFESP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To assess the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a population of type I diabetic, nephropathic patients in a dialysis program and candidates for double transplantation (kidney and pancreas).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> From January 2000 to July 2002, 58 type I diabetic patients underwent coronary cineangiography as part of an assessment protocol for double transplantation. Coronary artery disease was defined as any irregularity in the coronary arteries and was classified according to the degree of luminal stenosis as mild (&lt; 30%), moderate (&#179; 30 to 70%), and severe (&gt; 70%).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> The mean age of the patients was 34 &#177; 12 years, and 32 (55%) were men. No patient had a history of angina or acute myocardial infarction. The major risk factors for the disease were systemic arterial hypertension in 93% of the patients, dyslipidemia in 38%, familial history in 25%, and smoking in 20%. The mean duration of diabetes was 20.8 &#177; 9 years, and the duration of dialysis was 26 &#177; 9 months. Coronary angiography revealed coronary artery disease in 42 (72%) patients, which was mild in 20 (34%) patients, moderate in 9 (16%), and severe in 13 (22%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Patients with type I diabetes in a dialysis program and candidates for double transplantation had an elevated prevalence of coronary artery disease. It is worth noting that those patients had no symptoms of the disease. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold> atherosclerosis, type I diabetes mellitus, double transplantation</p>
      <p> It is believed that 17 million diabetic people exist in the United States of America, 90 to 95% of whom have type II diabetes and 5 to 10% have type I (TIDM) <sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>The prevalence, incidence, morbidity, and mortality of all forms of cardiovascular disease are more elevated in diabetic patients (type I or II) when compared with those of nondiabetic individuals <sup>2-6</sup>. </p>
      <p>The relation between coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus in type II diabetics has been studied, and a series of factors have been identified as participating in the genesis and progression of the disease in that population. However, in regard to the type I diabetic patient, the same exuberance of information is not available <sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Noninvasive studies have reported that type I diabetic patients have an early increase in coronary calcification and several risk factors for coronary artery disease <sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>The improvement observed in the treatment of TIDM in the past 20 years has allowed survival until adulthood for many patients, exposing the cardiovascular system to exacerbated atherogenic factors for a longer time. This has allowed a much more frequent diagnosis of coronary artery disease in clinical practice. The Stent or Surgery study <sup>9</sup>, which compared myocardial revascularization surgery with coronary angioplasty in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease, recruited 6% of patients with TIDM. </p>
      <p>The early or subclinical detection of cardiovascular disease has been a great challenge in the prevention and treatment of patients with TIDM <sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>The preoperative assessment protocol of candidates for double transplantation (kidney and pancreas) of the UNIFESP-EPM includes coronary cineangiography and left ventriculography. Aiming at assessing some aspects of coronary artery disease in those patients, we decided to report the initial series of this evaluation. </p>
      <p>The primary objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of coronary artery disease in a population of TIDM patient candidates for double transplantation; the secondary objective was to assess the degree of luminal stenosis caused by coronary obstructive lesion in the population studied. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From January 2000 to July 2002, a retrospective study was carried out in the Hospital do Rim e da Hipertens&#227;o and in the Hospital S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM) comprising patients with TIDM and chronic renal failure in a dialysis program and candidates for double transplantation, who underwent clinical cardiological assessment followed by coronary cineangiography and left ventriculography. No patient assessed was excluded from the analysis. </p>
      <p>Type I diabetic patients were those who initiated the use of insulin on the occasion of the diagnosis or until 6 months after being diagnosed with the disease, and who had serum levels of C peptide compatible with the diagnostic criteria of the disease. </p>
      <p>Invasive cardiac assessment was performed by use of coronary cineangiography according to the technique of Judkins. The examinations were stored on 35-mm film or compact discs, and then analyzed by use of quantitative coronary angiography (QCA-CMS; version 3; Medis, Nuenen, The Netherlands). </p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease is considered obstructive when the arterial luminal stenosis is <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%, and nonobstructive when the arterial luminal stenosis is &lt; 50% <sup>11</sup>. Any narrowing or irregularity of the arterial lumen is considered coronary artery disease. The stenotic lesions were classified as follows: mild, luminal stenosis &lt; 30%; moderate, luminal stenosis <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 to 70%; and severe, luminal stenosis &gt; 70%. The left ventricular ejection fraction was determined by use of the Dodge method. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>According to the assessment protocol before double transplantation, 58 patients were studied at our institution. The mean age of the patients was 34 &#177; 12 years (median, 33.5). The mean duration of dialysis was 26 &#177; 9 months (median, 23), and the mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 20.8 &#177; 9 years (median, 21). The most common dialysis method was hemodialysis (86%). </p>
      <p>The male sex predominated [32 men (55%) and 26 women (45%)]. The major risk factors for coronary artery disease were as follows: systemic arterial hypertension in 93%, dyslipidemia in 38%, familial history in 25%, and smoking in 20%. </p>
      <p>Seven (12%) patients had one sign or symptom of heart failure (functional class II and III), while the others (88%) were asymptomatic. The patients had neither angina, nor ischemic equivalents, nor antecedents of myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p>No severe complication related to coronary cineangiography occurred. The mild complications were 3 hematomas in the vascular site of access and a urticaria-like allergic reaction. </p>
      <p>Analysis of coronary cineangiography revealed that 42 (72%) patients had coronary artery disease. Stenosis of the arterial lumen was as follows: &gt; 70% in 13 (22%) patients; between 30 and 70% in 9 (16%) patients; and &lt; 30% in 20 (34%) patients. </p>
      <p>Regarding the extension of the coronary artery disease of the patients with stenosis &gt; 30%, 7 were 2-vessel, and 2 were 3-vessel. Obstructive lesions &gt; 30% were observed in 12 anterior descending coronary arteries, 3 circumflex arteries, and 7 right coronary arteries. The remaining lesions were located in secondary branches (diagonal or marginal). </p>
      <p>Left ventricular ejection fraction was 54 &#177; 19%. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction &lt; 50%) occurred in 12 patients (20%), and in 9 (75%) patients, the dysfunction was segmentary. The most common dysfunction was that of the anterior wall, which occurred in 6 (66%) patients. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Angiographic information about coronary artery disease in patients with TIDM is scarce, unlike that in patients with TIIDM, which is abundant. </p>
      <p>Pajune et al <sup>12</sup> carried out a case-control study, in which type I diabetic patients with clinical indications for coronary cineangiography were paired with nondiabetic patients for sex, age, date of catheterization, and serum level of creatinine. The following patient data were analyzed: degree of luminal stenosis, lesion length, and the atherosclerotic plaque load. The type I diabetic patients had a greater degree of luminal stenosis (49% vs 34%, P &lt; 0.01), longer lesions (35 mm vs 18 mm, P &lt; 0.001), and a greater plaque load (21 mm<sup>2</sup> vs 13 mm<sup>2</sup>, P &lt; 0.001) <sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Larsen et al <sup>13</sup> assessed the relation between coronary artery disease (diagnosed on coronary cineangiography and intravascular ultrasound) and control of glycemia in a type I diabetic population (29 patients), which had been included in the Oslo study in the 1980s. On the occasion of the invasive study, the patients had no disease symptoms. The analysis of coronary cineangiography revealed stenosis &gt; 50% in 34% of the patients; according to the intravascular ultrasound, however, the percentage of stenosis was &gt; 40% in 34.5% of the patients, between 20 and 40% in 31%, and &lt; 20% in 34.5%. </p>
      <p>Type I diabetic patient candidates for double transplantation were studied by Jukema et al <sup>14</sup>, who performed coronary cineangiography before and 4 years after double transplantation to assess the impact of glycemic normalization on the angiographic characteristics of coronary artery disease. The patients in this series had no severe stenoses. However, the most relevant contribution of the publication was the observation that the patients, whose renal and pancreatic grafts were functioning after 4 years, had a marked reduction in atherosclerosis. On the contrary, the 6 patients whose pancreatic grafts did not function had progression of the disease <sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The patients in our study differed from those in the cited studies because they were candidates for double transplantation, had no symptoms of coronary artery disease, and, mainly, had an elevated rate of obstructive coronary artery disease [42 (72%) patients with stenosis &gt; 30%, and 13 (22%) patients with stenosis &gt; 70%]. </p>
      <p>Some studies assessed the prevalence of coronary artery disease in TIDM by using clinical, electrocardiographic, or functional test criteria. The results of the analysis of more than 5,500 patients revealed that coronary artery disease was present in a significant number of patients, reaching 35% in some age groups. The major independent risk factors were as follow: duration of TIDM, diabetic nephropathy, creatinine serum level, and presence of microalbuminuria <sup>15-17</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our study, the prevalence of coronary artery disease was not only high, but also revealed severe stenoses in 13 (22%) patients. However, the symptomatology of coronary artery disease was absent in all patients. One possible mechanism to explain that finding may be the presence of advanced autonomous neuropathy <sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>Our results suggest that coronary macrovascular disease in a type I diabetic candidate for double transplantation may be underdiagnosed by the noninvasive classical methods. Because that is a high-risk population for coronary artery disease <sup>19</sup>, we believe that the screening routines for coronary artery disease in those patients should be reviewed. This is reinforced by the knowledge that the greatest cause of death in diabetic patients is cardiovascular disease <sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>The possibility of regression of CAD with double transplantation through normalization of glycemia in TIDM has raised great expectations, which should be investigated with angiographic and serial ultrasound studies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Valter C. Lima</p>
          <p> Rua Napole&#227;o de Barros 715, T&#233;rreo</p>
          <p> Cep 0424-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="valterlima.dmed@epm.br">valterlima.dmed@epm.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 07/24/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 07/25/2004</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
