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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hwB9XwnGfj4MbBsqt73rrmv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000200002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000200002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estenose suba&#243;rtica associada a comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular perimembranosa: acompanhamento cl&#237;nico de 36 pacientes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Horta</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Gloria Cruvinel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Franco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Dilermando Fazito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Masci</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Lucia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Cathia Costa C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katina</surname>
            <given-names>Tamara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marly de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Paulino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>103</fpage>
      <lpage>107</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar o comportamento cl&#237;nico da estenose suba&#243;rtica associada a comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular perimembranosa. M&#201;TODOS: Foram acompanhadas, de janeiro 1979 a junho 2000, quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas, car&#225;ter evolutivo e eventos cl&#237;nicos, 36 crian&#231;as com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular perimembranosa e estenose suba&#243;rtica fixa. RESULTADOS: A idade de diagn&#243;stico da estenose suba&#243;rtica fixa variou de seis meses a 170 meses, sendo abaixo de 1 ano apenas em duas crian&#231;as. Quanto ao sexo a distribui&#231;&#227;o foi de 2:1 com grande predom&#237;nio do masculino. A comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular era de tamanho pequeno em 61,00% dos casos, m&#233;dio em 30,56% e grande em 8,40%, apresentando diminui&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da comunica&#231;&#227;o durante o acompanhamento em 30,56% (11 casos). Em todos os pacientes a estenose suba&#243;rtica era fixa, em membrana. Durante o tempo de acompanhamento, 23 pacientes apresentaram progress&#227;o da estenose. Foi realizado tratamento cir&#250;rgico em 21 casos, sendo um paciente reoperado por reestenose. Endocardite bacteriana ocorreu em dois casos, um deles faleceu. CONCLUS&#195;O: A estenose suba&#243;rtica ocorre na hist&#243;ria natural da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular geralmente ap&#243;s o 1&#186; ano de vida, apresentando car&#225;ter progressivo e necessitando de cirurgia na maioria dos casos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>estenose suba&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatia cong&#234;nita</kwd>
        <kwd>endocardite</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Estenose suba&#243;rtica associada a comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular perimembranosa. Acompanhamento cl&#237;nico de 36 pacientes </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria da Gloria Cruvinel Horta; Carlos Alberto Franco Faria; Dilermando Fazito Rezende; Tereza Lucia Masci; Cathia Costa C. Rabelo; Tamara Katina; Marly de Oliveira; Luciana Paulino Oliveira</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG e Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Estudar o comportamento cl&#237;nico da estenose suba&#243;rtica associada a comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular perimembranosa. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Foram acompanhadas, de janeiro 1979 a junho 2000, quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas, car&#225;ter evolutivo e eventos cl&#237;nicos, 36 crian&#231;as com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular perimembranosa e estenose suba&#243;rtica fixa. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A idade de diagn&#243;stico da estenose suba&#243;rtica fixa variou de seis meses a 170 meses, sendo abaixo de 1 ano apenas em duas crian&#231;as. Quanto ao sexo a distribui&#231;&#227;o foi de 2:1 com grande predom&#237;nio do masculino. A comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular era de tamanho pequeno em 61,00% dos casos, m&#233;dio em 30,56% e grande em 8,40%, apresentando diminui&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da comunica&#231;&#227;o durante o acompanhamento em 30,56% (11 casos). Em todos os pacientes a estenose suba&#243;rtica era fixa, em membrana. Durante o tempo de acompanhamento, 23 pacientes apresentaram progress&#227;o da estenose. Foi realizado tratamento cir&#250;rgico em 21 casos, sendo um paciente reoperado por reestenose. Endocardite bacteriana ocorreu em dois casos, um deles faleceu. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> A estenose suba&#243;rtica ocorre na hist&#243;ria natural da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular geralmente ap&#243;s o 1&#186; ano de vida, apresentando car&#225;ter progressivo e necessitando de cirurgia na maioria dos casos. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, estenose suba&#243;rtica, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, endocardite </p>
    <p> A estenose suba&#243;rtica pode surgir como complica&#231;&#227;o na evolu&#231;&#227;o natural de v&#225;rias cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, mas sua etiologia ainda &#233; mal esclarecida<sup>1,2</sup>. A comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular pode desenvolver estenose suba&#243;rtica durante sua evolu&#231;&#227;o natural, numa incid&#234;ncia de 20%<sup>2-4</sup>. A estenose suba&#243;rtica que se desenvolve nesses casos &#233; freq&#252;entemente do tipo fixa, em membrana e pode aparecer durante a diminui&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, ap&#243;s o seu fechamento espont&#226;neo<sup>5-7 </sup>ou ap&#243;s a sua corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica<sup>8,9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Neste trabalho analisamos a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, as caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, cineangiocardiogr&#225;ficas e cir&#250;rgicas de crian&#231;as portadoras de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular perimembranosa que desenvolveram a estenose suba&#243;rtica durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de janeiro 1979 a junho 2000 acompanhamos pessoalmente 36 crian&#231;as portadoras de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular perimembranosa que desenvolveram estenose suba&#243;rtica fixa. A idade variou de 6 a 170 meses, sendo 12 do sexo feminino e 24 do sexo masculino. As crian&#231;as foram inclu&#237;das no estudo a partir do momento de diagn&#243;stico da estenose suba&#243;rtica. </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os casos de estenose suba&#243;rtica associada a outros tipos de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular e a outras cardiopatias, que poderiam interferir na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e na indica&#231;&#227;o de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. </p>
    <p>Colhemos os dados da evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica deste grupo de maneira retrospectiva, com as revis&#245;es necess&#225;rias, e os dados analisados foram: atrav&#233;s do ecodopplercardiograma bidimensional e/ou cirurgia e/ou cineangiocardiografia: identifica&#231;&#227;o do tipo anat&#244;mico<sup>10</sup> e tamanho<sup>11</sup> da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas da estenose suba&#243;rtica fixa<sup>12</sup>, avalia&#231;&#227;o evolutiva do gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo;sintomatologia; eventos na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica: endocardite bacteriana, tratamento cir&#250;rgico, dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento, &#243;bito. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecodopplercardiogr&#225;fica foi realizada em exames previamente gravados,utilizando-se exames bidimensionais e Doppler puls&#225;til e cont&#237;nuo. Ao Doppler, foram determinados o gradiente transvalvar a&#243;rtico m&#225;ximo e m&#233;dio, atrav&#233;s da equa&#231;&#227;o simplificada de Bernoulli. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita utilizando-se tabelas de ANOVA - <italic>One Way</italic> - na compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias exibidas em escala num&#233;rica, teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher (quando indicado), teste de Fisher para determinar o grau de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica das diferen&#231;as observadas, utilizando-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis sempre que o teste de Bartlett foi significativo. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref> apresenta a distribui&#231;&#227;o das idades de diagn&#243;stico e cirurgia da estenose suba&#243;rtica. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0103-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico da estenose suba&#243;rtica foi feito pelo ecocardiograma em 29 (80,60%) crian&#231;as e pela cineangiocardiografia em 7 (19,40%). Houve predom&#237;nio de sexo masculino sobre o sexo feminino, correspondendo a 66,67% (24) e 33,33%<sup>12</sup> dos casos respectivamente. Em 5 (13,90%) pacientes o diagn&#243;stico da estenose suba&#243;rtica foi simult&#226;neo ao de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, todos acima de 2 anos de idade. Nenhum diagn&#243;stico de estenose suba&#243;rtica ocorreu ap&#243;s o fechamento cir&#250;rgico da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular e n&#227;o houve relato de ocorr&#234;ncia familiar nos casos estudados. </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref> descreve os tamanhos da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular na amostra. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0103-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Observamos uma tend&#234;ncia para o desenvolvimento da estenose suba&#243;rtica acompanhando a diminui&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular em 11 (30,56%) crian&#231;as. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> mostra ecocardiograma seriado da mesma crian&#231;a, com o aparecimento da estenose suba&#243;rtica em 6 meses. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0103-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p> O comportamento da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento est&#225; descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0103-00002-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Identificamos outras cardiopatias associadas em 6 (16,67%) pacientes, descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela IV</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0103-00002-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela V</xref> mostra o gradiente suba&#243;rtico ao diagn&#243;stico e &#224; cirurgia. Em 23 (63,80%) crian&#231;as observamos um aumento progressivo do gradiente da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no per&#237;odo de acompanhamento (m&#233;dia= 20,90 &#177;6,81 mmHg), enquanto em 5 (13,89%) n&#227;o houve progress&#227;o significativa (&gt;5 mmHg) do gradiente por um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento entre 36 e 127 meses (m&#233;dia = 81,60 &#177; 45,60); em 13 (36,11%) pacientes houve progress&#227;o significativa do gradiente durante o acompanhamento, sendo submetidos a cirurgia. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0103-00002-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve sintomatologia associada ao desenvolvimento da estenose suba&#243;rtica em nenhum dos pacientes. </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da evolu&#231;&#227;o e tratamento encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tabela VI</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0103-00002-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em 15 (41,67%) casos as crian&#231;as foram acompanhadas apenas com tratamento cl&#237;nico por um per&#237;odo de 12 a 130 meses (m&#233;dia = 58,38 &#177; 40,17). Foi realizado tratamento cir&#250;rgico em 21 (58,33%) crian&#231;as, sendo a cirurgia indicada quando o gradiente suba&#243;rtico foi superior a 40 mmHg exceto em um caso operado na vig&#234;ncia de endocardite, com gradiente de 35 mmHg; em 8 (22,22%) crian&#231;as a cirurgia foi indicada imediatamente ao diagn&#243;stico, por apresentarem gradiente suba&#243;rtico acima de 40 mmHg. As 21 (58,33%) crian&#231;as submetidas &#224; cirurgia foram acompanhadas por um tempo m&#233;dio de 23,41 &#177; 34,34 meses, havendo um caso de reopera&#231;&#227;o por recidiva da estenose suba&#243;rtica no per&#237;odo. </p>
    <p>Dois (5,56%) pacientes tiveram endocardite bacteriana aos 48 e 60 meses de idade respectivamente, tendo sido submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico, sendo que um dos casos evoluiu para &#243;bito no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico da estenose suba&#243;rtica ocorreu ap&#243;s o primeiro ano de vida em 94,40% dos casos, com o predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino numa propor&#231;&#227;o de 2:1, o que concorda com outras observa&#231;&#245;es<sup>13-18</sup>. </p>
    <p>&#192; anamnese n&#227;o identificamos ocorr&#234;ncia familiar em nosso grupo de estudo. Petsas e cols.<sup>19</sup> relatam quatro casos de tipos anat&#244;micos diferentes de estenose suba&#243;rtica em uma fam&#237;lia. </p>
    <p>Sete crian&#231;as foram submetidas a cateterismo card&#237;aco antes do advento da ecocardiografia. </p>
    <p>Nas d&#233;cadas de 1970 e 1980 surgiram os primeiros relatos de estenose suba&#243;rtica em pacientes com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular e via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, anteriormente julgada normal pela cineangiocardiografia; alguns autores atribu&#237;ram estes achados &#224; incorre&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo, propondo que a cineangiocardiografia - exame utilizado de rotina na &#233;poca - n&#227;o fosse um exame adequado para o diagn&#243;stico da estenose suba&#243;rtica<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>O advento da ecocardiografia, proporcionando uma forma segura e n&#227;o invasiva de acompanhamento dos pacientes com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular possibilitou a constata&#231;&#227;o de que a obstru&#231;&#227;o pode n&#227;o estar presente no primeiro ano de vida das crian&#231;as, surgindo geralmente quando a comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular j&#225; apresenta sinais de diminui&#231;&#227;o de tamanho e fechamento espont&#226;neo<sup>21-23</sup>. Observamos em apenas dois casos o seu aparecimento antes de um ano de idade. </p>
    <p>Verificamos de forma clara a tend&#234;ncia de aparecimento da estenose suba&#243;rtica especialmente em comunica&#231;&#245;es interventriculares perimembranosas com caracter&#237;sticas favor&#225;veis ao fechamento espont&#226;neo, por serem em sua maioria de tamanho pequeno e com forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido subtricusp&#237;deo em suas bordas; o mecanismo de fechamento espont&#226;neo da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular chegou a ser responsabilizado por alguns autores pela forma&#231;&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>5,7</sup>. </p>
    <p>A estenose suba&#243;rtica n&#227;o provocou sintomas, inclusive naqueles com at&#233; 90 mmHg de gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo,nem houve altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais ou eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas relacionadas com o seu aparecimento, constituindo achado ocasional nos ecocardiogramas de controle, o mesmo ocorreu em outros estudos<sup>24-26</sup>, embora alguns autores relatem sintomas na idade adulta. </p>
    <p>Oito crian&#231;as apresentaram, ao primeiro exame, elevados gradientes na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Esses diagn&#243;sticos tardios podem ser explicados pela aus&#234;ncia de sintomas e pelo baixo n&#237;vel social de nossos pacientes. </p>
    <p> Vinte e tr&#234;s (63,90%) crian&#231;as apresentaram progress&#227;o da estenose suba&#243;rtica, algumas com discreto aumento do gradiente ao longo dos anos, enquanto outras evolu&#237;ram em poucos meses para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Isto confirma a caracter&#237;stica evolutiva da doen&#231;a<sup>27,28</sup>, e mostra a necessidade de acompanhamento prolongado destes pacientes<sup>29,30</sup>. </p>
    <p>Conservadoramente, indicamos a cirurgia quando o gradiente suba&#243;rtico era &gt; a 40 mmHg. H&#225; quem indique a cirurgia imediatamente ao diagn&#243;stico, independentemente do gradiente, em vista de se tratar de uma doen&#231;a progressiva n&#227;o benigna<sup>31,32</sup>; outros o fazem com gradientes entre 20 e 80 mmHg<sup>(33,34)</sup>. &#201; mais cauteloso indicar a cirurgia com gradientes maiores, de vez que v&#225;rias crian&#231;as, observadas durante anos, n&#227;o apresentam progress&#227;o da estenose suba&#243;rtica<sup>35,36</sup>. </p>
    <p>&#201; interessante observar que, na nossa s&#233;rie, a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ocorreu devido ao desenvolvimento da estenose suba&#243;rtica e n&#227;o pela repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, de tamanho pequeno na maioria dos casos, explicando a aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o tamanho da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular e a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. A necessidade de cirurgia &#233; determinada pelo gradiente suba&#243;rtico e n&#227;o pelo tamanho da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, na maioria das vezes<sup>37,38 </sup>em v&#225;rias s&#233;ries estudadas, no que concordamos. </p>
    <p>Ocorreu reestenose em uma crian&#231;a operada na d&#233;cada de 1980, quando era usual a ressec&#231;&#227;o superficial da membrana estenosante. Posteriormente, a preven&#231;&#227;o da reestenose passou a ser feita por miectomia mais profunda na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>39,40</sup>. </p>
    <p>Duas de 36 (5,50%) crian&#231;as apresentaram endocardite bacteriana, sendo que uma faleceu. A preval&#234;ncia da endocardite, complica&#231;&#227;o freq&#252;ente nesta doen&#231;a, tem diminu&#237;do<sup>41,42</sup>. O baixo n&#237;vel social da nossa amostra, com dificuldade de acesso a tratamento dent&#225;rio, pode explicar a sua ocorr&#234;ncia recente em uma das nossas crian&#231;as. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, observamos em nossa amostra que o diagn&#243;stico da estenose suba&#243;rtica fixa ocorreu na maioria dos casos ap&#243;s o primeiro ano de vida, com predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino na propor&#231;&#227;o de 2:1.Todos os pacientes eram assintom&#225;ticos, com diagn&#243;stico feito pelo acompanhamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico. Na maioria dos casos, a estenose suba&#243;rtica se desenvolveu em associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular perimembranosa de tamanho pequeno. Houve progress&#227;o do gradiente suba&#243;rtico em 63,89% dos casos durante o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico, sendo este gradiente o principal determinante da indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica,e n&#227;o o tamanho da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular. A endocardite bacteriana ocorreu em duas crian&#231;as, provocando o &#243;bito em um dos casos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Maria da Gl&#243;ria Cruvinel Horta </p>
        <p> Rua Modesto Carvalho Ara&#250;jo,428 </p>
        <p> Belo Horizonte, MG </p>
        <p> Cep 30320-410 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mgchorta@hotmail.com">mgchorta@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 25/05/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 04/06/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <fpage>1103</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>48</volume>
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              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
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              <surname>Mittal</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Subaortic stenosis associated with perimembranous ventricular septal defect: clinical follow-up of 36 patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical pattern of subaortic stenosis associated with perimembranous ventricular septal defect. METHODS: From January 1979 to June 2000, 36 children with perimembranous ventricular septal defect and fixed subaortic stenosis were followed-up regarding anatomic characteristics, evolvement, and clinical events. RESULTS: Age at diagnosis of subaortic stenosis ranged from 6 months to 170 months, and it was less than 1 year in only 2 children. Regarding sex, the distribution was 2:1 with a greater predominance of males. Ventricular septal defect was small in 61.0% of cases, medium in 30.56%, and large in 8.40%; the size of the septal defect decreased during follow-up in 30.56% (11 cases). In all patients, subaortic stenosis was membranous and fixed. During follow-up, 23 patients experienced evolvement of the stenosis. Surgical treatment was performed in 21 cases, and one patient underwent surgery for restenosis. Infectious endocarditis occurred in 2 patients; one of the patients died. CONCLUSION: Subaortic stenosis occurs in the natural history of ventricular septal defect usually after the first year of life, and it is progressive and requires surgery in most cases.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ventricular septal defect</kwd>
        <kwd>subaortic stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>congenital heart disease</kwd>
        <kwd>endocarditis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Subaortic stenosis associated with perimembranous ventricular septal defect. Clinical follow-up of 36 patients</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maria da Gloria Cruvinel Horta; Carlos Alberto Franco Faria; Dilermando Fazito Rezende; Tereza Lucia Masci; Cathia Costa C. Rabelo; Tamara Katina; Marly de Oliveira; Luciana Paulino Oliveira</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil </p>
      <p> Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG e Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2"> Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To study the clinical pattern of subaortic stenosis associated with perimembranous ventricular septal defect.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> From January 1979 to June 2000, 36 children with perimembranous ventricular septal defect and fixed subaortic stenosis were followed-up regarding anatomic characteristics, evolvement, and clinical events.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Age at diagnosis of subaortic stenosis ranged from 6 months to 170 months, and it was less than 1 year in only 2 children. Regarding sex, the distribution was 2:1 with a greater predominance of males. Ventricular septal defect was small in 61.0% of cases, medium in 30.56%, and large in 8.40%; the size of the septal defect decreased during follow-up in 30.56% (11 cases). In all patients, subaortic stenosis was membranous and fixed. During follow-up, 23 patients experienced evolvement of the stenosis. Surgical treatment was performed in 21 cases, and one patient underwent surgery for restenosis. Infectious endocarditis occurred in 2 patients; one of the patients died.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Subaortic stenosis occurs in the natural history of ventricular septal defect usually after the first year of life, and it is progressive and requires surgery in most cases. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>ventricular septal defect, subaortic stenosis, congenital heart disease, endocarditis</p>
      <p> Subaortic stenosis may occur as a complication of the natural evolvement of several congenital heart diseases; however, its etiology is still unclear<sup>1,2</sup>. Ventricular septal defect may develop into subaortic stenosis in 20% of cases<sup>2-4</sup>. The subaortic stenosis developed in these cases is frequently membranous and fixed, and it may occur when the diameter of the ventricular septal defect decreases, after spontaneous closure<sup>5-7</sup>, or after surgical correction<sup>8,9</sup>. </p>
      <p> In this study, we assessed the clinical evolvement, the echocardiographic, cineangiographic, and surgical characteristics of children with perimembranous ventricular septal defect who developed subaortic stenosis during follow-up. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p> From January 1979 to June 2000, 36 children with perimembranous ventricular septal defect who developed fixed subaortic stenosis were followed-up. Age ranged from 6 to 170 months; 12 children were females, and 24 were males. Children with a diagnosis of subaortic stenosis were included in the study. </p>
      <p> Cases of subaortic stenosis associated with other types of septal defect and other heart diseases that might interfere with the clinical evolvement and the indication of surgical correction were excluded. </p>
      <p> Data about clinical evolvement of this group were retrospectively collected. With the necessary revisions, the following data from bidimensional Doppler echocardiograms and/or surgery and/or cineangiography were assessed: identification of the anatomical type<sup>10</sup> and size<sup>11</sup> of the ventricular septal defect, anatomic characteristics of the fixed subaortic stenosis<sup>12</sup>, evolvement assessment of the left ventricular outflow pressure gradient; symptomatology; events occurring during clinical evolvement: infectious endocarditis, surgical treatment, duration of follow-up, and death. </p>
      <p> Doppler echocardiography was recorded during previous examinations, by using bidimensional examinations, pulsed Doppler, and continuous wave Doppler. Maximum and medium transvalvular aortic gradient were determined using Bernoulli's simplified equation. </p>
      <p> Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA - One Way - tables with comparison between the average demonstrated in a numerical scale, the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test (when indicated), Fisher's exact test to determine the level of statistical significance of the differences observed, using the Kruskal-Wallis test whenever Bartlett's test was significant. The level of statistical significance adopted was 5%. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tb01-body2"> Table I</xref> presents the distribution of ages at diagnosis and subaortic stenosis surgery. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tb01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0103-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> Diagnosis of subaortic stenosis by echocardiogram was performed in 29 (80.6%) children and by cineangiography in 7 (19.4%). Males were predominant over females, accounting for 66.67% (24) and 33.33% <sup>12</sup> of the cases, respectively. In 5 patients (13.90%), the diagnosis of subaortic stenosis was simultaneous with that of ventricular septal defect, with all 5 patients over 2 years old. None of the diagnoses of subaortic stenosis occurred after surgical closure of the septal defect, and no reports of familial incidence occurred in the cases studied. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2"> Table II</xref> describes the sizes of ventricular septal defects in the sample. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0103-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> We observed a trend toward development of subaortic stenosis following the decrease in size of the ventricular septal defect in 11 (30.56%) children. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2"> Figure 1</xref> demonstrates serial echocardiograms of the same children, with the appearance of subaortic stenosis by 6 months. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0103-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p> The pattern of the ventricular septal defect during follow-up is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2"> table III</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0103-00002-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> We identified other associated heart diseases in 6 patients (16.67%), described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2"> table IV</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0103-00002-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2"> Table V</xref> demonstrates the subaortic gradient at diagnosis and surgery in 23 children (63.80%). We have observed a progressive increase in the left ventricular outflow pressure gradient during follow-up (mean, 20.90 &#177;6.81 mmHg), whereas in 5 children (13.89%) significant progression of the gradient (&gt;5 mmHg) did not occur in the follow-up period of 36 and 127 months (mean, 81.60 &#177; 45.60). In 13 patients (36.11%), significant progression of the gradient occurred during follow-up, and the patients underwent surgery. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0103-00002-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> None of the patients had symptoms related to the development of subaortic stenosis. </p>
      <p> The characteristics of evolvement and treatment are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2"> table VI</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-02-0103-00002-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> In 15 cases (41.67%), children were followed-up only through clinical treatment for a period of 12 to 130 months (mean, 58.38 &#177; 40.17). Surgical treatment was performed in 21 children (58.33%), and surgery was indicated when the subaortic gradient was higher than 40 mmHg except for a patient with endocarditis who had a 35 mmHg gradient and underwent. In 8 children (22.22%), the surgery was indicated immediately after the diagnosis because they had a subaortic gradient above 40 mmHg. The 21 children (58.33%) undergoing surgery were followed-up for a mean time of 23.41 &#177; 34.34 months, with one case of reoperation for subaortic stenosis recurrence during that period. </p>
      <p>Two patients (5.56%) had infectious endocarditis at 48 and 60 months of age, respectively, and underwent surgery. One of the patients evolved to death in the immediate postoperative period. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Diagnosis of subaortic stenosis occurred after the first year of life in 94.40% of cases, with a predominance of males in a 2:1 ratio, in agreement with other observations <sup>13-18</sup>. </p>
      <p>We have not identified a family history in the anamneses in our study group. Petsas and cols <sup>19</sup>. reported 4 cases of different anatomic types of subaortic stenosis in one family. </p>
      <p>Seven children underwent cardiac catheterization before the use of echocardiography. </p>
      <p>The first reports on subaortic stenosis in patients with ventricular septal defect and left ventricular pressure outflow previously reported as normal through cineangiography occurred in the 70s and the 80s. Some authors attributed these findings to the inaccuracy of the method stating that cineangiography-the procedure routinely performed at that time-was not suitable for the diagnosis of subaortic stenosis <sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>The advent of echocardiography, a safe and noninvasive method of follow-up of patients with ventricular septal defect, enableld us to understand that the obstruction may not be present in the first year of life in children, but arises generally when the ventricular septal defect shows signs of a decrease in size and spontaneous closure <sup>21-23</sup>. We have observed its appearance before one year of age in only 2 patients. </p>
      <p>We have clearly identified the tendency of subaortic stenosis to occur especially in perimembranous ventricular septal defects with favorable characteristics for spontaneous closure, because most of them were small and had formation of subtricuspid tissue in their borders. The mechanism of spontaneous closure of the ventricular septal defect was regarded by some authors as responsible for the formation of the obstruction in the left ventricular outflow tract <sup>5,7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Subaortic stenosis did not cause symptoms, even in those patients with up to 90 mmHg of left ventricular outflow tract gradient, and its appearance did not lead to electrocardiographic or laboratory alterations, therefore being an occasional finding in control echocardiograms as in other studies <sup>24-26</sup>, although some authors report symptoms in adulthood. </p>
      <p>Eight children presented at the first examination with high gradients in left ventricular outflow tract. These late diagnoses may be explained through the absence of symptoms and the lower social level of our patients. </p>
      <p>Twenty-three children (63.90%) had subaortic stenosis progression with a mild increase in the gradient over the years, whereas others evolved in a few months to surgical treatment. This finding confirms the evolving characteristic of the disease <sup>27,28</sup>, and demonstrates the need for prolonged follow-up of these patients<sup>29,30</sup>. </p>
      <p>Usually, surgery was indicated when the subaortic gradient was &gt; 40 mmHg. Some physicians indicate surgery immediately after diagnosis, regardless of the gradient, because it is not a benign progressive disease <sup>31,32</sup>. Other physicians indicate it with gradients between 20 to 80 mmHg<sup> 33,34</sup>. It is safer to indicate surgery with higher gradients, because many children observed for years did not experience progression of the subaortic stenosis<sup>35,36</sup>. </p>
      <p>It is interesting to observe that, in our series, surgical indication occurred due to the development of stenosis rather than to clinical repercussions from ventricular septal defect, which was small in most cases, therefore explaining the absence of a correlation between size of ventricular septal defect and surgical indication. We agree that the need for surgery is determined by the subaortic gradient rather than by the size of the ventricular septal defect in most cases <sup>37,38</sup>, in several studied series. </p>
      <p>Restenosis occurred in one child who was operated on, in the 80s, when surface resection of the stenotic membrane was common. Later, prevention of restenosis was performed through myectomy deeper in the left ventricular outflow tract <sup>39,40</sup>. </p>
      <p>Two of 36 children (5.50%) had infectious endocarditis, and one child died. The incidence of endocarditis, a frequent complication in this disease, has decreased <sup>41,42</sup>. The low social level of our sample, with poor access to dental treatment, may explain its recent occurrence in one of our children. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, we have observed in our sample that the diagnosis of fixed subaortic stenosis occurred in the majority of cases after the first year of life, with a predominance of males in a ratio of 2:1. All patients were asymptomatic, with the diagnosis made by echocardiographic follow-up. In the majority of cases, subaortic stenosis with ventricular septal defect developed together with a small perimembranous septal defect. A progression in the subaortic gradient in 63.89% of cases during clinical follow-up, and this gradient, rather than the size of the ventricular septal defect, was the main determinant of surgical indication. Infectious endocarditis occurred in 2 children, leading to death in one.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Maria da Gl&#243;ria Cruvinel Horta</p>
          <p> Rua Modesto Carvalho Ara&#250;jo, 428 - Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
          <p> Cep 30320-410</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mgchorta@hotmail.com">mgchorta@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 25/05/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 04/06/2004</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
