<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JPxBmvSrDpNGNf79P44jB3F</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000100013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400113</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000100013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Casos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &#250;nica submetida a angioplastia com implante de Stent</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Ian C. D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre X.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ares</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarbi</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moscoso</surname>
            <given-names>Isaac</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salman</surname>
            <given-names>Adnan A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crist&#243;v&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador A. B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mauro</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda Z.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Mogi das Cruzes</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Disciplina de Cardiologia </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>55</fpage>
      <lpage>58</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Relatamos caso de rara anomalia de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita saindo do ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria descendente anterior com les&#227;o obstrutiva ateromatosa proximal, imediatamente antes da emerg&#234;ncia da coron&#225;ria direita. O paciente foi submetido a angioplastia com implante de Stent na descendente anterior com sucesso. H&#225; relatos de apenas 7 casos desta anomalia de distribui&#231;&#227;o na literatura, por&#233;m nenhum com tratamento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &#250;nica submetida a angioplastia com implante de <italic><bold>Stent</bold></italic></p>
    <p>Ian C. D. Teixeira; Alexandre X. Brant; Alexandre Ares; Bruno Sarbi; Isaac Moscoso; Adnan A. Salman; Salvador A. B. Crist&#243;v&#227;o; Jo&#227;o B. Oliveira Neto; Maria Fernanda Z. Mauro; Jos&#233; A. Mangione </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo e Disciplina de Cardiologia da Faculdade de Medicina de Mogi das Cruzes</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Relatamos caso de rara anomalia de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita saindo do ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria descendente anterior com les&#227;o obstrutiva ateromatosa proximal, imediatamente antes da emerg&#234;ncia da coron&#225;ria direita. O paciente foi submetido a angioplastia com implante de Stent na descendente anterior com sucesso. H&#225; relatos de apenas 7 casos desta anomalia de distribui&#231;&#227;o na literatura, por&#233;m nenhum com tratamento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea.</p>
    <p>As anomalias das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ocorrem em 1 a 2% da popula&#231;&#227;o, constituindo um tipo raro, mas importante, de doen&#231;a coronariana n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica. Sua presen&#231;a pode implicar na ocorr&#234;ncia de morte s&#250;bita aos esfor&#231;os e aumentar o risco de trauma arterial coronariano durante procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, al&#233;m de que certos tipos de anomalia levam &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica <sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &#250;nica (ACU), descrita como art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria isolada, n&#227;o apresenta predomin&#226;ncia entre os sexos, constituindo-se uma entidade rara, com incid&#234;ncia de 0,024% quando isolada e de 0,03 a 0,04% quando associada a outras anormalidades card&#237;acas <sup>2-4</sup>. Apresenta, como caracter&#237;stica principal, a sua origem da raiz da aorta atrav&#233;s de um &#243;stio &#250;nico, sem evid&#234;ncia de um segundo &#243;stio, sendo ent&#227;o respons&#225;vel pela irriga&#231;&#227;o de todo o cora&#231;&#227;o, independente de sua distribui&#231;&#227;o<sup>2</sup>. Obstru&#231;&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas proximais nesses casos podem inferir em graves conseq&#252;&#234;ncias para o paciente<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho relatamos o ocorrido com paciente submetido a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea com implante de <italic>stent</italic> que apresentava a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita originando-se da art&#233;ria descendente anterior, existindo at&#233; o momento somente 7 casos descritos na literatura, nenhum deles submetidos a angioplastia coronariana<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato de Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Homem de 73 anos, branco, serrador aposentado, natural e residente em Maria da F&#233;-MG, diab&#233;tico tipo II, hipertenso e ex-tabagista h&#225; 20 anos, foi encaminhado ao nosso servi&#231;o para coronariografia por apresentar hist&#243;ria de precordialgia opressiva aos grandes esfor&#231;os, irradiada para membro superior esquerdo, atenuada por repouso e sem fatores agravantes h&#225; 1 ano. Observar&#225; que h&#225; 2 meses o padr&#227;o da dor evolu&#237;ra progressivamente para desencadeamento em repouso.</p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico n&#227;o apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es, exceto a ausculta card&#237;aca com ritmo regular em tr&#234;s tempos por presen&#231;a de B4. A telerradiografia do t&#243;r&#225;x era normal. O eletrocardiograma em repouso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>) mostrou ritmo sinusal, S&#194;QRS +70&#186;, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 75bpm, sem altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Durante o teste ergom&#233;trico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>), ocorreu significativo infradesnivelamento de 3 mm do segmento ST na deriva&#231;&#227;o MC5 com carga de 1,7 mph 10% aos 3min, caracterizando resposta isqu&#234;mica mioc&#225;rdica ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0055-00013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0055-00013-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Submetido a coronariografia pela t&#233;cnica de Sones em 14/07/2003, que demonstrou art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda com origem no seio de Valsalva esquerdo, dividindo-se em art&#233;ria circunflexa que atingia ter&#231;o distal do sulco atrioventricular esquerdo com les&#245;es obstrutivas de 90% no ter&#231;o distal e de 80% no ter&#231;o proximal de um pequeno ramo ventricular posterior; e art&#233;ria descendente anterior (DA), atingindo o ter&#231;o m&#233;dio do sulco interventricular posterior com les&#227;o obstrutiva de 90% no ter&#231;o proximal. Verificou-se que a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (CD) originava-se logo ap&#243;s essa obstru&#231;&#227;o e mostrava-se de paredes lisas sem les&#245;es obstrutivas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">4</xref>). Na ventriculografia esquerda notou-se aumento do volume sist&#243;lico final por hipocinesia anteroapical moderada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">fig. 5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0055-00013-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0055-00013-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0055-00013-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Pelo fato da les&#227;o na art&#233;ria descendente anterior colocar grande &#225;rea mioc&#225;rdica em risco, o paciente foi medicado com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico 200mg/dia e clopidogrel 300mg em dose de ataque, e 24h ap&#243;s a coronariografia foi realizada a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) da les&#227;o localizada na DA. O procedimento foi efetuado pela via femoral, utilizando-se cateter bal&#227;o 2,5x20mm para pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o, seguido de implante de <italic>Stent</italic> AVE S7 3,5x12mm com press&#227;o final de libera&#231;&#227;o de 12 atmosferas. O procedimento foi realizado com sucesso, fluxo coronariano TIMI III e les&#227;o residual de 0% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">fig. 6</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0055-00013-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar transcorreu sem intercorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas, recebendo alta 24h ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A anomalia coronariana &#233; uma entidade anat&#244;mica que, na maioria das situa&#231;&#245;es, associa-se a uma determinada cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a entre os sexos na sua incid&#234;ncia. Pode ser classificada em tr&#234;s tipos: anomalias de origem, anomalias de termina&#231;&#227;o e anomalias de distribui&#231;&#227;o (grupo do caso descrito)<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Anomalias coronarianas de origem s&#227;o as anomalias onde se observa sistema coronariano no m&#237;nimo biarterial, com uma coron&#225;ria saindo de um grande vaso ou de outra coron&#225;ria. A anomalia mais comum, correspondendo a 90% dos casos dessa altera&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, &#233; o padr&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o onde a coron&#225;ria descendente anterior (DA) emerge do tronco pulmonar<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma modifica&#231;&#227;o desse padr&#227;o &#233; a emerg&#234;ncia da coron&#225;ria esquerda a partir do tronco pulmonar (2,5 a 4,6% das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas). Apesar de ter sido relatada por Brooks em 1886, Bland, White e Garland em 1933 descreveram pela primeira vez sua s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica. Em mais de 90% dos casos, a coron&#225;ria esquerda emerge do seio posterior da art&#233;ria pulmonar<sup>7</sup>. Sua fisiopatologia foi estabelecida por Edwards, que observou a exist&#234;ncia de colaterais da coron&#225;ria direita (CD) para a coron&#225;ria esquerda e a ocorr&#234;ncia de poss&#237;vel "shunt" esquerdo-direito<sup>8</sup>. O sintoma mais comum &#233; a angina de peito, seja por inexist&#234;ncia de colaterais adequadas ou por fen&#244;meno de "roubo de fluxo" para o tronco pulmonar. Se o indiv&#237;duo sobrevive &#224; inf&#226;ncia, o risco de morte s&#250;bita persiste em at&#233; 80 a 90% dos casos, ocorrendo por volta dos 35 anos de vida<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos casos de anomalia de origem produz redu&#231;&#227;o de sobrevida, exceto a origem da CD do tronco pulmonar, forma mais rara e de progn&#243;stico em geral benigno<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>As t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas mais utilizadas para o tratamento s&#227;o o reimplante simples da coron&#225;ria, a ligadura da coron&#225;ria seguida de <italic>bypass</italic> com safena, a t&#233;cnica do t&#250;nel de Takeuchi e a ligadura da coron&#225;ria an&#244;mala realizada somente quando h&#225; circula&#231;&#227;o colateral suficiente, apresentando pior resultado a curto e longo prazo, pois resulta em sistema de coron&#225;ria &#250;nica<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Anomalias coronarianas de termina&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o as anomalias hemodinamicamente significantes mais comuns e t&#234;m como exemplo as f&#237;stulas coronarianas arteriovenosas (FCAv).</p>
    <p>Descrita pela primeira vez por Krause em 1865, a FCAv &#233; definida como uma anastomose direta e pr&#233;-capilar entre uma art&#233;ria coronariana maior e uma c&#226;mara card&#237;aca ou outro vaso maior (e.g. seio coron&#225;rio, veia cava superior ou tronco pulmonar)<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A coron&#225;ria direita e o ventr&#237;culo direito s&#227;o mais comumente envolvidos. &#201; rara a drenagem para c&#226;maras esquerdas (menos de 10% dos casos), sendo o seio coronariano e as veias br&#244;nquicas os s&#237;tios de drenagem mais raros<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quando existe quadro cl&#237;nico, a angina do peito &#233; o sintoma mais comum, decorrente de roubo de fluxo esquerdo-direito que desvia o sangue do sistema de alta resist&#234;ncia do leito capilar mioc&#225;rdico para o sistema de baixas press&#245;es da f&#237;stula<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica depende do grau de <italic>shunt</italic>, e tem como objetivo a oclus&#227;o da FCAv sem preju&#237;zo do fluxo coron&#225;rio. As t&#233;cnicas mais utilizadas s&#227;o o fechamento interno da f&#237;stula, a partir da cavidade recipiente, a arteriorrafia tangencial latero-laterais (Cooley e Ellis, 1962), a ligadura distal simples da coron&#225;ria (Bjork e Crafoord, 1947), a ligadura proximal e distal da coron&#225;ria e a ligadura com realiza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>bypass</italic>.</p>
    <p>Se o tratamento cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o for realizado quando indicado, a probabilidade de complica&#231;&#245;es aumenta com a idade, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, endocardite bacteriana e, raramente, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar moderada. Tamb&#233;m est&#227;o descritos casos de dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica do vaso envolvido e ruptura da f&#237;stula<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &#250;nica (ACU), &#233; uma anomalia rar&#237;ssima, com incid&#234;ncia de 0,04%<sup>2</sup>. Est&#225; associada a defeito card&#237;aco cong&#234;nito (e.g. tetralogia de Fallot, transposi&#231;&#227;o dos grandes vasos, <italic>truncus arteriosus</italic>) em 40% dos casos<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Considerada varia&#231;&#227;o do normal at&#233; o s&#233;culo XVIII, foi Thebesius que em 1716 publicou o primeiro relato de ACU, finalmente considerada como anomalia em 1761 quando Morgagni reconheceu como normal a presen&#231;a de 2 art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias principais (2 &#243;stios). Apenas 45 casos de ACU foram descritos at&#233; 1950<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de anomalia de coron&#225;ria direita (CD) e de coron&#225;ria esquerda (CE) &#233; semelhante<sup>6</sup>. Por&#233;m, o padr&#227;o ainda mais raro de ocorr&#234;ncia de ACU &#233; o da CD que se origina da coron&#225;ria descendente anterior (DA) com relato de somente 7 casos na literatura<sup>5</sup>. Em todos, a CD originou-se da DA ap&#243;s o 1&#186; ramo perfurante septal, com trajeto anterior &#224; via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito e ao tronco pulmonar. Houve evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a ateromatosa coronariana (DAC) em 4 casos, mas nenhum deles com relato de procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O progn&#243;stico da ACU varia de excelente (sem decr&#233;scimo &#224; sobrevida) a reservado conforme sua distribui&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, inclusive com risco de morte s&#250;bita, uma vez que 15% dos seus portadores desenvolvem cardiopatia grave antes dos 40 anos. Risco que &#233; justificado pelo trajeto da coron&#225;ria an&#244;mala atrav&#233;s da base do cora&#231;&#227;o para atingir seu territ&#243;rio de distribui&#231;&#227;o, o que pode sujeit&#225;-la &#224; compress&#227;o por outras estruturas ou &#224; angula&#231;&#227;o/acotovelamento de sua origem. Considera-se ainda, que h&#225; maior possibilidade de desenvolvimento de aterosclerose do que em coron&#225;rias normais<sup>2,4,6,8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quando se desenvolve DAC, as conseq&#252;&#234;ncias s&#227;o significativas e o progn&#243;stico &#233; grave se a obstru&#231;&#227;o for proximal, posto que o &#243;stio &#233; &#250;nico e n&#227;o h&#225; possibilidade de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o deve ser considerada na exist&#234;ncia de sintomas (i.e. angina), mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de DAC, em raz&#227;o da consider&#225;vel chance de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e de morte s&#250;bita<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, o caso aqui relatado consiste de uma anomalia de distribui&#231;&#227;o com CD originando-se do 1/3 proximal da DA (o tipo mais raro descrito na literatura) logo ap&#243;s uma les&#227;o ateromatosa importante que colocava em risco grande &#225;rea de musculatura mioc&#225;rdica. Destaca-se o papel importante da coronariografia neste contexto, definindo com precis&#227;o a anatomia coronariana e permitindo que o tratamento percut&#226;neo com implante de <italic>Stent</italic> fosse realizado com sucesso e excelente evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, apesar da gravidade do caso devido a este tipo raro de anomalia.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ian C. D. Teixeira </p>
        <p> Rua Santa Madalena, 220/84A </p>
        <p> Cep 01322-020 &#151; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="upyr@bol.com.br">upyr@bol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para a Publica&#231;&#227;o em: 13/12/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em: 26/01/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Single coronary artery: angioplasty with stent implantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We report the case of a rare anomaly of the right coronary artery originated from the middle third of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery with a proximal atheromatous obstructive lesion immediately before the emergence of the right coronary artery (RCA). The patient underwent successful angioplasty with stent implantation in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Only 7 cases of this anomaly of distribution have been reported in the literature, but none of them was treated with percutaneous revascularization.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Single coronary artery: angioplasty with stent implantation</p>
      <p>Ian C. D. Teixeira; Alexandre X. Brant; Alexandre Ares; Bruno Sarbi; Isaac Moscoso; Adnan A. Salman; Salvador A. B. Crist&#243;v&#227;o; Jo&#227;o B. Oliveira Neto; Maria Fernanda Z. Mauro; Jos&#233; A. Mangione</p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo and Discipline of Cardiology of the Faculdade de Medicina de Mogi das Cruzes</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We report the case of a rare anomaly of the right coronary artery originated from the middle third of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery with a proximal atheromatous obstructive lesion immediately before the emergence of the right coronary artery (RCA). The patient underwent successful angioplasty with stent implantation in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Only 7 cases of this anomaly of distribution have been reported in the literature, but none of them was treated with percutaneous revascularization.</p>
      <p>Anomalies of the coronary arteries occur in 1 to 2% of the population, constituting a rare, but important, type of nonatherosclerotic coronary artery disease. These anomalies may cause sudden death on exertion and increase the risk of coronary arterial trauma during surgical procedures. In addition, certain types of anomaly may lead to myocardial ischemia <sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The single coronary artery (SCA), described as an isolated coronary artery, has no gender predominance, being a rare entity with an incidence of 0.024% when isolated, and of 0.03 to 0.04% when associated with other cardiac abnormalities <sup>2-4</sup>. Its main characteristic is being originated from the aortic root through a single ostium, with no evidence of a second ostium, being then responsible for the irrigation of the entire heart, independently of its distribution <sup>2</sup>. In these cases, proximal atherosclerotic obstructions may have severe consequences for the patient <sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>We report the case of a patient who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation and whose RCA originated from the LAD. The cases of only 7 patients with that anomaly have so far been reported in the literature, but none of them was treated with coronary angioplasty <sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is a 73-year-old, white, male, retired lumber jack, bornt and residing in the town of Maria da F&#233;, in the state of Minas Gerais. The patient has type II diabetes, hypertension and quit smoking 20 years earlier. He was referred to our service for coronary angiography due to a one-year history of oppressive chest pain on exertion, which irradiated to the left upper limb, was relieved with rest, and had no aggravating factors. The patient reported that in the preceding 2 months the pattern of the chest pain evolved progressively until being triggered at rest.</p>
      <p>On physical examination, the patient had no alterations, except for his cardiac auscultation, which had a regular cardiac rhythm with the presence of S4. The chest teleradiography was normal. The rest electrocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>) showed a sinus rhythm, S&#194;QRS +70&#186;, heart rate of 75 bpm, with no ventricular repolarization alterations. During the exercise test (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>), a significant 3-mm depression of the ST segment was observed on the MC5 lead with a load of 1.7 mph 10% at 3 minutes, characterizing an ischemic myocardial response to exercise.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0055-00013-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0055-00013-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient underwent coronary angiography according to the Sones technique on July 14th, 2003, which revealed a LAD originating from the left Valsalva sinus, and dividing into the 2 following arteries: the circumflex artery, which reached the distal third of the left atrioventricular sulcus with obstructive lesions of 90% in the distal third and of 80% in the proximal third of a small posterior ventricular branch; and the LAD, which reached the middle third of the posterior interventricular sulcus with an obstructive lesion of 90% in the proximal third. The RCA originated right after that obstruction and had smooth walls with no obstructive lesions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">4</xref>). The left ventriculography showed an increase in the end-systolic volume due to moderate anteroapical hypokinesia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">fig. 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0055-00013-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0055-00013-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0055-00013-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Because the lesion in the LAD jeopardized a large myocardial area, the patient was medicated with acetylsalicylic acid (200 mg/day) and clopidogrel (300 mg in an attack dose). Twenty-four hours after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the lesion of the LAD was performed through the femoral access, using a 2.5x20 mm balloon catheter for predilation of the lesion, followed by implantation of a 3.5x12mm AVE S7 stent with a final deployment pressure of 12 atmospheres. The procedure was successfully performed, resulting in TIMI III coronary flow, and 0% residual lesion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6-body2">fig. 6</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0055-00013-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The in-hospital evolution was uneventful, and the patient was discharged 24 hours after the intervention.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Coronary anomaly is an anatomical entity, which, most of the time, is associated with a certain congenital heart disease, and no difference in its incidence is observed between genders. It may be classified into 3 types: anomalies of origin, anomalies of termination, and anomalies of distribution (the case reported) <sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Coronary anomalies of origin are those in which the coronary system is at least biarterial, with one coronary artery emerging from a large vessel or from another coronary. The most common anomaly, corresponding to 90% of the cases of this anatomical alteration, is the circulation pattern in which the LAD emerges from the pulmonary trunk <sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>One modification of that pattern is the emergence of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk (2.5 to 4.6% of congenital heart diseases). Although reported by Brooks in 1886, Bland, White, and Garland, in 1933, reported for the first time the clinical and hemodynamic syndrome. In more than 90% of the cases, the left coronary artery emerges from the posterior sinus of the pulmonary artery <sup>7</sup>. Its physiopathology was established by Edwards <sup>8</sup>, who reported the existence of RCA collaterals to the left coronary artery, and the occurrence of a possible left-right shunt. The most common symptom is angina pectoris, due either to the lack of appropriate collaterals or to the phenomenon of "flow steal" to the pulmonary trunk. If the individual lives beyond childhood, the risk of sudden death persists in up to 80 to 90% of the cases, occurring around the age of 35 years <sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Most cases of anomaly of origin cause a reduction in survival, except for the origin of the RC from the pulmonary trunk, a more rare form, which usually has benign prognosis <sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The more used surgical techniques for the treatment are as follows: simple reimplantation of the coronary artery; ligature of the coronary artery followed by saphenous bypass; the technique of the tunnel by Takeuchi; and ligature of the anomalous coronary artery, performed only when sufficient collateral circulation exists, presenting worser prognosis in the short and long run, because it results in a single coronary system <sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Coronary anomalies of termination are the most common hemodynamically significant coronary anomalies, the arteriovenous coronary fistulae (AVCF) being one example.</p>
      <p>The AVCF, reported for the first time by Krause in 1865, is defined as a direct precapillary anastomosis between a larger coronary artery and a cardiac chamber or another larger vessel, such as the coronary sinus, superior vena cava, or pulmonary trunk <sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The right coronary artery and right ventricle are more commonly involved. Drainage to the left chambers is rare (less than 10% of cases), the coronary sinus and bronchial veins being the most rare sites of drainage <sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Angina pectoris is the most common symptom, resulting from the left-right "flow steal", which deviates blood from the high resistance system of the myocardial capillary bed to the low-pressure system of the fistulae <sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Indication for surgical correction depends on the degree of the shunt, and aims at occluding the AVCF with no hindrance to the coronary flow. The most used techniques are as follows: inner closure of the fistulae from the recipient cavity; laterolateral tangential arteriorrhaphy (Cooley and Ellis, 1962); simple distal coronary ligature (Bjork and Crafoord, 1947); proximal and distal coronary ligature; and ligature with the use of bypass.</p>
      <p>If the surgical treatment is not performed when indicated, the probability of complications, such as congestive heart failure, bacterial endocarditis, and, rarely, moderate pulmonary hypertension, increases with age. Cases of aneurysmatic dilation of the involved vessel and rupture of the fistulae have also been reported <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The single coronary artery (SCA), is an extremely rare anomaly, with an incidence of 0.04% <sup>2</sup>. It is associated with a congenital heart defect (as tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, truncus arteriosus) in 40% of cases <sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The single coronary artery was considered a variation of the normal until the 18th century. In 1716, Thebesius reported for the first time a case of SCA, which was finally considered an anomaly in 1761, when Morgagni recognized as normal the presence of 2 major coronary arteries (2 ostia). Only 45 cases of single coronary artery had been reported until 1950 <sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The incidences of the anomaly of the right coronary artery RCA and of the left coronary artery LCA are similar <sup>6</sup>. However, the even rarer pattern of occurrence of SCA is that of the RCA originating from the LAD, which has only 7 cases reported in the literature <sup>5</sup>. In all cases, the RCA originated from the LAD after the first septal perforating branch, with an anterior trajectory to the right ventricular outflow tract and to the pulmonary trunk. Four cases had evidence of atheromatous coronary artery disease, but percutaneous revascularization was not performed in any of them<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The prognosis of SCA ranges from excellent (without a decrease in survival) to poor, according to its anatomical distribution, including the risk of sudden death, because 15% of the individuals with that anomaly develop severe heart disease before the age of 40 years. This risk is justified by the trajectory of the anomalous coronary artery on the cardiac base to reach its territory of distribution, which may expose the coronary artery to compression by other structures or angulation of its origin. In regard to developing atherosclerosis, a single coronary artery is considered at higher risk than normal coronaries are <sup>2,4,6,8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>When atheromatous coronary artery disease develops, the consequences are significant, and the prognosis is severe if the obstruction is proximal, because the ostium is single and no possibility of collateral circulation exists <sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The indication of revascularization should be considered in the presence of symptoms (ie, angina), even in the absence of atheromatous coronary artery disease, due to the considerable chance of acute myocardial infarction and sudden death <sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, we report the case of an anomaly of coronary distribution with RCA originating from the proximal third of the LAD, the rarest type reported in the literature, right after a significant atheromatous lesion, jeopardizing a large area of myocardial musculature. It is worth emphasizing the significant role played by coronary angiography in this context, accurately defining the coronary artery anatomy and allowing a successful percutaneous treatment with stent implantation and excellent in-hospital evolution, despite the severity of the case of this rare anomaly.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondece to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ian C. D. Teixeira</p>
          <p> Rua Santa Madalena, 220/84A</p>
          <p> Cep 01322-020 &#151; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="upyr@bol.com.br">upyr@bol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 12/13/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 01/26/2004</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
