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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RQsDNd4MWJL3bj3FZ4p34Jw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000100009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400109</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000100009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o n&#227;o altera a resposta card&#237;aca &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia de contra&#231;&#245;es</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Ana Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Murad</surname>
            <given-names>Neif</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tucci</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo J. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Fisiologia Cardiovascular</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>38</fpage>
      <lpage>43</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar a influ&#234;ncia da depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o (DMPIR) sobre os efeitos inotr&#243;pico e lusitr&#243;pico promovidos pela freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC). M&#201;TODOS: Nove prepara&#231;&#245;es de cora&#231;&#227;o isolado de c&#227;es nutrido pelo sangue arterial de um outro c&#227;o e contraindo isovolumetricamente tiveram a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca elevada de 60 bpm a 200 bpm, em etapas de 20 bpm. Foram avaliadas as vari&#225;veis antes (C) e depois (D) da isquemia (15 min) e reperfus&#227;o (30 min): a press&#227;o desenvolvida durante a contra&#231;&#227;o (PD), sua 1&#170; derivada positiva (+dP/dt) e negativa (-dP/dt), o tempo de press&#227;o m&#225;xima (TPM), a press&#227;o de repouso (Pr) e o tempo para a press&#227;o desenvolvida regredir em 90% de seu valor m&#225;ximo (TR90%). RESULTADOS: Os efeitos estimulantes da eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC sobre o inotropismo e o relaxamento foram semelhantes em C e em D: houve aumento dos valores da +dP/dt, redu&#231;&#227;o do TPM, acentua&#231;&#227;o da -dP/dt e diminui&#231;&#227;o do TR90%. A PD n&#227;o sofreu altera&#231;&#227;o e a Pr se elevou. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados confirmaram o efeito inotr&#243;pico positivo da eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC (efeito Bowditch) e a a&#231;&#227;o depressora da isquemia/reperfus&#227;o. Evidenciaram ainda que a DMPIR n&#227;o altera a a&#231;&#227;o estimulante do efeito Bowditch. Os resultados se adequam ao conceito vigente de que a DMPIR n&#227;o compromete a cin&#233;tica mioc&#225;rdica do c&#225;lcio, favorecendo, a hip&#243;tese prevalente de que o decaimento da capacidade contr&#225;til p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o depende de redu&#231;&#227;o da responsividade dos miofilamentos ao c&#225;lcio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>efeito Bowditch</kwd>
        <kwd>freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o n&#227;o altera a resposta card&#237;aca &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia de contra&#231;&#245;es</p>
    <p>Orlando Sant'Ana Jr; Roberto J. Nogueira; Neif Murad; Antonio Carlos Lopes; Paulo J. F. Tucci </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Analisar a influ&#234;ncia da depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o (DMPIR) sobre os efeitos inotr&#243;pico e lusitr&#243;pico promovidos pela freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Nove prepara&#231;&#245;es de cora&#231;&#227;o isolado de c&#227;es nutrido pelo sangue arterial de um outro c&#227;o e contraindo isovolumetricamente tiveram a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca elevada de 60 bpm a 200 bpm, em etapas de 20 bpm. Foram avaliadas as vari&#225;veis antes (C) e depois (D) da isquemia (15 min) e reperfus&#227;o (30 min): a press&#227;o desenvolvida durante a contra&#231;&#227;o (PD), sua 1&#170; derivada positiva (+dP/dt) e negativa (&#151;dP/dt), o tempo de press&#227;o m&#225;xima (TPM), a press&#227;o de repouso (Pr) e o tempo para a press&#227;o desenvolvida regredir em 90% de seu valor m&#225;ximo (TR90%). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Os efeitos estimulantes da eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC sobre o inotropismo e o relaxamento foram semelhantes em C e em D: houve aumento dos valores da +dP/dt, redu&#231;&#227;o do TPM, acentua&#231;&#227;o da &#151;dP/dt e diminui&#231;&#227;o do TR90%. A PD n&#227;o sofreu altera&#231;&#227;o e a Pr se elevou. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Os resultados confirmaram o efeito inotr&#243;pico positivo da eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC (efeito Bowditch) e a a&#231;&#227;o depressora da isquemia/reperfus&#227;o. Evidenciaram ainda que a DMPIR n&#227;o altera a a&#231;&#227;o estimulante do efeito Bowditch. Os resultados se adequam ao conceito vigente de que a DMPIR n&#227;o compromete a cin&#233;tica mioc&#225;rdica do c&#225;lcio, favorecendo, a hip&#243;tese prevalente de que o decaimento da capacidade contr&#225;til p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o depende de redu&#231;&#227;o da responsividade dos miofilamentos ao c&#225;lcio.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o, efeito Bowditch, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</p>
    <p>Heyndrickx e cols<sup>1</sup>, em 1975, descreveram pela primeira vez a depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o, que viria a ser popularizada na literatura inglesa sob a denomina&#231;&#227;o <italic>stunned myocardium</italic>. Estudos posteriores<sup>2-6</sup> mostraram que a depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o &#233; gerada por dois fatores: 1) pela a&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio liberadas no momento da reperfus&#227;o e 2) pela acentua&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de c&#225;lcio (<italic>calcium overload</italic>), que ocorre tanto durante a isquemia quanto durante a reperfus&#227;o. Papel relevante no despertar da depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o &#233; desempenhado por uma protease, a calpa&#237;na, que promove lise da troponina I. Em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, se estabelece o comprometimento funcional t&#237;pico da depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o: a diminui&#231;&#227;o da reatividade dos miofilamentos ao c&#225;lcio. Nesta circunst&#226;ncia, a afinidade de liga&#231;&#227;o da troponina com o c&#225;lcio se reduz, a quantidade do &#237;on que se liga &#224; troponina diminui e, conseq&#252;entemente, h&#225; rebaixamento da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica. A lat&#234;ncia na recupera&#231;&#227;o do inotropismo se arrasta at&#233; que se restabele&#231;a a integridade da troponina I.</p>
    <p>H&#225; indica&#231;&#245;es muito convincentes de que a cin&#233;tica do c&#225;lcio n&#227;o se altera na depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o. Assim, j&#225; foi comprovado que a depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o n&#227;o reduz o teor intracelular do &#237;on<sup>3,4,7</sup> e preserva as manobras fisiol&#243;gicas e farmacol&#243;gicas que estimulam o inotropismo por acentuarem o c&#225;lcio intracelular ([Ca]<sub>i</sub>): agonistas beta-adren&#233;rgicos<sup>8-11</sup>, milrinone<sup>8,12</sup>, administra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio<sup>5,13</sup>, potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa<sup>14</sup> e potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extrassist&#243;lica<sup>9,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225;, contudo, relato de que o efeito inotr&#243;pico positivo dependente da eleva&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, estudado em segmento de mioc&#225;rdio de c&#227;es submetidos &#224; isquemia regional, &#233; transformado em a&#231;&#227;o inotr&#243;pica negativa seguindo-se ao conjunto isquemia/reperfus&#227;o<sup>12</sup>. Em se confirmando este resultado de invers&#227;o da resposta mioc&#225;rdica &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o conceito de integridade da cin&#233;tica do c&#225;lcio ap&#243;s per&#237;odos de isquemia/reperfus&#227;o deveria ser revisto, pois, tipicamente, a a&#231;&#227;o inotr&#243;pica ligada &#224;s oscila&#231;&#245;es da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma manobra fisiol&#243;gica que depende, estritamente, da cin&#233;tica do c&#225;lcio.</p>
    <p>Na maioria dos mam&#237;feros, as eleva&#231;&#245;es da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca despertam est&#237;mulo do inotropismo mioc&#225;rdico. Esta a&#231;&#227;o estimulante da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica exercida pela freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca recebeu o nome de efeito Bowditch ou fen&#244;meno <italic>treppe</italic>. Dois mecanismos fundamentam a a&#231;&#227;o inotr&#243;pica positiva do efeito Bowditch: 1) aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de s&#243;dio, seguido de a&#231;&#227;o reversa da prote&#237;na trocadora s&#243;dio/c&#225;lcio e conseq&#252;ente eleva&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio intracelular ([Ca]<sub>i</sub>)<sup>15</sup> e 2) acentua&#231;&#227;o da entrada de c&#225;lcio pelos canais lentos durante a fase 2 do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi reavaliar a influ&#234;ncia de per&#237;odo transit&#243;rio de isquemia, seguido de reperfus&#227;o, na resposta de cora&#231;&#245;es isolados de c&#227;es &#224;s eleva&#231;&#245;es da freq&#252;&#234;ncia de contra&#231;&#245;es. Foi utilizada a prepara&#231;&#227;o de cora&#231;&#227;o isolado de c&#227;es nutrido pelo sangue arterial de outro c&#227;o e mantido em contra&#231;&#245;es isovolum&#233;tricas. O volume ventricular imut&#225;vel desta prepara&#231;&#227;o permite que se utilizem as press&#245;es ventriculares como indicadores da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e da complac&#234;ncia ventricular com apreci&#225;vel fidelidade. Estando constante o volume ventricular, oscila&#231;&#245;es das press&#245;es desenvolvidas durante as contra&#231;&#245;es apontam para varia&#231;&#245;es do estado inotr&#243;pico no mesmo sentido e altera&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica sinalizam para modifica&#231;&#245;es da complac&#234;ncia ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O trabalho foi desenvolvido em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados de c&#227;es (n=9) nutridos pelo sangue arterial de outro animal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>), segundo sistem&#225;tica divulgada em outros trabalhos <sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0038-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Dois c&#227;es, anestesiados com mistura de cloralose (60 mg/kg) e uretana (600 mg/kg) e heparinizados (500 UI/kg), foram utilizados em cada experi&#234;ncia: o animal do qual se extraia o cora&#231;&#227;o (12-16 kg) e o que era mantido como suporte (19-23 kg), provendo o sangue arterial para o cora&#231;&#227;o isolado. O animal suporte era ventilado mecanicamente e recebia doses adicionais de cloralose (6 mg/kg), uretana (60 mg/kg) e heparina (50 UI/kg) a cada hora. O pH (7,35-7,45) e as concentra&#231;&#245;es dos gases sang&#252;&#237;neos (pO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 100 mmHg; pCO<sub>2</sub>= 35-45 mmHg) eram avaliadas a cada hora e seus desvios eram corrigidos mudando-se a programa&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros ventilat&#243;rios ou pela administra&#231;&#227;o de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio a 8%.</p>
    <p>O sangue das art&#233;rias femurais do c&#227;o suporte era impulsionado por bomba de rolete para um reservat&#243;rio, no qual o sangue era mantido sob press&#227;o constante de 100 mmHg, para prover sangue para as coron&#225;rias do cora&#231;&#227;o isolado, por meio de um regulador de press&#227;o alimentado por oxig&#234;nio. Antes de perfundir as coron&#225;rias, por uma c&#226;nula colocada na aorta ascendente do cora&#231;&#227;o isolado, o sangue era aquecido a 37&#186;C por um permutador de calor. O fluxo do seio coronariano e da circula&#231;&#227;o de Theb&#233;sio retornava para as veias jugulares do animal suporte por cateteres inseridos no tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar e no &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Atrav&#233;s de incis&#227;o na parede anterior do &#225;trio direito, era injetado formol 10% (0,6-2,0 ml) na regi&#227;o do n&#243; atrioventricular para promover bloqueio atrioventricular total e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era comandada por estimulador artificial cujos eletrodos eram colocados na parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo direito. A atriostomia era fechada por sutura em bolsa previamente preparada. Este procedimento foi realizado durante oclus&#227;o tempor&#225;ria da linha de perfus&#227;o coronariana e a isquemia card&#237;aca resultante perdurou por, somente, 50-170 s. O aparelho valvar mitral era excisado, um bal&#227;o de l&#225;tex bastante male&#225;vel e delicado, montado em uma c&#226;nula (18 mm de di&#226;metro), era colocado no interior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e uma sutura em bolsa em torno da base do &#225;trio esquerdo era oclu&#237;da para manter o bal&#227;o no interior da cavidade ventricular. O bal&#227;o era complacente e tinha dimens&#245;es suficientes para n&#227;o contribuir com press&#227;o em todo o montante de l&#237;q&#252;ido utilizado para distender o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A extremidade distal da c&#226;nula do bal&#227;o era oclu&#237;da e transpassada por dois cateteres (15 cm de comprimento e 0,3 cm de di&#226;metro interno). Um dos cateteres era utilizado para controlar o volume de l&#237;quido no interior do bal&#227;o e o outro era ligado a transdutor de press&#227;o P23ID. O transdutor acoplava-se a amplificador Gold modelo 13-6615-50 para determina&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es ventriculares e a primeira derivada temporal da press&#227;o ventricular (dP/dt) era obtida por amplificador Gold modelo 13-4615-71. Estas vari&#225;veis foram registradas em pol&#237;grafo Windograf.</p>
    <p>Instalada a prepara&#231;&#227;o, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de est&#237;mulos do marcapasso era regulada para 60 bpm e o volume de l&#237;quido no interior do bal&#227;o era ajustado para que a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica, observada no monitor do pol&#237;grafo, atingisse valor pr&#243;ximo de 70 mmHg. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia do estimulador era progressivamente elevada at&#233; 200 bpm para se reassegurar que n&#227;o ocorreria: a) eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o desenvolvida acima da press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o coronariana; b) valores excessivos de freq&#252;&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#245;es, capazes de promover desajustes da capacidade contr&#225;til que desaconselhassem a continuidade do protocolo. Alcan&#231;ada esta situa&#231;&#227;o, o marcapasso era novamente programado para emitir a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de est&#237;mulos considerada como basal (60 bpm), e aguardava-se intervalo de 10 a 20min, suficiente para se obter equil&#237;brio funcional da prepara&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Terminado o per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o, efetuava-se o registro das vari&#225;veis na condi&#231;&#227;o basal. Em seguida, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de est&#237;mulos do marcapasso era elevada sucessivamente, em etapas de 20 bpm, at&#233; o valor de 200 bpm. A cada aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia de est&#237;mulos, aguardava-se um minuto para que a nova situa&#231;&#227;o funcional alcan&#231;asse equil&#237;brio e procedia-se a novo registro das vari&#225;veis. As manobras descritas compunham a situa&#231;&#227;o controle (C) do protocolo.</p>
    <p>Na seq&#252;&#234;ncia, era promovida a situa&#231;&#227;o de depress&#227;o contr&#225;til p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Retornava-se a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de est&#237;mulos ao valor basal e iniciava-se per&#237;odo de isquemia global do cora&#231;&#227;o por oclus&#227;o da linha de perfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Transcorridos 15min de isquemia, restabelecia-se a perfus&#227;o coronariana; o per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o foi de 30min. Durante o per&#237;odo de isquemia o marcapasso artificial era desligado logo ap&#243;s o cora&#231;&#227;o ter alcan&#231;ado a situa&#231;&#227;o de assistolia ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (aproximadamente 10min). No in&#237;cio do per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o, o sangue proveniente do cora&#231;&#227;o era deixado drenar para o exterior (aproximadamente 250 ml) para que catab&#243;litos card&#237;acos que pudessem ter se acumulado durante a isquemia n&#227;o fossem injetados no c&#227;o suporte. Ao final dos 30min de reperfus&#227;o realizavam-se os registros das vari&#225;veis em freq&#252;&#234;ncias de est&#237;mulos id&#234;nticas &#224;quelas utilizadas quando dos registros da situa&#231;&#227;o c. Estes registros representaram os dados da situa&#231;&#227;o depress&#227;o (D). Em algumas experi&#234;ncias ocorreu fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular no cora&#231;&#227;o isolado durante o per&#237;odo de isquemia ou logo no in&#237;cio do per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o. Quando ocorrida, procedeu-se &#224; desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica utilizando-se descarga el&#233;trica de 10 joules.</p>
    <p>Para efeito da an&#225;lise, cada vari&#225;vel foi analisada sob tr&#234;s enfoques: 1) se a eleva&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca promoveu modifica&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis dentro de cada condi&#231;&#227;o estudada controle e depress&#227;o; 2) se a isquemia/reperfus&#227;o deprimiu a a&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do cora&#231;&#227;o; 3) se o comportamento das diversas vari&#225;veis foi diferente dentro de cada condi&#231;&#227;o controle e depress&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Para cada uma das vari&#225;veis foi realizada, preliminarmente, uma an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) com medidas repetidas com um &#250;nico grupo de animais, referida na literatura estat&#237;stica como an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia em blocos<sup>20</sup>. Depois que se caracterizou a diferen&#231;a entre as diversas freq&#252;&#234;ncias card&#237;acas utilizadas (p &lt; 0,0001), foram feitas duas parti&#231;&#245;es hier&#225;rquicas da soma de quadrados dos valores das diferentes vari&#225;veis, nos diversos n&#237;veis de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A primeira parti&#231;&#227;o comparou, separadamente, para cada uma das condi&#231;&#245;es C e D, as m&#233;dias de cada vari&#225;vel obtidas nas diversas freq&#252;&#234;ncias card&#237;acas analisadas. Esta manobra permitiu avaliar se a eleva&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca promoveu modifica&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel dentro de cada condi&#231;&#227;o estudada. No caso de haver signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, foram utilizados contrastes ortogonais<sup>21</sup> para testar a exist&#234;ncia de efeitos linear, quadr&#225;tico e c&#250;bico. A outra parti&#231;&#227;o testou, para cada uma das vari&#225;veis, em cada valor de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a hip&#243;tese de igualdade de m&#233;dias entre as condi&#231;&#245;es C e D. Esta an&#225;lise possibilitou caracterizar se a isquemia/reperfus&#227;o afetou o valor das vari&#225;veis. Nos casos em que houve diferen&#231;as significantes entre os valores das condi&#231;&#245;es C e D, determinaram-se os intervalos de confian&#231;a a 95% das diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias alcan&#231;adas pela vari&#225;vel nas freq&#252;&#234;ncias card&#237;acas de 60 e de 200 bpm nas duas condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais. Foram admitidos como indicativos de comportamento diferente nas duas condi&#231;&#245;es os resultados cujos intervalos de confian&#231;a a 95% n&#227;o se superpuseram.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados sob a forma de m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (x &#177; epm).</p>
    <p>Press&#227;o desenvolvida durante a contra&#231;&#227;o (PD: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica menos press&#227;o diast&#243;lica), valor positivo m&#225;ximo da dP/dt (+dP/dt) e tempo de press&#227;o m&#225;xima (TPM: per&#237;odo decorrido desde o in&#237;cio da ascens&#227;o sist&#243;lica da curva de press&#227;o ventricular at&#233; seu valor m&#225;ximo, indicando a dura&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;stole) foram utilizados para analisar a contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). Os valores destas vari&#225;veis na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 60 bpm, nas condi&#231;&#245;es C e D, s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0038-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0038-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca despertou influ&#234;ncias diferentes na PD e na +dP/dt tanto em C quanto em D. Em toda faixa de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca analisada n&#227;o se identificaram valores estatisticamente diferentes da PD em C (p = 0,2986) e em D (p = 0,7027), indicando que a PD n&#227;o variou em nenhuma das condi&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3A</xref>). Contrariamente, +dP/dt aumentou em ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3B</xref>), tendo seus valores obedecidos &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o de uma reta ascendente em C (349 + 3,108x; p &lt; 0,0001) e em D (268 + 2,315x; p = 0.0001). Por outro lado, os valores da PD e da +dP/dt na situa&#231;&#227;o D foram significantemente menores, quando comparados &#224;queles verificados em C, para os mesmos n&#237;veis de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Adicionalmente a estes resultados que caracterizam o efeito inotr&#243;pico positivo do efeito Bowditch e a a&#231;&#227;o depressora da contra&#231;&#227;o promovida pelo conjunto isquemia/reperfus&#227;o, houve clara superposi&#231;&#227;o entre os intervalos de confian&#231;a a 95% das diferen&#231;as entre os valores da dP/dt verificados em 60 bpm (29 mmHg/s; 249 mmHg/s) e em 200 bpm (147 mmHg/s; 366 mmHg/s), indicando que as a&#231;&#245;es inotr&#243;picas do efeito Bowditch foram compar&#225;veis antes e depois da isquemia/reperfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0038-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Concomitantemente, como decorr&#234;ncia da eleva&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, houve encurtamento da contra&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3C</xref>). Conforme a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca variou de 60 at&#233; 200 bpm, o TPM reduziu progressivamente, seguindo uma reta descendente, em C (252 &#151; 0,618x; p &lt; 0,0001) e em D (247 &#151; 0.634x; p &lt; 0.0001). Mais ainda, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significantes (p = 0,0782) entre os valores verificados para o TPM nas condi&#231;&#245;es C e D. Estes resultados indicam que a isquemia/reperfus&#227;o n&#227;o alterou a dura&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o afetou o encurtamento da s&#237;stole que acompanhou o aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Tomados em conjunto, estes resultados indicam que a depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o n&#227;o exerceu efeito quantitativo ou qualitativo nas modifica&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica promovidas pelo efeito Bowditch. O efeito Bowditch estimulou a contra&#231;&#227;o, enquanto a depress&#227;o p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o deprimiu esta fun&#231;&#227;o. Foi marcante que a isquemia/reperfus&#227;o n&#227;o exerceu nenhum efeito sobre a influ&#234;ncia da eleva&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sobre a contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular foi analisada avaliando-se a complac&#234;ncia ventricular e o relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico. Os valores assumidos pela press&#227;o de repouso (Pr), mantendo constante o volume ventricular, foram utilizados como indicadores de flutua&#231;&#245;es da complac&#234;ncia ventricular. A an&#225;lise do relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico foi concretizada estudando-se o comportamento dos valores negativos m&#225;ximos da dP/dt (-dP/dt) e o tempo necess&#225;rio para que a press&#227;o desenvolvida se reduzisse em 90% dos valores m&#225;ximos (tempo de relaxamento a 90%: TR90%).</p>
    <p>Os valores das press&#245;es de repouso (Pr) para as diversas freq&#252;&#234;ncias card&#237;acas nos estados C e D s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 4A</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0038-00009-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Foram verificadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre as medias das press&#245;es de repouso para as condi&#231;&#245;es C (p &lt; 0,0001) e D (p &lt; 0,0001), indicando que a Pr variou quando se elevou a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Foi verificado que a Pr comportou-se como uma fun&#231;&#227;o quadr&#225;tica da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tanto para a condi&#231;&#227;o C (y = 5.641 &#151; 0,049x + 0,00024 x<sup>2</sup>; p = 0,0002) quanto para D (y = 5.0 &#151; 0,032x + 0,00018x<sup>2</sup>; p = 0,0036). Comparando-se os valores m&#233;dios da Pr nas condi&#231;&#245;es C e D, em cada uma das freq&#252;&#234;ncias, verificou-se igualdade das m&#233;dias de press&#227;o diast&#243;lica dessas duas condi&#231;&#245;es nas freq&#252;&#234;ncias de 60, 80, 100, 120 e 140 bpm. Para a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 160 bpm foi identificada signific&#226;ncia sugestiva de tend&#234;ncia de a Pr ser maior na condi&#231;&#227;o D do que na condi&#231;&#227;o C (p = 0,0532) e para a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 180 bpm foi detectada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre as m&#233;dias das press&#245;es de repouso das duas condi&#231;&#245;es (C: 4,1 &#177; 0,8 mmHg; D: 5,3 &#177; 0,7 mmHg; p = 0,0071). J&#225; para a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 200 bpm n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,4239) para a diferen&#231;a verificada entre os valores de Pr nas duas condi&#231;&#245;es. O conjunto dos resultados indica que a Pr varia com as eleva&#231;&#245;es de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca segundo padr&#245;es parab&#243;licos crescentes, de concavidades superiores, n&#227;o coincidentes nas condi&#231;&#245;es C e D, desde que a equival&#234;ncia das condi&#231;&#245;es C e D s&#243; ocorre at&#233; a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 140 bpm.</p>
    <p>As eleva&#231;&#245;es de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca acarretaram incrementos progressivos nos valores absolutos da &#151;dP/dt em C (363 + 1,438x; p &lt; 0.0001) e em D (200 + 1,394x; p &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">fig. 4B</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, houve clara superposi&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos de confian&#231;a das diferen&#231;as entre os valores da &#151;dP/dt observados em C e em D nas freq&#252;&#234;ncias de 60 bpm (97 bpm; 244 mmHg/s) e em 200 bpm (91 mmHg; 239 mmHg/s), indicando que o est&#237;mulo das propriedades lusitr&#243;picas promovido pelo aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi compar&#225;vel antes e depois de isquemia/reperfus&#227;o. Por outro lado, todos os valores de &#151;dP/dt na situa&#231;&#227;o D foram inferiores a seus respectivos valores da situa&#231;&#227;o C, caracterizando o relaxamento mais lento depois da isquemia/reperfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O per&#237;odo de relaxamento ventricular, avaliado pelo tempo de relaxamento a 90% da PD, foi reduzido em C (238 &#151; 0.557x; p &lt; 0.0001) e em D (249 &#151; 0.589x; p &lt; 0.0001) e n&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as entre os pares de valores do TR90% em todos os n&#237;veis de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca analisados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">fig. 4C</xref>).</p>
    <p>O conjunto dos dados da &#151;dP/dt e do TR90% indica que o relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico foi ativado pelo aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os dados mostraram, tamb&#233;m, que a depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia reperfus&#227;o reduziu a velocidade de relaxamento, embora n&#227;o tenha ocorrido altera&#231;&#227;o do TR90%. Adicionalmente, foi evidenciado que o conjunto isquemia/reperfus&#227;o n&#227;o altera a influ&#234;ncia exercida pelo efeito Bowditch nas propriedades lusitr&#243;picas, visto que as modifica&#231;&#245;es da &#151;dP/dt e da TR90% despertadas pelo aumento de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o foram diferentes em C e D.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados caracterizaram, claramente, o efeito inotr&#243;pico positivo da eleva&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a a&#231;&#227;o depressora da contra&#231;&#227;o promovida pela isquemia/reperfus&#227;o. A a&#231;&#227;o estimulante da contratilidade ficou bem manifesta no incremento progressivo da +dP/dt que acompanhou o aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. &#201; poss&#237;vel argumentar que a aus&#234;ncia de crescimento da PD, simultaneamente &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, contraria a id&#233;ia de a&#231;&#227;o inotr&#243;pica positiva do efeito Bowditch. Esta contesta&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel &#233; contrariada por informa&#231;&#245;es da literatura. Dados de outros autores<sup>22-24</sup> j&#225; evidenciaram que a for&#231;a gerada durante a s&#237;stole (indicada pelo valor m&#225;ximo da PD) depende da intensidade com que a contra&#231;&#227;o &#233; gerada (melhor refletida pelo valor m&#225;ximo da +dP/dt) e da dura&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o (apontada pelo TPM). Caracteristicamente, como parte integrante do efeito Bowditch, estas duas vari&#225;veis que regulam a for&#231;a gerada sofrem modifica&#231;&#245;es em sentidos opostos, exatamente como ocorreu em nossos experimentos: a contra&#231;&#227;o se intensifica (aumentando a +dP/dt) e se encurta (diminuindo o TPM). O resultado final sobre o valor da for&#231;a depender&#225; do predom&#237;nio de um ou de outro destes fatores, podendo ocorrer, at&#233; mesmo, a sua redu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, foi n&#237;tido o efeito depressor da contra&#231;&#227;o desencadeado pela isquemia/reperfus&#227;o. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de 30 minutos de retomada do fluxo coron&#225;rio, os valores da PD e da dP/dt foram claramente inferiores &#224;queles verificados na situa&#231;&#227;o controle. &#201; not&#225;vel o crescimento, na literatura, de tend&#234;ncia a admitir as altera&#231;&#245;es da responsividade dos miofilamentos como o mecanismo patogen&#233;tico mais relevante na depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o<sup>3,6,7,25,26</sup> . Esta interpreta&#231;&#227;o est&#225; se consolidando levando em conta, principalmente, a exist&#234;ncia de demonstra&#231;&#245;es convincentes de que a oferta de c&#225;lcio para o mioplasma n&#227;o est&#225; alterada depois de poucos minutos que a reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; retomada. Considere-se, ainda, como apoiador desta hip&#243;tese, o fato de a capacidade funcional do mioc&#225;rdio deprimido poder ser estimulada por manobras inotr&#243;picas que atuam sobre a cin&#233;tica celular do c&#225;lcio: aminas simpatomim&#233;ticas<sup>8-11,27</sup>, milrinone<sup>12</sup>, administra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio<sup>5,13</sup>, estimula&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extrassist&#243;lica<sup>9,13</sup> e estimula&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores da &#151;dP/dt em D contrasta com a id&#233;ia de que a cin&#233;tica do c&#225;lcio n&#227;o seja afetada pelo bin&#244;mio isquemia/reperfus&#227;o. Este resultado n&#227;o pode ser compreendido por altera&#231;&#245;es que tenham ocorrido na responsividade dos miofilamentos ao c&#225;lcio e, em princ&#237;pio, sinalizaria para a possibilidade de a recapta&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio pelo ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico ter sido prejudicada. Contudo, resultados descritos por outros autores<sup>7,28</sup> indicaram que, quando se analisa o relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico no ventr&#237;culo intacto, outros fatores necessitam ser considerados al&#233;m da responsividade dos miofilamentos e da cin&#233;tica do c&#225;lcio. Os resultados destes autores indicaram que o edema mioc&#225;rdico e o turgor coronariano, presentes no ventr&#237;culo intacto, conferem caracter&#237;sticas de comprometimento ao relaxamento muscular que n&#227;o se identificam em amostras isoladas de mioc&#225;rdio. Estas informa&#231;&#245;es permitem admitir que a depress&#227;o do relaxamento por n&#243;s verificada em D n&#227;o deve ser associada a comprometimento da cin&#233;tica intracelular do c&#225;lcio causada pelo bin&#244;mio isquemia/reperfus&#227;o</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados indicaram que isquemia global de cora&#231;&#245;es isolados, seguida de reperfus&#227;o, resulta em depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica que n&#227;o altera a influ&#234;ncia do efeito Bowditch sobre a contra&#231;&#227;o e o relaxamento. Mais ainda; o encontro de equival&#234;ncia de resposta ao aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia de contra&#231;&#245;es permite concluir que nem mesmo a intensidade das respostas mioc&#225;rdicas ao "treppe" &#233; alterada no estado de depress&#227;o p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Temos informa&#231;&#245;es de apenas um &#250;nico trabalho que visou estudar a influ&#234;ncia do aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sobre o mioc&#225;rdio deprimido por isquemia/reperfus&#227;o<sup>12</sup>. SCHAD e cols promoveram isquemia regional no territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior e compararam o desempenho sist&#243;lico do mioc&#225;rdio irrigado por este vaso com o exteriorizado pelo m&#250;sculo suprido pela art&#233;ria circunflexa. Seguindo-se &#224; isquemia/reperfus&#227;o da regi&#227;o irrigada pela descendente anterior, verificaram que, nesse territ&#243;rio, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi acompanhada de diminui&#231;&#227;o do encurtamento mioc&#225;rdico. No territ&#243;rio da circunflexa, tomado como refer&#234;ncia de comportamento normal do mioc&#225;rdio, a contra&#231;&#227;o muscular foi ativada pelo aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia de contra&#231;&#245;es. Na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de seus resultados, estes autores n&#227;o levaram em conta que a avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho sist&#243;lico nas condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais utilizadas &#233; dificultada pela intera&#231;&#227;o que se estabelece entre o mioc&#225;rdio deprimido e o normal. O m&#233;todo utilizado coloca o mioc&#225;rdio deprimido contraindo em s&#233;rie com o mioc&#225;rdio normal. Nestas condi&#231;&#245;es, a contra&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio normal, exacerbada pelo est&#237;mulo inotr&#243;pico, tende a estirar o mioc&#225;rdio deprimido, mascarando a ativa&#231;&#227;o da capacidade contr&#225;til que possa ter ocorrido neste &#250;ltimo.</p>
    <p>Portanto, os nossos dados indicam que, no mioc&#225;rdio canino, a depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s15 min de isquemia e 30min de reperfus&#227;o n&#227;o impede que as respostas da contra&#231;&#227;o e do relaxamento ao aumento de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca se exteriorizem com caracter&#237;sticas equivalentes &#224;s do mioc&#225;rdio normal. Esta infer&#234;ncia corrobora a proposi&#231;&#227;o de que a funcionalidade dos mecanismos reguladores da cin&#233;tica intracelular do c&#225;lcio permanece pr&#243;xima da normalidade na depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia/reperfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O apoio financeiro da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP; projeto 99/04533-4) e ao Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia (CNPq; processo 300.692/80-3 NV) e a participa&#231;&#227;o competente e dedicada do Sr. Airton Andrade Santos nos experimentos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Paulo J. F. Tucci </p>
        <p> Rua Estado de Israel, 181/94 </p>
        <p> Cep 04022-000 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="tucci@fcr.epm.br">tucci@fcr.epm.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para a publica&#231;&#227;o em: 28/10/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em: 01/04/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kloner</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Mosca SM, Gelpi    RJ, Cingolani HE. Dissociation between myocardial relaxation and diastolic stiffness    in the stunned heart: its prevention by ischemic preconditioning. Mol Cell Biochem    1993;129:171-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Dissociation between myocardial relaxation and diastolic stiffness in the stunned heart: its prevention by ischemic preconditioning</article-title>
          <source>Mol Cell Biochem</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>171</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>129</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mosca</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gelpi</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cingolani</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Postischemic stunned myocardium does not alter cardiac response to an elevation in contractile frequency</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE:To assess the influence of the postischemia/reperfusion stunned myocardium (PIRSM) on the inotropic and lusitropic effects of heart rate (HR). METHODS: Nine preparations of isolated dog hearts in isovolumic contraction and nourished by the arterial blood of another dog underwent heart rate elevation from 60 bpm to 200 bpm, in 20-bpm stages. The following variables were assessed before (B) and after (A) ischemia (15 min) and reperfusion (30 min): the pressure developed during contraction (PD), its first positive (+dP/dt) and negative (-dP/dt) derivative, the time of maximum pressure (TMP), the pressure at rest (Pr), and the time necessary for the developed pressure to decrease by 90% of its maximum value (time for relaxation - TR90%). RESULTS: The stimulating effects of HR elevation on inotropism and relaxation were similar before and after ischemia/reperfusion as follows: +dP/dt values increased, TMP decreased, -dP/dt values were intensified, and TR90% decreased. The values of PD did not change, and Pr increased. CONCLUSION: The results confirmed the positive inotropic effect of HR elevation (Bowditch effect) and the depressive action of ischemia/reperfusion. They also evidenced that PIRSM does not alter the stimulating action of the Bowditch effect, in accordance with the current concept that PIRSM does not impair calcium myocardial kinetics, favoring the prevalent hypothesis that the decrease in the contractile capacity after ischemia/reperfusion depends on the reduction of the myofilament responsiveness to calcium.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>postischemia/reperfusion stunned myocardium</kwd>
        <kwd>Bowditch effect</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rate</kwd>
        <kwd>systolic function</kwd>
        <kwd>diastolic function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Postischemic stunned myocardium does not alter cardiac response to an elevation in contractile frequency</p>
      <p>Orlando Sant'Ana Jr; Roberto J. Nogueira; Neif Murad; Antonio Carlos Lopes; Paulo J. F. Tucci</p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold>To assess the influence of the postischemia/reperfusion stunned myocardium (PIRSM) on the inotropic and lusitropic effects of heart rate (HR).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Nine preparations of isolated dog hearts in isovolumic contraction and nourished by the arterial blood of another dog underwent heart rate elevation from 60 bpm to 200 bpm, in 20-bpm stages. The following variables were assessed before (B) and after (A) ischemia (15 min) and reperfusion (30 min): the pressure developed during contraction (PD), its first positive (+dP/dt) and negative (&#151;dP/dt) derivative, the time of maximum pressure (TMP), the pressure at rest (Pr), and the time necessary for the developed pressure to decrease by 90% of its maximum value (time for relaxation - TR90%).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The stimulating effects of HR elevation on inotropism and relaxation were similar before and after ischemia/reperfusion as follows: +dP/dt values increased, TMP decreased, &#151;dP/dt values were intensified, and TR90% decreased. The values of PD did not change, and Pr increased.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The results confirmed the positive inotropic effect of HR elevation (Bowditch effect) and the depressive action of ischemia/reperfusion. They also evidenced that PIRSM does not alter the stimulating action of the Bowditch effect, in accordance with the current concept that PIRSM does not impair calcium myocardial kinetics, favoring the prevalent hypothesis that the decrease in the contractile capacity after ischemia/reperfusion depends on the reduction of the myofilament responsiveness to calcium.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>postischemia/reperfusion stunned myocardium, Bowditch effect, heart rate, systolic function, diastolic function</p>
      <p>In 1975, Heyndrickx et al <sup>1</sup> reported for the first time the occurrence of myocardial depression following ischemia/reperfusion, which would be popularized in the English literature under the name postischemia/reperfusion stunned myocardium. Later studies <sup>2-6</sup> showed that postischemia/reperfusion stunned myocardium is generated by 2 factors: 1) the action of reactive oxygen species released during reperfusion, and 2) the increase in intracellular calcium concentration (calcium overload) that occurs during both ischemia and reperfusion. Calpaine, a protease that promotes the lysis of troponin I, plays a relevant role in triggering myocardial depression after ischemia/reperfusion. The consequence is the decrease in the myofilament reactivity to calcium, the typical functional impairment of postischemia/reperfusion stunned myocardium. In this circumstance, the affinity of the ligation between troponin and calcium decreases, the quantity of the ion bound to troponin decreases, and, consequently, myocardial contractility decreases. Latency in the recovery of the inotropism lasts until troponin I integrity is reestablished.</p>
      <p>Very convincing indications exist that calcium kinetics is not altered in myocardial depression following ischemia/reperfusion. Therefore, postischemia/reperfusion stunned myocardium has been proven not to reduce the intracellular content of the ion <sup>3,4,7</sup> and to preserve the physiological and pharmacological maneuvers that stimulate inotropism by increasing the intracellular content of calcium ([Ca]<sub>i</sub>): beta-adrenergic agonists <sup>8-11</sup>, milrinone <sup>8,12</sup>, calcium administration <sup>5,13</sup>, postpause potentiation <sup>14</sup>, and postextrasystolic potentiation <sup>9,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, the positive inotropic effect depending on heart rate elevation studied in myocardial segments of dogs undergoing regional ischemia has been reported to transform into negative inotropic action after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion <sup>12</sup>. If this inversion of the myocardial response to heart rate elevation is confirmed, the concept of the integrity of calcium kinetics after periods of ischemia/reperfusion should be revised, because, typically, the inotropic action linked to heart rate fluctuations is a physiological maneuver that depends exclusively on calcium kinetics.</p>
      <p>In most mammals, heart rate elevations trigger the stimulus to myocardial inotropism. This stimulating effect of heart rate on myocardial contractility was given the name the Bowditch effect or treppe phenomenon. Two mechanisms fundamental to the positive inotropic action of the Bowditch effect are 1) an increase in intracellular sodium concentration followed by the reverse action of the sodium/calcium exchanger protein, and consequent elevation in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca]<sub>i</sub>) <sup>15</sup> and 2) an increase in calcium entrance through the slow channels during the second phase of the action potential <sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at reassessing the influence of the transient period of ischemia followed by reperfusion in the response of isolated dog hearts to elevations in the frequency of the contractions. The preparation of isolated dog hearts nourished by the arterial blood of another dog and maintained in isovolumic contraction was used. The constant ventricular volume of this preparation allows the use of ventricular pressures as indicators of myocardial contractility and ventricular compliance with fair reliability. If the ventricular volume is constant, the pressure fluctuations occurring during the contractions point to variations in the inotropic state in the same direction, and alterations in the diastolic pressure point to modifications in ventricular compliance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was carried out with isolated dog hearts (n = 9) nourished by the arterial blood of another animal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>), according to a method reported in other studies <sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0038-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Two dogs, anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose (60 mg/kg) and urethane (600 mg/kg) and heparinized (500 IU/kg), were used in each experiment as follows: one animal had its heart (2-16 kg) extracted, while the other was maintained as support (19-23 kg), providing arterial blood for the isolated heart. The support animal was mechanically ventilated and received additional doses of chloralose (6 mg/kg), urethane (60 mg/kg), and heparin (50 UI/kg) every hour. The pH (7.35-7.45) and concentrations of blood gases (pO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 100 mmHg; pCO<sub>2</sub>= 35-45 mmHg) were assessed every hour, and their deviations were corrected by changing the programming of the ventilation parameters or by administering an 8% sodium bicarbonate solution.</p>
      <p>Blood in the femoral arteries of the support dog was pumped into a reservoir, where it was maintained under the constant pressure of 100 mmHg, to provide blood to the coronary arteries of the isolated heart through a pressure regulator with oxygen. Prior to perfusing the coronary arteries through a cannula placed in the ascending aorta of the isolated heart, blood was warmed to 37&#186;C by use of a heat exchanger. The flow of the coronary sinus and of the thebesian circulation returned to the jugular veins of the support animal through catheters inserted in the main pulmonary artery and in the left ventricular apex, respectively.</p>
      <p>Through an incision in the right atrial anterior wall, a 10% formol solution (0.6-2.0 mL) was injected in the region of the atrioventricular node to cause complete atrioventricular block. The heart rate was then commanded by an artificial stimulator whose electrodes were placed in the right ventricular anterior wall. The atriotomy was closed with a previously prepared pursestring suture. This procedure was performed during temporary occlusion of the coronary perfusion line, and the resulting cardiac ischemia lasted only 50-170 seconds. The mitral valvular apparatus was excised. A very flexible and delicate latex balloon mounted on a cannula (diameter of 18 mm) was placed inside the left ventricle, and a pursestring suture was performed around the base of the left atrium to maintain the balloon inside the ventricular cavity. The balloon was compliant and its dimensions did not exert pressure on the fluid used to distend the left ventricle. The distal extremity of the cannula of the balloon was occluded and transfixed by 2 catheters (length of 15 cm and internal diameter of 0.3 cm). One of the catheters was used for controlling the fluid volume inside the balloon, and the other was ligated to the P23ID pressure transducer. The transducer was coupled to a Gold amplifier (13-6615-50 model) for determining the ventricular pressures, and the first temporal derivative of the ventricular pressure (dP/dt) was obtained by using a Gold amplifier (13-4615-71 model). These variables were recorded on a Windograf polygraph.</p>
      <p>Once the preparation was installed, the frequency of the pacemaker stimuli was regulated to 60 bpm, and the fluid volume inside the balloon was adjusted so that the systolic pressure observed in the polygraph monitor reached approximately 70 mmHg. The frequency of the stimulator was progressively elevated up to 200 bpm to guarantee that the following did not happen: 1) elevation of the developed pressure beyond the coronary perfusion pressure; 2) excessively high stimulation frequency capable of causing maladjustments in the contractile capacity, which would recommend interruption of the protocol. Then, the pacemaker was reprogrammed to emit the stimulation frequency considered baseline (60 bpm). A 10- to 20-minute interval was observed, so that the functional balance of the preparation could be reached.</p>
      <p>Once stabilization was achieved, the variables were recorded at baseline. Then, the stimulation frequency of the pacemaker was successively increased at 20-bpm stages up to 200 bpm. At every increase, one minute was awaited so that the new functional balance was achieved, and the variables were recorded again. The maneuvers described comprised the control situation of the protocol identified as B (before ischemia/reperfusion).</p>
      <p>Then, the postischemia/reperfusion contractile depression situation was promoted.</p>
      <p>The stimulation frequency was returned to the baseline values and the period of overall heart ischemia was initiated with occlusion of the coronary perfusion line. After 15 minutes of ischemia, coronary perfusion was reestablished; the reperfusion period lasted 30 minutes. During the period of ischemia, the artificial pacemaker was turned off right after the heart reached the condition of asystolia or ventricular fibrillation (approximately 10 minutes). At the beginning of the reperfusion period, blood originating from the heart was allowed to drain out (approximately 250 mL), so that the cardiac catabolites that accumulate during ischemia were not injected into the support dog. After 30 minutes of reperfusion, the variables of the stimulation frequency were recorded as were those in the B situation. These records represented the data of the depressed state, after ischemia/reperfusion (A). In some experiences, ventricular fibrillation occurred in the isolated heart during the period of ischemia or at the beginning of the reperfusion period, requiring electrical defibrillation with electrical discharge of 10 joules.</p>
      <p>Each variable was analyzed according to 3 aspects: 1) whether the increase in heart rate caused a modification in the variables in situations B and A; 2) whether ischemia/reperfusion depressed the heart's mechanical action; 3) whether the behavior of the different variables was different within each control (B) and depressive (A) condition studied.</p>
      <p>An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was initially performed for each variable with repeated measures within a single group of animals; in the statistical literature, this analysis is called block ANOVA <sup>20</sup>. After characterizing the difference between the various heart rates used (P &lt; 0.0001), 2 hierarchical partitions of the sum of the squares of the values of the different variables in the various levels of heart rate were performed. The first partition compared separately, for each condition B and A, the mean of each variable obtained in the various heart rates analyzed. This maneuver allowed assessment of whether the elevation in heart rate caused a modification in the variable within each condition studied. In the case of statistical significance, orthogonal contrasts were used <sup>21</sup> to test the existence of linear, quadratic, and cubic effects. The other partition tested for each variable, in each heart rate value, the hypothesis of equality of the means in conditions B and A. This analysis enabled characterization of whether the ischemia/reperfusion affected the value of the variables. In the cases with significant differences between the values in conditions B and A, we determined the 95% confidence intervals of the differences between the means of the variables at the heart rates of 60 and 200 bpm in the 2 experimental conditions. The results whose 95% confidence intervals did not overlap were admitted to indicate different behavior in the 2 conditions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard error of the mean (x &#177; sem).</p>
      <p>The following parameters were used to assess ventricular contractility: pressure developed during contraction (PD: systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure); maximum positive value of dP/dt (+dP/dt); and the time of maximum pressure (TMP: time period elapsed from the beginning of the systolic ascension of the ventricular pressure curve until its maximum value, indicating the duration of systole) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>). The values of these variables at the heart rate of 60 bpm in conditions B and A are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table I</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0038-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0038-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The elevation in heart rate exerted different influences on the PD and +dP/dt both before and after ischemia/reperfusion. In the entire heart rate range analyzed, no statistically different values of PD were identified before (P = 0.2986) and after (P = 0.7027) ischemia/reperfusion, indicating that PD did not vary in any of the conditions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_23004f3-body2">fig. 3A</xref>). On the contrary, +dP/dt increased in both conditions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_23004f3-body2">fig. 3B</xref>), and its values obeyed the distribution of an ascending line in B (349 + 3.108x; P &lt; 0.0001) and in A (268 + 2.315x; P = 0.0001). On the other hand, the values of PD and +dP/dt in situation A were significantly lower when compared with those observed in B for the same levels of heart rate. In addition to these results that characterize the positive inotropic effect of the Bowditch phenomenon and the depressive action of ischemia/reperfusion on heart contraction, a clear overlapping was observed in the 95% confidence intervals and the differences between the dP/dt values observed at 60 bpm (29 mmHg/s; 249 mmHg/s) and at 200 bpm (147 mmHg/s; 366 mmHg/s). This indicates that the inotropic effects of the Bowditch phenomenon were comparable before and after ischemia/reperfusion.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_23004f3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0038-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Concomitantly, as a consequence of the elevation in heart rate, shortening of the contraction occurred (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_23004f3-body2">fig. 3C</xref>). As heart rate ranged from 60 to 200 bpm, TMP decreased progressively following a descending straight line in B (252 &#151; 0.618x; P &lt; 0.0001) and in A (247 &#151; 0.634x; P &lt; 0.0001). Moreover, no significant difference was observed (P = 0.0782) between the TMP values in conditions B and A. These results indicate that ischemia/reperfusion did not alter the duration of the contraction and did not affect shortening of the systole that accompanied the increase in heart rate.</p>
      <p>Together, these results indicate that myocardial depression following ischemia/reperfusion had no quantitative or qualitative effect on systolic function modifications due to the Bowditch effect. The latter stimulated contraction, while postischemia/reperfusion depression diminished that function. It is worth noting that ischemia/reperfusion had no influence on the effect of heart rate elevation on ventricular contraction.</p>
      <p>The diastolic ventricular function was analyzed by assessing ventricular compliance and myocardial relaxation. The values of the pressure at rest (Pr), when the ventricular volume is kept constant, were used as indicators of the fluctuations of ventricular compliance. The analysis of myocardial relaxation was performed by assessing the behavior of the negative maximum values of dP/dt (-dP/dt), and the time required for a 90% decrease in the maximum values of the developed pressure (time of relaxation at 90%: TR90%).</p>
      <p>The values of the pressures at rest (Pr) for the various heart rates before and after ischemia/reperfusion are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_23004f4-body2">figure 4A</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_23004f4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0038-00009-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Statistically significant differences between the measures of the pressures at rest were observed before (P&lt;0.0001) and after (P&lt;0.0001) ischemia/reperfusion, indicating that Pr varied when heart rate increased. The behavior of Pr was that of a quadratic function of heart rate both before (y = 5.641 &#151; 0.049x + 0.00024 x<sup>2</sup>; P=0.0002) and after (y = 5.0 &#151; 0.032x + 0.00018x<sup>2</sup>; P=0.0036) ischemia/reperfusion. Comparing the mean values of Pr before and after ischemia/reperfusion in each heart rate, the means of the diastolic pressure in both conditions were equal in the heart rates of 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 bpm. For the heart rate of 160 bpm, we identified the significance suggestive of the Pr tendency to be greater after ischemia/reperfusion than before ischemia/reperfusion (P=0.0532), and, for the heart rate of 180 bpm, a statistically significant difference was detected between the means of the pressures at rest both before and after ischemia/reperfusion (B: 4.1&#177;0.8 mmHg; A: 5.3&#177;0.7 mmHg; P=0.0071). For the heart rate of 200 bpm, no statistically significant difference (P=0.4239) was observed between Pr values before and after ischemia/reperfusion. All these results indicate that Pr varies with heart rate increases according to increasing parabolic patterns of upper concavities not coinciding before and after ischemia/reperfusion, as long as the equivalence of the B and A conditions only occurs until the heart rate of 140 bpm.</p>
      <p>The increases in heart rate cause progressive increases in the absolute values of &#151;dP/dt before (363 + 1.438x; P&lt;0.0001) and after (200 + 1.394x; P&lt;0.0001) ischemia/reperfusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_23004f4-body2">fig. 4B</xref>). In addition, a clear overlapping of the confidence intervals of the differences between the &#151;dP/dt values before and after ischemia/reperfusion was observed at the heart rates of 60 bpm (97 bpm; 244 mmHg/s) and 200 bpm (91 mmHg; 239 mmHg/s), indicating that the stimulation of the lusitropic properties caused by the increase in heart rate was comparable before and after ischemia/reperfusion. On the other hand, all &#151;dP/dt values after ischemia/reperfusion were lower than their respective values before ischemia/reperfusion, characterizing the slower relaxation after ischemia/reperfusion.</p>
      <p>The ventricular relaxation period, assessed through the time for relaxation at 90% of the PD, was reduced before (238 &#151; 0.557x; P&lt;0.0001) and after (249 &#151; 0.589x; P&lt;0.0001) ischemia/reperfusion, and no differences were identified between the pairs of TR90% values at all heart rate levels analyzed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_23004f4-body2">fig. 4C</xref>).</p>
      <p>The &#151;dP/dt and TR90% data set indicated that myocardial relaxation was activated through an increase in heart rate. The data also showed that postischemia/reperfusion myocardial depression reduced relaxation velocity, although no alteration occurred in TR90%. In addition, the ischemia/reperfusion set proved not to alter the influence exerted by the Bowditch effect on the lusitropic properties, because the modifications in &#151;dP/dt and TR90% caused by the increase in heart rate were not different before and after ischemia/reperfusion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our results clearly characterized the positive inotropic effect of heart rate elevation and the depressive action of the contraction caused by ischemia/reperfusion. The stimulating action of contractility was very well manifested in the progressive increase in +dP/dt that accompanied the increase in heart rate. One may argue that the lack of increase in PD, simultaneously with the increase in heart rate, is contrary to the idea of the positive inotropic action of the Bowditch effect. This possible controversy is refuted by information in the literature. Other authors <sup>22-24</sup> have already reported that the force generated during systole (indicated by the maximum value of PD) depends on the intensity with which the contraction is generated (better reflected by the maximum value of +dP/dt) and on the duration of the contraction (indicated by the TMP). Characteristically, as an integrating part of the Bowditch effect, these 2 variables that regulate the force generated undergo modifications in opposite directions, exactly as occurred in our experiments: the contraction gets more intense (increasing +dP/dt) and shorter (reducing TMP). The final result about the value of the force will depend on the predominance of one of these factors, and its reduction may even occur.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the depressive effect on contraction caused by ischemia/reperfusion was clear. After the 30-minute period of restarting the coronary flow, the PD and dP/dt values were clearly inferior to those observed in the control situation. In the literature, it is worth noting the tendency to consider the alterations in the responsiveness of the myofilaments as the most relevant pathogenetic mechanism of myocardial depression following ischemia/reperfusion <sup>3,6,7,25,26</sup>. This interpretation is gaining importance mainly because of convincing demonstrations that the calcium offer to the myoplasm is not altered a few minutes after myocardial reperfusion is started. This hypothesis is yet supported by the fact that the functional capacity of the depressed myocardium may be stimulated by inotropic maneuvers that act on calcium cellular kinetics, such as sympathomimetic amines <sup>8-11,27</sup>, milrinone <sup>12</sup>, calcium administration <sup>5,13</sup>, postextrasystolic stimulation <sup>9,13</sup>, and postpause stimulation <sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The reduction in the &#151;dP/dt values after ischemia/reperfusion contradicts the idea that the calcium kinetics is not affected by the ischemia/reperfusion binomial. This result cannot be understood as alterations that have occurred in the responsiveness of the myofilaments to calcium, and would initially indicate the possibility that calcium reuptake by the sarcoplasmatic reticulum may have been impaired. However, other authors <sup>7,28</sup> have reported that, when myocardial relaxation of the intact ventricle is analyzed, factors other than responsiveness of the myofilaments and calcium kinetics need to be considered. The results of those authors indicate that myocardial edema and coronary turgor, present in the intact ventricle, represent characteristics of impairment of the muscular relaxation that are not identified in isolated samples of the myocardium. This allows the assumption that the depression of relaxation observed after ischemia/reperfusion should not be associated with impairment of the calcium intracellular kinetics caused by the ischemia/reperfusion binomial.</p>
      <p>Our results indicated that global ischemia of the isolated hearts followed by reperfusion results in myocardial depression that does not alter the influence of the Bowditch effect on contraction and relaxation. Moreover, the equivalence of the response to the increase in the frequency of contractions allows one to conclude that not even the intensity of the myocardial responses to treppe is altered in the state of post-ischemia/reperfusion depression.</p>
      <p>We have heard from only one single study by Schad et al <sup>12</sup> that aimed at assessing the influence of heart rate increase on the depressed myocardium due to ischemia/reperfusion. Those authors caused regional ischemia in the territory of the anterior descending coronary artery and compared the systolic performance of the myocardium irrigated by that vessel with that exteriorized by the muscle supplied by the circumflex artery. After causing ischemia/reperfusion of the region irrigated by the anterior descending coronary artery, those authors reported that, in that territory, the increase in heart rate was accompanied by a reduction in myocardial shortening. In the territory of the circumflex artery, used as a reference for normal myocardial behavior, the muscular contraction was activated by an increase in the frequency of contractions. When interpreting their results, these authors did not consider that the assessment of systolic performance in the experimental conditions used is hindered by the interaction established between the depressed and the healthy myocardium. The method used has the depressed myocardium contracting in series with the healthy myocardium. In this condition, normal myocardial contraction, exacerbated by the inotropic stimulus, tends to stretch the depressed myocardium, concealing the activation of the contractile capacity that may have occurred in the latter.</p>
      <p>Therefore, our data indicate that, in the canine myocardium, myocardial depression after ischemia of 15 minutes and reperfusion of 30 minutes does not prevent the responses of contraction and relaxation to heart rate increase from appearing with characteristics equivalent to those of the healthy myocardium. This inference confirms the proposition that the functionality of the regulating mechanisms of calcium intracellular kinetics remains close to normality after ischemia/reperfusion myocardial depression.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank the Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP; projeto 99/04533-4) and the Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia (CNPq; processo 300.692/80-3 NV) for financial support. We also thank the competent and dedicated participation of Mr. Airton Andrade Santos in the experiments.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondece to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Paulo J. F. Tucci</p>
          <p> Rua Estado de Israel, 181/94</p>
          <p> Cep 04022-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="tucci@fcr.epm.br">tucci@fcr.epm.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 10/28/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 04/01/2004</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
