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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zpZ6tCzZw3S8DdjXByJ45bN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000100007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000100007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso e hipertens&#227;o arterial, em popula&#231;&#227;o urbana de baixa renda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feij&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Adelina Maria Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gadelha</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Maur&#237;cio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Socorro Sombra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Wellington de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>29</fpage>
      <lpage>33</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre massa corporal e press&#227;o arterial em popula&#231;&#227;o urbana de baixa renda. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal desenvolvido em amostra representativa de uma comunidade urbana de baixa renda, no per&#237;odo de julho a dezembro/1998. De um total de 224 quadras, 67(30%) quadras foram selecionadas com indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, com idade &gt; 30 anos. A press&#227;o arterial, o peso e a altura foram medidos, e atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rio, obtidas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre sexo, idade, renda familiar, escolaridade e ocupa&#231;&#227;o. Foi calculado o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), dividindo-se o peso (quilograma) pela altura (metro) elevada ao quadrado e considerado normal IMC&lt;25; como sobrepeso 25 &lt;IMC &lt; 30; como obesidade IMC&gt; 30. Adicionalmente, excesso de peso foi definido como IMC&gt; 25, hipertens&#227;o arterial foi definida como uma press&#227;o sist&#243;lica &gt; 140 mm Hg e diast&#243;lica &gt; 90 mm Hg. RESULTADOS: Em 1078 domic&#237;lios, residiam 1.137 indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis, e foram obtidas informa&#231;&#245;es completas de 1.032 (91%) pessoas. A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e de excesso de peso foi 22,58% e 51,26% respectivamente. Antes de ajustar, o OR de hipertens&#227;o arterial foi 1,85 (IC 95%: 1,52-2,25) para os indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e 3,7 (IC 95%: 3,04-4,50) para os indiv&#237;duos obesos e, depois, respectivamente, 2,04 (IC 95%: 1,65-2,54) e 4,08 (IC 95%:3,30-5,08) CONCLUS&#195;O: Existe uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre massa corporal e press&#227;o arterial, que &#233; independente do sexo, idade, renda familiar, escolaridade e ocupa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>excesso de peso</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso e hipertens&#227;o arterial, em popula&#231;&#227;o urbana de baixa renda</p>
    <p>Adelina Maria Melo Feij&#227;o; Francisco Vieira Gadelha; Antonio Alberto Bezerra; Antonio Maur&#237;cio de Oliveira; Maria do Socorro Sombra Silva; Jos&#233; Wellington de Oliveira Lima </p>
    <p> Fortaleza, CE</p>
    <p>Funda&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Sa&#250;de &#151; Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Estudar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre massa corporal e press&#227;o arterial em popula&#231;&#227;o urbana de baixa renda. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo transversal desenvolvido em amostra representativa de uma comunidade urbana de baixa renda, no per&#237;odo de julho a dezembro/1998. De um total de 224 quadras, 67(30%) quadras foram selecionadas com indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 anos. A press&#227;o arterial, o peso e a altura foram medidos, e atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rio, obtidas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre sexo, idade, renda familiar, escolaridade e ocupa&#231;&#227;o. Foi calculado o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), dividindo-se o peso (quilograma) pela altura (metro) elevada ao quadrado e considerado normal IMC&lt;25; como sobrepeso 25 <underline>&lt;</underline>IMC &lt; 30; como obesidade IMC<underline>&gt;</underline> 30. Adicionalmente, excesso de peso foi definido como IMC<underline>&gt;</underline> 25, hipertens&#227;o arterial foi definida como uma press&#227;o sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mm Hg e diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mm Hg. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Em 1078 domic&#237;lios, residiam 1.137 indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis, e foram obtidas informa&#231;&#245;es completas de 1.032 (91%) pessoas. A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e de excesso de peso foi 22,58% e 51,26% respectivamente. Antes de ajustar, o OR de hipertens&#227;o arterial foi 1,85 (IC 95%: 1,52-2,25) para os indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e 3,7 (IC 95%: 3,04-4,50) para os indiv&#237;duos obesos e, depois, respectivamente, 2,04 (IC 95%: 1,65-2,54) e 4,08 (IC 95%:3,30-5,08) </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Existe uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre massa corporal e press&#227;o arterial, que &#233; independente do sexo, idade, renda familiar, escolaridade e ocupa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>preval&#234;ncia, excesso de peso, hipertens&#227;o arterial</p>
    <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial pode ser obtida atrav&#233;s de mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, que incluam o controle do peso, da ingest&#227;o excessiva de &#225;lcool e sal, do h&#225;bito de fumar e da pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica<sup>1</sup>. Levando-se em conta que o aumento da massa corporal est&#225; fortemente associado &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial<sup>2-4</sup>, apresentando altas preval&#234;ncias, tanto nos pa&#237;ses ricos<sup>5</sup>, como naqueles menos desenvolvidos<sup>6</sup>, podemos considerar o excesso de peso como o principal determinante que pode ser prevenido, da ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>O sexo, a idade e algumas vari&#225;veis s&#243;cio-econ&#244;micas s&#227;o potenciais confundidores da rela&#231;&#227;o entre massa corporal e press&#227;o arterial, pois estas vari&#225;veis est&#227;o associadas &#224; massa corporal<sup>7,8</sup>. Logo, faz-se necess&#225;ria uma estimativa ajustada da rela&#231;&#227;o entre massa corporal e press&#227;o arterial, para se conhecer sua import&#226;ncia relativa, como determinante da hipertens&#227;o arterial, numa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica. No Brasil, apenas quatro estudos obtiveram uma estimativa ajustada<sup>9-12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma estimativa da rela&#231;&#227;o entre massa corporal e a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, ajustada para sexo, idade, renda e escolaridade, numa popula&#231;&#227;o de baixo n&#237;vel socio-econ&#244;mico, da regi&#227;o metropolitana de Fortaleza.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um estudo transversal foi realizado no conjunto habitacional metropolitano, da cidade de Caucaia, na &#225;rea metropolitana de Fortaleza. De um total de 224 quadras existentes no Conjunto, 67 quadras (30%) cont&#237;guas, foram inclu&#237;das no estudo. Como o Conjunto apresentava-se homog&#234;neo do ponto de vista do padr&#227;o de constru&#231;&#227;o dos domic&#237;lios e do padr&#227;o de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o, foi considerado que esta amostra de quadras fosse representativa do referido conjunto habitacional.</p>
    <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 anos foram entrevistados e examinados, podendo ser inclu&#237;do mais de 1 participante por domic&#237;lio. Foram exclu&#237;dos os que n&#227;o foram encontrados depois de tr&#234;s visitas domiciliares. Aos participantes, foram apresentados os objetivos do estudo e deixado bem claro que cada um tinha total liberdade para aceitar ou n&#227;o participar do mesmo. No per&#237;odo de julho a dezembro/1998, os indiv&#237;duos foram entrevistados e examinados (medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o, do peso e da altura) no pr&#243;prio domic&#237;lio, de 8:00 &#224;s 11:00 h ou de 14:00 &#224;s 17:00 h, sendo que alguns foram solicitados a comparecer a um centro de sa&#250;de para medi&#231;&#227;o do peso e da altura.</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi medida duas vezes, antes e depois da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um question&#225;rio s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;fico, cuja aplica&#231;&#227;o demorava em m&#233;dia 30min. Neste estudo, foram usados os valores obtidos na segunda medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. As medidas foram feitas sempre no bra&#231;o direito, com o indiv&#237;duo sentado. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi assinalada na 1&#170; fase de Korotkoff (aparecimento do ru&#237;do), e a diast&#243;lica na 5&#170; fase de Korotkoff (desaparecimento do ru&#237;do). Para defini&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial foi utilizado o crit&#233;rio do <italic>VI Joint National Committee-JNC</italic><sup>13</sup>. Dessa forma, foram considerados hipertensos, aqueles que apresentaram uma press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg e/ou uma press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg. A press&#227;o arterial tamb&#233;m foi classificada de acordo com o consenso citado em normal (PAD &lt; 90 mmHg e PAS &lt; 140 mmHg), hipertens&#227;o leve(90 <underline>&lt;</underline> PAD &lt; 100 ou 140 <underline>&lt;</underline> PAS &lt; 160), hipertens&#227;o moderada(100 <underline>&lt;</underline> PAD &lt; 110 ou 160 <underline>&lt;</underline> PAS &lt; 180) e hipertens&#227;o acentuada (PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 ou PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> 180).</p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram pesados e medidos no domicilio, com roupas leves e descal&#231;os. Medimos o peso com balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica com precis&#227;o de gramas. Para aferi&#231;&#227;o da balan&#231;a, usamos um jogo de 7 pesos (4,91 kg; 4,92 kg; 9,65 kg; 9,83 kg; 14,15 kg; 14,60 kg; 14,90 kg) que foram padronizados pelo INMETRO. Semanalmente, a balan&#231;a era calibrada por uma carga composta por tr&#234;s pesos escolhidos aleatoriamente. Durante todo o estudo, as medi&#231;&#245;es da balan&#231;a nunca diferiram em mais que 2% da carga padronizada. A altura foi obtida em cent&#237;metros, com uma escala m&#233;trica fixa numa base, sobre a qual repousava o indiv&#237;duo em p&#233;. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado dividindo-se o peso (em quilogramas) pela altura (em metros) elevada ao quadrado e categorizado segundo crit&#233;rios preconizados pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de<sup>14</sup>: peso normal: IMC&lt;25 kg/m&#178;; sobrepeso: 25 <underline>&lt;</underline>IMC&lt;30; obeso: IMC<underline>&gt;</underline> 30. Adicionalmente, definimos excesso de peso como IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25.</p>
    <p>Atrav&#233;s de um question&#225;rio aplicado no domic&#237;lio, coletamos informa&#231;&#245;es sobre sexo, idade, renda da fam&#237;lia, escolaridade e ocupa&#231;&#227;o. Registramos a presen&#231;a de &#225;gua encanada, rede de esgoto, chuveiro e descarga no banheiro. Definimos como renda familiar (em reais), a soma das rendas mensais auferidas por todos os indiv&#237;duos do mesmo domicilio do entrevistado. A ocupa&#231;&#227;o foi agrupada em duas categorias: com ocupa&#231;&#227;o: presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os como aut&#244;nomo e/ou empregado, trabalho dom&#233;stico; sem ocupa&#231;&#227;o: sem ocupa&#231;&#227;o, desempregado, dependente, pensionista e aposentado.</p>
    <p>A renda familiar (em reais R$) foi categorizada em sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (R$ 136,00) de forma a garantir extratos com uma amostra de tamanhos semelhantes. A vari&#225;vel anos de escola foi dividida em dois estratos definidos pela mediana da distribui&#231;&#227;o. A associa&#231;&#227;o univariada entre vari&#225;veis foi medida atrav&#233;s da raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia e seu intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, calculados pelo <italic>software Stata</italic><sup>15</sup>. A varia&#231;&#227;o linear de propor&#231;&#245;es, ao longo dos estratos, de uma vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica foi estimada atrav&#233;s de um teste de tend&#234;ncia<sup>16</sup> , calculado atrav&#233;s do <italic>software Epi-Info</italic><sup>17</sup>. Foram consideradas varia&#231;&#245;es lineares aquelas cujas curvas de tend&#234;ncias n&#227;o eram significativamente diferentes de uma linha reta (valor-p=0,05). Tamb&#233;m estimamos a associa&#231;&#227;o univariada entre potenciais fatores de risco e a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial por meio do <italic>odds ratio</italic> calculado atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e do <italic>software Stata</italic>. Ao final, usamos um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para medir a associa&#231;&#227;o independente ou ajustada de cada fator de risco e a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Nas estimativas dos <italic>odds ratio</italic> atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada, os estratos das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram codificados como 1, 2 e 3 ou 1, 2 , 3 e 4, conforme o n&#250;mero de categorias, e na seq&#252;&#234;ncia em que os mesmos apareceram nas tabelas. Em todos os testes estat&#237;sticos, consideramos significativos aqueles cujas probabilidades da hip&#243;tese nula se verdadeira foi <underline>&lt;</underline>5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nas 67 quadras amostradas, existiam 1.078 domic&#237;lios, dos quais, 958 (89%) foram investigados. Os demais domic&#237;lios eram desabitados ou abrigavam indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o puderam ser entrevistados, depois de pelo menos tr&#234;s tentativas. Ao final, de um total de 1.137 pessoas eleg&#237;veis para o estudo, foram obtidas informa&#231;&#245;es completas de 1032 (91%). Apenas 15 pessoas n&#227;o aceitaram participar do estudo e as demais n&#227;o compareceram a uma cl&#237;nica para medirem peso e altura. Como resultado geral, foi observada preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial de 22,58%, e de 51,26% com excesso de peso (dados n&#227;o mostrados nas tabelas).</p>
    <p>Com o objetivo de medir a associa&#231;&#227;o entre potenciais determinantes da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e a massa corporal, foi calculada a raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia do excesso de peso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>). Das vari&#225;veis estudadas, apenas o sexo, a idade e a renda familiar eram significativamente associados ao excesso de peso. A preval&#234;ncia do excesso de peso foi mais elevada no sexo feminino e aumentou com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da renda familiar. No entanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a idade e o excesso de peso n&#227;o era linear (teste de linearidade: valor-p=0,006; a curva de tend&#234;ncia era significativamente diferente de uma reta), pois a preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso aumentava e depois decrescia com o aumento da idade. Ao contr&#225;rio, a escolaridade e ocupa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o estavam associadas ao excesso de peso.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0029-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em seguida, foi estimada a associa&#231;&#227;o de algumas vari&#225;veis com a press&#227;o arterial atrav&#233;s da raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. II</xref>). A preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial aumentou de forma significativa com o aumento da massa corporal. A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial foi 59% maior entre os indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e 149% entre os obesos, quando comparados com indiv&#237;duos de peso normal. A preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial tamb&#233;m aumentou de forma significativa com o aumento da idade. Por outro lado, tanto os indiv&#237;duos que freq&#252;entaram a escola menos anos, quanto aqueles que declararam n&#227;o ter uma ocupa&#231;&#227;o apresentaram uma preval&#234;ncia significativamente mais elevada de hipertens&#227;o arterial. No entanto, nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o foi observada entre sexo, renda familiar e press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0029-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m foi estimada a preval&#234;ncia de diversos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial e suas associa&#231;&#245;es com o excesso de peso (dados n&#227;o mostrados nas tabelas). Foi observada uma preval&#234;ncia de 77,42% de indiv&#237;duos normais, 13,95% de hipertens&#227;o leve, e 4,65% e 4,07% de hipertens&#227;o moderada e acentuada respectivamente. Adicionalmente, 22,58% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentavam uma das formas de hipertens&#227;o. Quanto &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o do excesso de peso com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, entre os indiv&#237;duos com peso normal, foi observada uma preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o leve de 10,05%, 2,99% de hipertens&#227;o moderada e 2,99% de hipertens&#227;o acentuada. Entre os indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso, as preval&#234;ncias foram 17,04%, 5,68% e 4,94% respectivamente. Ou seja, a preval&#234;ncia de cada um dos n&#237;veis de hipertens&#227;o arterial foi aproximadamente o dobro entre os indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso, embora apenas as preval&#234;ncias de hipertens&#227;o leve tenham sido significativamente diferentes.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, foi avaliado o potencial confundidor das outras vari&#225;veis sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre massa corporal e hipertens&#227;o arterial, calculando-se o <italic>odds ratio</italic> n&#227;o ajustado e ajustado de hipertens&#227;o arterial, atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. III</xref>). Antes de ajustar, o <italic>odds ratio</italic> de hipertens&#227;o arterial foi 1,85 vez maior para os indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e 3,7 vezes maior para os indiv&#237;duos obesos, quando comparados aos de peso normal. Depois de ajustar, estes <italic>odds ratio</italic> foram, respectivamente, 2,04 e 4,08, mostrando que as demais vari&#225;veis exerceram um efeito confundidor de pequena monta. Conclu&#237;mos que existe uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre massa corporal e press&#227;o arterial, que &#233; independente do sexo, idade, renda familiar, escolaridade e ocupa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0029-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentou uma alta preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso e de hipertens&#227;o arterial, sendo que a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial esteve fortemente associada ao excesso de peso. A preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso foi 51,26% e de hipertens&#227;o arterial 22,58%, assim como a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, depois de ajustada para sexo, idade, renda familiar, anos de escola e ocupa&#231;&#227;o, aumentou de forma significativa com o aumentou da massa corporal.</p>
    <p>A especificidade deste estudo decorre do fato de ter como objeto de observa&#231;&#227;o uma amostra homog&#234;nea de indiv&#237;duos de baixas condi&#231;&#245;es socio-econ&#244;micas. Trata-se de uma comunidade que mora numa regi&#227;o urbana n&#227;o pavimentada, sem rede de esgoto, e cujos domic&#237;lios, na sua grande maioria, n&#227;o possuem abastecimento p&#250;blico de &#225;gua, chuveiro e descarga. Aproximadamente, metade da popula&#231;&#227;o freq&#252;entou a escola menos de 4 anos e aufere uma renda <underline>&lt;</underline>a 2 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos, e 44 % n&#227;o t&#234;m uma ocupa&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, a preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso desta comunidade (51,26%), est&#225; muito pr&#243;xima dos valores encontrados em popula&#231;&#245;es com condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas muito superiores, como a dos EUA (54,85%)<sup>18</sup> e de Pelotas, RS (61%)<sup>7.</sup>. Da mesma forma, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial (22,58%) aproxima-se da preval&#234;ncia (24%) da popula&#231;&#227;o americana mencionada anteriormente e da preval&#234;ncia de Catanduva, SP (32%)<sup>19</sup>. Os tr&#234;s estudos citados nesta discuss&#227;o, usaram a mesma defini&#231;&#227;o de excesso de peso e de hipertens&#227;o arterial adotada neste estudo e a preval&#234;ncia do excesso de peso e da hipertens&#227;o arterial da popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; semelhante &#224;s preval&#234;ncias de popula&#231;&#245;es de condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas muito superiores.</p>
    <p>Estudos demonstraram que vari&#225;veis como sexo, idade, renda, escolaridade e ocupa&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o associadas ao excesso de peso, constituindo-se portanto em potenciais confundidores da rela&#231;&#227;o entre excesso de peso e hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>7,8</sup>. No entanto, neste estudo, o <italic>odds ratio</italic> n&#227;o ajustado e ajustado, da rela&#231;&#227;o entre excesso de peso e hipertens&#227;o arterial s&#227;o semelhantes. Conseq&#252;entemente, a preval&#234;ncia n&#227;o ajustada de hipertens&#227;o arterial segundo o IMC seria uma boa estimativa da preval&#234;ncia ajustada, podendo concluir que o aumento da preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; diretamente proporcional ao aumento da massa corporal, de tal maneira que os indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesos apresentam uma preval&#234;ncia 59% e 149%, respectivamente, maior do que os indiv&#237;duos com peso normal.</p>
    <p>Uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito entre aumento da massa corporal e eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial j&#225; foi demonstrada em v&#225;rios estudos de coorte. Na coorte dos descendentes de Framingham foi observado que o aumento da incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; diretamente proporcional ao aumento da massa corporal<sup>20</sup>. Na coorte das enfermeiras dos EUA, o peso inicial elevado e o ganho de peso s&#227;o fortes preditores do desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>21</sup>. Numa outra coorte de indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, estimou-se que um aumento de 5% do massa corporal acarretaria uma eleva&#231;&#227;o de 20-30% no <italic>odds</italic> de hipertens&#227;o arterial (PA <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90)<sup>4</sup>. Uma estimativa da redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em resposta a uma redu&#231;&#227;o da massa corporal foi proposta: uma redu&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) para valores inferiores a 23 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> evitaria 46,7% dos casos de hipertens&#227;o arterial (PA&gt;165/95)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quatro estudos nacionais, transversais e de base populacional obtiveram uma estimativa ajustada da rela&#231;&#227;o entre massa corporal e press&#227;o arterial. Na popula&#231;&#227;o de Porto Alegre, RS, existe uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o (OR=2,08) entre massa corporal (IMC&gt;27) e hipertens&#227;o arterial (PA <underline>&gt;</underline> 160/95), depois de ajustar para idade, predisposi&#231;&#227;o familiar, escolaridade e abuso de &#225;lcool<sup>9</sup>. Na Ilha do Governador, RJ, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial (PA<underline>&gt;</underline>160/95), ajustada para idade, &#233; 2,2 vezes maior entre indiv&#237;duos com IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 27<sup>10</sup>. Em Pelotas, RS, o <italic>odds ratio</italic> de hipertens&#227;o arterial (PA <underline>&gt;</underline> 160/95) &#233; 2,03 para os indiv&#237;duos obesos (IMC&gt; 27,3 para mulheres e 27,8 para homens), depois de ajustado para sexo, idade, cor, classe social e escolaridade<sup>11</sup>. Por &#250;ltimo, em Bambu&#237;, MG, o <italic>odds ratio</italic> de hipertens&#227;o arterial (PA<underline>&gt;</underline>140/90) para sobrepeso (25<underline>&lt;</underline>IMC&lt;30) &#233; 2,82 e para obesidade (IMC&gt;30) &#233; 4,29, ajustando para sexo, idade, escolaridade, renda familiar, h&#225;bito de fumar e atividade f&#237;sica<sup>12</sup>. Observe-se que os tr&#234;s primeiros estudos obtiveram um <italic>odds ratio</italic> em torno de 2. Mas, como naqueles estudos, a hipertens&#227;o arterial e a categoria de risco do peso foram definidos em n&#237;veis mais elevados do que os n&#237;veis usados no nosso estudo, era de se esperar que aqueles estudos obtivessem <italic>odds ratios</italic> mais elevados do que o obtido neste estudo; os resultados sugerem que a for&#231;a da associa&#231;&#227;o entre a massa corporal e press&#227;o arterial, seja ligeiramente mais forte do que nas popula&#231;&#245;es dos estudos citados. Por outro lado, enquanto o <italic>odds ratio</italic> de hipertens&#227;o para indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso deste estudo foi inferior ao <italic>odds ratio</italic> da popula&#231;&#227;o de Bambu&#237;, o <italic>odds ratio</italic> de hipertens&#227;o para indiv&#237;duos obesos foi semelhante. Embora os estudos discutidos incluam popula&#231;&#245;es com caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas e culturais diferentes da popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, a nossa estimativa da associa&#231;&#227;o entre massa corporal e hipertens&#227;o arterial (OR=2,04 para sobrepeso e 4,08 para obesidade) est&#225; dentro do espectro de varia&#231;&#227;o das estimativas obtidas por aqueles estudos.</p>
    <p>Embora n&#227;o tenhamos usado uma amostra aleat&#243;ria de indiv&#237;duos, a possibilidade de vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o &#233; m&#237;nima, uma vez que estudamos uma amostra de 89% dos domic&#237;lios de uma &#225;rea cont&#237;nua, representando 30% das quadras do conjunto. E o mais importante &#233; que, as caracter&#237;sticas socio-econ&#244;micas, da &#225;rea do conjunto, que n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das na amostra, s&#227;o semelhantes &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da &#225;rea inclu&#237;da. Portanto, sugerimos que a amostra deste estudo seja representativa da comunidade de onde a mesma foi obtida e que, por sua vez, esta comunidade seja representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o urbana de baixa renda de Fortaleza.</p>
    <p>Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo decorre do fato de n&#227;o termos ajustado a nossa estimativa da rela&#231;&#227;o entre massa corporal e press&#227;o arterial para outros potenciais confundidores, como h&#225;bito de fumar, ingest&#227;o de &#225;lcool e atividade f&#237;sica. Entretanto, estudos de coorte e estudos transversais mostram que a press&#227;o arterial est&#225; fortemente associada &#224; massa corporal, independente do h&#225;bito de fumar<sup>10,11</sup>, de ingerir bebidas alco&#243;licas<sup>9,11</sup> e da pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que em uma popula&#231;&#227;o urbana de baixa renda, a massa corporal &#233; um importante determinante da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, tanto porque os dois fatores est&#227;o fortemente associados, como tamb&#233;m pela elevada preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso. Portanto, como uma estrat&#233;gia de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, o controle do peso seria uma interven&#231;&#227;o pertinente para diminuir a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Adelina Maria Melo Feij&#227;o </p>
        <p> Rua Mundica Paula, 681 Bloco/R Apto. 403 </p>
        <p> Cep 60421-410 Fortaleza &#151; CE </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="adelifeijao@ig.com.br">adelifeijao@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 30/06/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 01/07/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of excessive weight and hypertension in a low-income urban population</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study the relation between body mass and blood pressure in a low-income urban population. METHODS: From July to December 1998, a cross-sectional study was carried out in a representative sample of a low-income urban community with individuals of both sexes, aged &gt; 30 years and living in 67 (30%) blocks selected out of 224. Blood pressure, weight, and height were measured, and completion of a questionnaire provided information on sex, age, familial income, educational level, and occupation. Body mass index was obtained by dividing weight (kilogram) by height squared (square meter), and the following values were considered: BMI &lt; 25, normal; 25 &gt; BMI &lt; 30, overweight; BMI &gt; 30, obesity. In addition, excessive weight was defined as BMI &gt; 25, and arterial hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure &gt; 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure &gt; 90 mm Hg. RESULTS: In 1078 dwellings, 1137 eligible individuals resided, and complete information was obtained from 1032 (91%) individuals. The prevalences of arterial hypertension and excessive weight were 22.58% and 51.26%, respectively. Before adjustment, the OR for arterial hypertension for overweight individuals was 1.85 (95% CI: 1.52-2.25) and, for obese individuals, 3.7 (95% CI: 3.04-4.50); after adjustment, the ORs were 2.04 (95% CI: 1.65-2.54) and 4.08 (95% CI: 3.30-5.08), respectively. CONCLUSION: A strong association between body mass and blood pressure exists, independently of sex, age, familial income, educational level, and occupation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>excessive weight</kwd>
        <kwd>body mass index</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prevalence of excessive weight and hypertension in a low-income urban population</p>
      <p>Adelina Maria Melo Feij&#227;o; Francisco Vieira Gadelha; Antonio Alberto Bezerra; Antonio Maur&#237;cio de Oliveira; Maria do Socorro Sombra Silva; Jos&#233; Wellington de Oliveira Lima</p>
      <p> Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</p>
      <p>Funda&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Sa&#250;de &#151; Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To study the relation between body mass and blood pressure in a low-income urban population.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>From July to December 1998, a cross-sectional study was carried out in a representative sample of a low-income urban community with individuals of both sexes, aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 years and living in 67 (30%) blocks selected out of 224. Blood pressure, weight, and height were measured, and completion of a questionnaire provided information on sex, age, familial income, educational level, and occupation. Body mass index was obtained by dividing weight (kilogram) by height squared (square meter), and the following values were considered: BMI &lt; 25, normal; 25 <underline>&gt;</underline> BMI &lt; 30, overweight; BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30, obesity. In addition, excessive weight was defined as BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25, and arterial hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mm Hg.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>In 1078 dwellings, 1137 eligible individuals resided, and complete information was obtained from 1032 (91%) individuals. The prevalences of arterial hypertension and excessive weight were 22.58% and 51.26%, respectively. Before adjustment, the OR for arterial hypertension for overweight individuals was 1.85 (95% CI: 1.52-2.25) and, for obese individuals, 3.7 (95% CI: 3.04-4.50); after adjustment, the ORs were 2.04 (95% CI: 1.65-2.54) and 4.08 (95% CI: 3.30-5.08), respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>A strong association between body mass and blood pressure exists, independently of sex, age, familial income, educational level, and occupation.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>excessive weight, body mass index, hypertension</p>
      <p>Primary prevention of blood pressure elevation may be obtained through changes in life style, which include control of weight, of excessive alcohol and salt ingestion, of smoking, and of the practice of physical activity <sup>1</sup>. Considering that body mass increase is strongly associated with blood pressure elevation <sup>2-4</sup>, and is highly prevalent both in rich <sup>5</sup> and less developed countries <sup>6</sup>, excessive weight may be considered the major preventable determinant of the occurrence of arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p>Sex, age, and some socioeconomic variables are potential confounders of the relation between body mass and blood pressure, because those variables are related to body mass <sup>7,8</sup>. Thus, to know the relative importance of body mass as a determinant of arterial hypertension in a specific population, an adjusted estimate of the relation between body mass and blood pressure is required. In Brazil, only 4 studies have assessed this adjusted estimate <sup>9-12</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study presents an estimate of the relation between body mass and occurrence of arterial hypertension adjusted for sex, age, income, and educational level in a low socioeconomic population of the metropolitan region of Fortaleza.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cross-sectional study was carried out in a housing complex of Caucaia in the metropolitan area of Fortaleza. Of 224 blocks of the housing complex, 67 (30%) contiguous blocks were included in the study. As the housing complex was homogeneous from the point of view of the construction pattern of the dwellings and urbanization pattern, this sample of blocks was considered representative of the housing complex.</p>
      <p>All individuals aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 years were interviewed and examined, and more than one participant per dwelling could be included. The individuals who could not be found in 3 domiciliary visits were excluded from the study. The objectives of the study were presented to the participants, who could accept or refuse to participate. From July to December 1998, the individuals were interviewed and examined (measurement of blood pressure, weight, and height) at their own dwellings from 8 to 11 AM or 2 to 5 PM, and some were requested to go to a health care center for measurement of their weight and height.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure was measured twice, before and after administering the sociodemographic questionnaire, which lasted an average of 30 minutes. This study used the values obtained in the second blood pressure measurement. The measurements were always taken in the right arm in the sitting position. The systolic pressure was recorded in the first Korotkoff phase (appearance of the noise), and the diastolic pressure was recorded in the fifth Korotkoff phase (disappearance of the noise). The VI Joint National Committee - JNC <sup>13</sup> criterion was used for defining arterial hypertension. Thus, the individuals with systolic blood pressure (SBP) <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mm Hg, or both, were considered hypertensive. Blood pressure was also classified according to the cited consensus as follows: normal (DBP &lt; 90 mm Hg and SBP &lt; 140 mm Hg); mild hypertension (90 <underline>&lt;</underline>DBP &lt; 100 or 140 <underline>&lt;</underline>SBP &lt; 160); moderate hypertension (100 <underline>&lt;</underline>DBP &lt; 110 or 160 <underline>&lt;</underline>SBP &lt; 180); and severe hypertension (DBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 or SBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 180).</p>
      <p>The individuals were weighed and measured in their dwellings while wearing light clothes and barefoot. Weight was measured with a precision electronic scale in grams. For calibrating the scale, a set of 7 weights (4.91 kg; 4.92 kg; 9.65 kg; 9.83 kg; 14.15 kg; 14.60 kg; 14.90 kg) standardized by INMETRO was used. The scale was calibrated weekly using a load composed by 3 weights randomly chosen. During the entire study, the measurements with the scale never differed by more than 2% from the standardized load. Height was obtained in centimeters, with a metric ruler fixed on a base, upon which the individual stood. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated dividing the weight (in kilograms) by squared height (in square meters) and categorized according to the criteria recommended by the World Health Organization <sup>14</sup> as follows: 1) normal weight: BMI &lt; 25 kg/m&#178;; overweight: 25 <underline>&lt;</underline>BMI &lt; 30; obese: BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30. In addition, we defined excessive weight as BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25.</p>
      <p>Information on sex, age, familial income, educational level, and occupation was obtained through a questionnaire administered at the dwelling. Information regarding the presence of running water, a sewage system, shower equipment, and a flushing toilet in the bathroom was recorded. The familial income (in reais) was defined as the summation of the monthly income of all individuals in the same dwelling of the interviewee. Occupation was categorized as follows: 1) with occupation: self-employed worker, employee, homemaker; 2) no occupation: no occupation, unemployed, dependent, pensioner, and retiree.</p>
      <p>The familial income (in reais R$) was categorized as minimum wages (R$ 136.00) to allow stratification in a sample with similar sizes. The variable educational years was divided into 2 strata defined by the median of distribution. The univariate association between the variables was measured through the ratio of prevalence and its 95% confidence interval calculated by using the Stata Software <sup>15</sup>. The linear variation of proportions throughout the strata of a categorical variable was estimated by using a test for trend <sup>16</sup> calculated with the Epi-Info software <sup>17</sup>. Linear variations were those whose trend curves did not significantly differ from a straight line (P = 0.05). The univariate association between potential risk factors and the prevalence of arterial hypertension was also estimated using the odds ratio calculated through logistic regression and with the Stata software. At the end, a logistic regression model was used to measure the independent or adjusted association of each risk factor and the occurrence of arterial hypertension. In the estimates of the odds ratio through univariate and multivariate logistic regression, the strata of the categorical variables were classified as 1, 2, and 3 or 1, 2, 3, and 4, according to the number of categories and the sequence of their appearance in the tables. In all statistical tests, we considered significant those whose probabilities of the null hypothesis being true were <underline>&lt;</underline>5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the 67 blocks sampled, 1,078 dwellings existed, 958 (89%) of which were investigated. The remaining were not inhabited or housed individuals who could not be interviewed in at least 3 attempts. At the end, of 1137 individuals eligible for the study, complete information was obtained from 1032 (91%). Only 15 individuals refused to participate in the study, and the others did not go to the medical center for measurement of weight and height. The general epidemiological result was a 22.58% prevalence of arterial hypertension and a 51.26% prevalence of excessive weight (data not shown in the tables).</p>
      <p>Aiming at measuring the association between the potential determiners of blood pressure elevation and body mass, the ratio of the prevalence of excessive weight was calculated (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tab. I</xref>). Of the variables studied, only sex, age, and familial income were significantly associated with excessive weight. The prevalence of excessive weight was greater in the female sex and increased with the increase in familial income. However, the relation between age and excessive weight was not linear (test of linearity: P = 0.006; the trend curve was significantly different from a straight line), because the prevalence of excessive weight increased and then decreased with an increase in age. On the contrary, the educational level and occupation were not associated with excessive weight.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0029-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Then, the association of some variables with blood pressure was estimated through the ratio of prevalence of arterial hypertension (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">tab. II</xref>). The prevalence of arterial hypertension significantly increased with the increase in body mass. The prevalence of arterial hypertension was 59% greater among overweight individuals and 149% among obese individuals as compared with that in normal-weight individuals. The prevalence of arterial hypertension also significantly increased with the increase in age. On the other hand, individuals with less schooling and those who reported no occupation had a significantly greater prevalence of arterial hypertension. However, no association was observed between sex, familial income, and blood pressure.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0029-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The prevalence of different blood pressure levels and their association with excessive weight were also estimated (data not shown in tables). The following prevalences were observed: 77.42% of normal blood pressure levels; 13.95% of mild hypertension; 4.65% of moderate hypertension; and 4.07% of severe hypertension. In addition, 22.58% of the individuals had one of the forms of hypertension. In regard to the association of excessive weight and blood pressure elevation, among normal-weight individuals, the following prevalences of hypertension were observed: mild, 10.05%; moderate, 2.99%; and severe, 2.99%. Among individuals with excessive weight, the prevalences of hypertension were 17.04%, 5.68%, and 4.94%, respectively. Thus, the prevalence of each level of arterial hypertension was approximately twice in individuals with excessive weight, although only the prevalence of mild hypertension was significantly different.</p>
      <p>Finally, the confounding potential of the other variables in the relation between body mass and arterial hypertension was assessed, calculating the nonadjusted and adjusted odds ratio of arterial hypertension by using multivariate logistic regression (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">tab. III</xref>). Before adjustment, the odds ratio for arterial hypertension was 1.85-fold greater in overweight individuals and 3.7-fold greater in obese individuals as compared with that in normal-weight individuals. After adjustment, these odds ratios were 2.04 and 4.08, respectively, showing that the other variables had a small confounding effect. We concluded that a strong association exists between body mass and blood pressure, which is independent of sex, age, familial income, educational level, and occupation.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0029-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The population studied had a high prevalence of excessive weight and arterial hypertension, and the occurrence of arterial hypertension was strongly associated with excessive weight. The prevalence of excessive weight was 51.26% and that of arterial hypertension was 22.58%. The prevalence of arterial hypertension after adjusting for sex, age, familial income, years of schooling, and occupation significantly increased with the increase in body mass.</p>
      <p>The specificity of this study is because its object of observation is a homogeneous sample of individuals in a low socioeconomic level. The community lives in an urban unpaved region, with no sewage system, and most of the dwellings have no public water supply, no shower equipment, and no flushing toilet. Approximately, half of the population attended school for less than 4 years, had an income <underline>&lt;</underline>2 minimum wages, and 44% had no occupation. However, the prevalence of excessive weight in that community (51.26%) is very close to values found in populations with much higher socioeconomic levels, such as those from the USA (54.85%) <sup>18</sup> and the city of Pelotas, in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul (61%) <sup>7</sup>. Similarly, the prevalence of arterial hypertension (22.58%) is close to that of the previously mentioned North American population (24%) and that of the city of Catanduva, in the Brazilian state of S&#227;o Paulo (32%) <sup>19</sup>. The 3 studies cited in this discussion used the same definition of excessive weight and of arterial hypertension adopted in this study, and the prevalence of excessive weight and of arterial hypertension of the population is similar to those of populations with much higher socioeconomic levels.</p>
      <p>Studies have shown that such variables as sex, age, income, educational level, and occupation are associated with excessive weight, constituting, therefore, potential confounders of the relation between excessive weight and arterial hypertension <sup>7,8</sup>. However, in this study, the nonadjusted and adjusted odds ratio of the relation between excessive weight and arterial hypertension are similar. Consequently, the nonadjusted prevalence of arterial hypertension according to BMI could be a good estimate of the adjusted prevalence. One could conclude that the increase in the prevalence of arterial hypertension is directly proportional to the increase in body mass, so that overweight and obese individuals have a 59% and 149% greater prevalence, respectively, than that in normal-weight individuals.</p>
      <p>A cause and effect relation between body mass increase and blood pressure elevation has already been demonstrated in several cohort studies. In the cohort of the Framingham offspring, the increase in the incidence of arterial hypertension was observed to be directly proportional to the increase in body mass <sup>20</sup>. In the cohort of the North American nurses, elevated initial weight and weight gain were strong predictors of the development of arterial hypertension <sup>21</sup>. In another cohort of individuals of both sexes, a 5% increase in body mass was estimated to cause a 20-30% elevation in the odds of arterial hypertension (BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90) <sup>4</sup>. An estimate of blood pressure reduction in response to a reduction in body mass was proposed: a reduction in body mass index (BMI) to values lower than 23 kg/m<sup>2</sup> would avoid 46.7% of the cases of arterial hypertension (BP &gt; 165/95) <sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Four national, cross-sectional, population-based studies obtained an adjusted estimate of the relation between body mass and blood pressure. In the population of the city of Porto Alegre, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, a strong association (OR=2.08) was observed between body mass (BMI&gt;27) and arterial hypertension (BP<underline>&gt;</underline>160/95) after adjusting for age, familial predisposition, educational level, and alcohol abuse <sup>9</sup>. In the Ilha do Governador, in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro, the prevalence of arterial hypertension (BP<underline>&gt;</underline>160/95) adjusted for age is 2.2 times greater among individuals with BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 27 <sup>10</sup>. In the city of Pelotas, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the odds ratio of arterial hypertension (BP<underline>&gt;</underline>160/95) is 2.03 for obese individuals (BMI &gt; 27.3 for women and 27.8 for men) after adjustment for sex, age, skin color, social class, and educational level <sup>11</sup>. And finally, in the city of Bambu&#237;, in the state of Minas Gerais, the odds ratio of arterial hypertension (BP<underline>&gt;</underline>140/90) for overweight (25<underline>&lt;</underline>BMI&lt;30) is 2.82 and for obesity (BMI&gt;30) is 4.29, adjusting for sex, age, educational level, familial income, smoking habit, and physical activity <sup>12</sup>. The 3 first studies had an odds ratio around 2. But, as in those studies, arterial hypertension and the risk category of weight were defined in more elevated levels than those used in our study, and those studies were expected to obtain more elevated odds ratios than those obtained in this study; the results suggest that the strength of association between body mass and blood pressure is slightly stronger than that in the populations of the studies cited. On the other hand, while the odds ratio for hypertension for overweight individuals in this study was lower than that in the population of Bambu&#237;, the odds ratio for hypertension for obese individuals was similar. Although the studies discussed include populations with socioeconomic and cultural characteristics different from those of this study's population, our estimate of the association between body mass and arterial hypertension (OR=2.04 for overweight and 4.08 for obesity) is within the variation range of the estimates obtained for those studies.</p>
      <p>Although we did not use a random sample of individuals, the possibility of selection biases is minimal, because we studied a sample of 89% of the dwellings in a continuous area representing 30% of the blocks of the housing complex. It is worth noting that the socioeconomic characteristics of the area of the housing complex, which were not included in the sample, are similar to the characteristics of the area included. Therefore, we suggest that the sample of this study represents the community from which it was obtained, and that that community represents the low-income urban population in Fortaleza.</p>
      <p>One of the limitations of this study is that we did not adjust our estimate of the relation between body mass and blood pressure to other potential confounders, such as smoking habit, alcohol ingestion, and physical activity. However, cohort and cross-sectional studies have shown that blood pressure is strongly associated with body mass, independent of the smoking habit <sup>10,11</sup>, the ingestion of alcoholic beverages <sup>9,11</sup>, and the practice of physical activity <sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, in a low-income urban population, body mass is an important determinant of blood pressure elevation, because the 2 factors are strongly associated and because of the elevated prevalence of individuals with excessive weight. Therefore, as a primary prevention strategy, weight control should be a pertinent intervention to reduce the occurrence of arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondece to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Adelina Maria Melo Feij&#227;o</p>
          <p> Rua Mundica Paula, 681/403 - Bloco/R </p>
          <p> Cep 60421-410 &#151; Fortaleza, CE, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="adelifeijao@ig.com.br">adelifeijao@ig.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received for publication: 06/30/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 07/01/2004</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
