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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">w7ZQ5zFGXNLFZS9bhxTy8nv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000100006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000100006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana significativa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Gra&#231;as Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jesus</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Santos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ursula Maria Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;ao Bahiana de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>24</fpage>
      <lpage>28</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, a evolu&#231;&#227;o e as complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares de pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) obstrutiva significativa. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal envolvendo pacientes internados, de agosto/96 a mar&#231;o/02, com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, com e sem supradesnivelamento ST, analisando as caracter&#237;sticas clinicas, demogr&#225;ficas e complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares nos casos com (&gt;50%) e sem (&lt; 50%) estenose coronariana significativa. RESULTADOS: Dos 1351 pacientes admitidos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, 28% apresentavam supradesnivelamento ST e 72% n&#227;o o demonstravam. Os pacientes com a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, na aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana significativa, eram mais jovens, predominantemente mulheres, e apresentavam menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia de dislipidemia, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via, diabetes mellitus, tabagismo e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, quando comparados &#224;queles com les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa. Entre os indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e supradesnivelamento ST, tabagismo foi o fator de risco com maior preval&#234;ncia nos pacientes com les&#227;o obstrutiva n&#227;o significativa. Quanto &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es, houve menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia de isquemia recorrente, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e arritmias em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento ST na aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva significativa. CONCLUS&#195;O: Pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento ST com les&#245;es coronarianas obstrutivas n&#227;o significativas s&#227;o mais jovens, predominantemente mulheres, com menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e menor incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva significativa.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</kwd>
        <kwd>estenose coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>S&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana significativa</p>
    <p>Maria das Gra&#231;as Viana Pinheiro; Alvaro Rabelo Jr.; Rogerio Santos de Jesus; Luciana Cunha Nascimento; Ursula Maria Moreira Costa </p>
    <p> Salvador, BA</p>
    <p>Unidade de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular- Funda&#231;ao Bahiana de Cardiologia</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, a evolu&#231;&#227;o e as complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares de pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) obstrutiva significativa. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo transversal envolvendo pacientes internados, de agosto/96 a mar&#231;o/02, com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, com e sem supradesnivelamento ST, analisando as caracter&#237;sticas clinicas, demogr&#225;ficas e complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares nos casos com (<underline>&gt;</underline>50%) e sem (&lt; 50%) estenose coronariana significativa. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Dos 1351 pacientes admitidos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, 28% apresentavam supradesnivelamento ST e 72% n&#227;o o demonstravam. Os pacientes com a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, na aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana significativa, eram mais jovens, predominantemente mulheres, e apresentavam menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia de dislipidemia, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via, diabetes mellitus, tabagismo e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, quando comparados &#224;queles com les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa. Entre os indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e supradesnivelamento ST, tabagismo foi o fator de risco com maior preval&#234;ncia nos pacientes com les&#227;o obstrutiva n&#227;o significativa. Quanto &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es, houve menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia de isquemia recorrente, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e arritmias em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento ST na aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva significativa. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento ST com les&#245;es coronarianas obstrutivas n&#227;o significativas s&#227;o mais jovens, predominantemente mulheres, com menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e menor incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva significativa.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras chaves: </bold>doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, estenose coronariana</p>
    <p>As s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas s&#227;o, em geral, causadas por obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana decorrente da intera&#231;&#227;o entre fen&#244;menos de trombose e vasoespasmo, sobre les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas nas coron&#225;rias, podendo manifestar-se com quadros cl&#237;nicos diversos, tais como angina inst&#225;vel, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou morte s&#250;bita<sup>1</sup>. Inicialmente, apenas as placas de ateroma com obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa, que restringem a luz do vaso em mais de 50%, eram consideradas com potencial para ruptura, trombose subseq&#252;ente e oclus&#227;o vascular<sup>2</sup>. Estudos recentes, por&#233;m, desafiaram o antigo paradigma e mostraram que, mesmo placas sem les&#245;es obstrutivas significativas, ou seja, com estreitamento da luz vascular menor que 50%, tamb&#233;m apresentam potencial trombog&#234;nico<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana n&#227;o significativa come&#231;ou a ser descrita a partir da d&#233;cada de 70<sup>4</sup>. Desde ent&#227;o, diversos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado algumas diferen&#231;as no progn&#243;stico e na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco deste grupo de pacientes, quando comparados aos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e les&#245;es obstrutivas significativas<sup>5</sup>. No entanto, observou-se nesses estudos que os resultados eram variados, utilizando defini&#231;&#245;es e crit&#233;rios diferentes para inclus&#227;o, persistindo assim uma controv&#233;rsia em rela&#231;&#227;o aos aspectos que caracterizam pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva significativa.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, pretendemos definir as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e a evolu&#231;&#227;o, a curto prazo, dos pacientes que apresentaram s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, com e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, comparando os indiv&#237;duos sem les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa, com aqueles que apresentam obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana significativa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo transversal retrospectivo, envolvendo pacientes admitidos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, entre agosto de 1996 e mar&#231;o de 2002. As s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, foram definidas como dor tor&#225;cica com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a 30min, eleva&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica de pelo menos duas vezes o valor basal da isoenzima creatino-fosfoquinase (CK-total) e da fra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica desta enzima (CK-MB). As altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas neste grupo inclu&#237;am supradesnivelamento do segmento ST &gt;1 mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas da mesma parede ventricular nas deriva&#231;&#245;es perif&#233;ricas e/ou supradesnivelamento&gt; 2mm em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas no plano horizontal<italic>,</italic> associado ou n&#227;o a presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo de aparecimento recente<sup>6</sup>. As s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST abrangem o infarto agudo sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e angina inst&#225;vel. Os indiv&#237;duos com angina inst&#225;vel apresentavam dor precordial em repouso, infradesnivelamento do segmento ST &gt; 1 mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas da mesma parede ventricular, invers&#227;o de onda T ou onda T apiculada, ambas sim&#233;tricas. Infarto sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST inclu&#237;a indiv&#237;duos que apresentassem dor tor&#225;cica, sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, porem com eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (CK total e CK-MB) <sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o realizaram cineangiocoronariografia durante o internamento, os pacientes que foram transferidos para outra institui&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo menor que 48h e os submetidos previamente a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos de acordo com a severidade das les&#245;es arteriais coronarianas identificadas na cinenagiocoronariografia, atrav&#233;s de avalia&#231;&#227;o visual, em uma ou mais das tr&#234;s maiores art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e/ou seus ramos principais. Utilizamos o crit&#233;rio do estudo BARI<sup>8</sup> para definir les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva significativa: o grupo com les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva significativa apresentava estenose coronariana <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% e o grupo sem les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva significativa, estenose &lt; 50%, incluindo coron&#225;rias normais. As cinenagiocoronariografias foram realizadas durante o internamento do paciente e interpretadas por mais dois hemodinamicistas.</p>
    <p>Utilizamos a gravidade da les&#227;o coronariana (lesao <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%, e &lt; 50%), encontrada na cineangiocoronariografia, para an&#225;lise comparativa das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, demogr&#225;ficas e complica&#231;&#245;es dos indiv&#237;duos que apresentavam s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST receberam a terapia convencional, consistindo em repouso, oxigenioterapia, nitrato, antiagregante plaquetario, betabloqueador e/ou bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio, no caso de vasoesapasmo, e hepariniza&#231;ao plena, caso n&#227;o houvesse contra-indica&#231;&#227;o. Os indiv&#237;duos com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST que deram entrada na emerg&#234;ncia dentro de 12h do inicio da dor, foram submetidos a tromb&#243;lise, ou encaminhados para angioplastia prim&#225;ria, dependendo da disponibilidade do servi&#231;o.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nico-demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes foram cadastrados no banco de dados EPICOR (Epidemiologia das S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas) que representa o registro de todas as admiss&#245;es por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou angina inst&#225;vel na Unidade Coronariana da Unidade de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular- Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana de Cardiologia<sup>9</sup>. O acompanhamento dos pacientes prosseguiu desde a admiss&#227;o at&#233; a alta hospitalar, sendo registradas todas as interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas e diagn&#243;sticas adotadas, assim como as complica&#231;&#245;es e desfechos dos pacientes durante a fase hospitalar das s&#237;ndromes em estudo.</p>
    <p>As defini&#231;&#245;es de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foram &#224;s utilizadas pelo II Consenso Brasileiro de Dislipidemia<sup>10</sup>. Foram analisadas as vari&#225;veis: sexo, idade, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, sedentarismo, dislipidemia, obesidade, hist&#243;ria familiar, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via e tabagismo. Durante o internamento as cinco principais complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares avaliadas foram: 1) isquemia mioc&#225;rdica recorrente, traduzida pelo reaparecimento de angina ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; 2) insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva definida por sinais e sintomas de congest&#227;o pulmonar, que necessitassem uso de terap&#234;utica espec&#237;fica, como diur&#233;ticos, vasodilatadores e/ou digital; 3) choque cardiog&#234;nico definido por press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 90mmHg por mais de 30min, necessitando uso de vasopressores; 4) arritmias que necessitassem tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica ou uso de marcapasso e 5) morte.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como valor m&#233;dio &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como propor&#231;&#245;es. Utilizou-se o teste qui quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher, quando necess&#225;rio, para testar diferen&#231;as entre propor&#231;&#245;es, ap&#243;s verificar se os dados estavam, em conformidade com as premissas para esses testes. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas dos indiv&#237;duos com e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST foram comparadas atrav&#233;s do teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Utilizamos as raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncia com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%), como uma estimativa de medida de associa&#231;&#227;o entre les&#227;o coronariana e seus poss&#237;veis preditores ou eventos, nos indiv&#237;duos com e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Valores menores do que 5% (p &lt;0,05) foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
    <p>Realizamos regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para identificar poss&#237;veis preditores independentes para s&#237;ndrome, com e sem supradesnivelamento ST, em indiv&#237;duos com coron&#225;rias sem obstru&#231;&#245;es significativas. Utilizamos os <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a para 95% IC(95%), como estimativas das raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncia dos riscos de associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De agosto de 1996 a mar&#231;o de 2002, 1.866 pacientes foram admitidos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, sendo 515 exclu&#237;dos do estudo por n&#227;o terem realizado cineangiocoronariografia, restando, portanto, 1351 pacientes, 722 (57,1%) homens e 579 (42,9%) mulheres. Dentre os pacientes admitidos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, 374 (28%) apresentavam supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, e 977 (72%) aus&#234;ncia de supradesnivelamento desse segmento.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise das cineangiocoronariografias, observamos que 182 (13,5%) pacientes apresentavam les&#227;o entre 0 e 25%, 39 (2,9%) indiv&#237;duos les&#227;o entre 25% e 50%, 1130 (83,6%) apresentavam les&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. Nos indiv&#237;duos sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, 21% apresentavam les&#227;o &lt;50% e 79% revelaram les&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. Entre os indiv&#237;duos com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, 5% apresentavam les&#227;o &lt; 50%, enquanto 95% dos pacientes revelaram les&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0024-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quanto &#224; faixa et&#225;ria dos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, observamos que aqueles com les&#245;es coronarianas obstrutivas n&#227;o significativas eram em m&#233;dia 4 anos mais jovens que aqueles com les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa (57 &#177; 12 versus 61 &#177; 11, p&lt; 0,05). Esses indiv&#237;duos tamb&#233;m apresentavam uma menor incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melittus, dislipidemia, tabagismo e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via, quando comparados &#224;queles com les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais fatores de risco, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos indiv&#237;duos que apresentavam s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST obtidas na admiss&#227;o, revelaram que embora os pacientes com les&#227;o &lt; 50%, fossem mais jovens que os indiv&#237;duos com les&#245;es coronarianas obstrutivas significativas (45 versus 59 anos; p&lt;0,0001), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos, assim como na preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco entre os grupos. Entretanto, o tabagismo foi o &#250;nico fator de risco com preval&#234;ncia maior nos indiv&#237;duos com obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana &lt; 50% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. I</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0024-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Dentre as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas avaliadas em an&#225;lise multivariada, os fatores preditores mais importantes para as s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas sem supradesnivelamento ST nos indiv&#237;duos com les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva n&#227;o significativa foram: sexo feminino, idade &lt; 60 anos e aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via. Nos indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, o fator preditor mais importante para les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva n&#227;o significativa foi idade &lt; 60 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0024-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e supradesnivelamento ST n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, choque cardiog&#234;nico, arritmias, isquemia recorrente e morte s&#250;bita entre indiv&#237;duos com e sem les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa. N&#227;o houve relato de choque cardiog&#234;nico e/ou morte s&#250;bita no grupo com les&#227;o &lt; 50%.</p>
    <p>No grupo com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, os pacientes que apresentavam les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva n&#227;o significativa, cursaram com uma menor incid&#234;ncia de isquemia recorrente (22,9% versus 9,5%; p&lt; 0,0001), choque cardiog&#234;nico (1,9% versus 0%; p = 0,04) e arritmias (3,3% versus 0%; p= 0,009), n&#227;o sendo observada mortalidade intra-hospitalar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. III</xref>). Tamb&#233;m tiveram menor tempo de internamento hospitalar, quando comparados aos pacientes com les&#245;es coronarianas obstrutivas significativas (4,9&#177;3,08 versus 7,8&#177;4,3 dias, p &lt; 0,05). Os indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com supradesnivelamento ST, n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, no que diz respeito &#225;s complica&#231;&#245;es, ao comparar os indiv&#237;duos com e sem les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa. Entretanto aqueles com les&#245;es &lt; 50% tiveram um menor per&#237;odo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar <bold>(</bold>6,0&#177;2,3 versus 8,8&#177; 4,2, p&lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0024-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica &#233;, em geral, respons&#225;vel pelas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, cujo espectro cl&#237;nico abrange a angina inst&#225;vel, o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e a morte s&#250;bita. Nos &#250;ltimos 40 anos, estudos com cineangiocoronariografia t&#234;m identificado pacientes sem obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana significativa em at&#233; 20% dos pacientes admitidos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
    <p>Estudos recentes desafiaram o antigo paradigma que se baseava na id&#233;ia de que as s&#237;ndromes coronarianas resultavam da obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal gradual e progressiva provocada pelo crescimento da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. No novo paradigma, o risco dessa ruptura est&#225; diretamente relacionado &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas intr&#237;nsecas da placa associado &#224; trombog&#234;nese local e aos deflagadores extr&#237;nsecos<bold>.</bold> Estes fatores s&#227;o de maior relev&#226;ncia do que o grau de estenose e tamanho da placa, determinando as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais letais da aterosclerose coronariana<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Confirmando dados da literatura<sup>11,12</sup>, no presente estudo, 16,3% dos pacientes admitidos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, apresentaram les&#245;es coronarianas sem obstru&#231;&#245;es significativas. Estes indiv&#237;duos manifestavam, na admiss&#227;o, quadro cl&#237;nico predominante de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (72,3%), enquanto apenas 27,7% a apresentavam com supradesnivelamento ST.</p>
    <p>Os estudos t&#234;m mostrado resultados contradit&#243;rios em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas clinicas e demogr&#225;ficas nos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e coron&#225;rias sem les&#245;es obstrutivas significativas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, em nossa s&#233;rie houve predom&#237;nio de mulheres (58,8%) nos pacientes sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, diferindo dos indiv&#237;duos com supradesnivelamento ST, onde n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo no grupo com e sem les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa.</p>
    <p>Diferente de Diver e cols.,<sup>12</sup> Roe e cols.<sup>13</sup> e do presente estudo, Costa e cols.<sup>14</sup> demonstraram maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de homens nos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda na aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana significativa; j&#225; Raymond e cols.<sup>15</sup> n&#227;o revelaram diferen&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo, entre os dois grupos. Entretanto estes dois &#250;ltimos estudos avaliaram apenas infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, tendo inclu&#237;do no grupo pacientes com e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
    <p>No que se refere &#224; idade m&#233;dia nos indiv&#237;duos sem supradesnivelamento ST, nosso estudo, semelhante ao de Roe e cols.,<sup>13</sup> demonstrou que os pacientes sem les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa pertencem a uma faixa et&#225;ria mais jovem que os pacientes com les&#245;es obstrutivas significativas. Entretanto, no estudo TIMI IIIA, Diver e cols.<sup>12</sup> encontraram uma m&#233;dia de idade semelhante nos dois grupos.</p>
    <p>No grupo com supradesnivelamento ST observamos tamb&#233;m uma m&#233;dia de idade inferior nos indiv&#237;duos com les&#227;o obstrutiva n&#227;o significativa, quando comparados aos pacientes com les&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%.</p>
    <p>Nos indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e coron&#225;rias sem obstru&#231;&#245;es significativas, nosso estudo constatou uma menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, tabagismo, dislipidemia e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, quando comparados aos pacientes com les&#227;o coronariana significativa. Estes resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os encontrados por Roe e cols.<sup>13</sup> e Costa e cols.<sup>14</sup> que comprovaram esta baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia de fatores de risco, neste subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com supradesnivelamento ST, este estudo n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco no grupo com ou sem les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva significativa, exceto o tabagismo, que foi o fator de maior preval&#234;ncia nos indiv&#237;duos com les&#227;o &lt; 50%. Zimmerman e cols.<sup>16</sup> e Fournier e cols.<sup>17</sup> revelaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre tabagismo, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, e coron&#225;rias sem obstru&#231;&#245;es significativas nos indiv&#237;duos mais jovens.</p>
    <p>Os mais importantes preditores independentes para s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST na aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa, avaliados no nosso estudo e no de Roe e cols.,<sup>13</sup> foram: sexo feminino, idade &lt; 60 anos e aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via.</p>
    <p>Os fatores determinantes do pior progn&#243;stico, durante a fase hospitalar, est&#227;o relacionados com isquemia recorrente e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>18.</sup> Alguns investigadores<sup>11,12</sup> demonstraram nos pacientes que evoluem com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es na fase aguda do evento isqu&#234;mico, como arritmias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e hipotens&#227;o, quando comparados aos indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Na nossa s&#233;rie, os pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva n&#227;o significativa, com ou sem supradesnivelamento ST, apresentaram um menor tempo de internamento quando comparados aos pacientes com les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva significativa, provavelmente devido &#224; baixa incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Os estudos com pacientes que apresentam s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e coron&#225;rias sem les&#245;es obstrutivas significativas, s&#227;o s&#233;ries com um n&#250;mero pequeno de indiv&#237;duos, onde a maioria das informa&#231;&#245;es &#233; baseada em estudos retrospectivos com resultados variados, utilizando defini&#231;&#245;es e crit&#233;rios diferentes para inclus&#227;o. A falta de uniformidade na defini&#231;&#227;o de coron&#225;rias com les&#245;es obstrutivas significativas leva a varia&#231;&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia nas s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda em indiv&#237;duos com coron&#225;rias sem les&#245;es obstrutivas significativas, que na literatura corresponde a 1 a 20% dos indiv&#237;duos. Roe e cols.<sup>13</sup> e Raymond e cols.<sup>15</sup> consideraram como les&#245;es coronarianas sem obstru&#231;&#245;es significativas, pacientes com estenose coronariana &lt; 50%, incluindo coron&#225;rias normais. Por outro lado, Zimmerman e cols.<sup>16</sup> inclu&#237;ram apenas pacientes com coron&#225;rias completamente normais.</p>
    <p>A inclus&#227;o de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica, principalmente mulheres, cujo cateterismo cardiaco demonstrou aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, assim como a n&#227;o indica&#231;&#227;o de arteriografia coronariana rotineiramente, respeitando a orienta&#231;&#227;o do medico assistente, podem ter levado a um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, prejudicando assim a analise dos dados. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o diz respeito &#225;s informa&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas limitadas, que n&#227;o incluiram caracter&#237;sticas das les&#245;es. Da mesma forma, o m&#233;todo utilizado para quantificar a gravidade das les&#245;es coronarianas foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o visual, sabendo-se, contudo, que a angiografia quantitativa &#233; um m&#233;todo mais preciso para avaliar o grau de estenose coronariana<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados apresentados no nosso estudo demonstraram que pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com supradesnivelamento ST e les&#227;o obstrutiva n&#227;o significativa, eram mais jovens e apresentavam maior preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo, quando comparados aos indiv&#237;duos com les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, observamos que os pacientes com les&#227;o obstrutiva n&#227;o significativa eram predominantemente do sexo feminino, apresentavam uma faixa et&#225;ria mais jovem, e menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia de fatores de risco, quando comparados aos indiv&#237;duos com obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana significativa.</p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos sem les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa tamb&#233;m apresentaram uma menor taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es, gerando com isso um menor tempo de internamento do grupo. Nos indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e supradesnivelamento ST, n&#227;o foi observado diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na evolu&#231;&#227;o intra hospitalar entre os pacientes com e sem les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dra. Maria das Gra&#231;as V. Pinheiro </p>
        <p> R. Jaborandi, 114/1101 </p>
        <p> Salvador &#151; BA &#151; Cep 41820-520 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gal.ba@terra.com.br">gal.ba@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 20/3/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 17/3/04</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Acute coronary syndromes in the absence of significant coronary artery disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical characteristics, evolution, and in-hospital complications of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in the absence of significant obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Cross-sectional study of patients hospitalized from August 1996 to March 2002 with acute coronary syndrome, with or without an elevation in the ST segment, and with (= 50%) or without (&lt;50%) significant coronary stenosis. Their clinical and demographic characteristics and their in-hospital complications were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 1351 patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome, 28% had an elevation in the ST segment and 72% had no elevation. The patients with acute coronary syndrome with no elevation in the ST segment and no significant coronary obstruction were younger, predominantly females, and had a lower frequency of dyslipidemia, previous coronary arterial disease, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and systemic arterial hypertension, when compared with those with significant obstructive lesion. Among the individuals with acute coronary syndrome and an elevation in the ST segment, smoking was the most prevalent risk factor in patients with nonsignificant obstructive lesion. In regard to complications, recurring ischemia, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias were more frequent in patients with acute coronary syndrome with no elevation in the ST segment and no significant obstructive coronary lesion. CONCLUSION: Patients with acute coronary syndrome with no elevation in the ST segment and with nonsignificant obstructive coronary lesions are younger, predominantly females, have a greater frequency of risk factors for coronary arterial disease, and a lower incidence of complications as compared with patients with significant obstructive coronary lesion.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>coronary arterial disease</kwd>
        <kwd>clinical characteristics</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary stenosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Acute coronary syndromes in the absence of significant coronary artery disease</p>
      <p>Maria das Gra&#231;as Viana Pinheiro; Alvaro Rabelo Jr.; Rogerio Santos de Jesus; Luciana Cunha Nascimento; Ursula Maria Moreira Costa</p>
      <p> Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>Unidade de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular- Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana de Cardiologia</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the clinical characteristics, evolution, and in-hospital complications of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in the absence of significant obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Cross-sectional study of patients hospitalized from August 1996 to March 2002 with acute coronary syndrome, with or without an elevation in the ST segment, and with (= 50%) or without (&lt;50%) significant coronary stenosis. Their clinical and demographic characteristics and their in-hospital complications were analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Of the 1351 patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome, 28% had an elevation in the ST segment and 72% had no elevation. The patients with acute coronary syndrome with no elevation in the ST segment and no significant coronary obstruction were younger, predominantly females, and had a lower frequency of dyslipidemia, previous coronary arterial disease, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and systemic arterial hypertension, when compared with those with significant obstructive lesion. Among the individuals with acute coronary syndrome and an elevation in the ST segment, smoking was the most prevalent risk factor in patients with nonsignificant obstructive lesion. In regard to complications, recurring ischemia, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias were more frequent in patients with acute coronary syndrome with no elevation in the ST segment and no significant obstructive coronary lesion.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Patients with acute coronary syndrome with no elevation in the ST segment and with nonsignificant obstructive coronary lesions are younger, predominantly females, have a greater frequency of risk factors for coronary arterial disease, and a lower incidence of complications as compared with patients with significant obstructive coronary lesion.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>coronary arterial disease, clinical characteristics, coronary stenosis</p>
      <p>Acute coronary syndromes are usually caused by coronary obstruction due to an interaction of thrombotic and vasospastic phenomena and coronary atherosclerotic lesions, which can manifest as different clinical findings, such as unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, or sudden death <sup>1</sup>. Initially, only the atheromatous plaques with significant obstruction, reducing the lumen of the vessel by more than 50%, were considered to have a potential for rupture, subsequent thrombosis, and vascular occlusion <sup>2</sup>. Recent studies, however, have challenged the old paradigm and shown that, even plaques with no significantly obstructive lesions, ie, with lumen reduction lower than 50%, also have a thrombogenic potential <sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The association of acute coronary syndrome and nonsignificant coronary obstruction began to be reported in the 70s <sup>4</sup>. Since then, several studies have shown some differences in the prognosis and distribution of the risk factors in that group of patients, comparing those patients with others with acute coronary syndrome and significant obstructive lesions <sup>5</sup>. However, those studies had varied results and used different definitions and inclusion criteria. Therefore, a controversy persisted in regard to the aspects characterizing patients with acute coronary syndrome in the absence of significant obstructive coronary arterial disease.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at defining the clinical characteristics and short-term evolution of patients with acute coronary syndrome with and without an elevation in the ST segment, comparing the individuals without significant obstructive lesion with those with significant coronary artery obstruction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a retrospective cross-sectional study with patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome between August 1996 and March 2002. The acute coronary syndromes with an elevation in the ST segment were defined as follows: chest pain lasting more than 30 minutes; an elevation in the creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme (CK-total) and its myocardial fraction (CK-MB) of at least twice the basal value. The electrocardiographic alterations in this group included an elevation in the ST segment &gt; 1 mm in 2 contiguous leads of the same ventricular wall in the peripheral leads, or an elevation in the ST segment &gt; 2 mm in at least 2 contiguous leads in the horizontal plane<italic>,</italic> or both, associated or not with the recent appearance of left bundle-branch block <sup>6</sup>. Acute coronary syndromes with no elevation in the ST segment comprise acute myocardial infarction with no elevation in the ST segment and unstable angina. The individuals with unstable angina had precordial pain at rest, depression in the ST segment &gt; 1 mm in 2 contiguous leads of the same ventricular wall, and inversion of the T wave or spiked T wave, both symmetric. Infarction with no elevation in the ST segment affected individuals with chest pain and no elevation in the ST segment, but with an increase in the biochemical markers of myocardial necrosis (total CK and CK-MB) <sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The following patients were excluded from the study: those who did not undergo coronary angiography during hospitalization; those who were transferred to another institution within less than 48 hours; and those who underwent previous coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
      <p>The patients were distributed into 2 groups according to the visual assessment of the severity of the coronary arterial lesions identified on coronary angiography in one or more of the 3 major coronary arteries, or their major branches, or both. The criterion of the BARI study <sup>8</sup> was used for defining the significant obstructive coronary lesion: the group with a significant obstructive coronary lesion had coronary stenosis = 50%, and the group without a significant obstructive coronary lesion had coronary stenosis &lt;50%, including normal coronary arteries. The coronary angiographies were performed during the patient's hospitalization and interpreted by more than 2 hemodynamicists.</p>
      <p>The severity of the coronary lesion (lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% and &lt; 50%) found on coronary angiography was used for the comparative analysis of the clinical and demographic characteristics and complications of the individuals with acute coronary syndrome with and without an elevation in the ST segment.</p>
      <p>The patients with acute coronary syndrome without an elevation in the ST segment received the conventional therapy, which consisted of rest, oxygen therapy, nitrate, antiplatelet agent, beta-blocker or calcium channel blocker, or both, in the case of vasospasm, and plain heparinization, if no contraindication existed. The patients with an elevation in the ST segment, who were admitted to the emergency unit within the first 12 hours of pain onset, underwent thrombolysis or were referred for primary angioplasty, depending on the availability of the service.</p>
      <p>The clinical and demographic variables of the patients were stored in the Epidemiology of the Acute Coronary Syndromes (EPICOR) databank, which represents the recording of all admissions due to acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina at the Coronary Unit of the Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Unit of the Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana de Cardiologia <sup>9</sup>. The follow-up of patients proceeded from admission until hospital discharge, and all therapeutic and diagnostic interventions adopted were recorded, as were the complications and outcomes of the patients with the syndromes studied during the in-hospital phase.</p>
      <p>The definitions of risk factors for coronary arterial disease were those used by the II Brazilian Consensus on Dyslipidemia <sup>10</sup>. The following variables were analyzed: sex, age, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, sedentary lifestyle, dyslipidemia, obesity, familial history, previous coronary artery disease, and smoking. During hospitalization, the 5 major cardiovascular complications assessed were as follows: 1) recurring myocardial ischemia, translated by the reappearance of angina or acute myocardial infarction; 2) congestive heart failure defined by signs and symptoms of pulmonary congestion, requiring the use of specific therapy, such as diuretics, vasodilators, or digitalis, or both; 3) cardiogenic shock defined as systolic blood pressure &lt; 90 mm Hg for more than 30 minutes, requiring the use of vasopressors; 4) arrhythmias requiring pharmacological treatment, electrical cardioversion or use of pacemaker; and 5) death.</p>
      <p>The continuous variables were expressed as mean value &#177; standard deviation, and the categorical variables were expressed as proportions. The chi-square test or the Fisher exact test was used for testing the differences between the proportions after checking whether the data were in accordance with the premises for those tests. The continuous variables of the individuals with and without an elevation in the ST segment were compared by use of the Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples. The prevalence ratios were used with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), as an estimate of the measure of association between the coronary lesion and its possible or eventual predictors, in individuals with and without an elevation in the ST segment. Values lower than 5% (P &lt; 0.05) were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>Multiple logistic regression was used for identifying the possible independent predictors for the syndrome with and without an elevation in the ST segment in individuals with no significant coronary artery obstructions. The odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used as estimates of the prevalence ratios of the risks of the association between the variables.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From August 1996 to March 2002, 1866 patients were admitted with acute coronary syndrome. Of those, 515 patients were excluded from the study because they had not undergone coronary angiography, which resulted in a study with 1351 patients [722 (57.1%) men and 579 (42.9%) women]. Of the patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome, 374 (28%) had an elevation in the ST segment, and 977 (72%) had no elevation in that segment.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the coronary angiographies showed that 182 (13.5%) patients had a 0 to 25% lesion, 39 (2.9%) patients had a 25% to 50% lesion, and 1130 (83.6%) had a lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. Of the individuals with no elevation in the ST segment, 21% had a lesion &lt; 50% and 79% had a lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. Of the individuals with an elevation in the ST segment, 5% had a lesion &lt; 50%, while 95% of the patients had a lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0024-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In regard to the age group of the patients with acute coronary syndrome with no elevation in the ST segment, we observed that those with nonsignificant obstructive coronary lesions were, on average, 4 years younger than those with significant obstructive lesions (57 &#177; 12 versus 61 &#177; 11; P &lt; 0.05). These individuals also had a lower incidence of systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, and previous coronary artery disease, as compared with those with significant obstructive lesion. In regard to the remaining risk factors, no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups.</p>
      <p>The demographic characteristics of the individuals with acute coronary syndrome with an elevation in the ST segment obtained on admission showed that, although the patients with lesion &lt;50% were younger than individuals with significant obstructive coronary lesions (45 versus 59 years; P &lt; 0.0001), no difference in sex distribution was found, or in the prevalence of risk factors between the groups. Smoking, however, was the only risk factor with a greater prevalence in individuals with coronary obstruction &lt; 50% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_23001t1-body2">tab. I</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_23001t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0024-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Of the clinical and demographic characteristics assessed in multivariate analysis, the most important predictive factors for acute coronary syndrome with an elevation in the ST segment in individuals with a nonsignificant obstructive coronary lesion were as follows: female sex, age &lt; 60 years, and no previous coronary arterial disease. In individuals with acute coronary syndrome with an elevation in the ST segment, the most important predictive factor for a nonsignificant obstructive coronary lesion was age &lt;60 years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0024-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In patients with acute coronary syndrome with an elevation in the ST segment, no difference was found in the incidence of complications, such as congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias, recurring ischemia, and sudden death between individuals with and without a significant obstructive lesion. Neither cardiogenic shock nor sudden death was reported in the group with a lesion &lt; 50%.</p>
      <p>In the group with acute coronary syndrome and no elevation in the ST segment, the patients with a nonsignificant obstructive coronary lesion had a lower incidence of recurring ischemia (22.9% versus 9.5%; P &lt; 0.0001), cardiogenic shock (1.9% versus 0%; P = 0.04), and arrhythmias (3.3% versus 0%; P = 0.009), and no in-hospital mortality was observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">tab. III</xref>). They also had a shorter length of hospital stay when compared with the patients with significant obstructive coronary lesions (4.9 &#177; 3.08 versus 7.8 &#177; 4.3 days; P &lt; 0.05). The individuals with acute coronary syndrome with an elevation in the ST segment had no statistically significant difference in regard to complications when individuals with and without a significant obstructive lesion were compared. However, those with lesions &lt; 50% had a shorter length of hospital stay <bold>(</bold>6.0 &#177; 2.3 versus 8.8 &#177; 4.2; P &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0024-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The atherosclerotic lesion is usually responsible for acute coronary syndromes, whose clinical spectrum comprises unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and sudden death. In the last 40 years, studies with coronary angiography have identified patients without significant coronary obstruction in up to 20% of the patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome.</p>
      <p>Recent studies have challenged the old paradigm based on the idea that the coronary syndromes resulted from the gradual and progressive luminal obstruction caused by the growth of the atherosclerotic plaque. In the new paradigm, the risk of rupture is directly related to the intrinsic characteristics of the plaque associated with local thrombogenesis and extrinsic triggers. These factors are more important than the degree of stenosis and size of the plaque, determining the most lethal clinical manifestations of coronary atherosclerosis <sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In accordance with data in the literature <sup>11,12</sup>, in our study, 16.3% of the patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome had nonsignificant obstructive coronary lesions. On admission, those individuals had predominantly the clinical manifestations of acute coronary syndrome without an elevation in the ST segment (72.3%), while only 27.7% had clinical findings of that syndrome with an elevation in the ST segment.</p>
      <p>Some studies have shown contradictory results regarding the clinical and demographic characteristics in patients with acute coronary syndrome and coronary arteries without significant obstructive lesions. In regard to demographic characteristics in our case series, women predominated (58.8%) among the patients without an elevation in the ST segment, differing from individuals with an elevation in the ST segment, in whom no difference in sex distribution was observed in the groups with and without a significant obstructive lesion.</p>
      <p>Unlike the report by Diver et al <sup>12</sup>, Roe et al <sup>13</sup>, and the present study, Costa et al <sup>14</sup> reported a greater frequency of men among the patients with acute coronary syndrome in the absence of significant coronary obstruction. On the other hand, Raymond et al <sup>15</sup> showed no difference in sex distribution between both groups. However, the latter 2 studies assessed only acute myocardial infarction, and analyzed patients with and without an elevation in the ST segment.</p>
      <p>In regard to the mean age of patients with an elevation in the ST segment, our study, similarly to that of Roe et al <sup>13</sup>, found that patients without a significant obstructive lesion belong to a younger age group than patients with significant obstructive lesions. However, in the TIMI IIIA study, Diver et al <sup>12</sup> reported a similar mean age in both groups.</p>
      <p>In the group with an elevation in the ST segment, we also observed a lower mean age in individuals with a nonsignificant obstructive lesion when compared with that of patients with an obstructive lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%.</p>
      <p>In individuals with acute coronary syndrome with no elevation in the ST segment and with no significant obstructive coronary lesion, our study found a lower frequency of systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, dyslipidemia, and coronary artery disease when compared with the findings in patients with significant coronary lesions. These results are in accordance with those reported by Roe et al <sup>13</sup> and Costa et al <sup>14</sup>, who confirmed the low incidence of risk factors in that subgroup of individuals.</p>
      <p>In patients with acute coronary syndrome with an elevation in the ST segment, this study found no difference in the distribution of risk factors in the groups with and without a significant obstructive coronary lesion, except for smoking, which was the most prevalent factor in individuals with a lesion &lt; 50%. Zimmerman et al <sup>16</sup> and Fournier et al <sup>17</sup> reported an association between smoking, acute myocardial infarction, and coronary arteries without significant obstructions in younger individuals.</p>
      <p>The most important independent predictors for acute coronary syndrome with no elevation in the ST segment in the absence of significant obstruction assessed in our study and in that of Roe et al <sup>13</sup> were as follows: female sex, age &lt; 60 years, and absence of previous coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>The determining factors of worse prognosis during the in-hospital phase are related to recurring ischemia and left ventricular dysfunction <sup>18</sup>. Some researchers <sup>11,12</sup> , studying patients who evolve with acute coronary syndrome without an elevation in the ST segment, have reported a low incidence of complications in the acute phase of the ischemic event, such as arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and hypotension, as compared with that of individuals with acute coronary syndrome and an elevation in the ST segment. In our case series, the patients with acute coronary syndrome and nonsignificant obstructive coronary lesion, with or without an elevation in the ST segment, had a shorter length of hospital stay as compared with that of patients with significant obstructive coronary lesions, probably due to the low incidence of complications.</p>
      <p>The studies with patients with acute coronary syndrome and no significant obstructive coronary lesions are case series with a small number of individuals, in which most information is based on retrospective studies with varied results, and using different definitions and inclusion criteria. The lack of uniformity in defining significant obstructive coronary lesions leads to a variation in the prevalence of acute coronary syndrome in individuals with no significant obstructive coronary lesions, which in the literature corresponds to 1 to 20% of the individuals. Roe et al <sup>13</sup> and Raymond et al <sup>15</sup> have considered coronary stenosis &lt; 50%, including normal coronary arteries, as nonsignificant obstructive coronary lesions. On the other hand, Zimmerman et al <sup>16</sup>, considered only patients with completely normal coronary arteries.</p>
      <p>The inclusion of patients with atypical chest pain, mainly women, whose cardiac catheterization showed the absence of coronary artery disease and no need for a routine coronary arteriography according to the recommendation of the attending physician, may have led to selection bias, therefore, hindering data analysis. Another limitation regards the limited angiographic information, which does not include the characteristics of the lesions. In this way, the method used for quantifying the severity of coronary lesions was visual assessment; however, quantitative angiography is known to be a more accurate method for assessing the degree of coronary stenosis <sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our results have shown that patients with acute coronary syndrome, an elevation in the ST segment, and nonsignificant obstructive coronary lesions were younger and had a greater prevalence of smoking when compared with individuals with significant obstructive coronary lesions. In regard to the individuals with acute coronary syndrome without an elevation in the ST segment, those with a nonsignificant obstructive coronary lesion were predominantly of the female sex, belonged to a younger age group, and had a lower frequency of risk factors when compared with individuals with a significant obstructive coronary lesion.</p>
      <p>The individuals without a significant obstructive coronary lesion also had a lower rate of complications, which resulted in a shorter length of hospital stay in that group. In individuals with acute coronary syndrome and an elevation in the ST segment, no statistically significant difference was observed in the in-hospital evolution of those with or without a significant obstructive lesion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondece to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Dra. Maria das Gra&#231;as V. Pinheiro</p>
          <p> R. Miguel Canizares, 297/1102</p>
          <p> Salvador, BA, Brazil - Cep 41820-210</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="gal.ba@terra.com.br">gal.ba@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 20/3/03</p>
      <p> Aceito em 17/3/04</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
