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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YNwVNg7s84hPNC9gHMJXzzB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000100005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000100005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos do estado e especificidade do treinamento aer&#243;bio na rela&#231;&#227;o %VO2max versus %FCmax durante o ciclismo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caputo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabrizio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Greco</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Denadai</surname>
            <given-names>Benedito S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio Claro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Performance Humana </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>20</fpage>
      <lpage>23</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar os efeitos do estado e especificidade de treinamento aer&#243;bio na rela&#231;&#227;o entre o percentual do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (%VO2max) e o percentual da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (%FCmax) durante o exerc&#237;cio incremental realizado no cicloerg&#244;metro. M&#201;TODOS: Sete corredores, 9 ciclistas, 11 triatletas e 12 sedent&#225;rios, todos do sexo masculino e aparentemente saud&#225;veis, foram submetidos a um teste incremental at&#233; a exaust&#227;o no cicloerg&#244;metro. Regress&#245;es lineares entre %VO2max e %FCmax foram determinadas para cada indiv&#237;duo. Com base nessas regress&#245;es, foram calculados %FCmax correspondentes a determinados %VO2max (50, 60, 70, 80 e 90%) de cada participante. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significantes entre todos os grupos nos %FCmax para cada um dos %VO2max avaliados. Analisando-se os volunt&#225;rios como um &#250;nico grupo, as m&#233;dias dos %FCmax correspondentes a 50, 60, 70, 80 e 90% %VO2max foram 67, 73, 80, 87, e 93%, respectivamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nos grupos analisados, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o %VO2max e %FCmax durante o exerc&#237;cio incremental no ciclismo n&#227;o &#233; dependente do estado e especificidade do treinamento aer&#243;bio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Consumo de oxig&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>estado de treinamento</kwd>
        <kwd>ciclismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Efeitos do estado e especificidade do treinamento aer&#243;bio na rela&#231;&#227;o %VO<sub><bold>2</bold></sub>max versus %FCmax durante o ciclismo</p>
    <p>Fabrizio Caputo; Camila Coelho Greco; Benedito S&#233;rgio Denadai </p>
    <p> Rio Claro, SP</p>
    <p>Laborat&#243;rio de Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Performance Humana - UNESP - Rio Claro</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar os efeitos do estado e especificidade de treinamento aer&#243;bio na rela&#231;&#227;o entre o percentual do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (%VO<sub>2</sub>max) e o percentual da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (%FCmax) durante o exerc&#237;cio incremental realizado no cicloerg&#244;metro. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Sete corredores, 9 ciclistas, 11 triatletas e 12 sedent&#225;rios, todos do sexo masculino e aparentemente saud&#225;veis, foram submetidos a um teste incremental at&#233; a exaust&#227;o no cicloerg&#244;metro. Regress&#245;es lineares entre %VO<sub>2</sub>max e %FCmax foram determinadas para cada indiv&#237;duo. Com base nessas regress&#245;es, foram calculados %FCmax correspondentes a determinados %VO<sub>2</sub>max (50, 60, 70, 80 e 90%) de cada participante. </p>
    <p><bold> RESULTADOS: </bold>N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significantes entre todos os grupos nos %FCmax para cada um dos %VO<sub>2</sub>max avaliados. Analisando-se os volunt&#225;rios como um &#250;nico grupo, as m&#233;dias dos %FCmax correspondentes a 50, 60, 70, 80 e 90% %VO<sub>2</sub>max foram 67, 73, 80, 87, e 93%, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Nos grupos analisados, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o %VO<sub>2</sub>max e %FCmax durante o exerc&#237;cio incremental no ciclismo n&#227;o &#233; dependente do estado e especificidade do treinamento aer&#243;bio.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Consumo de oxig&#234;nio, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, estado de treinamento, ciclismo</p>
    <p>Um programa de treinamento objetivando a melhora da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (pot&#234;ncia aer&#243;bia m&#225;xima) &#233; constitu&#237;do por tr&#234;s componentes b&#225;sicos: freq&#252;&#234;ncia (n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es semanais), volume (dura&#231;&#227;o) e intensidade de exerc&#237;cio. A dura&#231;&#227;o e freq&#252;&#234;ncia s&#227;o vari&#225;veis relativamente f&#225;ceis de monitorar, existindo consenso na literatura sobre suas formas de aplica&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, existem diversas maneiras de monitorar a intensidade de exerc&#237;cio<sup>1-3</sup> e um balan&#231;o entre a validade, aplicabilidade e praticidade desses m&#233;todos deve ser considerado. Para o desenvolvimento da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria de indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis, tem sido recomendado a pr&#225;tica regular (3 a 5 vezes por semana) de exerc&#237;cios que envolvam grandes grupos musculares, numa intensidade correspondente a 60-80% do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>max)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Muitos estudos t&#234;m verificado que a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) s&#227;o linearmente relacionados nas diversas intensidades subm&#225;ximas de exerc&#237;cio<sup>4</sup>. Com base nesta rela&#231;&#227;o, tem-se proposto que a regress&#227;o linear entre as percentagens do VO<sub>2</sub>max (%VO<sub>2</sub>max) e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (%FCmax), pode ser &#250;til para a prescri&#231;&#227;o da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio. O uso destas equa&#231;&#245;es permite que a intensidade de exerc&#237;cio possa ser prescrita com base no %FCmax, ao inv&#233;s do %VO<sub>2</sub>max, que requer complicadas e caras an&#225;lises de gases.</p>
    <p>Devido a sua praticidade, estas regress&#245;es t&#234;m sido amplamente utilizadas e difundidas, e muitas vezes sua individualidade (especificidade) ignorada, podendo determinar intensidades de esfor&#231;o, bem diferentes daquelas verdadeiramente almejadas. Por exemplo, Londeree e cols<sup>5</sup> verificaram que o modo de exerc&#237;cio pode influenciar a rela&#231;&#227;o %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %FCmax e encontraram que os exerc&#237;cios realizados na posi&#231;&#227;o ereta e com sustenta&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal (corrida, esqui) apresentaram regress&#245;es similares. Entretanto, exerc&#237;cios sem a sustenta&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal (ciclismo e remo) e que utilizam os membros superiores (remo e erg&#244;metro de bra&#231;o) podem necessitar de equa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para reduzir o erro de predi&#231;&#227;o da intensidade de exerc&#237;cio. Do mesmo modo, Swain e cols<sup>6</sup> verificaram durante a corrida, que a aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bia (avaliada pelo VO<sub>2</sub>max) tamb&#233;m pode modificar a rela&#231;&#227;o %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %FCmax. Nesse estudo, os indiv&#237;duos com maior aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bia, apresentaram durante o exerc&#237;cio subm&#225;ximo (40 - 80% VO<sub>2</sub>max) um %FCmax maior do que os indiv&#237;duos de menor aptid&#227;o, para um dado %VO<sub>2</sub>max.</p>
    <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o potencial em utilizar as diversas equa&#231;&#245;es existentes na literatura, est&#225; na forma como foram estruturadas<sup>6</sup>. A maioria dessas equa&#231;&#245;es usou o %FCmax como vari&#225;vel independente (eixo x) na regress&#227;o linear<sup>5,7</sup>. Esta escolha &#233; question&#225;vel, j&#225; que o VO<sub>2</sub> &#233; claramente o fator determinante da resposta da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o exerc&#237;cio. Al&#233;m disso, se o %FCmax &#233; escolhido como a vari&#225;vel independente, a equa&#231;&#227;o obtida n&#227;o pode ser utilizada para predizer um %FCmax para um dado %VO<sub>2</sub>max, pois este procedimento requer uma transposi&#231;&#227;o da equa&#231;&#227;o. A transposi&#231;&#227;o de uma regress&#227;o linear n&#227;o resulta nos mesmos valores que seriam obtidos se as vari&#225;veis dependente e independente fossem invertidas.</p>
    <p>O ciclismo &#233; um dos tipos de exerc&#237;cios mais utilizado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes e para o desenvolvimento da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Neste tipo de exerc&#237;cio, associa-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de grandes grupos musculares com um reduzido grau de impacto sobre as articula&#231;&#245;es. Aspectos que s&#227;o importantes para indiv&#237;duos obesos que necessitam melhorar sua aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e/ou perder massa gorda, ou mesmo para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bia de atletas (corredores e jogadores de esportes coletivos), que podem estar temporariamente impossibilitados de executar o seu gesto motor espec&#237;fico (corrida). Para nosso conhecimento, nenhum estudo analisou a rela&#231;&#227;o %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %FCmax durante o ciclismo em indiv&#237;duos com diferentes n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bia, utilizando o %VO<sub>2</sub>max como vari&#225;vel independente. Assim, nosso objetivo foi determinar os efeitos do estado e especificidade do treinamento aer&#243;bio na rela&#231;&#227;o %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %FCmax durante o exerc&#237;cio incremental realizado no cicloerg&#244;metro. O conhecimento dessas rela&#231;&#245;es pode ser relevante na prescri&#231;&#227;o adequada da intensidade de exerc&#237;cio para uma determinada popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Participaram do estudo sete corredores (COR) (25,8 &#177; 6,0 anos, 60,4 &#177; 4,1 kg, 172,1 &#177; 6,9 cm), nove ciclistas (CIC) (22,6 &#177; 2,1 anos, 62,8 &#177; 5,4 kg, 173,8 &#177; 5,9 cm) e 11 triatletas (TRI) (21,4 &#177; 4,1 anos; 66,2 &#177; 7,0 kg; 174,2 &#177; 8,4 cm) bem treinados em provas de fundo, e 12 indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios (SED) (26,8 &#177; 4,1 anos, 74,9 &#177; 14,3 kg, 175,1 &#177; 5,1 cm), todos do sexo masculino e aparentemente saud&#225;veis. Os atletas possu&#237;am pelo menos dois anos de treino espec&#237;fico na modalidade. Cada volunt&#225;rio foi informado sobre os procedimentos do experimento e suas implica&#231;&#245;es, tendo assinado um termo de consentimento para a participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os sujeitos foram orientados a se apresentarem nos testes descansados, alimentados e hidratados e a n&#227;o realizarem esfor&#231;os intensos nas &#250;ltimas 48 horas. Os testes foram realizados no mesmo local e hor&#225;rio do dia (&#177; 14h), com a temperatura ambiente controlada entre 21-22&#186;C. Os testes de ciclismo foram realizados em uma bicicleta ergom&#233;trica (Monark) de frenagem mec&#226;nica, com a cad&#234;ncia mantida constante a 70 rpm durante todo o teste. Vari&#225;veis cardiorrespirat&#243;rias (VO<sub>2</sub>, VCO<sub>2</sub>, VE e FC) foram medidas usando um analisador de gases (<italic>Cosmed K4b<sup>2</sup></italic>, Roma, It&#225;lia), coletando dados respira&#231;&#227;o a respira&#231;&#227;o, e transformados depois para uma m&#233;dia de 20s. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi monitorada atrav&#233;s de um freq&#252;enc&#237;metro (<italic>Polar, Kempele</italic>, Finl&#226;ndia) interligado ao analisador de gases. Este analisador foi previamente validado em diversas intensidades de exerc&#237;cio<sup>8</sup>. Antes de cada teste, os sistemas de an&#225;lise do O<sub>2</sub> e CO<sub>2</sub> foram calibrados usando o ar ambiente e um g&#225;s com concentra&#231;&#245;es conhecidas de O<sub>2</sub> e CO<sub>2</sub>, enquanto a turbina bidirecional (medidor de fluxo) foi calibrada usando uma seringa de 3-L (<italic>Cosmed K4b<sup>2</sup></italic>, Roma, It&#225;lia).</p>
    <p>O teste progressivo cont&#237;nuo teve carga inicial de 105 W para os ciclistas e triatletas e 70 W para os demais sujeitos, e incrementos de 35 W a cada 3 minutos at&#233; a exaust&#227;o volunt&#225;ria, ou quando o sujeito n&#227;o fosse mais capaz de manter uma cad&#234;ncia &gt; 65 rpm. No final de cada est&#225;gio, foram coletados 25ml de sangue do l&#243;bulo da orelha para a determina&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o do lactato sang&#252;&#237;neo (YSL 2300 STAT, Ohio, USA). A concentra&#231;&#227;o de lactato obtida no final do teste progressivo foi considerada com o lactato pico ([LAC]pico). O mais alto VO<sub>2</sub> e FC obtidos durante 20s foram considerados como o VO<sub>2</sub>max e FCmax, respectivamente. Todos os sujeitos preencheram no m&#237;nimo dois dos tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios para o VO<sub>2</sub>max: 1) raz&#227;o de trocas respirat&#243;rias (R)<underline>&gt;</underline> 1,1; 2) concentra&#231;&#227;o de lactato &gt; 8 mM, e; 3) FCmax no m&#237;nimo igual 90% da m&#225;xima prevista para idade<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O VO<sub>2</sub> e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca obtidos nos 20s finais de cada carga foram expressos como porcentagem do seu m&#225;ximo. As regress&#245;es lineares foram realizadas para cada indiv&#237;duo usando os pares de pontos do final de cada est&#225;gio e do seu m&#225;ximo (100%), utilizando o %VO<sub>2</sub>max como vari&#225;vel independente. Atrav&#233;s das regress&#245;es lineares individuais, as porcentagens da FCmax correspondentes a 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, e 90% do VO<sub>2</sub>max foram determinadas para cada indiv&#237;duo.</p>
    <p>Todos os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Os valores de VO<sub>2</sub>max e FCmax, R e lactato foram analisados utilizando-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de uma entrada, complementada pelo teste de Scheff&#233;. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos dos valores de %FCmax correspondentes aos %VO<sub>2</sub>max foi realizada pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Em todos os testes foi adotado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref> apresenta os valores m&#225;ximos de VO<sub>2</sub>, FC, R e lactato sang&#252;&#237;neo, obtidos ao final do teste incremental realizado no cicloerg&#244;metro. Os ciclistas apresentaram valores significantemente maiores de VO<sub>2</sub>max em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais grupos (p&lt;0,05). J&#225; os corredores e triatletas n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as entre si (p=0,99). Como esperado, os indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios apresentaram os menores valores de VO<sub>2</sub>max (p&lt;0,0001). As FCmax dos ciclistas e indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios foram semelhantes (p=0,55), por&#233;m significantemente maiores do que os grupos corredores e triatletas (p&lt;0,04), que foram tamb&#233;m semelhantes entre si (p=0,99). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as para a [LAC]pico e R entre os grupos analisados (p&gt;0,23).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0020-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As porcentagens da FCmax obtidas pelos quatro grupos de sujeitos nas diferentes porcentagens do VO<sub>2</sub>max encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabelaII</xref>. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significantes entre todos os grupos nos %FCmax para cada um dos %VO<sub>2</sub>max analisados (p&gt;0,58). As m&#233;dias (&#177; DP) das regress&#245;es lineares dos grupos foram: indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios - %FCmax = (0,68 &#177; 0,11)%VO<sub>2</sub>max + (31,9 &#177; 11,0), com r<sup>2</sup> = 0,98 &#177; 0,1; triatletas - %FCmax = (0,65 &#177; 0,08) %VO<sub>2</sub>max + (35,3 &#177; 8,3), com r<sup>2</sup> = 0,97 &#177; 0,2; ciclistas - %FCmax = (0,66 &#177; 0,04)%VO<sub>2</sub>max + (34,3 &#177; 3,3), com r<sup>2</sup> = 0,97 &#177; 0,1; corredores - %FCmax = (0,70 &#177; 0,07) %VO<sub>2</sub>max + (31,3 &#177; 7,5), com r<sup>2</sup> = 0,97 &#177; 0,1. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figura 1</xref> mostra a m&#233;dia das regress&#245;es lineares dos 39 participantes do estudo.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0020-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0020-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi o primeiro a analisar os efeitos do estado e especificidade do treinamento aer&#243;bio sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %FCmax durante o exerc&#237;cio incremental no ciclismo. Diferente do relatado previamente por Swain e cols<sup>6</sup> durante o exerc&#237;cio realizado na corrida, em nosso estudo verificamos que a rela&#231;&#227;o %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %FCmax &#233; independente do estado e especificidade do treinamento aer&#243;bio.</p>
    <p>Os valores de VO<sub>2</sub>max apresentados pelos nossos sujeitos s&#227;o semelhantes aos valores apresentados na literatura para o perfil dos indiv&#237;duos analisados neste estudo<sup>10-12</sup>. Mesmo n&#227;o tendo interferido no treinamento dos nossos atletas, observando seus valores de VO<sub>2</sub>max, podemos assumir que eles sofreram as adapta&#231;&#245;es de um treinamento aer&#243;bio a longo prazo<sup>11</sup>. Como j&#225; esperado, os ciclistas apresentaram os maiores valores de VO<sub>2</sub>max. Por outro lado, &#233; importante salientar a grande transfer&#234;ncia da pot&#234;ncia aer&#243;bia (VO<sub>2</sub>max) demonstrada pelos corredores, uma vez que seus valores foram semelhantes aos dos triatletas, e bem superiores em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre %VO<sub>2</sub>max e %FCmax tem sido amplamente investigada, existindo estudos que analisaram os efeitos tipo de exerc&#237;cio<sup>5</sup>, g&#234;nero<sup>6</sup>, doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>13</sup>, obesidade<sup>14</sup> e n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bia<sup>6</sup>. Swain e cols<sup>6</sup> apontam que a maioria destes estudos utilizou o %FCmax como vari&#225;vel independente na determina&#231;&#227;o da regress&#227;o linear, podendo deste modo aumentar o erro de predi&#231;&#227;o da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio. Em nosso estudo optou-se pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o do %VO<sub>2</sub>max como vari&#225;vel independente, permitindo a predi&#231;&#227;o do %FCmax com o objetivo de prescrever a intensidade de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo n&#227;o foi observada influ&#234;ncia do estado e especificidade do treinamento aer&#243;bio nos %FCmax preditos para todos os %VO<sub>2</sub>max (50 a 90). Estes dados s&#227;o diferentes daqueles obtidos por Swain e cols<sup>6</sup>, que encontraram uma pequena (2%), mais significante influ&#234;ncia da aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bia na rela&#231;&#227;o %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %FCmax, com os indiv&#237;duos de maior aptid&#227;o, apresentando um %FCmax maior daqueles com menor aptid&#227;o, para um dado %VO<sub>2</sub>max. Em nosso estudo, a diferen&#231;a no n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bia pode ser considerada maior (VO<sub>2</sub>max - CIC = 67 ml.kg.min<sup>-1</sup> vs. SED = 38 ml.kg.min<sup>-1</sup>) do que a diferen&#231;a (VO<sub>2</sub>max - maior aptid&#227;o = 59 ml.kg.min<sup>-1</sup> vs. menor aptid&#227;o = 41 ml.kg.min<sup>-1</sup>) relatada por Swain e cols<sup>6</sup>, n&#227;o podendo este aspecto provavelmente explicar as diferen&#231;as entre os estudos. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o seria que o efeito da aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bia na rela&#231;&#227;o %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %FCmax, poderia depender do tipo de exerc&#237;cio analisado, pois no estudo de Swain e cols<sup>6</sup> foi utilizada a corrida em esteira rolante e no presente estudo foi utilizado o cicloerg&#244;metro. Diversos estudos t&#234;m verificado que as respostas fisiol&#243;gicas ao exerc&#237;cio (subm&#225;ximo e m&#225;ximo) podem depender da intera&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo de exerc&#237;cio (corrida x ciclismo) e o estado e especificidade do treinamento<sup>15</sup>. Confirmando em parte esta hip&#243;tese, Londeree e cols<sup>5</sup> verificaram que a rela&#231;&#227;o %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %FCmax pode ser diferente entre exerc&#237;cios com (corrida) e sem sustenta&#231;&#227;o (ciclismo) do peso corporal.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de regress&#245;es lineares de dados (VO<sub>2</sub> e FC) obtidos durante o teste incremental para a predi&#231;&#227;o do %FCmax pode introduzir pelo menos duas fontes de erro. A primeira delas, &#233; que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %FCmax n&#227;o &#233; estritamente linear, particularmente nas intensidades elevadas de esfor&#231;o (&gt; 90% VO<sub>2</sub>max). Embora a adi&#231;&#227;o de um componente quadr&#225;tico &#224; an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o pudesse ser mais apropriada, este procedimento aumenta o erro de predi&#231;&#227;o (7%) nas intensidades moderadas de esfor&#231;o<sup>5</sup>. Como a maior parte das predi&#231;&#245;es do %FCmax &#233; feita nas intensidades leve e moderada (40 - 80%VO<sub>2</sub>max), a regress&#227;o linear parece ser a mais apropriada. De qualquer modo, cada um dos sujeitos (independente do grupo) apresentou coeficientes de determina&#231;&#227;o entre o %VO<sub>2</sub>max e %FCmax acima de 0,95, com o grupo todo exibindo um valor m&#233;dio de 0,97. Baseado no erro padr&#227;o da estimativa (SEE) das regress&#245;es de cada sujeito, pode-se esperar um erro de 3 a 4% na predi&#231;&#227;o do % FCmax. O segundo aspecto a ser considerado, &#233; sobre a exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de fase est&#225;vel nos valores de VO<sub>2</sub> e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o teste incremental. Para minimizar este problema, empregamos um protocolo com est&#225;gios de 3 min, usando apenas os valores m&#233;dios dos 20s finais de cada carga para derivar as equa&#231;&#245;es. Dados na literatura mostram que esta dura&#231;&#227;o promove uma boa aproxima&#231;&#227;o dos valores obtidos em exerc&#237;cios de carga constante realizados por um per&#237;odo maior<sup>16</sup>. Dentro deste aspecto ainda, deve-se considerar que a rela&#231;&#227;o %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %FCmax obtida durante o exerc&#237;cio incremental, pode modificar-se durante o exerc&#237;cio de carga constante. Neste tipo de exerc&#237;cio, tanto a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por influ&#234;ncia dos aspectos da termorregula&#231;&#227;o (desvio cardiovascular)<sup>17</sup>, quanto o VO<sub>2</sub> pela exist&#234;ncia do componente lento nos exerc&#237;cios acima do limiar de lactato, ou seja, exerc&#237;cios no dom&#237;nio pesado e severo<sup>18</sup>, podem n&#227;o apresentar estabilidade ao longo do tempo.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, especial aten&#231;&#227;o deve ser dada aos poss&#237;veis efeitos do ciclismo nos valores de FCmax. Mesmo n&#227;o existindo diferen&#231;a na idade cronol&#243;gica entre os grupos, a FCmax foi significantemente maior nos ciclistas do que nos corredores e triatletas. Embora n&#227;o tenhamos comparado em nosso estudo a FCmax entre a corrida e o ciclismo, muitos estudos t&#234;m verificado valores significantemente maiores na corrida do que no ciclismo em indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios<sup>15</sup>, ativos<sup>5</sup> e corredores de endurance<sup>15,19</sup>. J&#225; em ciclistas, a FCmax n&#227;o tem sido diferente entre a corrida e o ciclismo<sup>15,19</sup>. Assim, o uso de determinadas regress&#245;es, p.ex., FCmax = 220 - idade, ou FCmax = 208 - 0,7 x idade<sup>20</sup> para se estimar indiretamente a FCmax no cicloerg&#244;metro para indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o s&#227;o ciclistas, deveria se feita com cautela. Utilizando-se estas equa&#231;&#245;es, aumenta-se potencialmente o erro de predi&#231;&#227;o do %FCmax, e conseq&#252;entemente, da intensidade de exerc&#237;cio a ser realizada. Recomenda-se deste modo que, existindo necessidade de um n&#237;vel de precis&#227;o elevada e as condi&#231;&#245;es permitirem (condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, disponibilidade de tempo e equipamentos), a FCmax deveria ser determinada diretamente para cada indiv&#237;duo.</p>
    <p>Com base nestes resultados pode-se concluir que para os grupos analisados, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o %VO<sub>2</sub>max e %FCmax durante o exerc&#237;cio incremental no ciclismo n&#227;o &#233; dependente do estado e especificidade do treinamento aer&#243;bio. Contudo, estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para analisar esta rela&#231;&#227;o em popula&#231;&#245;es com diferentes caracter&#237;sticas (idade, g&#234;nero, modalidade esportiva) e/ou que fa&#231;am uso de medicamentos que possam interferir nas respostas cardiovascular e metab&#243;lica durante o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Benedito S&#233;rgio Denadai </p>
        <p> Av. 24 A, 1515 </p>
        <p> cep 13506-900 - Rio Claro - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="bdenadai@rc.unesp.br">bdenadai@rc.unesp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado para publica&#231;&#227;o em 11/03/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 04/06/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of the state and specificity of aerobic training on the %VO2max versus %HRmax ratio during cycling</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of the status and specificity of exercise training in the ratio between maximum oxygen consumption (%VO2max) and the percentage of maximal heart rate (%HRmax) during incremental exercise on a cycle ergometer. METHODS: Seven runners, 9 cyclists, 11 triathletes, and 12 sedentary individuals, all male and apparently healthy, underwent exhaustive incremental exercise on cycle ergometers. Linear regressions between %VO2max x %HRmax were determined for each individual. Based on these regressions, %HRmax was assessed corresponding to a determined %VO2max (50, 60, 70, 80, and 90%) from each participant. RESULTS: Significant differences were not found between the groups in %HRmax for each of the %VO2max assessed. Analyzing the volunteers as a single group, the average of the corresponding %HRmax to 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% %VO2max were 67, 73, 80, 87, and 93%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The ratio between %VO2max and %HRmax in the groups assessed during incremental exercise on the bicycle is not dependent on the status and specificity of aerobic exercise training.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>oxygen consumption</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rate</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise prescription</kwd>
        <kwd>training status</kwd>
        <kwd>cycling</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Effects of the state and specificity of aerobic training on the %VO<sub><bold>2</bold></sub>max versus %HRmax ratio during cycling</p>
      <p>Fabrizio Caputo; Camila Coelho Greco; Benedito S&#233;rgio Denadai</p>
      <p> Rio Claro, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Laborat&#243;rio de Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Performance Humana - UNESP - Rio Claro</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To determine the effects of the status and specificity of exercise training in the ratio between maximum oxygen consumption (%VO<sub>2</sub>max) and the percentage of maximal heart rate (%HRmax) during incremental exercise on a cycle ergometer.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Seven runners, 9 cyclists, 11 triathletes, and 12 sedentary individuals, all male and apparently healthy, underwent exhaustive incremental exercise on cycle ergometers. Linear regressions between %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %HRmax were determined for each individual. Based on these regressions, %HRmax was assessed corresponding to a determined %VO<sub>2</sub>max (50, 60, 70, 80, and 90%) from each participant.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Significant differences were not found between the groups in %HRmax for each of the %VO<sub>2</sub>max assessed. Analyzing the volunteers as a single group, the average of the corresponding %HRmax to 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% %VO<sub>2</sub>max were 67, 73, 80, 87, and 93%, respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> The ratio between %VO<sub>2</sub>max and %HRmax in the groups assessed during incremental exercise on the bicycle is not dependent on the status and specificity of aerobic exercise training.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>oxygen consumption, heart rate, exercise prescription, training status, cycling</p>
      <p>A training program aiming at enhancing cardiac respiratory performance (maximum aerobic power) comprises 3 basic features: frequency (number of sessions per week), volume (duration), and exercise intensity. Duration and frequency are variables that are relatively easily monitored with consensus in the literature regarding their application. On the other hand, several ways exist to monitor exercise intensity <sup>1-3</sup>, and a balance must be considered to regard these methods as valid, applicable, and practical. For the development of cardiorespiratory fitness in apparently healthy individuals, the regular practice of exercising (3 to 5 times a week) involving major muscle groups has been recommended, at an intensity of 60-80% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max) <sup>1.</sup></p>
      <p>Many studies have determined that heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) are linearly related to submaximal exercise intensity <sup>4</sup>. Based on this relation, linear regression between VO<sub>2</sub>max (%VO<sub>2</sub>max) percentages and maximum heart rate (%HRmax) have been proposed and can be useful for prescribing exercise intensity. The use of these equations enables the prescription of exercise intensity based on the %HRmax, instead of %VO<sub>2</sub>max, which demands complicated and expensive gas analysis.</p>
      <p>Because of their facility, these regressions have been widely used and recommended, and their specificity is often ignored. The effort to achieve the determined goal may be extremely different from that expected. For example, Londeree and cols <sup>5</sup> verified that the exercise modality may influence the %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %HRmax ratio and found that the exercises performed in an upright position and with body weight support (running, skiing) had similar regressions. However, exercises performed without body weight support (cycling, rowing) using superior limbs (rowing and arm ergometer) may require specific equations to reduce the error on prediction of exercise intensity. Likewise, Swain and cols <sup>6</sup> verified that aerobic endurance (assessed by VO<sub>2</sub>max) may change the %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %HRmax ratio during running. In this study, individuals with greater aerobic endurance had higher %HRmax than those with lower endurance during submaximal exercise (40 &#151; 80% VO<sub>2</sub>max) for a given %VO<sub>2</sub>max.</p>
      <p>Another potential limitation in using the various equations found in the literature is their structure <sup>6</sup>. The majority of these equations, used %HRmax as an independent variable (x-axis) in the linear regression <sup>5,7</sup>. This is a questionable choice, because VO<sub>2</sub> is clearly the determining factor of the heart rate response during exercise. Additionally, if %HRmax is chosen as an independent variable, the equation obtained cannot be used to predict %HRmax for a given %VO<sub>2</sub>max, because this procedure requires a transposition of the equation. Transposition of a linear regression does not result in the same values that would have been obtained if the dependent and independent variables were inverted.</p>
      <p>Cycling is one of the most commonly used exercises for clinical evaluation of patients and for the development of cardiorespiratory endurance. In this type of exercise, the use of major muscle groups is associated with reduced impact in the joints. These aspects are important for obese individuals who need to enhance cardiorespiratory endurance and lose fat mass, and also for athletes who need to maintain aerobic endurance (runners and players of group sports), who may be temporarily unable to perform their specific function (run). To our knowledge, no studies exist that assess the %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %HRmax ratio during cycling in individuals with different degrees of aerobic endurance, using %VO<sub>2</sub>max as an independent variable. Thus, our objective was to determine the effects of the status and specificity of aerobic training on the %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %HRmax ratio during incremental exercise performed using a cycle ergometer. Knowledge of these ratios may be relevant for prescribing suitable exercise intensity for a certain population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Seven runners (RUN) (25.8 &#177; 6.0 years old, 60.4 &#177; 4.1 kg, 172.1 &#177; 6.9 cm), 9 cyclists (CIC) (22.6 &#177; 2.1 years old, 62.8 &#177; 5.4 kg, 173.8 &#177; 5.9 cm), and 11 triathletes well trained in racing (TRI) (21.4 &#177; 4.1 years old; 66.2 &#177; 7.0 kg; 174.2 &#177; 8.4 cm), and 12 sedentary individuals (SED) (26.8 &#177; 4.1 years old, 74.9 &#177; 14.3 kg, 175.1 &#177; 5.1 cm) took part in the study. All individuals were male and apparently healthy. Athletes had at least 2 years of practice in the modality. Each volunteer was informed about the procedures and implications of the experiment, and gave their written consent. The protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the institution.</p>
      <p>Subjects were instructed to come to the tests rested, fed, and hydrated, and to refrain from intense effort in the preceding 48 hours. Tests were performed in the same place and at the same hour of the day (&#177; 2PM), with room temperature controlled at 21-22&#186;C. Cycling tests were performed on a mechanical ergometer bicycle (Monark), with speed maintained at 70 rpm throughout the test. Cardiorespiratory variables (VO<sub>2</sub>, VCO<sub>2</sub>, VE, and HR) were assessed using a gas analyzer (Cosmed K4b<sup>2</sup>, Rome, Italy), collection data at each breath, and then transformed for an average of 20s. Heart rate was monitored through a heart rate monitor (Polar, Kempele, Finland) linked to the gas analyzer. This analyzer was previously validated at several exercise intensities <sup>8</sup>. Before each test, the analysis systems of O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> were calibrated using room air and a gas with known concentrations of O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>, whereas the bi-directional turbine (flow meter) was calibrated using a 3-L syringe (Cosmed K4b<sup>2</sup>, Rome, Italy).</p>
      <p>The continuous progressive test had a 105 W initial load for cyclists and triathletes and 70 W for the remaining individuals, and 35 W increase each 3 minutes until voluntary fatigue, or when the subject could no longer maintain &gt; 65 rpm. At the end of each stage, 25 &#181;l of blood from the earlobe was collected to determine blood lactate concentration (YSL 2300 STAT, Ohio, USA). Lactate concentration obtained at the end of the progressive test was considered the lactate peak (peak[LAC]). The highest VO<sub>2</sub> and HR obtained during 20s were considered the VO<sub>2</sub>max and HRmax, respectively. All subjects met at least 2 to 3 criteria for VO<sub>2</sub>max: 1) respiratory exchange ratio (R) <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.1; 2) lactate concentration &gt; 8 mM, and; 3) HRmax at least equal to 90% of the maximum predicted for the age <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>VO<sub>2</sub> and heart rate obtained in the final 20 seconds of each load were expressed as the percentage of their maximum. Linear regressions were performed for each individual using the pairs of points of the end of each stage and of their maximum (100%), using %VO<sub>2</sub>max as an independent variable. Through individual linear regression, HRmax percentage corresponding to 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90% of VO<sub>2</sub>max were determined for each individual.</p>
      <p>All data were expressed as mean &#177; SD. VO<sub>2</sub>max and HRmax values, R and lactate were assessed using one-way variance analysis together with Scheff&#233;'s test. Comparison between the groups of %HRmax values corresponding to %VO<sub>2</sub>max was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis' test. In all tests, a P <underline>&lt;</underline>0.05 significance level was adopted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table I</xref> presents maximum VO<sub>2</sub>, HR, R, and blood lactate values, obtained at the end of the incremental test performed on the cycle ergometer. Cyclists had VO<sub>2</sub>max values significantly greater compared with those in the other groups (P &lt; 0.05). The runners and triathletes had no differences between each other (P=0.99). As expected, sedentary individuals had the lowest VO<sub>2</sub>max values (P&lt;0.0001). HRmax of cyclists and sedentary individuals were similar (P = 0.55), however significantly greater in the groups of runners and triathletes (P &lt; 0.04) that were also similar to each other (P = 0.99). Differences for peak[LAC] and R were not observed among the groups assessed (P &gt; 0.23).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0020-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>HRmax percentages obtained in the 4 groups of individuals in the different VO<sub>2</sub>max percentage are in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table II</xref>. No significant differences existed among the groups regarding %HRmax for each %VO<sub>2</sub>max assessed (P &gt; 0.58). Means (&#177; SD) of the linear regressions of groups were sedentary individuals - %HRmax = (0.68 &#177; 0.11)%VO<sub>2</sub>max + (31.9 &#177; 11.0), with r<sup>2</sup> = 0.98 &#177; 0.1; triathletes - %HRmax = (0.65 &#177; 0.08)%VO<sub>2</sub>max + (35.3&#177; 8.3), with r<sup>2</sup> = 0.97 &#177; 0.2; cyclists - %HRmax = (0.66 &#177; 0.04) %VO<sub>2</sub>max + (34.3 &#177; 3.3), with r<sup>2</sup> = 0.97 &#177; 0.1; runners - %HRmax = (0.70 &#177; 0.07)%VO<sub>2</sub>max + (31.3 &#177; 7.5), with r<sup>2</sup> = 0.97 &#177; 0.1. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref> demonstrates the mean linear regressions of the 39 individuals in the study.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0020-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0020-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is the first to assess the effects of the status and specificity of aerobic training on the %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %HRmax ratio during incremental exercise during cycling. Contrary to that previously reported by Swain and cols <sup>6</sup> during exercise performed in running, in our study we have verified that the %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %HRmax ratio is independent of aerobic training status or specificity.</p>
      <p>VO<sub>2</sub>max values of our individuals are similar to those values reported in the literature for the profile of individuals assessed in this study <sup>10-12</sup>. Observing VO<sub>2</sub>max values in our athletes, although we did not interfere with the training, we may assume that they have gone through the adaptations of a long-term aerobic training<sup>11</sup>. As expected, cyclists had the highest VO<sub>2</sub>max values. On the other hand, it is important to point out that the great transference of aerobic power (VO<sub>2</sub>max) was demonstrated by runners, once their values were similar to those of the triathletes, and greatly superior to those of the sedentary individuals.</p>
      <p>The %VO<sub>2</sub>max and %HRmax ratio has been widely investigated, with other studies assessing the effects of the type of exercise <sup>5</sup>, sex <sup>6</sup>, cardiovascular disease <sup>13</sup>, obesity <sup>14</sup>, and level of aerobic endurance <sup>6</sup>. Swain and cols <sup>6</sup> stress that the majority of these studies used %HRmax as an independent variable to determine linear regression, which may therefore increase, mispredicting exercise intensity. In our study, we opted to use %VO<sub>2</sub>max as an independent variable, enabling %HRmax prediction aiming at prescribing exercise intensity.</p>
      <p>The influence of the status and specificity of aerobic training in predictive %HRmax for all %VO<sub>2</sub>max (50 to 90) was not observed in this study. These data are different from those obtained by Swain and cols <sup>6</sup>, who found a small (2%), however, significant, influence of aerobic endurance on the %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %HRmax ratio. The individuals with greater endurance had a greater %HRmax than those with lower endurance for a given %VO<sub>2</sub>max. In our study, the difference in aerobic endurance level may be considered greater (VO<sub>2</sub>max - CIC = 67 mL.kg.min<sup>-1</sup> vs. SED = 38 mL.kg.min <sup>1</sup>) than the difference (VO<sub>2</sub>max &#151; greater endurance = 59 mL.kg.min<sup>-1</sup> vs. lower endurance = 41 mL.kg.min<sup>-1</sup>) reported by Swain and cols <sup>6</sup>, and this aspect probably cannot explain the differences between the studies. A possible explanation would be that the effect of aerobic endurance in the %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %HRmax ratio, may depend on the type of exercise assessed, because in the Swain and cols' study<sup>6</sup> running was on a treadmill, and in the present study a cycle ergometer was used. Several studies have verified that the physiologic responses to exercise (maximum and submaximum) may depend on the interaction between the type of exercise (running x cycling) and the status and specificity of training <sup>15</sup>. In part confirming this hypothesis, Londeree and cols <sup>5</sup> verified that the %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %HRmax ratio may be different between weight-bearing exercises (running) and nonweight-bearing exercises (cycling).</p>
      <p>Use of linear regression data (VO<sub>2</sub> and HR) obtained during incremental testing for the prediction of %HRmax may introduce at least 2 biases. The first, is that the ratio between %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %HRmax is not strictly linear, particularly in high effort intensities (&gt; 90%VO<sub>2</sub>max). Although the addition of a least square in the regression analysis could have been more appropriate, this procedure increases the prediction error (7%) in moderate effort intensity <sup>5</sup>. Because most %HRmax prediction is performed at mild to moderate intensity (40 &#151; 80%VO<sub>2</sub>max), linear regression seems to be more appropriate. Anyway, each subject (regardless of the group) had a determining coefficient between %VO<sub>2</sub>max and %HRmax above 0.95, and the whole group had a 0.97 mean value. Based on the Standard Estimate Error (SEE) of the regressions of each subject, a 3 to 4% error may be expected in the %HRmax prediction. The second aspect to be considered is the presence or absence of stable phases in the VO<sub>2</sub> values and heart rate during incremental testing. To minimize this problem, we used a protocol with 3-min stages, using only mean values of the 20 final seconds of each load to derive the equation. Data from the literature demonstrate these duration approaches to the values obtained in exercise of constant load performed for a greater period <sup>16</sup>. Still in this regard, the %VO<sub>2</sub>max x %HRmax ratio obtained during incremental exercises must be observed, and it may vary during constant load exercise. In this type of exercise, both the cardiac frequency, because of the termoregulator aspects (cardiovascular deviation) <sup>17</sup>, and VO<sub>2</sub>, due to the presence of a slow component in the exercises above the lactate threshold, that is, heavy to severe exercise <sup>18</sup>, may not be stable over time.</p>
      <p>Finally, special attention must be paid to the possible effects of cycling on the HRmax values. Although no difference exists in age in the groups, HRmax was significantly higher in cyclists than in runners or triathletes. Although we did not compare HRmax between running and cycling in our study, several studies have found significantly higher values in running than in cycling in sedentary <sup>15</sup>, and active <sup>5</sup> individuals, and in endurance runners <sup>15,19</sup>. In cyclists, HRmax has not been different between running and cycling <sup>15,19</sup>. Thus, the use of certain regressions, eg, HRmax = 220 &#151; age, or HRmax = 208 &#151; 0.7 x age <sup>20</sup> to estimate HRmax indirectly in the cycle ergometer for individuals who are not cyclists should be carefully done. Using these equations potentially increases %HRmax prediction error, and therefore, the exercise intensity. Thus, a high-accuracy level is recommended, and if possible (clinical conditions, time available, and equipment), HRmax should be directly determined for each individual.</p>
      <p>Based on these results, we conclude that for assessed groups, %VO<sub>2</sub>max and %HRmax ratio during incremental exercise on the bicycle is not dependent on the status and specificity of the aerobic training. However, further studies are necessary to assess this ratio in different populations with different characteristics (age, sex, sports modality) and/or who take medication that may interfere with the cardiovascular and metabolic response during exercise.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondece to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Benedito S&#233;rgio Denadai</p>
          <p> Av. 24 A, 1515</p>
          <p> Cep 13506-900 - Rio Claro, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="bdenadai@rc.unesp.br">bdenadai@rc.unesp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 03/11/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 06/04/2004</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
