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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">th7ydwNFjFxfqFsnsy7ztNg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000100004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000100004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito do estradiol sobre as respostas cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica em mulheres normotensas ap&#243;s a menopausa submetidas &#224; cicloergoespirometria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calvoso J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aldrighi</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trombetta</surname>
            <given-names>Ivani Credidio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>15</fpage>
      <lpage>19</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar pela cicloergoespirometria as respostas cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica, em 30 usu&#225;rias de estrog&#234;nio ap&#243;s a menopausa, durante exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico m&#225;ximo, sendo que 25 completaram o estudo. M&#201;TODOS: Em estudo prospectivo, duplo-cego, randomizado, controlado por placebo foram avaliados dois grupos de mulheres: um, constitu&#237;do por 14 mulheres (57,6&#177;4,8 anos) ap&#243;s a menopausa, usu&#225;rias de estradiol na dose de 2 mg/dia por via oral durante 90 dias, e, outro, por 11 mulheres (55,8&#177;6,7 anos) usu&#225;rias de placebo no mesmo per&#237;odo. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos a testes cicloergoespirom&#233;tricos e analisadas as vari&#225;veis: volume de oxig&#234;nio consumido por kg/min no pico do exerc&#237;cio (VO2 pico), limiar anaer&#243;bio (LA), volume de oxig&#234;nio consumido por Kg/min no limiar anaer&#243;bio (VO2 no LA), ponto de descompensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (PDR), tempo de exerc&#237;cio (TE), carga m&#225;xima atingida (CM), freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (FC), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), antes e ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos. RESULTADOS: Constataram-se redu&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significantes em VO2 pico (p=0,002), LA (p=0,01), VO2 no LA (p=0,001) e TE (p=0,05) somente no grupo de usu&#225;rias de estradiol. As outras vari&#225;veis n&#227;o sofreram altera&#231;&#245;es. CONCLUS&#195;O: O estradiol n&#227;o promoveu melhora nas respostas cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica, quando comparado ao placebo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>p&#243;s-menopausa</kwd>
        <kwd>terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de estr&#243;genos estradiol</kwd>
        <kwd>placebo</kwd>
        <kwd>exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Efeito do estradiol sobre as respostas cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica em mulheres normotensas ap&#243;s a menopausa submetidas &#224; cicloergoespirometria</p>
    <p>Roberto Calvoso J&#250;nior; Jos&#233; Mendes Aldrighi; Carlos Eduardo Negr&#227;o; Ivani Credidio Trombetta; Jos&#233; Antonio F. Ramires </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Incor do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar pela cicloergoespirometria as respostas cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica, em 30 usu&#225;rias de estrog&#234;nio ap&#243;s a menopausa, durante exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico m&#225;ximo, sendo que 25 completaram o estudo. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Em estudo prospectivo, duplo-cego, randomizado, controlado por placebo foram avaliados dois grupos de mulheres: um, constitu&#237;do por 14 mulheres (57,6&#177;4,8 anos) ap&#243;s a menopausa, usu&#225;rias de estradiol na dose de 2 mg/dia por via oral durante 90 dias, e, outro, por 11 mulheres (55,8&#177;6,7 anos) usu&#225;rias de placebo no mesmo per&#237;odo. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos a testes cicloergoespirom&#233;tricos e analisadas as vari&#225;veis: volume de oxig&#234;nio consumido por kg/min no pico do exerc&#237;cio (VO<sub>2</sub> pico), limiar anaer&#243;bio (LA), volume de oxig&#234;nio consumido por Kg/min no limiar anaer&#243;bio (VO<sub>2</sub> no LA), ponto de descompensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (PDR), tempo de exerc&#237;cio (TE), carga m&#225;xima atingida (CM), freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (FC), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), antes e ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Constataram-se redu&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significantes em VO<sub>2</sub> pico (p=0,002), LA (p=0,01), VO<sub>2</sub> no LA (p=0,001) e TE (p=0,05) somente no grupo de usu&#225;rias de estradiol. As outras vari&#225;veis n&#227;o sofreram altera&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O estradiol n&#227;o promoveu melhora nas respostas cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica, quando comparado ao placebo.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>p&#243;s-menopausa, terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de estr&#243;genos estradiol, placebo e exerc&#237;cio</p>
    <p>Medidas apropriadas dos gases ventilat&#243;rios possibilitam graduar a adequa&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, sendo que testes com exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos possibilitam o estudo simult&#226;neo das respostas dos sistemas celular, cardiovascular e ventilat&#243;rio, sob condi&#231;&#245;es de estresse metab&#243;lico controlado<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ergoespirometria &#233; um teste que avalia a capacidade cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica, medida pelo consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio. Determina as fases metab&#243;licas durante o exerc&#237;cio progressivo, a partir da rela&#231;&#227;o entre consumo de oxig&#234;nio, ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estrog&#234;nio estimula a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, segundo Lieberman e cols.<sup>3</sup>; Gilligan e cols.<sup>4</sup> que relataram que concentra&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas de estradiol potencializam a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente em mulheres saud&#225;veis ap&#243;s a menopausa e aumentam tanto a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente como a endot&#233;lio-independente em mulheres com fatores de risco; Tze e cols.<sup>5</sup> confirmaram que a administra&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nio associa-se &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade e aumento do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo perif&#233;rico. Para De Meersman e cols.<sup>6</sup>, a reposi&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica aumenta a distensibilidade arteriolar, a sensibilidade dos baroreceptores e os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos em mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa.</p>
    <p>Baseados nesses estudos e nas observa&#231;&#245;es de que mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa apresentam menor capacidade vasodilatadora, por redu&#231;&#227;o do estrog&#234;nio, sugerimos que a reposi&#231;&#227;o de estradiol estimularia a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o com incremento da circula&#231;&#227;o muscular perif&#233;rica, do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, do consumo de oxig&#234;nio, diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e, conseq&#252;ente melhora das respostas cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica, quando submetidas ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
    <p>Diante da aus&#234;ncia de estudos que analisaram, pela cicloergoespirometria, as respostas cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica, foram estudadas mulheres normotensas usu&#225;rias e n&#227;o-usu&#225;rias de estradiol, ap&#243;s a menopausa, com dose determinada de reposi&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica, durante 90 dias submetidas ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico m&#225;ximo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi desenvolvido no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, no per&#237;odo de outubro de 2001 a dezembro de 2002 e aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica da Institui&#231;&#227;o. Foram inclu&#237;das no estudo, 30 pacientes que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e assinaram termo de concord&#226;ncia dos exames a que se submeteriam.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa h&#225;, pelo menos, um ano; sem terap&#234;utica de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal nos seis meses precedentes; pacientes normotensas (press&#227;o arterial <underline>&lt;</underline>a 130x85 mm Hg)<sup>7,8</sup>; presen&#231;a de &#250;tero; endom&#233;trio, medido pela ultra-sonografia endovaginal, <underline>&lt;</underline>a 5 mm de espessura<sup>9</sup> e os de exclus&#227;o: doen&#231;as neopl&#225;sicas; doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como diabetes melittus, hepatopatias; doen&#231;as valvares, arritmias, insufici&#234;ncia coronariana e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; tabagismo; antecedentes de doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;licas; asma, enfisema e usu&#225;rias de drogas hipolipemiantes e anticoagulantes.</p>
    <p>Para estabelecer os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, todas as pacientes foram submetidas aos exames de determina&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica do colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es, triglic&#233;rides, glicose, mamografia, ultra-sonografia p&#233;lvica endovaginal, colpocitologia oncol&#243;gica, densitometria &#243;ssea (para detec&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;vel perda de massa &#243;ssea), FSH, LH, prolactina, estradiol, provas de fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana (para diagn&#243;stico de hipo ou hipertireoidismo) e anticorpos antitireoidianos. Todas apresentavam concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de estradiol, FSH e LH, respectivamente &lt; 3 ng/dl, <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 UI/L, e <underline>&gt;</underline> 15 UI/L.</p>
    <p>Ultra-sonografia p&#233;lvica endovaginal foi realizada no tempo zero, com a finalidade de descartar a possibilidade de doen&#231;a neopl&#225;sica endometrial pr&#233;-existente e ap&#243;s tempo 1 (90 dias), com o objetivo de avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de hiperplasia de endom&#233;trio.</p>
    <p>A mamografia e a colpocitologia oncol&#243;gica c&#233;rvico-vaginal foram realizadas para o rastreamento de neoplasia de mamas e colo do &#250;tero, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Foram observados ainda, idade, peso, altura e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (calculado pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre peso &#151; em Kg - dividido pela altura &#151; em metro - ao quadrado)<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo foi prospectivo, randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo. As 30 mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa, foram divididas em dois grupos de 15 e avaliadas quanto &#224;s respostas cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica durante um teste de esfor&#231;o progressivo m&#225;ximo ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estradiol, por via oral, na dose de 2 mg/dia (grupo de estudo &#151; 57,55&#177;4,78 anos) e placebo (grupo controle &#151; 55,79&#177;6,73 anos).</p>
    <p>Todas pacientes foram avaliadas quanto &#224; resposta cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica durante um teste de esfor&#231;o progressivo m&#225;ximo previamente ao in&#237;cio do estudo.</p>
    <p>O seguimento das pacientes foi feito pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de consultas ginecol&#243;gica e cardiol&#243;gica nos tempos: zero (admiss&#227;o no estudo) e tempo 1 (3 meses).</p>
    <p>Para avaliar as respostas cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica durante o exerc&#237;cio as pacientes foram submetidas a testes cicloergoespirom&#233;tricos em cicloerg&#244;metro eletromagn&#233;tico (Medfit) e a an&#225;lise dos gases respirat&#243;rios foi feita com o uso de um <italic>MedGraphics Cardiopulmonary Exercise System (Medical Graphics Corporation, St Paul, Minnesota)</italic> e submetidas tamb&#233;m, a eletrocardiograma de repouso e monitoradas eletrocardiograficamente durante o per&#237;odo de exerc&#237;cio at&#233; 6min ap&#243;s a atividade. As medidas da press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o invasiva foram obtidas manualmente (esfigmoman&#244;metro Tycos) em repouso e a cada 2min durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico at&#233; o 6&#186; ap&#243;s a atividade.</p>
    <p>Os testes cicloergoespirom&#233;tricos foram realizados em sala com temperatura e umidade constantes. Consistiram em 2min de adapta&#231;&#227;o da paciente &#224; v&#225;lvula de medi&#231;&#227;o dos gases, 2min de aquecimento sem carga com velocidade de 60 rota&#231;&#245;es por minuto e, a partir da&#237;, seguido protocolo escalonado com a mesma velocidade e incrementos de carga de 10 W por minuto at&#233; a exaust&#227;o, que era obtida a partir do momento em que a paciente n&#227;o conseguia mais pedalar. Esta avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada nos tempo zero (admiss&#227;o) e tempo 1 (3 meses) do procedimento experimental. Das 30 pacientes, 25 completaram o estudo.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses, todas pacientes foram submetidas ao teste do progest&#243;geno (acetato de medroxiprogesterona na dose de 10 mg/dia, por 10 dias), como forma indireta de observar descama&#231;&#227;o do endom&#233;trio porventura estimulado. Observou-se que todas pacientes usu&#225;rias de estradiol apresentaram sangramento de depriva&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>As respostas cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;licas avaliadas no teste cicloergoespirom&#233;trico consistiram nas vari&#225;veis: quociente respirat&#243;rio (RQ), rela&#231;&#227;o entre volume de di&#243;xido de carbono expirado (VCO<sub>2</sub>) e volume de oxig&#234;nio aspirado (VO<sub>2</sub>), cuja finalidade &#233; a detec&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo, quando essa rela&#231;&#227;o ultrapassa 1,10<sup>11</sup>; consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> pico) medido em ml/Kg/min, importante indicador da capacidade f&#237;sica e/ou aer&#243;bia do indiv&#237;duo, definido como o consumo mais alto de oxig&#234;nio (O<sub>2</sub>) obtido pelo indiv&#237;duo<sup>1,11,12</sup> ; equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios para oxig&#234;nio e para di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VO<sub>2</sub> e VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>), &#250;teis na determina&#231;&#227;o do limiar aner&#243;bio (LA) e do ponto de descompensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (PDR), medidos em porcentagem do volume total expirado por minuto<sup>1,11,12</sup>; limiar anaer&#243;bio (LA), definido como o maior consumo de O<sub>2</sub> que pode ser mantido durante o exerc&#237;cio prolongado, sem que ocorra ac&#250;mulo importante de &#225;cido l&#225;tico, com predomin&#226;ncia do metabolismo aer&#243;bio, atingido entre 40 e 60% do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo e pode ser detectado por meio de vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias, como, perda da linearidade entre a ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (VE) e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>), a partir do equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio (VE/VO<sub>2</sub>) somado &#224; tend&#234;ncia &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre o volume de di&#243;xido de carbono expirado por minuto (VCO<sub>2</sub>) e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>), denominada raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria (VCO<sub>2</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub>), o LA &#233; expresso em porcentagem do VO<sub>2</sub> pico, ou seja, a partir das observa&#231;&#245;es acima, determina-se o VO<sub>2</sub> do momento em que elas ocorreram e calcula-se a porcentagem em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pico <sup>1,11,13</sup>; VO<sub>2</sub> no limiar anaer&#243;bio (VO<sub>2</sub> no LA), volume de oxig&#234;nio consumido no momento do limiar anaer&#243;bio, medido em ml/Kg/min; carga aplicada no momento do limiar anaer&#243;bio (carga no LA): medida em Watts; ponto de descompensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (PDR), alcan&#231;ado entre 65 e 90% do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo; expresso em porcentagem do VO<sub>2</sub> pico, calculado da mesma forma que o descrito no LA; momento no qual passa a ocorrer perda da linearidade da rela&#231;&#227;o entre VE e VCO<sub>2</sub>, verificada a partir do equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>) <sup>1,2,12</sup>; tempo de exerc&#237;cio (TE), em minutos; carga m&#225;xima atingida durante o exerc&#237;cio (CM), em Watts; freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (FC), em bpm; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima (PAS m&#225;x), e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica m&#225;xima (PAD m&#225;x), medidas em mmHg. Todas as pacientes atingiram o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico m&#225;ximo, tanto no tempo zero, como no tempo 1.</p>
    <p>Na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra, o teste t de Student<sup>14</sup> foi utilizado para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados m&#233;dios dos grupos de pacientes que tomaram placebo ou estradiol quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis quantitativas. A verifica&#231;&#227;o da suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade de cada uma das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o foi rejeitada pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, que apresentou todos os p-valores maiores que 5%. Assim, a t&#233;cnica estat&#237;stica utilizada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos de grupo (placebo ou estradiol) e momento do estudo (tempo zero e tempo 1) em cada uma das vari&#225;veis foi a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas<sup>14-17</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As pacientes de ambos os grupos possu&#237;am as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: idade 57,8&#177;9,6 anos, peso 63,8&#177;9,6 Kg e altura 1,5&#177;0,1 m no grupo placebo; idade 55,8&#177;6,7 anos, peso 62,7&#177;7,8 Kg e altura 1,6&#177;0,1 m n grupo estradiol. Realizados testes t de Student para compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias dos dois grupos para cada uma das vari&#225;veis apresentadas, n&#227;o tendo sido observada nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (p&gt;0,45), comprovando que os grupos placebo e estradiol eram homog&#234;neos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis idade, peso e altura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabs. I</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab2">II</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tab2"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao VO<sub>2</sub> pico, o grupo de pacientes que recebeu estradiol apresentou queda na m&#233;dia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo zero (p= 0,002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>) e a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre os tempos 1 e zero &#233; negativa (p= 0,018). No tempo zero, a m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub> pico das pacientes do grupo E2 foi maior que a m&#233;dia do grupo placebo (p= 0,018). Os resultados da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com dois fatores (grupo e tempo) e medidas repetidas em um fator (tempo) para a vari&#225;vel VO<sub>2</sub> pico encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela III</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quanto ao LA os grupos apresentaram queda nas m&#233;dias em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo zero (p= 0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>). Os resultados da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com dois fatores (grupo e tempo) e medidas repetidas em um fator (tempo) para a vari&#225;vel LA acham-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tabela IV</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os dois grupos apresentaram comportamentos muito semelhantes quanto ao VO<sub>2</sub> no LA. Em ambos houve queda na m&#233;dia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo zero (p&lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O grupo estradiol apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o no TE ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses (p= 0,047). No tempo zero, a m&#233;dia do TE das pacientes do grupo E2 foi maior que a m&#233;dia do grupo placebo (p= 0,041).</p>
    <p>As outras vari&#225;veis estudadas n&#227;o apresentaram mudan&#231;as estatisticamente significantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do estradiol na dose de 2 mg/dia, por via oral, na capacidade funcional de mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa. Nosso racional era o fato de que o estrog&#234;nio, ao favorecer a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, provocaria aumento na capacidade oxidativa muscular e, conseq&#252;entemente, aumento da capacidade funcional, mas os resultados mostraram-se totalmente diferentes do fisiologicamente esperado, diferindo dos estudos de Redberg e cols.<sup>18</sup>, que constataram aumento na resposta ao exerc&#237;cio - medido pelo VO<sub>2</sub> &#151; e no LA das usu&#225;rias de terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal.</p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos quanto ao LA, VO<sub>2</sub> e carga no LA, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se mostraram diferentes com o uso do estradiol. Estes resultados assemelham-se aos observados por Snabes e cols.<sup>19</sup>, Mccole e cols.<sup>20</sup>, Redberg e cols.<sup>18</sup> e Green e cols.<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, admit&#237;amos que o uso de estradiol provocaria aumento na carga m&#225;xima atingida durante o teste cardiopulmonar, o que n&#227;o foi observado.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; PAD, avent&#225;vamos a hip&#243;tese de que o grupo estradiol apresentaria menor pico no exerc&#237;cio que o grupo placebo, em decorr&#234;ncia da resposta vasodilatadora do ester&#243;ide, o que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi verificado; este resultado assemelha-se ao obtido por Green e cols.<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar dos resultados obtidos n&#227;o terem revelado melhora das respostas metab&#243;licas e cardiopulmonares, enfatizamos que as pacientes do grupo estradiol referiram melhora das principais queixas das mulheres ao procurarem o ginecologista, isto &#233;, calores, ins&#244;nia e atrofia vaginal. Indubitavelmente, o estrog&#234;nio &#233; o medicamento que melhor atende a essa sintomatologia. Acrescente-se tamb&#233;m a sensa&#231;&#227;o de bem estar referida pelas pacientes deste grupo.</p>
    <p>Ao se tentar explicar nossos resultados, t&#227;o diferentes do esperado, emergiram algumas possibilidades: curta dura&#231;&#227;o do uso do estradiol (3 meses), a dose de ester&#243;ide utilizada poderia ter sido alta e, possivelmente, o estradiol poderia ter piorado a capacidade oxidativa da fibra muscular e entre outras poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es, a diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico e do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo para a musculatura esquel&#233;tica.</p>
    <p>De todas as possibilidades propostas para explicar nossos resultados, acreditamos que o curto intervalo de tempo, em que as mulheres fizeram uso do f&#225;rmaco, poderia ser a melhor. Talvez, tempo maior de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao ester&#243;ide pudesse desencadear melhores respostas cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>A implica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica destes resultados seria a necessidade de orienta&#231;&#227;o das mulheres usu&#225;rias de reposi&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica da possibilidade de, pelo menos nos primeiros meses de utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ester&#243;ide, poderem apresentar uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de sua capacidade funcional frente &#224; atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
    <p>Apesar dos nossos resultados n&#227;o terem revelado melhora, n&#227;o invalida que estimulemos a pr&#225;tica adequada de exerc&#237;cios regulares. Ao contr&#225;rio, os exerc&#237;cios podem potencializar os efeitos do estradiol ou mesmo prevenir o aparecimento e desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas em mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa. Por outro lado, nas pacientes com doen&#231;as j&#225; estabelecidas, a promo&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica melhoraria o progn&#243;stico<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto importante seria o efeito contrarregulador do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico cr&#244;nico sobre a capacidade funcional das mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa, j&#225; que sabidamente, a atividade f&#237;sica freq&#252;ente provoca aumento tanto da capacidade oxidativa muscular como do VO<sub>2</sub><sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados tamb&#233;m n&#227;o invalidam a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal em determinadas pacientes, pois, al&#233;m dos in&#250;meros benef&#237;cios sobre a sintomatologia climat&#233;rica, adicionam-se outros, como os cardiovasculares, com suas a&#231;&#245;es anti-ateroscler&#243;ticas diretas nas art&#233;rias; aumento do catabolismo da LDL-colesterol, bem como, do n&#250;mero e da atividade dos receptores da lipoprote&#237;na; aumento dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da HDL-colesterol; a&#231;&#227;o anti-agregante plaquet&#225;ria e vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, dependentes do efeito do &#243;xido n&#237;trico; vasodilata&#231;&#227;o independente do endot&#233;lio; a&#231;&#227;o inotr&#243;pica no cora&#231;&#227;o e grandes vasos; melhora no metabolismo glic&#237;dico; atividade antioxidante; inibi&#231;&#227;o do crescimento das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas dos vasos; impacto favor&#225;vel na fibrin&#243;lise; redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis da enzima de convers&#227;o da renina e angiotensina; redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de homociste&#237;na<sup>1</sup>. Destacamos, ainda, a importante a&#231;&#227;o da reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea, com supress&#227;o da reabsor&#231;&#227;o, que permite estabilidade e/ou ganho de massa &#243;ssea, al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de doen&#231;a de Alzheimer<sup>23-25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Desta forma, &#233; fundamental orientar as pacientes nas possibilidades de interven&#231;&#245;es no climat&#233;rio, uma vez que a promo&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica contribui de forma inequ&#237;voca para a melhoria da sintomatologia climat&#233;rica, na preven&#231;&#227;o da osteoporose, nos dist&#250;rbios do sono, dos c&#226;nceres de mama, endom&#233;trio, c&#243;lon-retal e, sem d&#250;vida, da doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>26-31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo abre caminhos para novas investiga&#231;&#245;es sobre o bin&#244;mio atividade f&#237;sica e horm&#244;nios. &#201; prov&#225;vel que a associa&#231;&#227;o dessas duas interven&#231;&#245;es e um tempo maior de administra&#231;&#227;o de estradiol propicie resultados totalmente diferentes. Al&#233;m disso, seria de grande interesse investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a poss&#237;vel melhora da capacidade funcional e o comportamento vascular na mulher no climat&#233;rio por meio da pletismografia e do estudo da atividade simp&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, o uso de estradiol, ministrado durante 90 dias, em mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa, submetidas ao teste cicloergoespirom&#233;trico, n&#227;o revelou melhora das respostas cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica, quando comparado ao placebo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dr. Roberto Calvoso Junior </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Sodr&#233;, 122 cj. 128 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#151; Cep 04535-110 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rcalvoso@globo.com">rcalvoso@globo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em: 06/05/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em: 26/01/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of estradiol on cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses of postmenopausal normotensive women undergoing cardiopulmonary exercise testing</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses of 30 postmenopausal women using estrogen during maximum physical activity during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Twenty-five women completed the test. METHODS: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was carried out to assess 2 groups of women: estradiol group - comprising 14 postmenopausal women (57.6&#177;4.8 years) receiving oral estradiol at the dosage of 2 mg/day for 90 days; and placebo group - comprising 11 women (55.8&#177;6.7 years) receiving placebo during the same period. Both groups underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a cycloergometer, during which the following variables were assessed: volume of oxygen consumption per kilogram per minute during peak exercise (VO2peak); anaerobic threshold (AT); volume of oxygen consumption per kilogram per minute in the anaerobic threshold (VO2 in AT); point of respiratory decompensation (PRD); duration of exercise (DE); maximum load achieved (ML); maximum heart rate (HR); systolic blood pressure (SBP); and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) before and after drug administration. RESULTS: The following variables showed statistically significant reductions only in the group of women receiving estradiol: VO2peak (P=0.002); AT (P=0.01); VO2 in AT (P=0.001); and DE (P=0.05). The other variables did not change. CONCLUSION: Estradiol did not improve the cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses when compared with placebo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>postmenopausal</kwd>
        <kwd>estrogen replacement therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>estradiol</kwd>
        <kwd>placebo</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Effect of estradiol on cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses of postmenopausal normotensive women undergoing cardiopulmonary exercise testing</p>
      <p>Roberto Calvoso J&#250;nior; Jos&#233; Mendes Aldrighi; Carlos Eduardo Negr&#227;o; Ivani Credidio Trombetta; Jos&#233; Antonio F. Ramires</p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses of 30 postmenopausal women using estrogen during maximum physical activity during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Twenty-five women completed the test.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was carried out to assess 2 groups of women: estradiol group - comprising 14 postmenopausal women (57.6&#177;4.8 years) receiving oral estradiol at the dosage of 2 mg/day for 90 days; and placebo group - comprising 11 women (55.8&#177;6.7 years) receiving placebo during the same period. Both groups underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a cycloergometer, during which the following variables were assessed: volume of oxygen consumption per kilogram per minute during peak exercise (VO2peak); anaerobic threshold (AT); volume of oxygen consumption per kilogram per minute in the anaerobic threshold (VO2 in AT); point of respiratory decompensation (PRD); duration of exercise (DE); maximum load achieved (ML); maximum heart rate (HR); systolic blood pressure (SBP); and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) before and after drug administration.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The following variables showed statistically significant reductions only in the group of women receiving estradiol: VO2peak (P=0.002); AT (P=0.01); VO2 in AT (P=0.001); and DE (P=0.05). The other variables did not change.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Estradiol did not improve the cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses when compared with placebo.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>postmenopausal, estrogen replacement therapy, estradiol, placebo, exercise</p>
      <p>Adequacy of the cardiorespiratory function may be assessed through appropriate measurement of ventilatory gases. For such, tests with physical exercise provide the simultaneous study of the cellular, cardiovascular, and ventilatory systems responses under conditions of controlled metabolic stress <sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The cardiopulmonary test assesses the cardiopulmonary and metabolic capacity through the measurement of maximum oxygen consumption. It determines the metabolic phases during progressive exercise based on the relation between oxygen consumption, pulmonary ventilation, and carbon dioxide production <sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Estrogen stimulates vasodilation, as already shown by Lieberman et al <sup>3</sup>. Gilligan et al <sup>4</sup> reported that physiological concentrations of estradiol potentiate endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy postmenopausal women and increase both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation in women with risk factors. Tze et al <sup>5</sup> confirmed that the administration of estrogen is associated with a reduction in the pulsatility index and an increase in peripheral blood flow. De Meersman et al <sup>6</sup> reported that estrogen replacement increases the arteriolar distensibility, the sensitivity of baroreceptors, and the hemodynamic parameters in postmenopausal women.</p>
      <p>Based on these studies and on the observation that postmenopausal women have a smaller vasodilating capacity due to the reduction in estrogen levels, we developed the hypothesis that estradiol replacement would stimulate vasodilation with a consequent increase in peripheral muscle circulation, cardiac output, and oxygen consumption, and a decrease in blood pressure. This would result in an improvement in the cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses during physical activity.</p>
      <p>The lack of studies about this issue was the reason for this research, which aimed at assessing the cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses of postmenopausal normotensive women receiving or not receiving estradiol for 90 days for estrogen replacement and undergoing maximum physical exercise during cardiopulmonary exercise testing.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was carried out at the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Medical School of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo from October 2001 to December 2002 and approved by the Committee on Ethics of the institution. The study comprised 30 patients who met the eligibility criteria and signed the written informed consent about the tests to be performed.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: women in menopause for at least 1 year; no hormone replacement therapy in the preceding 6 months; normotensive patients (blood pressure lower than or equal to 130/85 mm Hg) <sup>7,8</sup>; presence of uterus; endometrium thickness, measured on transvaginal ultrasonography, lower than or equal to 5 mm <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: neoplasic diseases; chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and liver disorders; valvular diseases, arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, and heart failure; smoking; antecedents of thromboembolic diseases; asthma, emphysema; and use of lipid-lowering or anticoagulant drugs.</p>
      <p>To establish the inclusion criteria, all patients underwent the following examinations: measurement of serum levels of total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, glucose, FSH, LH, prolactin, estradiol, antithyroid antibodies; mammography; transvaginal pelvic ultrasonography; Papanicolaou smear; bone densitometry (for detection of possible bone loss); and thyroid function tests (for diagnosing hypo- or hyperthyroidism).</p>
      <p>All women had the following serum concentrations: estradiol, lower than 3 ng/dL; FSH, greater than or equal to 30 UI/L; and LH, greater than or equal to 15 UI/L.</p>
      <p>Transvaginal pelvic ultrasonography was performed twice as follows: on admission, time zero (t<sub>0</sub>), aiming at ruling out the possibility of preexisting endometrial neoplastic disease, and after 90 days, time 1 (t<sub>1</sub>), aiming at assessing the occurrence of endometrial hyperplasia.</p>
      <p>Mammography and Papanicolaou smear were performed for screening neoplasias of the breast and the cervix of the uterus, respectively.</p>
      <p>The following parameters were also assessed: age, weight, height, and body mass index (calculated by dividing weight, in kg, by height, in meters squared) <sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 30 postmenopausal women divided into 2 groups of 15 each. They were assessed in regard to their cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses during a maximum progressive exercise test 3 months after receiving oral estradiol at the dosage of 2 mg/day (estradiol group &#151; 57.55&#177;4.78 years) or placebo (placebo group &#151; 55.79&#177;6.73 years).</p>
      <p>All patients were assessed in regard to their cardiopulmonary and metabolic response during a maximum progressive exercise test prior to the beginning of the study.</p>
      <p>The patients were followed up through gynecological and cardiological assessments on admission to the study (t<sub>0</sub>) and after 3 months (t<sub>1</sub>).</p>
      <p>To assess the cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses during exercise, the patients underwent the cardiopulmonary exercise tests on an electromagnetic cycloergometer (Medfit). Analysis of the respiratory gases was performed by using a MedGraphics Cardiopulmonary Exercise System (Medical Graphics Corporation, St Paul, Minnesota, USA). The patients underwent electrocardiography at rest and were electrocardiographically monitored during exercise up to 6 minutes after the activity. Noninvasive blood pressure measurements were manually obtained (Tyco sphygmomanometer) at rest and every 2 minutes during physical exercise up to the sixth minute after the activity.</p>
      <p>The cardiopulmonary tests were performed in an environment with constant temperature and humidity. The tests consisted of a 2-minute adaptation of the patient to the gas measurement valve, a 2-minute warm-up with no load at a velocity of 60 rotations per minute, and, after that, the staged protocol was followed at a constant velocity and with load increases of 10 W per minute up to exhaustion, which was obtained when the patient could no longer cycle. This assessment was performed at t<sub>0</sub> (admission) and t<sub>1</sub> (after 3 months) of the experimental procedure. Of the 30 patients, 25 completed the study.</p>
      <p>After 3 months, all patients underwent the progestogen test (medroxyprogesterone acetate at the dosage of 10 mg/day for 10 days), as an indirect way to cause endometrial shedding, in case endometrial stimulation had occurred. All patients using estradiol had uterine bleeding due to estrogen deprivation.</p>
      <p>The cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses assessed during cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a cycloergometer comprised the following variables: 1)respiratory quotient (RQ), which is the ratio between carbon dioxide elimination volume (VCO2) and oxygen consumption volume (VO2), whose finality is the detection of maximum exercise when the ratio exceeds 1.10 <sup>11</sup>; 2) maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak), measured in milliliters per kilogram per minute, is an important indicator of the exercise and/or aerobic capacity of the individual, defined as the greatest oxygen (O2) consumption <sup>1,11,12</sup>; 3) oxygen and carbon dioxide ventilatory equivalents (VE/VO2 and VE/VCO2), useful for determining the anaerobic threshold (AT) and the point of respiratory decompensation (PRD), measured as a percentage of the total expired volume per minute <sup>1,11,12</sup>; 4) anaerobic threshold (AT), defined as the greatest O2 consumption that can be maintained during prolonged exercise without a significant build-up of lactic acid, with the predominance of aerobic metabolism, reached between 40 and 60% of the maximum VO2. The anaerobic threshold may be detected by use of ventilatory variables, such as the loss of the linear relation between pulmonary ventilation (VE) and oxygen consumption (VO2), based on the oxygen ventilatory equivalent (VE/VO2) added to the tendency towards an elevation in the relation between the expired carbon dioxide volume per minute (VCO2) and oxygen consumption (VO2), called ratio of respiratory exchange (VCO2/VO2). The AT is expressed as a percentage of VO2 peak, ie, based on the observations above, VO2 is measured at a certain moment and the percentage in regard to peak is calculated <sup>1,11,13</sup>; 5) VO2 in the anaerobic threshold (VO2 in AT), oxygen volume consumed at the moment of the anaerobic threshold, measured in milliliters per kilogram per minute; 6) load applied at the moment of the anaerobic threshold (load in AT), measured in Watts; 7) point of respiratory decompensation (PRD), reached between 65 and 90% of maximum VO2, expressed as a percentage of VO2 peak, calculated in the same way as reported for AT, a moment at which a loss in the linear relation between VE and VCO2 occurs, observed based on the carbon dioxide ventilatory equivalent (VE/VCO2) <sup>1,2,12</sup>; 8) duration of exercise (DE), in minutes; 9) maximum load reached during exercise (ML), in Watts; 10) maximum heart rate (HR), in beats per minute (bpm); 11) maximum systolic blood pressure (SBPmax); and 12) maximum diastolic blood pressure (DBPmax), measured in millimeters of mercury.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that all patients reached maximum physical exercise in both t<sub>0</sub> and t<sub>1</sub>.</p>
      <p>In sample characterization, the Student <italic>t</italic> test <sup>14</sup> was used for comparing the mean values of the quantitative variables in the groups of patients who received placebo or estradiol. Assessment of the supposition of normal distribution of each continuous variable was not rejected by the nonparametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, in which all P values were greater than 5%. Due to this, repeated-measures analysis of variance was the statistical technique used to assess the group effects (placebo or estradiol) and moment of study (t<sub>0</sub> and t<sub>1</sub>) in each variable <sup>14-17</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The characteristics of the patients in both groups were as follows: 1) placebo group: age, 57.8&#177;9.6 years; weight, 63.8&#177; 9.6 kg; and height, 1.5&#177;0.1 m; 2) estradiol group: age, 55.8&#177;6.7 years; weight, 62.7&#177;7.8 kg; and height, 1.6&#177;0.1 m. The Student <italic>t</italic> test was used for comparing the means of the 2 groups for each variable. No significant difference was observed between the groups (P&gt;0.45), therefore confirming that the placebo and estradiol groups were homogeneous in regard to the variables age, weight, and height (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Tabs. I</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab2-body2">II</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tab2-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>The group of patients receiving estradiol had a decrease in the mean in regard to t<sub>0</sub> (P= 0.002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>), and the mean difference between t<sub>0</sub> and t<sub>1</sub> was negative (P= 0.018) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). It is worth noting that at t<sub>0</sub>, the mean VO2 peak of the patients in the estradiol group was greater than that in the placebo group (P= 0.018). The results of the analysis of variance with 2 factors (group and time) and repeated measures in 1 factor (time) for the variable VO2 peak are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table III</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The groups had a decrease in the means in regard to t<sub>0</sub> (P= 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref>). The results of the analysis of variance with 2 factors (group and time) and repeated measures in 1 factor (time) for the variable AT are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table IV</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The 2 groups had very similar behaviors regarding VO2 in the AT. Both groups showed a decrease in the mean in regard to t<sub>0</sub> (P&lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0015-00004-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The estradiol group showed a decrease in the DE after 3 months (P= 0.047). It is worth noting that at t<sub>0</sub>, the mean of TE of the patients in the estradiol group was greater than that in the placebo group (P= 0.041).</p>
      <p>The other variables studied showed no statistically significant changes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our study aimed at assessing the effects of oral estradiol at the dosage of 2 mg/day on the functional capacity of postmenopausal women. Our rationale was that estrogen, favoring vasodilation, causes an increase in the muscular oxidative capacity, and, consequently, an increase in functional capacity. Our results, however, were totally different from that which was expected from the physiological point of view. They differed from the results of the study by Redberg et al <sup>18</sup>, who reported an increase in the response to exercise &#151; measured by use of VO2 &#151; and in the AT of hormone replacement therapy users.</p>
      <p>The results regarding AT, VO2, and load in the AT also did not differ with estradiol use. These results are similar to those reported by Snabes et al <sup>19</sup>, McCole et al <sup>20</sup>, Redberg et al <sup>18</sup>, and Green et al <sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Similarly, estradiol use was supposed to cause an increase in the maximum load reached during the cardiopulmonary exercise test, which was not observed.</p>
      <p>In regard to DBP, we hypothesized that the estradiol group would have a lower exercise peak than would the placebo group, due to the steroid vasodilating response, but this was also not observed. This result is similar to that obtained by Green et al <sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although our results showed no improvement in the metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses, it is worth noting that the patients in the estradiol group reported an improvement in their major complaints, ie, hot flushes, insomnia, and vaginal atrophy. Unquestionably, estrogen is the drug that best treats these symptoms. The sensation of well-being reported by these patients is noteworthy.</p>
      <p>The following possibilities emerged as reasons for our result, which was so different from that which was expected: short-term estradiol use (3 months) and high steroid dosage, which could have impaired the oxidative capacity of the muscle fiber. The decrease in systolic volume and blood flow to the skeletal musculature may be other explanations.</p>
      <p>Of all possibilities proposed to explain our results, we believe that the short duration of estradiol use is the best. Maybe a longer exposure to the steroid could trigger better cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses.</p>
      <p>The clinical implication of these results is that women undergoing estrogen replacement should be instructed that, at least in the first months of steroid therapy, a decrease in their functional capacity for physical activity may occur.</p>
      <p>Although our results showed no improvement, we encourage adequate practice of regular exercise. On the contrary, exercise may potentiate the effects of estradiol or even prevent the appearance and development of chronic diseases in postmenopausal women. In addition, in patients with established diseases, the promotion of physical activity may improve the prognosis <sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another important aspect is the counterregulating effect of regular physical exercise on the functional capacity of postmenopausal women, because frequent physical activity is known to increase both muscular oxidative capacity and VO2 <sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our results also do not invalidate hormone replacement in certain patients, because, in addition to the innumerable benefits to climacteric symptoms, the following cardiovascular effects also occur: direct antiatherosclerotic effects on the arteries; an increase in the catabolism of LDL-cholesterol, and in the number and activity of the receptors of that lipoprotein; an increase in the serum levels of HDL-cholesterol; the antiplatelet effect and vasodilation, which depend on the nitric oxide effect; endothelium-independent vasodilation; inotropic action of the heart and great vessels; an improvement in glycidic metabolism; antioxidant activity; inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell growth; a favorable impact on fibrinolysis; a reduction in the levels of the renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme; and a reduction in homocysteine levels <sup>1</sup>. It is also worth noting the important effect of hormone replacement therapy on bone remodeling, with resorption suppression, allowing bone mass stability or gain, or both, in addition to reducing the risk for Alzheimer's disease <sup>23-25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the adequate instruction of patients in regard to the possible interventions during climacteric is fundamental. Promotion of physical activity unequivocally contributes to improvement in climacteric symptomatology and prevention of osteoporosis, sleep disorders, breast, endometrial, and colon-rectal cancers, and cardiovascular disease<sup>26-31</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our study encourages new research on the physical activity-hormones binomial. The association of these 2 interventions and a longer time of estradiol administration may have totally different results. In addition, the investigation of the relation between the possible improvement in functional capacity and vascular behavior in postmenopausal women by use of plethysmography and study of sympathetic activity would be of great interest.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, estradiol administration for 90 days to postmenopausal women undergoing cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a cycloergometer showed no improvement in the cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses when compared with that of placebo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondece to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Roberto Calvoso J&#250;nior</p>
          <p> Rua Dr. Sodr&#233;, 122 - cj. 128</p>
          <p> Cep 04535-110 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rcalvoso@globo.com">rcalvoso@globo.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 05/06/03</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 01/26/04</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
