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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3by4gjFN7drfzgvMgZX5GHh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000100003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000100003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio experimental em ratos: efeito do bloqueio do sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Epifanio</surname>
            <given-names>Hindalis Ballesteros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Antonio Mamede</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Bojikian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Alberto Rupp de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Inoue</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Minoru Tani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Shiguero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>10</fpage>
      <lpage>14</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Verificar a a&#231;&#227;o do lisinopril e do losartan sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no infarto experimental em ratos. M&#201;TODOS: Ratos machos Wistar foram submetidos a infarto e tratados com lisinopril 20 mg/kg/dia (LIS, n=13) ou losartan 20 mg/kg/dia (LOS, n=11), ou mantidos sem tratamento (NT, n=11), por tr&#234;s meses e os resultados comparados com grupo controle (CONT, n=11) de ratos sem infarto. Ap&#243;s a eutan&#225;sia, o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi separado e pesado. Foram medidas a &#225;rea seccional dos mi&#243;citos (AC), fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno intersticial (CVF) e a hidroxiprolina (HOP) mioc&#225;rdica. As vari&#225;veis foram comparadas pela ANOVA de uma via, para n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p&lt;0,05. RESULTADOS: O infarto agudo promoveu a hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e os tratamentos com lisinopril e losartam preveniram a hipertrofia quantificada pelo peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (LOS=1,06&#177; 0,12g, LIS=0,97&#177;0,18g, NT=1,26&#177;0,17g, CONT=1,02&#177; 0,09g; p&lt;0,05), pelo peso de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo corrigido pelo peso corporal VE/PC (LOS=2,37&#177;0,21mg/g, LIS=2,41&#177; 0,38mg/g,NT=2,82&#177;0,37mg/g, CONT=2,27&#177; 0,15mg/g) e pela medida da AC do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (LOS=210&#177;39&#181;&#178;, LIS=217&#177;35&#181;&#178;, NT=256&#177;35&#181;&#178;, CONT= 158&#177;06 &#181;&#178;; p&lt;0,05). O CVF foi significantemente maior no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do grupo infartado e houve preven&#231;&#227;o do aumento com os tratamentos (LOS=1,16&#177;0,4%, LIS=1,27&#177; 0,5%, NT=1,8&#177; 0,4%, CONT=0,7&#177;0,5%). A HOP foi maior no grupo infartado (NT=6,91&#177;2,98mg/g vs. CONT=2,81&#177;1,21mg/g) e n&#227;o alterou com o tratamento. CONCLUS&#195;O: A remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-infarto &#233; caracterizada por aumento da massa ventricular remanescente e aumento de col&#225;geno intersticial. O bloqueador da enzima conversora da angiotensina e o antagonista seletivo AT1 da angiotensina II previnem a hipertrofia do mi&#243;cito e a fibrose intersticial.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio experimental</kwd>
        <kwd>sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio experimental em ratos. Efeito do bloqueio do sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona</p>
    <p>Hindalis Ballesteros Epifanio; Leonardo Antonio Mamede Zornoff; Beatriz Bojikian Matsubara; Sergio Alberto Rupp de Paiva; Roberto Minoru Tani Inoue; Luiz Shiguero Matsubara </p>
    <p> Botucatu, SP</p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Verificar a a&#231;&#227;o do lisinopril e do losartan sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no infarto experimental em ratos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Ratos machos Wistar foram submetidos a infarto e tratados com lisinopril 20 mg/kg/dia (LIS, n=13) ou losartan 20 mg/kg/dia (LOS, n=11), ou mantidos sem tratamento (NT, n=11), por tr&#234;s meses e os resultados comparados com grupo controle (CONT, n=11) de ratos sem infarto. Ap&#243;s a eutan&#225;sia, o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi separado e pesado. Foram medidas a &#225;rea seccional dos mi&#243;citos (AC), fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno intersticial (CVF) e a hidroxiprolina (HOP) mioc&#225;rdica. As vari&#225;veis foram comparadas pela ANOVA de uma via, para n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p&lt;0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>O infarto agudo promoveu a hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e os tratamentos com lisinopril e losartam preveniram a hipertrofia quantificada pelo peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (LOS=1,06&#177; 0,12g, LIS=0,97&#177;0,18g, NT=1,26&#177;0,17g, CONT=1,02&#177; 0,09g; p&lt;0,05), pelo peso de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo corrigido pelo peso corporal VE/PC (LOS=2,37&#177;0,21mg/g, LIS=2,41&#177; 0,38mg/g,NT=2,82&#177;0,37mg/g, CONT=2,27&#177; 0,15mg/g) e pela medida da AC do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (LOS=210&#177;39&#181;<sup>2</sup>, LIS=217&#177;35&#181;<sup>2</sup>, NT=256&#177;35&#181;<sup>2</sup>, CONT= 158&#177;06 &#181;<sup>2</sup>; p&lt;0,05). O CVF foi significantemente maior no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do grupo infartado e houve preven&#231;&#227;o do aumento com os tratamentos (LOS=1,16&#177;0,4%, LIS=1,27&#177; 0,5%, NT=1,8&#177; 0,4%, CONT=0,7&#177;0,5%). A HOP foi maior no grupo infartado (NT=6,91&#177;2,98mg/g vs. CONT=2,81&#177;1,21mg/g) e n&#227;o alterou com o tratamento. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-infarto &#233; caracterizada por aumento da massa ventricular remanescente e aumento de col&#225;geno intersticial. O bloqueador da enzima conversora da angiotensina e o antagonista seletivo AT1 da angiotensina II previnem a hipertrofia do mi&#243;cito e a fibrose intersticial.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio experimental, sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona</p>
    <p>A remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; uma resposta adaptativa, do cora&#231;&#227;o, a est&#237;mulos hemodin&#226;micos, neuro-hormonais e fatores gen&#233;ticos, associados &#224; modifica&#231;&#227;o da forma, tamanho, composi&#231;&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>1</sup>. Dentre as etiologias, o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &#233;, atualmente, uma das mais importantes causas de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, e contribui, significantemente, para a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular, fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. A remodela&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-infarto &#233; um fen&#244;meno que se inicia logo ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coronariana. Nessa fase, ocorre necrose mioc&#237;tica, seguida por alongamento da &#225;rea infartada, constituindo a expans&#227;o do infarto, que, eventualmente, resulta na ruptura muscular ou a forma&#231;&#227;o do aneurisma ventricular. Em torno de 72h ap&#243;s o evento agudo, a remodela&#231;&#227;o envolve o cora&#231;&#227;o como um todo. Nesse per&#237;odo, &#233; evidente a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular, modifica&#231;&#227;o na geometria e hipertrofia da musculatura remanescente. A incapacidade do cora&#231;&#227;o em normalizar o estresse de parede resulta na dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva, recrutamento do mioc&#225;rdio peri-cicatricial e deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica seja fen&#244;meno complexo, envolvendo v&#225;rios est&#237;mulos, o papel do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona ganhou especial evid&#234;ncia na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada. Do ponto de vista terap&#234;utico, s&#227;o in&#250;meras as evid&#234;ncias dos benef&#237;cios dos inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina e dos bloqueadores dos receptores AT1<sup>2-4</sup>. No entanto, n&#227;o est&#225; bem definido se os efeitos das duas classes de drogas s&#227;o compar&#225;veis no que se refere &#224; hipertrofia ventricular, propriamente dita, e &#224; fibrose intersticial no mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel, ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coronariana aguda.</p>
    <p>O lisinopril &#233; um inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina amplamente utilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial, bem como droga coadjuvante no tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>5-8</sup>. Atua inibindo a forma&#231;&#227;o de angiotensina II e da aldosterona. Esta droga tem efeito hemodin&#226;mico direto nos vasos diminuindo a p&#243;s-carga, com efeito ben&#233;fico na remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>O bloqueio da atividade da angiotensina II tamb&#233;m pode ser obtido com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de drogas antagonistas dos receptores tipo 1 (AT1) da angiotensina. Trabalhos recentes t&#234;m demonstrado efeitos ben&#233;ficos dos antagonistas AT1 na remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, com melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, bem como aumento na sobrevida<sup>9</sup>. O losartan &#233; um antagonista dos receptores da angiotensina II. Atua pela competi&#231;&#227;o direta com a angiotensina II para apenas uma classe de receptores (AT1) e possui atua&#231;&#227;o significante na redu&#231;&#227;o do processo de fibrose intersticial<sup>3</sup> e redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e morbidade associado &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; verificar a a&#231;&#227;o do inibidores das enzimas conversoras da angiotensina (lisinopril) e do bloqueador de AT1 (losartan) na remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos submetidos a infarto experimental.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os procedimentos foram submetidos e aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Animal, estando em conformidade com os Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos na Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal adotado pelo Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal.</p>
    <p>Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos provenientes do biot&#233;rio central, pesando entre 200 e 250g. Os animais foram anestesiados com inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitonial de pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50 mg/kg) e submetidos &#224; toracotomia lateral esquerda. Ap&#243;s exterioriza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, o &#225;trio esquerdo foi afastado e a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda ligada com fio mono-n&#225;ilon 5.00 entre a sa&#237;da da art&#233;ria pulmonar e o &#225;trio esquerdo. Em seguida, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi retornado ao t&#243;rax, os pulm&#245;es inflados com press&#227;o positiva e a parede tor&#225;cica suturada com fio de algod&#227;o 10. Ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o da anestesia, os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas, alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o comercial padr&#227;o e livre acesso &#224; &#225;gua. Foram colocados 3 animais por gaiola, com controle de luz - ciclos de 12h, temperatura de aproximadamente 25&#176; C e umidade controlada.</p>
    <p>Os 35 animais sobreviventes foram divididos em 3 grupos: grupo NT (n= 11), composto por animais infartados que n&#227;o receberam nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o; grupo LIS (n= 13), formado por animais infartados que receberam, lisinopril (20 mg/kg/ dia, dissolvidos em &#225;gua de beber); grupo LOS (n=11), constitu&#237;do por animais infartados que receberam losartan (20 mg/Kg/dia, dissolvidos em &#225;gua de beber. O tratamento foi iniciado 12h ap&#243;s a cirurgia e mantidos por 3 meses. Animais n&#227;o infartados da mesma ra&#231;a, sexo e idade, submetidos &#224;s mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais foram utilizados como controle (CONT, n=11). Ap&#243;s 3 meses, os animais foram pesados (PC), anestesiados com inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50 mg/kg) e submetidos &#224; eutan&#225;sia. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram retirados, dissecados e os ventr&#237;culos direito e o esquerdo, incluindo o septo interventricular foram separados e pesados.</p>
    <p>Amostras de tecido card&#237;aco foram fixadas em solu&#231;&#227;o de formol a 10% por um per&#237;odo de 48h. Ap&#243;s fixa&#231;&#227;o, o tecido foi incluso em blocos de parafina, obtendo-se, a seguir, cortes histol&#243;gicos coronais de 4 micras. Os cortes histol&#243;gicos foram corados em l&#226;mina com solu&#231;&#227;o hematoxilina - eosina ou Masson para aferi&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas da sec&#231;&#227;o transversa dos mi&#243;citos (AC). L&#226;minas com cortes histol&#243;gicos coronais de 6 micras e corados pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>Picro Sirius red</italic>, espec&#237;fica para visualiza&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, foram preparadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o do interst&#237;cio do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Os cortes histol&#243;gicos corados pelo hematoxilina-eosina ou Masson foram utilizados para aferi&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas de sec&#231;&#227;o transversa dos mi&#243;citos, empregando-se microsc&#243;pio LEICA DM LS acoplado a c&#226;mera de v&#237;deo que envia imagem digital a computador dotado de programa de an&#225;lise de imagens <italic>Image Pro-plus</italic> (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA). Foram mensuradas 50 a 70 c&#233;lulas por ventr&#237;culo analisado. Os mi&#243;citos selecionados estavam seccionados transversalmente, apresentavam forma redonda, n&#250;cleo vis&#237;vel no centro da c&#233;lula e localizavam-se na camada subendoc&#225;rdica da parede muscular dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo. Este cuidado visou uniformizar ao m&#225;ximo o conjunto de mi&#243;citos dos diferentes grupos. As &#225;reas m&#233;dias obtidas para cada grupo foram utilizadas como indicador do tamanho celular.</p>
    <p>Os cortes histol&#243;gicos corados pelo <italic>Picro Sirius red</italic> foram utilizados para aferi&#231;&#245;es das fra&#231;&#245;es de col&#225;geno (CVF) presentes nos interst&#237;cios dos tecidos card&#237;acos dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo. A leitura foi feita utilizando-se luz polarizada no microsc&#243;pio LEICA DM LS acoplado a c&#226;mera de v&#237;deo que envia imagem digital a computador dotado de programa de an&#225;lise de imagens <italic>Image Pro-plus</italic> (Media Cyberetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA). Foram analisados 30 a 40 campos por ventr&#237;culo, utilizando objetiva de 40X. Os campos escolhidos estavam localizados longe da &#225;rea infartada e afastados da regi&#227;o perivascular.</p>
    <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o bioqu&#237;mica da hidroxiprolina (HOP) foi efetuada em segmento de tecido mioc&#225;rdico distante da &#225;rea de infarto, de acordo com m&#233;todo anteriormente descrito<sup>11</sup>. O m&#233;todo baseia-se na oxida&#231;&#227;o de hidrolisado de tecido card&#237;aco em HCl 6N, por solu&#231;&#227;o de cloramina T, seguido de obten&#231;&#227;o de cor por rea&#231;&#227;o com solu&#231;&#227;o de Ehrlich&#180;s e leitura em densidade &#243;ptica em comprimento de onda de 565 nm.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis estudadas foram apresentadas pelas m&#233;dias e respectivos desvios-padr&#227;o e as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foi realizada pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de uma via (ANOVA), seguida pelo teste de Tukey, considerando-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p&lt;0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores m&#233;dios e seus respectivos desvios-padr&#227;o dos pesos corporais, pesos dos ventr&#237;culos, pesos dos ventr&#237;culos corrigidos pelos pesos corporais, &#225;reas seccionais dos mi&#243;citos e concentra&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas de HOP encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0010-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica de peso corporal m&#233;dio (PC) entre os grupos de ratos infartados, ap&#243;s 3 meses de tratamento, e o grupo controle. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na &#225;rea de infarto entre os grupos experimentais (CONT: 36&#177;7%; LIS: 36&#177;6%; LOS: 39&#177;6%). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica mostrou que os pesos m&#233;dios dos ventr&#237;culos e os pesos dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdos corrigidos pelos pesos corporais (VE/PC), foram menores nos grupos LIS, LOS e CONT quando comparados ao grupo NT. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;sticamente significante no peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e na rela&#231;&#227;o VE/PC entre os grupos LIS e LOS. O infarto agudo levou ao aumento da massa ventricular direita, prevenido pelo lisinopril e n&#227;o pelo losartan.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica mostrou que as &#225;reas seccionais dos mi&#243;citos dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdos e direitos nos animais dos grupos NT, LIS e LOS, foram maiores que no grupo CONT (p&lt;0,001) e as &#225;reas dos mi&#243;citos dos grupos LOS e LIS foram significantemente menores que o grupo NT (p&lt;0,05). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante na &#225;rea seccional entre os grupos LOS e LIS, tanto no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo como no direito.</p>
    <p>Houve aumento estat&#237;sticamente significante da CVF do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do grupo NT em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos CONT, LIS e LOS. O grupo LIS apresentou CVF do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo significantemente maior que o grupo CONT e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos LIS e LOS. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante da fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno no ventr&#237;culo direito dos grupos analisados. O n&#237;vel de hidroxiprolina do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi significantemente maior no grupo infartado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, independente do tratamento recebido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio acompanhou-se de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e direito, conforme indicado pelos pesos dos ventr&#237;culos e pelas medidas das &#225;reas celulares. Os resultados indicaram que o crescimento muscular foi altamente compensat&#243;rio, isto &#233;, os mi&#243;citos remanescentes apresentaram hipertrofia que sobrepujou a &#225;rea perdida pela necrose mioc&#225;rdica. Esse resultado sugere, em acordo com a literatura, que a hipertrofia n&#227;o se deve apenas ao est&#237;mulo mec&#226;nico da eleva&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga ou da p&#243;s-carga<sup>12</sup>. Est&#237;mulos mec&#226;nicos locais, via estiramento e ativa&#231;&#227;o de mecanotransdutores, associado &#224; rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria decorrente de necrose dos mi&#243;citos, promovem a libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores de crescimento que estimulam a hipertrofia e fibrose<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O ventr&#237;culo direito n&#227;o apresentou &#225;rea de infarto detectada &#224; microscopia &#243;ptica e a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito poderia ser atribu&#237;da a dois fatores: a estimula&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica desencadeada pela hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema neuro hormonal sist&#234;mica ou local<sup>15</sup>. Ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, frequentemente, ocorrem diferentes graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Em consequ&#234;ncia dessa disfun&#231;&#227;o, ocorrem a vasoconstric&#231;&#227;o arterial pulmonar, sobrecarga e hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito. Esta hipertrofia tamb&#233;m poderia ser dependente da a&#231;&#227;o tr&#243;fica dos mediadores neuro-hormonais liberados ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, como a pr&#243;pria angiotensina II, que ao acoplar aos receptores espec&#237;ficos, ativam os mediadores intracelulares que promovem a express&#227;o de proto-oncog&#234;neses promotores da s&#237;ntese proteica<sup>16, 17</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente trabalho, constatamos que os tratamentos dos ratos, ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, com lisinopril ou com losartan, foram eficazes na preven&#231;&#227;o do aumento da massa ventricular. As redu&#231;&#245;es dos pesos dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito e dos pesos corrigidos para os pesos corporais, foram significativos com ambas as medica&#231;&#245;es, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo infartado n&#227;o tratado, sendo que os par&#226;metros foram reduzidos em n&#237;veis semelhantes ao grupo controle n&#227;o infartado. Esses resultados foram semelhantes aos obtidos por outros autores<sup>18,19</sup>, que observaram redu&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular em cora&#231;&#245;es infartados de ratos tratados com inibidor da.enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina ou com antagonista de receptores AT1 da angiotensina. Nos grupos tratados, as medidas dos pesos ventriculares demonstraram a aus&#234;ncia do ganho de massa, no entanto, as medidas das &#225;reas celulares dos mi&#243;citos mostraram a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertrofia do mi&#243;cito, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle n&#227;o infartado. Portanto, as medidas do pesos dos ventr&#237;culos e dos pesos dos ventr&#237;culos corrigidos pelos pesos corporais n&#227;o s&#227;o bons par&#226;metros para a medida da hipertrofia do mioc&#225;rdio na presen&#231;a de infarto. Assim, dependendo do tamanho da &#225;rea infartada, a medida do peso do ventr&#237;culo tende a subestimar a presen&#231;a da hipertrofia ventricular. Pelos resultados obtidos, observamos que, em vig&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, a medida da &#225;rea celular do mi&#243;cito &#233; melhor &#237;ndice de hipertrofia ventricular do que o par&#226;metro de peso do ventr&#237;culo.</p>
    <p>A medida da fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno (CVF) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mostrou aumento de fibrose intersticial em &#225;reas remotas ao infarto (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>). No presente trabalho, observamos menor CVF nos grupos infartados tratados com lisinopril e losartan. Estes resultados foram semelhantes aos achados por outros pesquisadores que observaram preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrose intersticial em animais tratados com inibidores de enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina II ou com bloqueadores de receptores AT1 da angiotensina II<sup>3, 20-22</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0010-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Observamos maiores n&#237;veis do CVF no ventr&#237;culo direito nos ratos infartados. No entanto, n&#227;o foram detectadas diferen&#231;as significantes entre os grupos estudados. Ao nosso ver, a grande variabilidade deste dado, associado ao pequeno n&#250;mero de amostra pode ter contribu&#237;do para a n&#227;o detec&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. Observamos, tamb&#233;m, valores de CVF menores que os descritos pela literatura. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de luz polarizada linear (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>) parece subestimar a medida do CVF, sugerindo que o m&#233;todo ideal seria a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de filtro de luz polarizada circular<sup>23</sup>. Como utilizamos a mesma metodologia em todos os grupos, foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer a compara&#231;&#227;o entre eles.</p>
    <p>A HOP foi significantemente maior no grupo NT em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos CONT, LIS e LOS. Diferentemente do CVF, a dosagem de HOP n&#227;o foi suficientemente sens&#237;vel para detectar as modifica&#231;&#245;es na fibrose mioc&#225;rdica decorrentes do tratamento. No entanto, n&#227;o podemos excluir a possibilidade de inclus&#227;o de tecido peri-infarto na quantifica&#231;&#227;o de HOP, o que poderia falsear o efeito do tratamento sobre fibrose intersticial. Assim, neste modelo de infarto experimental, podemos assumir que, para a an&#225;lise de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, a medida da CVF &#233; mais fidedigna que a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de HOP, uma vez que a vis&#227;o histol&#243;gica direta permite a exclus&#227;o definitiva de &#225;rea cicatricial.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que a remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ocorre principalmente por meio da hipertrofia dos mi&#243;citos remanescentes e pela fibrose intersticial. A preven&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia dos mi&#243;citos e da fibrose intersticial p&#243;s-infarto, ocorre tanto com o uso de inibidores das enzimas conversoras da angiotensina (lisinopril), como com o uso de antagonista receptores AT1 (losartan). Estudos ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para estabelecer se a resposta dos tecidos na &#225;rea infartada &#233; diferente ao tecido da &#225;rea n&#227;o infartada, para os est&#237;mulos mec&#226;nicos e neuro-hormonais e se a reposta remodeladora &#233; dependente do tipo de tratamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; Elenize Jamas Pereira, Jose Carlos Georgette, Vitor M. Souza e Rogerio A. Monteiro pela assist&#234;ncia t&#233;cnica. A FAPESP, processo n1 00/13798, pelo aux&#237;lio financeiro.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dr. Luiz Shiguero Matsubara </p>
        <p> Depto. de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP </p>
        <p> Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior s/n - 18618-000 Botucatu - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lsmatsu@cardiol.br">lsmatsu@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 16/4/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 9/3/04</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Myocardial remodeling after experimental acute myocardial infarction in rats: effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of lisinopril and losartan on myocardial remodeling in experimental infarction in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats underwent myocardial infarction and were either treated with lisinopril [20 mg/kg/day (LIS, n=13)] or losartan [20 mg/kg/day (LOS, n=11)], or kept without any treatment (NT, n=11) for 3 months. Their results were compared with those of a control group (CONT, n=11) comprising noninfarcted rats. After euthanasia, the left ventricle was isolated and weighed. The following measurements were taken: the sectional area of myocytes (AC), interstitial collagen fraction (CVF), and myocardial hydroxyproline (HOP). The variables were compared by using 1-way ANOVA, with a significance level of P&lt;0.05. RESULTS: Acute myocardial infarction caused left ventricular hypertrophy. The treatments with lisinopril or losartan could prevent hypertrophy, which was quantified by use of left ventricular weight (LOS=1.06&#177;0.12g, LIS=0.97&#177;0.18g, NT=1.26&#177;0.17g, CONT=1.02&#177;0.09g; P&lt;0.05), of left ventricular weight-to-body weight ratio LV/BW (LOS=2.37&#177; 0.21mg/g, LIS=2.41&#177;0.38mg/g, NT=2.82&#177;0.37mg/g, CONT=2.27&#177; 0.15mg/g), and of left ventricular AC measure-ment (LOS=210&#177;39&#181;&#178;, LIS=217&#177;35&#181;&#178;, NT=256&#177;35&#181;&#178;, CONT=158&#177;06 &#181;&#178;; P&lt;0.05). The CVF was significantly greater in the left ventricle of the infarcted group, and its increase was prevented with treatment (LOS=1.16&#177;0.4%, LIS=1.27&#177;0.5%, NT=1.8&#177; 0.4%, CONT=0.7&#177;0.5%). Myocardial hydroxyproline was greater in the infarcted group (NT=6.91&#177;2.98mg/g vs. CONT=2.81&#177; 1.21mg/g) and did not change with treatment. CONCLUSION: Myocardial remodeling after infarction is characterized by an increase in the remaining ventricular mass and in interstitial collagen. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme blockers and the selective angiotensin II AT1 antagonist prevent hypertrophy of the myocyte and interstitial fibrosis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>myocardial remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>experimental acute myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Myocardial remodeling after experimental acute myocardial infarction in rats. Effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade</p>
      <p>Hindalis Ballesteros Epifanio; Leonardo Antonio Mamede Zornoff; Beatriz Bojikian Matsubara; Sergio Alberto Rupp de Paiva; Roberto Minoru Tani Inoue; Luiz Shiuero Matsubara</p>
      <p> Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the effect of lisinopril and losartan on myocardial remodeling in experimental infarction in rats.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Male Wistar rats underwent myocardial infarction and were either treated with lisinopril [20 mg/kg/day (LIS, n=13)] or losartan [20 mg/kg/day (LOS, n=11)], or kept without any treatment (NT, n=11) for 3 months. Their results were compared with those of a control group (CONT, n=11) comprising noninfarcted rats. After euthanasia, the left ventricle was isolated and weighed. The following measurements were taken: the sectional area of myocytes (AC), interstitial collagen fraction (CVF), and myocardial hydroxyproline (HOP). The variables were compared by using 1-way ANOVA, with a significance level of P&lt;0.05.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Acute myocardial infarction caused left ventricular hypertrophy. The treatments with lisinopril or losartan could prevent hypertrophy, which was quantified by use of left ventricular weight (LOS=1.06&#177;0.12g, LIS=0.97&#177;0.18g, NT=1.26&#177;0.17g, CONT=1.02&#177;0.09g; P&lt;0.05), of left ventricular weight-to-body weight ratio LV/BW (LOS=2.37&#177; 0.21mg/g, LIS=2.41&#177;0.38mg/g, NT=2.82&#177;0.37mg/g, CONT=2.27&#177; 0.15mg/g), and of left ventricular AC measure-ment (LOS=210&#177;39&#181;<sup>2</sup>, LIS=217&#177;35&#181;<sup>2</sup>, NT=256&#177;35&#181;<sup>2</sup>, CONT=158&#177;06 &#181;<sup>2</sup>; P&lt;0.05). The CVF was significantly greater in the left ventricle of the infarcted group, and its increase was prevented with treatment (LOS=1.16&#177;0.4%, LIS=1.27&#177;0.5%, NT=1.8&#177; 0.4%, CONT=0.7&#177;0.5%). Myocardial hydroxyproline was greater in the infarcted group (NT=6.91&#177;2.98mg/g vs. CONT=2.81&#177; 1.21mg/g) and did not change with treatment.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Myocardial remodeling after infarction is characterized by an increase in the remaining ventricular mass and in interstitial collagen. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme blockers and the selective angiotensin II AT1 antagonist prevent hypertrophy of the myocyte and interstitial fibrosis.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> myocardial remodeling, experimental acute myocardial infarction, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</p>
      <p>Ventricular remodeling is an adaptive response of the heart to hemodynamic, neurohormone stimuli and to genetic factors. It is associated with a modification in the shape, size, composition, and function of the heart <sup>1</sup>. Acute myocardial infarction is currently one of the most important causes of cardiac remodeling and significantly contributes to ventricular dilation, myocardial fibrosis, ventricular dysfunction, and development of congestive heart failure. Postinfarction remodeling is a phenomenon that begins right after coronary occlusion. In that phase, myocytic necrosis occurs, being followed by stretching of the infarcted area, which constitutes the expansion of the infarction. This may result in muscular rupture or formation of a ventricular aneurysm. Approximately 72 hours after the acute event, remodeling encompasses the entire heart. During that period, ventricular dilation, change in geometry, and hypertrophy of the remaining musculature is evident. The incapability of the heart to normalize wall stress results in progressive cardiac dilation, recruitment of the myocardium around the scar, and deterioration of the contractile function <sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although myocardial remodeling is a complex phenomenon involving several stimuli, the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system has gained special attention in the last decade. From the therapeutic point of view, the benefits of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and of AT1 receptor blockers are innumerous <sup>2-4</sup>. However, it has not been well defined whether the effects of the 2 classes of drugs are comparable in regard to ventricular hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis in the viable myocardium after acute coronary occlusion.</p>
      <p>Lisinopril is an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor widely used in clinical practice for treating arterial hypertension, as well as an adjuvant drug for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction <sup>5-8</sup>. It inhibits the formation of angiotensin II and aldosterone. That drug has a direct hemodynamic effect on the vessels, reducing the afterload, and a beneficial effect on ventricular remodeling.</p>
      <p>Blockade of the angiotensin II activity may also be obtained by use of antagonists of angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptors. Recent studies have shown the beneficial effects of AT1 antagonists on myocardial remodeling after myocardial infarction with improvement in cardiac function, as well as an increase in survival <sup>9</sup>. Losartan is an antagonist of angiotensin II receptors. It acts through direct competition with angiotensin II for only one class of receptors (AT1), has a significant role in reducing the process of interstitial fibrosis <sup>3</sup>, and in reducing the mortality and morbidity associated with heart failure after acute myocardial infarction <sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing the role of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril) and an AT1 receptor blocker (losartan) in myocardial remodeling in the heart of rats experiencing experimental infarction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All procedures were submitted to and approved by the Ethical Committee on Animal Research and were in accordance with the ethical principles on animal experiments adopted by the Brazilian College of Animal Experiments.</p>
      <p>This study used male Wistar rats from the Animal Facility of the University, whose weights ranged from 200 to 250g. The animals were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) and underwent left lateral thoracotomy. After exteriorization of the heart, the left atrium was pushed aside and the left coronary artery was ligated with a 5.00 mononylon thread between the emergence of the pulmonary artery and the left atrium. Then, the heart was replaced into the thorax, the lungs inflated with positive pressure, and the thoracic wall was sutured with #10 cotton thread. After recovery from anesthesia, the animals were maintained in cages, fed a standard commercial food preparation, with free access to water. Three animals were placed in each cage, with control of light (12-hour cycles), temperature (approximately 25&#176;C), and humidity.</p>
      <p>The 35 surviving animals were divided into 3 groups: group NT (n=11), comprising infarcted animals, which received no medication; group LIS (n=13), comprising infarcted animals, which received lisinopril (20 mg/kg/day dissolved in drinking water); group LOS (n=11), comprising infarcted animals, which received losartan (20 mg/kg/day dissolved in drinking water). The treatment was initiated 12 hours after surgery and maintained for 3 months. Noninfarcted animals of the same race, sex, and age, and submitted to the same environmental conditions were used as controls (CONT, n=11). After 3 months, the animals were weighed (BW), anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg), and underwent euthanasia. Their hearts were removed, dissected, and the right and left ventricles, including the ventricular septum, were isolated and weighed.</p>
      <p>Samples of the cardiac tissue were fixed in a solution of 10% formalin for 48 hours. After fixation, the tissue was embedded in paraffin blocks, and, then, 4-micron coronal histological sections were obtained. The histological slides were stained with a solution of hematoxylin and eosin or Masson's trichrome for assessing the sectional areas of myocytes (AC). The myocardial interstitium was assessed on 6-micron coronal histological sections stained using the picrosirius red technique, specific for visualizing collagen.</p>
      <p>The histological sections stained with the hematoxylin and eosin solution or Masson's trichrome were used for measuring the sectional areas of the myocytes with a DM LS LEICA microscope coupled with a video camera, which sends a digital image to a computer that has the Image Pro-plus analysis program (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA). Fifty to 70 cells per ventricle analyzed were measured. The myocytes selected were transversely sectioned, had a round shape, a visible central nucleus, and were located in the subendocardial layer of the right and left ventricular muscular wall. This aimed at maximum uniformity of the sets of myocytes of the different groups. The mean areas obtained for each group were used as an indicator of cell size.</p>
      <p>The histological sections stained with the picrosirius red solution were used for assessing the collagen fractions (CVF) present in the interstitium of the cardiac tissues of the right and left ventricles. Reading was performed with polarized light in the LEICA DM LS microscope coupled with a video camera that sends a digital image to a computer that has the Image Pro-plus analysis program (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA). Thirty to 40 fields per ventricle were measured with a 40X objective. The fields chosen were located far from the infarcted area and from the perivascular region.</p>
      <p>The biochemical quantification of hydroxyproline (HOP) was performed in a segment of myocardial tissue far from the infarcted area, according to a previously described method <sup>11</sup>. The method is based on oxidation of a cardiac tissue hydrolysate in 6N HCl by chloramine T solution, followed by color obtainment by use of the reaction with the Ehrlich&#180;s solution and reading in optical density at a wave length of 565 nm.</p>
      <p>The variables studied are presented as means and respective standard deviations, and the comparisons between the groups were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Tukey test, adopting a significance level of P&lt;0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean values and respective standard deviations of the body weights, ventricular weights, ventricular weights corrected for body weights, sectional areas of the myocytes, and myocardial concentrations of HOP are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table I</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0010-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No statistical difference was found in mean body weight (BW) between the groups of infarcted rats 3 months after treatment and the control group. No difference was found in the experimental groups (CONT: 36&#177;7%; LIS: 36&#177;6%; LOS: 39&#177;6%) in regard to the infarcted area. The statistical analysis showed that the mean ventricular weights and the left ventricular weight-to-body weight ratio (LV/BW) were lower in groups LIS, LOS, and CONT when compared with those in group NT. No statistically significant difference was observed in the left ventricular weight and in the LV/BW ratio between the groups LIS and LOS. Acute myocardial infarction led to an increase in right ventricular mass, which was prevented by lisinopril, but not by losartan.</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis showed that the sectional areas of the myocytes of the right and left ventricles in groups NT, LIS, and LOS were greater than those in group CONT (P&lt;0.001). The areas of the myocytes in groups LOS and LIS were significantly smaller than those in group NT (P&lt;0.05). No significant difference in the sectional area in both ventricles was observed between the groups LOS and LIS.</p>
      <p>A statistically significant increase in the left ventricular CVF was observed in group NT as compared with that in groups CONT, LIS, and LOS. Group LIS had a left ventricular CVF significantly greater than that in group CONT, and no difference was observed between groups LIS and LOS. No statistically significant difference in the right ventricular collagen fraction was observed in the groups analyzed. The level of hydroxyproline in the left ventricle was significantly greater in the infarcted group as compared with that in the control group, independently of the treatment received.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction was accompanied by left and right ventricular hypertrophy as shown by the ventricular weights and measurements of the cellular areas. The results showed that muscular growth was highly compensatory, ie, the remaining myocytes had a hypertrophy that exceeded the area lost due to myocardial necrosis. According to the literature, this result suggests that hypertrophy is not due only to the mechanical stimulation of the elevation in the preload or afterload <sup>12</sup>. Local mechanical stimuli, through stretching and activation of the mechanotransducers, associated with the inflammatory reaction due to myocytic necrosis cause release of growth factors that stimulate hypertrophy and fibrosis <sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The right ventricle showed no infarcted area detected on optical microscopy, and the presence of right ventricular hypertrophy could be attributed to 2 factors: the mechanical stimulation triggered by pulmonary hypertension and activation of the systemic or local neurohormone system <sup>15</sup>. After acute myocardial infarction, different degrees of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction frequently occur. The consequences of that dysfunction are as follows: pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction, and right ventricular overload and hypertrophy. This hypertrophy could also result from the trophic action of the neurohormone mediators released after acute myocardial infarction, such as angiotensin II, which, by coupling with specific receptors activate intracellular mediators that cause the expression of proto-oncogenes, promoters of protein synthesis <sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the treatment of rats after acute myocardial infarction with lisinopril or losartan proved to be effective for preventing the increase in ventricular mass. The reductions in the right and left ventricular weights and in the ventricular weight-to-body weight ratio were significant in both measurements as compared with those in the nontreated infarcted group, and the parameters were reduced to levels similar to those in the noninfarcted control group. These results were similar to those obtained by other authors <sup>18,19</sup>, who reported a reduction in the ventricular mass in infarcted hearts of rats treated with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor or with an antagonist of the angiotensin AT1 receptors. In the groups treated, the measurement of ventricular weight showed lack of mass gain; however, measurement of the myocytic cellular areas showed the occurrence of myocytic hypertrophy as compared with that in the noninfarcted control group. Therefore, the measurement of ventricular weight and of ventricular weight-to-body weight ratio is not a good parameter for assessing myocardial hypertrophy in the presence of infarction. Therefore, depending on the size of the infarcted area, the measurement of ventricular weight tends to underestimate the presence of ventricular hypertrophy. Based on the results obtained, we observed that, in the presence of myocardial infarction, the measurement of the cellular area of the myocyte is a better index of ventricular hypertrophy than the parameter of ventricular weight.</p>
      <p>The measurement of left ventricular collagen fraction (CVF) showed an increase in interstitial fibrosis in remote areas of infarction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tab. I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_22998f1-body2">fig. 1</xref>). In the present study, a smaller CVF was observed in the infarcted groups treated with lisinopril or losartan. These results were similar to those found by other researchers, who reported prevention of interstitial fibrosis in animals treated with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors or with antagonists of the angiotensin II AT1 receptors <sup>3,20-22</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_22998f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-01-0010-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Greater levels of right ventricular CVF were found in infarcted rats. However, no significant differences were detected between the groups studied. We believe that the great variability in these data associated with the small size of the sample may have hindered the detection of the statistical difference. We have also observed smaller CVF values than those reported in the literature. The use of linear polarized light filter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_22998f1-body2">fig. 1</xref>) seems to underestimate the CVF value, suggesting that the ideal method would be the use of a circular polarized light filter <sup>23</sup>. As the same methodology was used in all groups, the comparison between them could be established.</p>
      <p>The HOP value was significantly greater in group NT as compared with that in groups CONT, LIS, and LOS. Unlike CVF measurement, that of HOP was not sufficiently sensitive to detect the modifications in myocardial fibrosis due to treatment. However, we cannot exclude the possibility of including peri-infarction tissue in HOP quantification, which could falsify the effect of the treatment on interstitial fibrosis. Thus, in this model of experimental infarction and in regard to the analysis of myocardial fibrosis, we can assume that CVF measurement is more reliable than HOP quantification, because direct histological viewing allows the definitive exclusion of the scar area.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, myocardial remodeling after acute myocardial infarction results mainly from hypertrophy of the remaining myocytes and interstitial fibrosis. Postinfarction hypertrophy of myocytes and interstitial fibrosis may be prevented by using angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (lisinopril) or an AT1 receptor antagonist (losartan). Further studies are required to establish whether the tissular response in the infarcted area is different from that in the noninfarcted area for the mechanical and neurohormone stimuli, and whether the remodeling response depends on the type of treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank Elenize Jamas Pereira, Jose Carlos Georgette, Vitor M. Souza, and Rogerio A. Monteiro for technical support, and FAPESP (n1 00/13798 process) for financial support.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondece to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luiz Shiguero Matsubara</p>
          <p> Depto. de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP</p>
          <p> Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior s/n - 18618-000 - Botucatu - SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lsmatsu@cardiol.br">lsmatsu@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 4/16/03</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 3/9/04</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
