<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NTYYmVdzLDQwtPwPLTYf8NL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001900012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001900012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Vari&#225;veis Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e o tipo de cirurgia a ser realizada na regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral reum&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assef</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pontes Junior</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Bellio de Mattos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maldonado</surname>
            <given-names>Mercedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saleh</surname>
            <given-names>Mohamed Hassam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Le Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gimenes</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Marcia Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Zilda Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paulista</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Paredes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>spe</issue>
      <fpage>64</fpage>
      <lpage>70</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Identificar vari&#225;veis Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas associadas ao tipo de cirurgia realizada na regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral reum&#225;tica e determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre essas vari&#225;veis e resultados da plastia em m&#233;dio prazo. M&#201;TODOS: Analisaram-se vari&#225;veis Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em 68 pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral reum&#225;tica grave no dia pr&#233;vio &#224; cirurgia, que foram divididos, segundo a cirurgia realizada, em grupo-plastia e grupo-troca. Grupo-plastia submeteu-se tamb&#233;m a Doppler-ecocardiograma antes da alta hospitalar e seis meses ap&#243;s. Compararam-se vari&#225;veis Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas do exame pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio ao tipo de cirurgia e grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o detectado seis meses ap&#243;s. RESULTADOS: Os grupos foram iguais nas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O grupo-troca apresentou &#225;rea mitral menor (p = 0.001). Na an&#225;lise univariada as vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; troca foram restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade dos folhetos anterior (p = 0.01) e posterior (p = 0.01), calcifica&#231;&#227;o do folheto anterior (p = 0.01) e fus&#227;o de cordoalha (p = 0.018). Restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior e &#225;rea permaneceram como determinantes independentes de implante prot&#233;tico p&#243;s-an&#225;lise multivariada. Dos 7 pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral maior que discreta, detectada 6 meses ap&#243;s plastia, 6 mostraram antes da cirurgia restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior e 4, fus&#227;o de cordoalha. CONCLUS&#195;O: Probabilidade de troca valvar &#233; 3,8 vezes maior quando presente restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior da valva mitral e 2,2 vezes maior para cada 0,5 cm&#178; de redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea mitral. Restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior e fus&#227;o de cordoalha est&#227;o associadas &#224; regurgita&#231;&#227;o maior que discreta, observada 6 meses ap&#243;s plastia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doppler-ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral reum&#225;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e o tipo de cirurgia a ser realizada na regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral reum&#225;tica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Jorge Eduardo Assef; Leopoldo Soares Piegas; S&#233;rgio Cunha Pontes Junior; Rodrigo Bellio de Mattos Barretto; Mercedes Maldonado; Mohamed Hassam Saleh; David Le Bihan; Vera Marcia Lopes Gimenes; Zilda Machado Meneghelo; Paulo Paredes Paulista </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Identificar vari&#225;veis Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas associadas ao tipo de cirurgia realizada na regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral reum&#225;tica e determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre essas vari&#225;veis e resultados da plastia em m&#233;dio prazo. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Analisaram-se vari&#225;veis Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em 68 pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral reum&#225;tica grave no dia pr&#233;vio &#224; cirurgia, que foram divididos, segundo a cirurgia realizada, em grupo-plastia e grupo-troca. Grupo-plastia submeteu-se tamb&#233;m a Doppler-ecocardiograma antes da alta hospitalar e seis meses ap&#243;s. Compararam-se vari&#225;veis Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas do exame pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio ao tipo de cirurgia e grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o detectado seis meses ap&#243;s. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os grupos foram iguais nas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O grupo-troca apresentou &#225;rea mitral menor (p = 0.001). Na an&#225;lise univariada as vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; troca foram restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade dos folhetos anterior (p = 0.01) e posterior (p = 0.01), calcifica&#231;&#227;o do folheto anterior </p>
    <p> (p = 0.01) e fus&#227;o de cordoalha (p = 0.018). Restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior e &#225;rea permaneceram como determinantes independentes de implante prot&#233;tico p&#243;s-an&#225;lise multivariada. Dos 7 pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral maior que discreta, detectada 6 meses ap&#243;s plastia, 6 mostraram antes da cirurgia restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior e 4, fus&#227;o de cordoalha. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Probabilidade de troca valvar &#233; 3,8 vezes maior quando presente restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior da valva mitral e 2,2 vezes maior para cada 0,5 cm<sup>2 </sup>de redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea mitral. Restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior e fus&#227;o de cordoalha est&#227;o associadas &#224; regurgita&#231;&#227;o maior que discreta, observada 6 meses ap&#243;s plastia. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doppler-ecocardiografia, cirurgia, regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral reum&#225;tica</p>
    <p> A doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, em nosso pa&#237;s, &#233; ainda uma das causas mais prevalentes da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral. Diferentemente da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral ocasionada por degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa ou doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica, a doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica pode apresentar restri&#231;&#227;o, espessamento de folhetos e anormalidades acentuadas da regi&#227;o subvalvar<sup>1</sup>, tamb&#233;m, comumente associada &#224; estenose valvar. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral reum&#225;tica incide geralmente em indiv&#237;duos jovens e deve ser avaliada de modo diferenciado em suas abordagens cl&#237;nica e cir&#250;rgica. Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado a superioridade da plastia mitral (cirurgia conservadora) sobre a troca valvar (implante de pr&#243;tese), quando da necessidade do tratamento cir&#250;rgico. A primeira acompanha-se de menor incid&#234;ncia de endocardite infecciosa e de complica&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, assim como est&#225; associada a melhor preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda ap&#243;s a cirurgia<sup>2-6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na atualidade, a Doppler-ecocardiografia desempenha papel importante em determinar, antecipadamente, o tipo de cirurgia que pode ser realizada para a corre&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral<sup>7-9</sup>. Aspectos morfol&#243;gicos e funcionais obtidos pela Doppler-ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e transesof&#225;gica permitem, de um modo geral, estimar em 85% a possibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o e o sucesso da plastia valvar mitral nos portadores de degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa, particularmente quando o folheto posterior &#233; o mais comprometido<sup>10-12</sup>. No entanto, os estudos que tentam validar a Doppler-ecocardiografia, como instrumento poderoso para predizer o tipo de cirurgia a ser realizada nos portadores de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, carecem de um n&#250;mero expressivo de pacientes. De fato, as caracter&#237;sticas &#250;nicas da doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica diminuem a probabilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o da plastia valvar mitral, com taxas estimadas em 50%<sup>13</sup>. At&#233; o momento, as vari&#225;veis obtidas pela Doppler-ecocardiografia para predizer a cirurgia a ser realizada na regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral de diversas etiologias n&#227;o s&#227;o aplic&#225;veis aos pacientes com doen&#231;a de etiologia reum&#225;tica. </p>
    <p>O conhecimento pr&#233;vio do tipo de cirurgia a ser realizado, determinado pela identifica&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, poder&#225; auxiliar o cardiologista at&#233; mesmo na tomada de decis&#227;o do momento ideal para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Os subgrupos que mais se beneficiar&#227;o dessa informa&#231;&#227;o ser&#227;o os portadores de regurgita&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica grave com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal e as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: a) assintom&#225;ticos, encaminhados para cirurgia somente os que apresentarem alta probabilidade de plastia; b) jovens com baixa condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica, que apresentam pouca ades&#227;o &#224; terap&#234;utica anticoagulante, caso esse tratamento seja obrigat&#243;rio, decorrente do implante de pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica; e c) jovens do sexo feminino, que apresentam contra-indica&#231;&#227;o relativa ao uso de anticoagulantes durante o estado gestacional. Nesses dois &#250;ltimos subgrupos de pacientes, o conhecimento pr&#233;vio da impossibilidade de plastia valvar poder&#225; resultar, em alguns casos, na posterga&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cir&#250;rgico, uma vez que o implante de pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas em pacientes de baixa faixa et&#225;ria n&#227;o raramente se acompanha de r&#225;pida degenera&#231;&#227;o do tecido prot&#233;tico. Outro grupo seria formado por pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral cr&#244;nica grave e classe funcional III ou classe funcional IV (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic>), que apresentam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o muito reduzida (&lt; 0,30)<sup>14</sup>. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, a plastia valvar mitral seria a cirurgia mais indicada (se n&#227;o a &#250;nica), pelo fato de melhor preservar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi o de identificar vari&#225;veis Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas associadas ao tipo de cirurgia a ser realizada (plastia ou troca valvar), nos pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral de origem reum&#225;tica, e, tamb&#233;m, o de reconhecer determinantes Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do sucesso da plastia mitral ap&#243;s seis meses de cirurgia conservadora. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, tendo, todos os pacientes, assinado termo de consentimento. De 1999 a 2002, 87 pacientes foram internados em nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o para tratamento cir&#250;rgico de prov&#225;vel regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral de origem reum&#225;tica, sendo as indica&#231;&#245;es da cirurgia baseadas nas diretrizes do Col&#233;gio Americano de Cardiologia/ Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana do Cora&#231;&#227;o (<italic>ACC/AHA</italic>)<sup>14</sup>. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral cr&#244;nica grave de etiologia reum&#225;tica, estabelecido por crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e/ou Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, isolada ou associada &#224; estenose valvar mitral de grau discreto, com &#225;rea <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,0cm<sup>2</sup>. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o compreenderam: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral aguda, febre reum&#225;tica ativa, endocardite infecciosa aguda, regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar a&#243;rtica moderada ou grave e contra-indica&#231;&#227;o &#224; ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica. </p>
    <p>Todos pacientes submeteram-se ao Doppler-ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e transesof&#225;gico multiplanar<sup>15-18</sup> um dia antes da cirurgia, utilizando equipamentos ultrassonogr&#225;ficos comercialmente dispon&#237;veis. Os exames foram realizados de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>15</sup>. Todos os estudos foram gravados em fitas de v&#237;deo para posterior an&#225;lise, quando necess&#225;ria. A etiologia reum&#225;tica foi estabelecida quando, associada &#224; hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, observou-se ao Doppler-ecocardiograma espessamento e ocasionalmente calcifica&#231;&#227;o dos componentes da valva mitral, eventual redu&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade dos folhetos e/ou fus&#227;o comissural<sup>19</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral foi obtida pelas t&#233;cnicas transtor&#225;cica e transesof&#225;gica, empregando-se o c&#225;lculo do orif&#237;cio efetivo de regurgita&#231;&#227;o (OER)<sup>20</sup>, a medida da largura da <italic>vena contracta</italic><sup>21</sup><italic>,</italic> o padr&#227;o de fluxo da veia pulmonar<sup>22</sup>, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as &#225;reas do jato regurgitante e do &#225;trio esquerdo<sup>23</sup> e o comprimento do jato regurgitante no interior do &#225;trio esquerdo<sup>24</sup>. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o foi considerada grave quando estavam presentes pelo menos dois dos seguintes achados: OER &gt; 0,4 cm<sup>2</sup>, largura da <italic>vena contracta</italic> &gt; 0,5cm, presen&#231;a de fluxo sist&#243;lico reverso em veia(s) pulmonar(es), rela&#231;&#227;o entre as &#225;reas do jato regurgitante e do &#225;trio esquerdo &gt; 40% e comprimento do jato regurgitante no interior do &#225;trio esquerdo &gt; 4,5 cm. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral foi considerada como discreta quando da presen&#231;a de OER &lt; 0,2 cm<sup>2</sup>, largura da <italic>vena contracta </italic>&lt; 0,2cm, aus&#234;ncia de fluxo sist&#243;lico reverso em qualquer veia pulmonar, rela&#231;&#227;o entre as &#225;reas do jato regurgitante e do &#225;trio esquerdo &lt; 20% e comprimento do jato regurgitante &lt; 1,5 cm. Considerou-se moderada aquela maior do que a discreta, e que n&#227;o preenchia os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para regurgita&#231;&#227;o grave. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas obtidas pelo exame transesof&#225;gico e utilizadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral foram: mobilidade, presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o e a maior espessura dos folhetos, &#225;rea e presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral, e caracter&#237;sticas das cordas tend&#237;neas, assim consideradas: espessamento (na aus&#234;ncia de fus&#227;o e calcifica&#231;&#227;o), fus&#227;o (na aus&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o), calcifica&#231;&#227;o e alongamento<sup>25</sup>. A &#225;rea do anel valvar mitral foi calculada pela formula: pi x r<sub>1</sub> x r<sub>2</sub>, onde r1 e r2 foram os raios obtidos em 0<sup>o</sup> e 90<sup>o</sup> respectivamente. O Doppler-ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foi empregado para o c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea valvar mitral, obtido pela medida do <italic>pressure half time</italic><sup>26</sup>, e para a determina&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, utilizando-se o m&#233;todo de <italic>Simpson</italic><sup>27</sup>. A &#225;rea valvar mitral foi estimada usando a m&#233;dia de cinco medidas consecutivas. </p>
    <p>Cinco cirurgi&#245;es foram envolvidos no estudo, que decidiram o tipo de cirurgia a ser realizado, baseado no grau de distor&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral observado durante a cirurgia. Todos os pacientes submeteram-se a estudo Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico transesof&#225;gico intraoperat&#243;rio. De acordo com a cirurgia realizada, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo-plastia e grupo-troca valvar. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes tratados por meio de plastia submeteram-se a outros dois estudos Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficos: no dia da alta hospitalar (exame II) e seis meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia (exame III). Esses exames tiveram por finalidade detectar e quantificar a gravidade de poss&#237;vel regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral, sendo os resultados comparados com os aspectos Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficos observados antes da cirurgia. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana quando apropriada, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como percentagem. Utilizou-se o programa de computador SPSS 8.0 para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos plastia e troca valvar, foram empregados o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> e o ANOVA para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o "qui quadrado" ou teste exato de Fischer para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, quando apropriado. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi usada para estabelecer associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e o tipo de cirurgia realizada. O valor de p menor que 0,05 foi considerado como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo 19 dos 87 pacientes. Onze, devido &#224; &#225;rea valvar mitral menor que 2,0 cm<sup>2</sup>, seis por n&#227;o apresentarem caracter&#237;sticas reum&#225;ticas na valva mitral e dois por apresentarem regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral de grau menor do que grave, ao estudo Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico. Os 68 pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo apresentaram m&#233;dia de idade de 31,5 &#177; 13,2 anos, sendo 38 (55,9%) mulheres. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, comparando os dois grupos, encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0064-00012-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, foi estimada, em ambos os grupos, em 62,2% &#177; 1,6%. </p>
    <p>Os achados cir&#250;rgicos confirmaram a etiologia reum&#225;tica e a regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral grave em todos os pacientes. Vinte e nove pacientes submeteram-se &#224; cirurgia conservadora (plastia) e 39 &#224; troca valvar. As t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas mais utilizadas nos 29 pacientes submetidos a plastia foram: anuloplastia com implante de anel prot&#233;tico em 21 (72,4%) e com tira de peric&#225;rdio bovino em sete (24,1%), ressec&#231;&#227;o quadrangular do folheto posterior em sete (24,1%), encurtamento de cordas tend&#237;neas em 14 (48,2%), comissurotomia em 11 (37,9%), ressec&#231;&#227;o de cordas secund&#225;rias em seis (20,7%) e imobiliza&#231;&#227;o do folheto posterior em um (3,5%). Nenhum &#243;bito foi observado nesses pacientes. Dos 39 pacientes submetidos &#224; troca valvar, 27 (69,2%) receberam implante de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica, e em 12 (30,8%) foi implantada pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica. Neste grupo, constataram-se a presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s &#243;bitos, todos ocorridos antes da alta hospitalar. Dois por fal&#234;ncia m&#250;ltipla dos &#243;rg&#227;os e um por acidente vascular encef&#225;lico. </p>
    <p>Os resultados dos achados Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficos acham-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>. Os pacientes submetidos ao implante de pr&#243;tese apresentaram &#225;rea valvar mitral menor e mais freq&#252;entemente, restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade dos folhetos, calcifica&#231;&#227;o do folheto anterior e fus&#227;o de cordas tend&#237;neas. As medidas da espessura dos folhetos, o espessamento e alongamento de cordas tend&#237;neas, assim como as caracter&#237;sticas do anel valvar mitral, n&#227;o estiveram associadas ao tipo de cirurgia realizada. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0064-00012-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica identificou que &#225;reas valvares menores e que a restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>) foram os &#250;nicos determinantes independentes para a troca valvar mitral (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0064-00012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0064-00012-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Todos os pacientes tratados por meio da plastia valvar mitral submeteram-se ao 2&#176; exame Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico antes da alta hospitalar (7,97&#177;3,16 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia) e 26 submeteram-se a outro exame, 157,43&#177;47,34 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia. O exame Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico demonstrou que nenhum dos 29 pacientes estudados, antes da alta hospitalar, apresentou regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral de grau maior que leve. Sete (24,13%) n&#227;o apresentaram regurgita&#231;&#227;o, 10 (34,48%) apresentaram regurgita&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima e 12 (41,37%), regurgita&#231;&#227;o de grau leve. </p>
    <p>Entretanto, constatou-se que sete (26,9%) pacientes dos 26 submetidos ao &#250;ltimo exame demonstraram regurgita&#231;&#227;o de grau maior do que discreto, sendo todas de grau moderado. Destes, seis (85,71%) apresentaram restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior (p &lt; 0,001) e quatro (57,14%), fus&#227;o de cordas tend&#237;neas (p = 0,002), no exame Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico realizado antes da cirurgia. Esses dados representam 100% dos pacientes com restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior e fus&#227;o de cordas tend&#237;neas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>) encaminhados para a cirurgia reparadora (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0064-00012-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0064-00012-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A concord&#226;ncia inter-observador das vari&#225;veis Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas categ&#243;ricas foram estabelecidas usando a medida de Kappa, cujos resultados demonstraram os valores de 0.74, 0.86 e 0.69 para espessamento, calcifica&#231;&#227;o e alongamento das cordas tend&#237;neas, respectivamente. As demais vari&#225;veis mostraram valores de Kappa iguais a um. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vantagens da plastia sobre o implante de pr&#243;tese valvar incluem menor mortalidade, diminuto risco de tromboembolismo, aus&#234;ncia da necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e melhor preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ap&#243;s a cirurgia, fatos que tornariam a reconstru&#231;&#227;o mitral n&#227;o somente uma alternativa para a troca valvar, mas a escolha ideal de tratamento nos casos exeq&#252;&#237;veis. Ademais, quest&#245;es recentes relacionadas &#224; possibilidade e &#224; durabilidade dos reparos foram satisfatoriamente respondidas, tendo sido demonstrados resultados excelentes, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral, decorrente de processos degenerativos e isqu&#234;micos. Por outro lado, em les&#245;es de etiologia reum&#225;tica, resultados apenas aceit&#225;veis s&#227;o reflexo do alto &#237;ndice de regurgita&#231;&#245;es residuais significativas, com subseq&#252;ente incid&#234;ncia elevada de reopera&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que a Doppler-ecocardiografia tem importante papel em predizer o tipo de cirurgia a ser realizada em portadores de regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral de etiologia reum&#225;tica. O n&#250;mero de pacientes deste estudo &#233; o mais alto descrito na literatura, onde se comparam os achados Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficos obtidos previamente &#224; cirurgia com o tipo de cirurgia efetivamente realizada para a corre&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia mitral de origem reum&#225;tica. Desta forma, assegura-se utilidade da Doppler-ecocardiografia no manejo de portadores desse tipo de doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi representativa dos portadores de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica. Estes eram, em sua maioria, jovens e do sexo feminino, compar&#225;veis aos resultados do estudo de Sand e cols.<sup>28</sup>. </p>
    <p>Chauvaud e cols.<sup>29</sup> tamb&#233;m avaliaram pacientes reum&#225;ticos, com regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral grave e submetidos &#224; cirurgia conservadora. Sua popula&#231;&#227;o continha caracter&#237;sticas similares &#224;s do presente estudo, respectivamente, m&#233;dia de idade de 26 anos e 29 anos, preval&#234;ncia de ritmo sinusal de 63% e 82%, e preval&#234;ncia de restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade dos folhetos de 60% e 55%. Mais ainda, o percentual de indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224;s t&#233;cnicas de anuloplastia foi praticamente id&#234;ntico, e realizada em aproximadamente 95% dos pacientes em ambos os estudos. </p>
    <p>A plastia valvar p&#244;de ser realizada somente em 43% dos pacientes em nosso estudo, achado este similar ao descrito por Chavez e cols.<sup>30</sup>, que tamb&#233;m avaliaram pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral de etiologia exclusivamente reum&#225;tica. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos aspectos Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da valva mitral demonstrou importantes vari&#225;veis, que certamente correlacionaram-se com o tipo de cirurgia executada. A &#225;rea valvar mitral foi menor nos indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; troca valvar. Quando da aplica&#231;&#227;o da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, constatou-se que varia&#231;&#245;es para baixo de 0,5 cm<sup>2</sup> na &#225;rea valvar associaram-se &#224; probabilidade 2,2 vezes maior de os pacientes serem tratados por meio do implante prot&#233;tico. De modo geral, esse achado relaciona-se ao fato de que quanto menor a &#225;rea valvar mitral mais intenso o acometimento anat&#244;mico que as diferentes regi&#245;es do aparelho valvar podem apresentar, significando que quanto maior o grau de espessamento e calcifica&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos e das cordas tend&#237;neas, assim como a fus&#227;o desta &#250;ltima estrutura e da regi&#227;o das comissuras, menor o grau de abertura dos folhetos. </p>
    <p>T&#227;o importante quanto a associa&#231;&#227;o das anormalidades anat&#244;micas com a abertura da valva &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o direta e inversamente proporcional desta &#250;ltima com o resultado final do acometimento anat&#244;mico, ou seja, a restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade dos folhetos. Portanto, quanto maior a restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade dos folhetos, menor a &#225;rea de abertura da valva mitral. Assim sendo, seria de se esperar associa&#231;&#227;o significativa e direta entre a presen&#231;a de restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade dos folhetos e a substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar. A presen&#231;a de restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior reduziu a chance de plastia valvar mitral em 3,8 vezes. Esse resultado reflete a dificuldade encontrada pelos cirurgi&#245;es em praticar reparos valvares em pacientes que apresentam, como principal fator patogen&#233;tico da regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral, altera&#231;&#245;es no folheto anterior. Essa dificuldade pode ser explicada, em parte, pelas dimens&#245;es e pelo formato desse folheto, que representam aspecto desfavor&#225;vel &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de ressec&#231;&#245;es, quer sejam triangulares ou quadrangulares. Outro motivo para tal dificuldade baseia-se no fato de parte do anel relacionado ao folheto anterior estar localizado entre os tr&#237;gonos fibrosos do cora&#231;&#227;o (esquerdo e direito). Esta &#233; uma &#225;rea de dif&#237;cil acesso e, portanto, de dif&#237;cil manuseio cir&#250;rgico. &#201; tamb&#233;m uma regi&#227;o de extrema import&#226;ncia, por estar relacionada &#224; sustenta&#231;&#227;o da valva. No presente estudo, todos os pacientes com restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior e que foram submetidos a plastia valvar, apresentaram regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral de grau maior do que leve, seis meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia, apesar dos resultados satisfat&#243;rios dentro da sala cir&#250;rgica e na alta hospitalar. De acordo com Carpentier e cols.<sup>13</sup>, a fus&#227;o de cordas tend&#237;neas &#233; a causa mais importante que determina a restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade dos folhetos. </p>
    <p>Os achados deste trabalho est&#227;o de acordo com os demonstrados por Turner e cols.<sup>31</sup>, que consideram contra-indica&#231;&#227;o formal a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia reparadora mitral em indiv&#237;duos que apresentam restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior. Nesse estudo, que avaliou os aspectos morfol&#243;gicos e funcionais de pacientes que necessitaram de reopera&#231;&#227;o, nenhum dos 51 portadores de insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave, de etiologia exclusivamente reum&#225;tica, e submetidos &#224; cirurgia reparadora inicial, apresentava esse tipo de altera&#231;&#227;o funcional. Em contra-partida, 49% dos pacientes apresentavam restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto posterior, naquele momento (antes da primeira cirurgia). J&#225; Lessana e cols.<sup>32</sup> sugeriram extrema cautela na realiza&#231;&#227;o de plastia valvar mitral nos pacientes que apresentam restri&#231;&#227;o na mobilidade dos folhetos, sem fazer distin&#231;&#227;o entre os folhetos acometidos. </p>
    <p>Dos 26 pacientes do nosso estudo, com restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior, apenas um n&#227;o evidenciou ao exame Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico, restri&#231;&#227;o concomitante da mobilidade do folheto posterior. Em contrapartida, foram detectados 21 pacientes com restri&#231;&#227;o isolada da mobilidade do folheto posterior da valva mitral, dados estes que sugerem que o acometimento reum&#225;tico, na valva mitral, se inicia provavelmente pela regi&#227;o posterior da valva. </p>
    <p>Este estudo teve a oportunidade de descrever pela primeira vez na literatura, uma an&#225;lise quantitativa da espessura dos folhetos valvares em portadores de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral cr&#244;nica grave. Ambos os folhetos apresentaram espessamento similar e apenas discretamente aumentado (aproximadamente 4,5 mm), sendo caracterizado como grau I se utilizado o escore valvar proposto por Wilkins e cols.<sup>25</sup> e amplamente utilizado nos estudos Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficos realizados em portadores de estenose mitral. Aumento da espessura dos folhetos, t&#227;o discreto, observado nesses pacientes, n&#227;o pareceu ser a causa sua restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade, o que explicaria a aus&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#227;o significativa com a cirurgia de implante de pr&#243;tese valvar. Entretanto, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o do folheto anterior esteve relacionada &#224; troca valvar, muito embora a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica n&#227;o tenha sido executada devido ao reduzido n&#250;mero de pacientes com esta altera&#231;&#227;o. De maneira oposta, a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o do folheto posterior n&#227;o interferiu na decis&#227;o do cirurgi&#227;o quanto ao tipo de cirurgia a ser realizada. </p>
    <p>A &#225;rea do anel mitral apresentou-se 2,5 vezes maior do que a observada em indiv&#237;duos normais<sup>33</sup>, mas n&#227;o teve influ&#234;ncia sobre o tipo de cirurgia realizada. O aumento dos di&#226;metros do anel valvar mitral &#233;, em geral, conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, observado normalmente em portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada ou sobrecarga volum&#233;trica dessa cavidade, como insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica ou insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Assim, uma vez instalada, a dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel pode n&#227;o somente ocasionar, mas at&#233; mesmo exacerbar, o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral j&#225; existente, que, por sua vez, dilataria ainda mais o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o pr&#243;prio anel, aspectos t&#237;picos de um c&#237;rculo vicioso. Turner e cols.<sup>31 </sup>tamb&#233;m verificaram alta preval&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar em portadores de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral de etiologia reum&#225;tica submetidos &#224; cirurgia reparadora. A preval&#234;ncia, determinada pelos cirurgi&#245;es no ato operat&#243;rio, foi de 92,1%. Em estudo multic&#234;ntrico realizado na Holanda<sup>8,9</sup>, a preval&#234;ncia dessa altera&#231;&#227;o foi de 62% e os pacientes, com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave de diversas etiologias, tiveram o diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel determinado por meio de exame Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico, realizado momentos antes da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Utilizando a avalia&#231;&#227;o do cirurgi&#227;o como "padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia", obtiveram uma sensibilidade de 81% para o referido exame. </p>
    <p>As anormalidades das cordas tend&#237;neas foram muito observadas, e diagnosticadas em mais da metade dos pacientes do presente estudo. Um dos motivos dessa alta preval&#234;ncia foi a inclus&#227;o, apenas, de portadores de les&#227;o regurgitante mitral de etiologia reum&#225;tica. Outro motivo seria a subjetividade do exame Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico para o diagn&#243;stico dessas anormalidades. A subjetividade pode ser respons&#225;vel por diverg&#234;ncias de diagn&#243;stico entre os ecocardiografistas, principalmente nos casos de comprometimentos menos acentuados. Deve-se tamb&#233;m considerar que durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o subvalvar, por meio do exame Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico, j&#225; era do conhecimento de um dos autores deste trabalho (ou ao menos existiam fortes evid&#234;ncias) a etiologia da doen&#231;a, fato que pode induzir a diagn&#243;sticos falso positivos. O espessamento de cordoalha &#233; considerado, por Carpentier<sup>13</sup>, como a maior causa de restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade dos folhetos. Neste estudo, o espessamento de cordas tend&#237;neas n&#227;o apresentou nenhum tipo de associa&#231;&#227;o com o tratamento cir&#250;rgico institu&#237;do. Essa falta de associa&#231;&#227;o pode ser devida, em parte, ao fato de ter sido considerada somente a presen&#231;a ou a aus&#234;ncia dessa anormalidade. Muito embora tenham sido desconsiderados espessamentos limitados &#224; regi&#227;o justa valvar (o que corresponderia ao grau I do escore de Wilkins e cols.<sup>25</sup>), v&#225;rios outros graus de acometimento, que poderiam ocasionar diferentes repercuss&#245;es na mobilidade dos folhetos valvares, foram apenas considerados como presentes. Assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel que os pacientes com espessamento mais discreto tenham sido submetidos &#224; cirurgia reparadora, enquanto aqueles com espessamento intenso (e provavelmente com restri&#231;&#227;o mais acentuada da mobilidade dos folhetos) tenham recebido implante de pr&#243;tese. </p>
    <p>As formas mais avan&#231;adas de espessamento podem resultar na fus&#227;o das cordas tend&#237;neas. A preval&#234;ncia dessa anormalidade em estudo que analisou pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral de diversas etiologias foi de 13%<sup>9</sup>, ou seja, duas vezes menor que aquela observada no presente estudo (27,9%). Fus&#245;es extensas, que ocasionam restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade dos folhetos, podem ser consideradas uma das indica&#231;&#245;es do implante de pr&#243;tese. A an&#225;lise univariada demonstrou, neste estudo, haver rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de fus&#227;o de cordoalha e o implante prot&#233;tico. Cumpre salientar que 14 dos 18 pacientes com esse tipo de anormalidade anat&#244;mica foram submetidos &#224; troca valvar. N&#227;o obstante, observou-se evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria desfavor&#225;vel nos quatro pacientes submetidos a plastia valvar e que apresentavam, antes da cirurgia, fus&#227;o de cordas tend&#237;neas. Todos os pacientes com este tipo de altera&#231;&#227;o e submetidos &#224; cirurgia conservadora apresentaram regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral de grau maior do que leve no estudo Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico realizado seis meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Cabe relatar a opini&#227;o de Duran e cols.<sup>34</sup> sobre as principais causas que podem explicar resultados insatisfat&#243;rios ap&#243;s a plastia valvar, ou sejam: a) a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnica impr&#243;pria em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de distor&#231;&#227;o da valva; 2) a reconstru&#231;&#227;o valvar realizada de maneira inadequada; 3) as t&#233;cnicas de plastia, que s&#227;o inst&#225;veis, e os resultados, que podem se deteriorar com o tempo; e 4) a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a de base. </p>
    <p>Carpentier e cols.<sup>13</sup> descreveram que 40% dos pacientes operados para corre&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral grave de qualquer etiologia apresentavam alongamento das cordas tend&#237;neas, sendo esta a principal causa da insufici&#234;ncia mitral observada nos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia conservadora. Tal altera&#231;&#227;o, no presente estudo, n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com o tipo de cirurgia a ser realizada. </p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico, direcionado exclusivamente aos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral grave, de etiologia reum&#225;tica, &#233; de grande valia, pela elevada preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a em nosso meio. Essa doen&#231;a &#233; respons&#225;vel pelo grande n&#250;mero de pacientes jovens com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave, acometendo principalmente as camadas populacionais de baixa renda, aspectos freq&#252;entemente observados em nossa pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica. Esses aspectos tornam dif&#237;cil o manejo de tais pacientes, uma vez que o implante de pr&#243;teses valvares, em pacientes com essas caracter&#237;sticas, n&#227;o raramente &#233; acompanhado de complica&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>O fato de o presente estudo ter demonstrado que os determinantes isolados do implante de pr&#243;tese valvar tenham sido a restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto anterior e a &#225;rea da valva mitral, traz consigo implica&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas relevantes. Ambas as vari&#225;veis s&#227;o corriqueiramente analisadas nos laborat&#243;rios de ecocardiografia por meio de exame realizado por via transtor&#225;cica, e devem-se &#224;s altas taxas de sensibilidade e especificidade dessa t&#233;cnica na avalia&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis em quest&#227;o, em que pese a melhor qualidade de imagem obtida pela via transesof&#225;gica. Sup&#245;e-se com isso que, a Doppler-ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica utilizada de maneira exclusiva, poder&#225; identificar os portadores de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave de etiologia reum&#225;tica que receber&#227;o implante de pr&#243;tese valvar. Apresenta como vantagens sobre a t&#233;cnica transesof&#225;gica o fato de n&#227;o ser invasiva, ter custo menor, apresentar disponibilidade maior, ser de realiza&#231;&#227;o mais f&#225;cil, n&#227;o necessitar de preparos pr&#233;vios e ser mais bem tolerada pelos pacientes, al&#233;m do fato de ser realizada por um n&#250;mero maior de ecocardiografistas. </p>
    <p>Algumas das vari&#225;veis estudadas nesta pesquisa foram analisadas de maneira subjetiva, dentre as quais destacam-se a restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade dos folhetos, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o dos componentes da valva mitral, e o espessamento e alongamento de cordoalha. Tal subjetividade pode ter ocasionado diferentes avalia&#231;&#245;es, tanto feitas por um &#250;nico observador em diferentes momentos como entre diferentes ecocardiografistas. Contudo, deve-se salientar que mesmo as avalia&#231;&#245;es das anormalidades anat&#244;micas e funcionais da valva mitral, realizadas por cirurgi&#245;es e patologistas, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o feitas de maneira subjetiva. Embora m&#233;todos quantitativos de an&#225;lise sejam desej&#225;veis, ainda n&#227;o existem maneiras objetivas "aceit&#225;veis" para a mensura&#231;&#227;o de determinadas vari&#225;veis, como a mobilidade do folheto posterior da valva mitral e o alongamento de cordoalha, entre outras. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo consiste no fato de que diversos cirurgi&#245;es, com habilidades diferentes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia reparadora, estiveram envolvidos nesta pesquisa. Deve-se ressaltar que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e o tipo de cirurgia realizada tamb&#233;m depende da destreza individual de cada cirurgi&#227;o, e isso pode ter influenciado os resultados deste estudo. O porcentual de plastias realizadas neste estudo n&#227;o deve ser extrapolado para outras Institui&#231;&#245;es, sendo a possibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia reparadora inerente a cada Institui&#231;&#227;o. Finalmente, a aus&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s pacientes na avalia&#231;&#227;o Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fica feita em m&#233;dio prazo poderia ter afetado o porcentual de pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral observado seis meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Contudo, a perda de somente 10% dos pacientes desta casu&#237;stica n&#227;o deve ter alterado este resultado de maneira significativa.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Jorge Eduardo Assef </p>
        <p> Rua Cravinhos 114 apto. 101 </p>
        <p> Cep 01408-020 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jorgeassef@uol.com.br">jorgeassef@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 22/06/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 03/09/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Marcus RH, Sareli P, Pocock WA, Barlow, J.B.    The spectrum of severe mitral valve disease in a developing country: correlations    among presentation, surgical pathologic findings and hemodynamic sequelae. Ann    ntern Med. 1994;120:177-83. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The spectrum of severe mitral valve disease in a developing country: correlations among presentation, surgical pathologic findings and hemodynamic sequelae</article-title>
          <source>Ann ntern Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>177</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marcus</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sareli</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pocock</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barlow,</surname>
              <given-names>J B.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Duran CG, Pomar JL, Revuelta JM. Conservative    operation for mitral insufficiency: critical analysis supported by postoperative    hemodynamic studies of 72 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980;79:326-37.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Conservative operation for mitral insufficiency: critical analysis supported by postoperative hemodynamic studies of 72 patients</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>326</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Duran</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pomar</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Revuelta</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Yacoub M, Halim M, Radley-Smith R, Mckay R.    Nijveld A, Towers, M. Surgical treatment of mitral regurgitation caused by floppy    valves: repair versus replacement. Circulation. 1981;64:210-6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Surgical treatment of mitral regurgitation caused by floppy valves: repair versus replacement</article-title>
          <source>Circulation.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>210</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yacoub</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halim</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Radley-Smith</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mckay</surname>
              <given-names>R. Nijveld A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Towers,</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. David TE, Uden DE, Strauss HD. The importance    of mitral apparatus in left ventricular function after correction of mitral    regurgitation. Circulation. 1983;8:76-82. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The importance of mitral apparatus in left ventricular function after correction of mitral regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>76</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>David</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uden</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strauss</surname>
              <given-names>HD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Goldman ME, Mora F, Guarino T, Fuster V, Mindich    BP. Mitral valvuloplasty is superior to valve replacement for preservation of    left ventricular function: an intraoperative two-dimensional echocardiographic    study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987; 10:568-75. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mitral valvuloplasty is superior to valve replacement for preservation of left ventricular function: an intraoperative two-dimensional echocardiographic study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>568</fpage>
          <lpage>75</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goldman</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mora</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guarino</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fuster</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mindich</surname>
              <given-names>BP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Enriquez-Sarano M, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA,    Tajik AJ, Bailey KR, Frye RL. Valve repair improves the outcome of surgery for    mitral regurgitation: a multivariate analysis. Circulation. 1995;91:1022-8.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Valve repair improves the outcome of surgery for mitral regurgitation: a multivariate analysis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1022</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Enriquez-Sarano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaff</surname>
              <given-names>HV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orszulak</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tajik</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frye</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Enriquez-Sarano M, Freeman WK, Tribouilloy    CM. Functional anatomy of mitral regurgitation: accuracy and outcome implications    of transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol.1999;34:1129-36. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Functional anatomy of mitral regurgitation: accuracy and outcome implications of transesophageal echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1129</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Enriquez-Sarano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freeman</surname>
              <given-names>WK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tribouilloy</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Hellemans IM, Pieper EG, Ravelli AC. Comparison    of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography with surgical findings    in mitral regurgitation. The ESMIR research group. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:728-33.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The ESMIR research group</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>728</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hellemans</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pieper</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ravelli</surname>
              <given-names>AC.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Hellemans IM, Pieper EG, Ravelli AC. Prediction    of surgical strategy in mitral valve regurgitation based on echocardiography.    Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands. The ESMIR research    group. Am J Cardiol. 1997; 79: 334-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prediction of surgical strategy in mitral valve regurgitation based on echocardiography: Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands</article-title>
          <source>The ESMIR research group. Am J Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>334</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hellemans</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pieper</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ravelli</surname>
              <given-names>AC.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Craver JM, Cohen C, Weintraub WS. Case-matched    comparison of mitral valve replacement and repair. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990;49:964-9.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Case-matched comparison of mitral valve replacement and repair</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>964</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Craver</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weintraub</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Fernandez J, Joyce DH, Hirschfeld K, Chen.    Factors affecting mitral valve reoperation in 317 survivors after mitral valve    reconstruction. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992; 54:440-7. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Factors affecting mitral valve reoperation in 317 survivors after mitral valve reconstruction</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>440</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandez</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joyce</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hirschfeld</surname>
              <given-names>K,</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Perier P, Stumpf J, Gotz C. Isolated prolapse    of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve: results of reconstructive surgery.    Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 19980; 91: 831-6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Isolated prolapse of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve: results of reconstructive surgery</article-title>
          <source>Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>831</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Perier</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stumpf</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gotz</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Carpentier A. Cardiac valve surgery - the    "french correction". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983;86:323-37. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac valve surgery - the "french correction"</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>323</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carpentier</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Guidelines For The Management Of Patients    With Valve Heart Disease: Executive summary. Circulation 1998;98:1949-84. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>For The Management Of Patients With Valve Heart Disease: Executive summary</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1949</fpage>
          <lpage>84</lpage>
          <volume>98</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Henry WL, Demaria A, Gramiak R. Report of    the American Society of Echocardiography Committee on nomenclature and standards    in two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation. 1980;62:212-5. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Report of the American Society of Echocardiography Committee on nomenclature and standards in two-dimensional echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Circulation.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>212</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Henry</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demaria</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gramiak</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Wilson N, Goldberg SJ, Dickinson DF, Scott    O. Normal intracardiac and great artery blood velocity measurements by pulsed    doppler echocardiography. Br Heart J. 1985;53:451-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Normal intracardiac and great artery blood velocity measurements by pulsed doppler echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>451</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dickinson</surname>
              <given-names>DF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scott</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Omoto R, Kasai C. Physics and instrumentation    of doppler color flow mapping. Echocardiography 1987;4:467-83. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Physics and instrumentation of doppler color flow mapping</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>467</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Omoto</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasai</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Seward JB, Khandheria BK, Oh JK. Transesophageal    echocardiography: technique, anatomic correlations, implementations and clinical    applications. Mayo Clin Proc. 1988;63:649-80. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Transesophageal echocardiography: technique, anatomic correlations, implementations and clinical applications</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin Proc.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>649</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khandheria</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Wannwann LS, Feigenbaum H, Weyman AE, Dillon    JC. Cross-sectional echocardiographic detection of rheumatic mitral regurgitation.    Am J Cardiol. 1978; 41:1258-63. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cross-sectional echocardiographic detection of rheumatic mitral regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1258</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wannwann</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feigenbaum</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weyman</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dillon</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Enriquez-Sarano M, Seward JB, Bailey KR,    Tajik AJ. Effective regurgitant orifice area: a noninvasive doppler development    of an old hemodynamic concept. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:443-51. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effective regurgitant orifice area: a noninvasive doppler development of an old hemodynamic concept</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>443</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Enriquez-Sarano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tajik</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Hall AS, Brickner E, Willett DL, Irani WN,    Afridi I, Grayburn PA. Assessment of mitral regurgitation severity by doppler    color flow mapping of the <italic>vena contracta</italic>. Circulation. 1997;95:636-42.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Assessment of mitral regurgitation severity by doppler color flow mapping of the vena contracta</article-title>
          <source>Circulation.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>636</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brickner</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Willett</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Irani</surname>
              <given-names>WN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afridi</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grayburn</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Klein AL, Obarsky TP, Stewart WJ. Transesophageal    doppler echocardiography of pulmonary venous flow: a new marker of mitral regurgitation    severity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18:518-26. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Transesophageal doppler echocardiography of pulmonary venous flow: a new marker of mitral regurgitation severity</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>518</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Obarsky</surname>
              <given-names>TP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stewart</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Helmcke F, Nanda NC, Hsiung MC. Color doppler    assessment of mitral regurgitation with orthogonal planes. Circulation. 1987;75:175-83.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Color doppler assessment of mitral regurgitation with orthogonal planes</article-title>
          <source>Circulation.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>175</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Helmcke</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nanda</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsiung</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Miyatake K, Izumi S, Okamoto M. Semiquantitative    grading of severity of mitral regurgitation by real-time two-dimensional doppler    flow imaging technique. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7:82-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Semiquantitative grading of severity of mitral regurgitation by real-time two-dimensional doppler flow imaging technique</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>82</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miyatake</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izumi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okamoto</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Wilkins GT, Weyman AE, Abascal VN, Block    PC, Palacios IF. Percutaneous balloon dilatation of the mitral valve: an analysis    of echocardiographic variables related to outcome and mechanism of dilatation.    Br Heart J. 1988;60:299-308. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Percutaneous balloon dilatation of the mitral valve: an analysis of echocardiographic variables related to outcome and mechanism of dilatation</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>299</fpage>
          <lpage>308</lpage>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkins</surname>
              <given-names>GT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weyman</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abascal</surname>
              <given-names>VN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Block</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palacios</surname>
              <given-names>IF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Libanoff AJ, Rodbard S. Atrioventricular    pressure half-time: measurement of mitral valve area. Circulation. 1968;38:144-50.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Atrioventricular pressure half-time: measurement of mitral valve area</article-title>
          <source>Circulation.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1968</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>144</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Libanoff</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodbard</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. American Society Of Echocardiography Committee    On Standards. Recommendations for quantification    of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr.    1989;2:358-67. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Recommendations for quantification of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>358</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>American</surname>
              <given-names>Society</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Sand ME, Naftel DC, Blackstone EH, Kirklin    JW, Karp RB. A comparison of repair and replacement for mitral valve incompetence.    J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.1987; 94:208-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A comparison of repair and replacement for mitral valve incompetence</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>208</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sand</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naftel</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blackstone</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirklin</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karp</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Chauvaud S, Fuzellier JF, Berrebi A, Deloche    A, Fabiani JN, Carpentier A. Long-term (29 years) results of reconstructive    surgery in rheumatic mitral insufficiency. Circulation. 2001;104:12-5. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term (29 years) results of reconstructive surgery in rheumatic mitral insufficiency</article-title>
          <source>Circulation.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>12</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chauvaud</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fuzellier</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berrebi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deloche</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fabiani</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carpentier</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Chavez AM, Cosgrove DM, Lytle BW. Applicability    of mitral valvuloplasty techniques in a north american population. Am J Cardiol.    1988;62:253-6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Applicability of mitral valvuloplasty techniques in a north american population</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>253</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chavez</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cosgrove</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lytle</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Turner E, Wisenbaugh T, Sinovich V, Cronje    S, Sareli P. Morphologic patterns in patients undergoing reoperation after repair    of rheumatic mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol. 1993:71;455-7. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Morphologic patterns in patients undergoing reoperation after repair of rheumatic mitral regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>455</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Turner</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wisenbaugh</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sinovich</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cronje</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sareli</surname>
              <given-names>P.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Lessana A, Carbone C, Romano M. Mitral valve    repair: results and the decision-making process in reconstruction. J Thorac    Cardiovasc Surg. 1990; 99: 622-30. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mitral valve repair: results and the decision-making process in reconstruction</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>622</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lessana</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carbone</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Ormiston JA, Shah PM, Chuwa T, Wong M. Size    and motion of the mitral valve annulus in man. Circulation. 1982;65:713-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Size and motion of the mitral valve annulus in man</article-title>
          <source>Circulation.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>713</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ormiston</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chuwa</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Duran CG, Revuelta JM, Gaite L, Alonso C,    Fleitas MG. Stability of mitral reconstructive surgery at 10-12 years for predominantly    rheumatic valvular disease. Circulation. 1988;78(suppl I):I-91 - I-96.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Stability of mitral reconstructive surgery at 10-12 years for predominantly rheumatic valvular disease</article-title>
          <source>Circulation.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>I</fpage>
          <issue>suppl I</issue>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Duran</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Revuelta</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaite</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alonso</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fleitas</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Doppler echocardiographic variables and the type of surgery to be performed in rheumatic mitral valve regurgitation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To identify the Doppler echocardiographic variables associated with the type of surgery performed in rheumatic mitral valve regurgitation and to determine the relation between those variables and the medium-term results of valvuloplasty. METHODS: Doppler echocardiographic variables were assessed in 68 patients with severe rheumatic mitral valve regurgitation on the day preceding surgery. The patients were divided, according to the surgery performed, into 2 groups: 1) valvuloplasty group; and 2) valve replacement group. The valvuloplasty group also underwent Doppler echocardiography before hospital discharge and 6 months after that. The Doppler echocardiographic variables of the preoperative period were assessed considering the type of surgery performed and the degree of regurgitation detected 6 months later. RESULTS: The groups did not differ in regard to their demographic characteristics and ventricular function. The valve replacement group had a smaller mitral area (P=0.001). In univariate analysis, the variables related to valve replacement were as follows: restricted mobility of the anterior (P=0.01) and posterior (P=0.01) leaflets; calcification of the anterior leaflet (P=0.01); and fusion of the chordae tendineae (P=0.018). Restricted mobility of the anterior leaflet and area remained as independent determining factors of the prosthetic implantation after multivariate analysis. Of the 7 patients with mitral regurgitation greater than mild detected 6 months after valvuloplasty, 6 had, before surgery, restricted mobility of the anterior leaflet and 4 had fusion of the chordae tendineae. CONCLUSION: The chance of valve replacement is 3.8 times greater when restricted mobility of the mitral valve anterior leaflet exists and 2.2 times greater for each 0.5 cm&#178; reduction in the mitral valve area. Restricted mobility of the anterior leaflet and fusion of the chordae tendineae are associated with regurgitation greater than mild, observed 6 months after valvuloplasty.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Doppler echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>rheumatic mitral valve regurgitation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiographic variables and the type of surgery to be performed in rheumatic mitral valve regurgitation</p>
      <p>Jorge Eduardo Assef; Leopoldo Soares Piegas; S&#233;rgio Cunha Pontes Junior; Rodrigo Bellio de Mattos Barretto; Mercedes Maldonado; Mohamed Hassam Saleh; David Le Bihan; Vera Marcia Lopes Gimenes; Zilda Machado Meneghelo; Paulo Paredes Paulista</p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To identify the Doppler echocardiographic variables associated with the type of surgery performed in rheumatic mitral valve regurgitation and to determine the relation between those variables and the medium-term results of valvuloplasty.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Doppler echocardiographic variables were assessed in 68 patients with severe rheumatic mitral valve regurgitation on the day preceding surgery. The patients were divided, according to the surgery performed, into 2 groups: 1) valvuloplasty group; and 2) valve replacement group. The valvuloplasty group also underwent Doppler echocardiography before hospital discharge and 6 months after that. The Doppler echocardiographic variables of the preoperative period were assessed considering the type of surgery performed and the degree of regurgitation detected 6 months later.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The groups did not differ in regard to their demographic characteristics and ventricular function. The valve replacement group had a smaller mitral area (P=0.001). In univariate analysis, the variables related to valve replacement were as follows: restricted mobility of the anterior (P=0.01) and posterior (P=0.01) leaflets; calcification of the anterior leaflet (P=0.01); and fusion of the chordae tendineae (P=0.018). Restricted mobility of the anterior leaflet and area remained as independent determining factors of the prosthetic implantation after multivariate analysis. Of the 7 patients with mitral regurgitation greater than mild detected 6 months after valvuloplasty, 6 had, before surgery, restricted mobility of the anterior leaflet and 4 had fusion of the chordae tendineae.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The chance of valve replacement is 3.8 times greater when restricted mobility of the mitral valve anterior leaflet exists and 2.2 times greater for each 0.5 cm<sup>2 </sup>reduction in the mitral valve area. Restricted mobility of the anterior leaflet and fusion of the chordae tendineae are associated with regurgitation greater than mild, observed 6 months after valvuloplasty. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>Doppler echocardiography, surgery, rheumatic mitral valve regurgitation</p>
      <p>In our country, rheumatic disease is still one of the most prevalent causes of mitral valve regurgitation. Unlike mitral valve regurgitation caused by myxomatous degeneration or ischemic disease, that caused by rheumatic disease may have restriction and thickening of the leaflets, and marked abnormalities in the subvalvular region <sup>1</sup>, which are also commonly associated with valvular stenosis. Rheumatic mitral valve regurgitation usually affects young individuals and should be assessed in a differentiated way in its clinical and surgical approaches. Some studies have reported the superiority of mitral valvuloplasty (conservative surgery) over valvular replacement (prosthesis implantation), when surgical treatment is required. The former has a smaller incidence of infective endocarditis and complications secondary to anticoagulation, and has also been associated with a better preservation of left ventricular systolic function after surgery <sup>2-6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Currently, Doppler echocardiography plays an important role in the early determination of the type of surgery that may be performed for correcting mitral valve regurgitation <sup>7-9</sup>. Morphological and functional aspects obtained on Doppler transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography usually allow estimating at 85% the possibility of performing mitral valvuloplasty and its success in patients with myxomatous degeneration, particularly when the posterior leaflet is the most impaired one <sup>10-12</sup>. However, the studies that try to validate Doppler echocardiography as a powerful instrument for predicting the type of surgery to be performed in patients with rheumatic disease lack an expressive number of patients. In fact, the unique characteristics of rheumatic disease decrease the probability of performing mitral valvuloplasty, with rates estimated at 50% <sup>13</sup>. So far, the variables obtained on Doppler echocardiography for predicting the surgery to be performed in mitral valve regurgitation of different etiologies are not applicable to patients with the disease of rheumatic etiology. </p>
      <p>Previous knowledge of the surgery to be performed, determined by the identification of Doppler echocardiographic variables, may help the cardiologist even in deciding the ideal moment for surgical treatment. The subgroups that will benefit most from that information are the patients with severe chronic regurgitation with normal left ventricular function and the following characteristics: a) asymptomatic patients referred for surgery with a high chance of valvuloplasty; b) young patients with a low socioeconomic condition, who have a low adherence to the anticoagulant therapy, if that treatment is mandatory due to metallic prosthetic implantation; and c) young females with a relative contraindication to the use of anticoagulants during pregnancy. In the latter 2 subgroups, previous knowledge about the impossibility of valvuloplasty may sometimes result in a delay in surgical treatment, because implantation of biological prostheses in young patients may often be accompanied by rapid degeneration of the prosthetic tissue. Another group that could benefit from the previous knowledge about the surgery to be performed is formed by patients with severe chronic mitral regurgitation and New York Heart Association functional class III or IV, who have very reduced ejection fraction (&lt; 0.30) <sup>14</sup>. In that situation, mitral valvuloplasty would be the most indicated surgery (if not the only surgery), because it preserves left ventricular function better than other surgeries do. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at identifying the Doppler echocardiographic variables associated with the type of surgery to be performed (valvuloplasty or valve replacement) in patients with mitral valve regurgitation of rheumatic origin, and also at identifying the Doppler echocardiographic determining factors of success of mitral valvuloplasty 6 months after conservative surgery. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research at the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, and all patients signed the written consent. From 1999 to 2002, 87 patients were admitted to our institution for surgical treatment of a probable mitral valve regurgitation of rheumatic origin, and the indications for surgery were based on the guidelines of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) <sup>14</sup>. The inclusion criteria were as follows: severe chronic mitral regurgitation of rheumatic origin, diagnosed based on clinical or Doppler echocardiographic criteria, isolated or associated with mild mitral valve stenosis, with an area <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.0 cm<sup>2</sup>. The exclusion criteria were as follows: acute mitral valve regurgitation; active rheumatic fever; acute infective endocarditis; moderate or severe aortic valve regurgitation; and contraindication to transesophageal echocardiography. </p>
      <p>All patients underwent transthoracic and multiplanar transesophageal Doppler echocardiography <sup>15-18</sup> one day before surgery, with commercially available ultrasonographic equipment. The examinations were performed according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography <sup>15</sup>. All studies were recorded on videotapes for later analysis, when necessary. The rheumatic etiology was established when, in association with the clinical history, the following characteristics were found on Doppler echocardiography: thickening and occasional calcification of the mitral valve components; occasional reduction in the mobility of the leaflets, or commissural fusion, or both <sup>19</sup>. Assessment of the severity of mitral valve regurgitation was obtained through the transthoracic and transesophageal techniques, by using the following: calculation of the effective regurgitant orifice area (ERO)<sup> 20</sup>; the width of the vena contracta <sup>21</sup>; the flow pattern of the pulmonary vein <sup>22</sup>; the ratio between the areas of the regurgitant jet and the left atrium <sup>23</sup>; and the length of the regurgitant jet into the left atrium <sup>24</sup>. Mitral valve regurgitation was considered severe when at least 2 of the following findings were present: ERO &gt; 0.4 cm<sup>2</sup>; width of the vena contracta &gt; 0.5cm; reverse systolic flow in the pulmonary vein(s); ratio between the areas of the regurgitant jet and the left atrium &gt; 40%; and length of the regurgitant jet into the left atrium &gt; 4.5 cm. Mitral valve regurgitation was considered mild in the presence of the following: ERO &lt; 0.2 cm<sup>2</sup>; width of the vena contracta &lt; 0.2cm; absence of reverse systolic flow in any pulmonary vein; ratio between the areas of the regurgitant jet and left atrium &lt; 20%; and length of the regurgitant jet &lt; 1.5 cm. Mitral valve regurgitation was considered moderate when greater than mild, but smaller than severe regurgitation. </p>
      <p>The Doppler echocardiographic variables obtained through the transesophageal technique and used for mitral valve assessment were as follows: mobility of the leaflets; presence of calcification in the leaflets; thickening of the leaflets; area and presence of mitral ring calcification; and characteristics of the chordae tendineae. The latter were as follows: thickening (in the absence of fusion and calcification); fusion (in the absence of calcification); calcification; and stretching <sup>25</sup>. The area of the mitral valve ring was calculated by using the formula: pi x r<sub>1</sub> x r<sub>2</sub>, where r<sub>1</sub> and r<sub>2</sub> were the radii obtained at 0<sup>o</sup> and 90<sup>o</sup>, respectively. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography was used to calculate the mitral valve area, obtained by measuring the atrioventricular pressure half time<sup> 26</sup>, and to determine the left ventricular ejection fraction, using the Simpson method <sup>27</sup>. The mitral valve area was estimated by using the mean of 5 consecutive measurements. </p>
      <p>Five surgeons took part in the study. They decided the type of surgery to be performed based on the degree of distortion of the mitral valve observed during surgery. All patients underwent intraoperative transesophageal Doppler echocardiography. According to the surgery performed, the patients were divided into the 2 following groups: valvuloplasty group and valve replacement group. </p>
      <p>The patients treated with valvuloplasty underwent 2 other Doppler echocardiographic studies: on the day of hospital discharge (exam II) and 6 months after surgery (exam III). These examinations aimed at detecting and quantifying the severity of the possible mitral valve regurgitation, and the results were compared with those of the Doppler echocardiographic studies performed before surgery. </p>
      <p>The continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median, when appropriate, and the categorical variables were described as percentages. The SPSS 8.0 computer program was used for statistical calculation. For comparing the valvuloplasty and valve replacement groups, the Student<italic> t</italic> test and ANOVA were used for the continuous variables, and the chi-square test or the Fisher exact test was used for the categorical variables, when appropriate. Logistic regression was used to establish the association between the Doppler echocardiographic variables and the type of surgery performed. The value of P &lt; 0.05 was adopted as the significance level. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 87 patients, 19 were excluded from the study due to the following findings on Doppler echocardiography: 11 due to a mitral valve area smaller than 2.0 cm<sup>2</sup>; 6 due to lack of rheumatic characteristics in the mitral valve; and 2 due to mitral valve regurgitation degree less than severe. The 68 patients included in this study had a mean age of 31.5 &#177; 13.2 years, and 38 (55.9%) were women. The comparison of the clinical characteristics of the 2 groups is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0064-00012-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The left ventricular ejection fraction, calculated according to the Simpson method, was estimated in both groups at 62.2% &#177; 1.6%. </p>
      <p>The surgical findings confirmed the rheumatic etiology and the severe mitral valve regurgitation in all patients. Twenty-nine patients underwent conservative surgery (valvuloplasty) and 39 underwent valve replacement. The most used techniques in the 29 patients undergoing valvuloplasty were as follows: annuloplasty with implantation of a prosthetic ring in 21 (72.4%) patients and with bovine pericardium strips in 7 (24.1%) patients; quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet in 7 (24.1%) patients; shortening of the chordae tendineae in 14 (48.2%); commissurotomy in 11 (37.9%); resection of secondary chordae in 6 (20.7%); and immobilization of the posterior leaflet in one (3.5%). None of these patients died. Of the 39 patients undergoing valve replacement, 27 (69.2%) received a biological prosthesis implantation, and 12 (30.8%) received a metallic prosthesis implantation. In this latter group, 3 patients died, all of them during the in-hospital phase as follows: 2 due to multisystem organ failure, and one due to stroke. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table II</xref> shows the Doppler echocardiographic findings. The patients undergoing prosthetic implantation had a smaller mitral valve area, and, more often, restriction on mobility of the leaflets, calcification of the anterior leaflet, and fusion of the chordae tendineae. Measurements of the thickness of the leaflets, the thickening and stretching of the chordae tendineae, as well as the characteristics of the mitral valve ring were not associated with the type of surgery performed. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0064-00012-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Logistic regression identified the smaller valvular areas and the restricted mobility of the anterior leaflet (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>) as the only independent determinants for mitral valve replacement (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0064-00012-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0064-00012-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>All patients treated with mitral valvuloplasty underwent the second Doppler echocardiographic examination before hospital discharge (7.97&#177;3.16 days after surgery), and 26 patients underwent another examination 157.43&#177;47.34 days after surgery. Doppler echocardiography showed that none of the 29 patients studied before hospital discharge had a mitral valve regurgitation degree greater than mild. Seven (24.13%) had no regurgitation, 10 (34.48%) had minimum regurgitation, and 12 (41.37%) had mild regurgitation. </p>
      <p>However, 7 (26.9%) of the 26 patients undergoing the last examination showed regurgitation greater than mild, all of which were moderate. Of those, 6 (85.71%) had restricted mobility of the anterior leaflet (P &lt; 0.001), and 4 (57.14%) had fusion of the chordae tendineae (P = 0.002) on the Doppler echocardiography performed before surgery. These data represent 100% of the patients with restricted mobility of the anterior leaflet and fusion of chordae tendineae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>) referred for reparative surgery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0064-00012-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0064-00012-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The interobserver concordance of the categorical Doppler echocardiographic variables was established using the Kappa statistic, whose results showed the values of 0.74, 0.86, and 0.69 for thickening, calcification, and stretching of the chordae tendineae, respectively. The remaining variables showed Kappa values equal to one. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The advantages of valvuloplasty over valvular prosthesis implantation include smaller mortality, a low risk of thromboembolism, no need for anticoagulation, and better preservation of the left ventricular function after surgery. These advantages make mitral valve reconstruction not only an alternative for valve replacement, but also the ideal choice of treatment in the cases where it is feasible. In addition, the recent questions related to the possibility and durability of the repairs were satisfactorily answered, and excellent results were demonstrated in patients with mitral valve regurgitation due to degenerative and ischemic processes. On the other hand, in lesions with a rheumatic etiology, merely acceptable results are a reflex of the high index of significant residual regurgitation with a subsequent elevated incidence of reoperations. </p>
      <p>The results of the present study have shown that Doppler echocardiography plays an important role in predicting the type of surgery to be performed in patients with mitral valve regurgitation of rheumatic etiology. Our number of patients is the greatest reported in the publications comparing the Doppler echocardiographic findings obtained before surgery with the type of surgery effectively performed for correcting mitral valve regurgitation of rheumatic origin. Therefore, the usefulness of Doppler echocardiography is confirmed for the management of patients with that type of disease. </p>
      <p>The population studied was representative of patients with rheumatic disease, the majority of whom were young women, and the results were comparable to those of the study by Sand et al <sup>28</sup>. </p>
      <p>Chauvaud et al <sup>29</sup> also assessed rheumatic patients with severe mitral valve regurgitation undergoing conservative surgery. The population of their study had characteristics similar to those of the population of the present study, as follows: mean age, 26 years and 29 years, respectively; prevalence of sinus rhythm, 63% and 82%, respectively; and prevalence of restricted mobility of the leaflets, 60% and 55%, respectively. In addition, the percentage of individuals undergoing the techniques of annuloplasty was almost identical, approximately 95% of the patients in both studies. </p>
      <p>Valvuloplasty could be performed in only 43% of our patients, a finding similar to that reported by Chavez et al <sup>30</sup>, who also assessed patients with mitral valve regurgitation exclusively of rheumatic etiology. </p>
      <p>The analysis of the Doppler echocardiographic features of mitral valves showed important variables, which certainly correlated with the type of surgery performed. The mitral valve area was smaller in individuals undergoing valve replacement. The logistic regression showed that 0.5-cm<sup>2</sup> decreases in valvular area were associated with a 2.2-fold greater probability of the patients being treated with prosthetic implantation. Usually this is related to the fact that the smaller the mitral valve area, the more intense the anatomic impairment of the different regions of the valvular apparatus. This means that the greater the degree of thickening and calcification of the leaflets and chordae tendineae, as well as the fusion of the latter structure and the region of the commissures, the smaller the opening degree of the leaflets. </p>
      <p>The direct and inversely proportional relation between valvular opening and the final result of anatomic impairment, ie, restricted mobility of the leaflets, is as important as the association of anatomic abnormalities and valvular opening. Therefore, the greater the restricted mobility of the leaflets, the smaller the opening area of the mitral valve. Thus, a significant and direct association between the presence of restricted mobility of the leaflets and valvular replacement should be expected. The presence of restricted mobility of the anterior leaflet reduced the chance of mitral valvuloplasty by 3.8 times. This result reflects the difficulty of the surgeons in repairing the valves in patients whose major pathogenetic factor for mitral valve regurgitation is the anterior leaflet alteration. This difficulty may be partially explained by the dimensions and shape of that leaflet, which do not favor the performance of resections, both triangular and quadrangular. Another motive of this difficulty is the fact that part of the ring related to the anterior leaflet is located between the fibrous trigones of the heart (left and right). This area is difficult to access, and, therefore, difficult to manage surgically. It is also an extremely important region, because it is related to valve support. In the present study, all patients with restricted mobility of the anterior leaflet who underwent valvuloplasty had mitral valve regurgitation greater than mild 6 months after surgery, despite the satisfactory results in the operating room and on hospital discharge. According to Carpentier et al <sup>13</sup>, the fusion of chordae tendineae is the most important cause determining the restricted mobility of the leaflets. </p>
      <p>The findings in this study are in accordance with those reported by Turner et al <sup>31</sup>, who consider mitral reparative surgery formally contraindicated in individuals with restricted mobility of the anterior leaflet. In our study, which assessed the morphological and functional aspects of patients who required reoperation, none of the 51 patients with severe mitral regurgitation exclusively of rheumatic etiology and undergoing initial reparative surgery had that type of functional alteration. However, 49% of the patients had restricted mobility of the posterior leaflet at that moment (before the first surgery). Lessana et al <sup>32</sup> have suggested extreme caution when performing mitral valvuloplasty in patients with restricted mobility of the leaflets, but they did not distinguish between the impaired leaflets.</p>
      <p>Of the 26 patients in our study with restricted mobility of the anterior leaflet, only one did not show on Doppler echocardiography the concomitant restricted mobility of the posterior leaflet. On the other hand, 21 patients were identified as having isolated restricted mobility of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, data that suggest that rheumatic impairment in the mitral valve may begin in the posterior region of the valve. </p>
      <p>Our study is the first report in the literature about the quantitative analysis of thickening in the valvular leaflets in patients with severe chronic mitral valve regurgitation. Both leaflets had similar and only mild thickening (approximately 4.5 mm), being characterized as degree I when using the valvular score proposed by Wilkins et al <sup>25</sup>, which is largely used in the Doppler echocardiographic studies performed in patients with mitral stenosis. Such a mild leaflet thickening observed in the patients did not seem to be the cause of the restricted leaflet mobility, which would explain the lack of a significant relation to the surgery of valvular prosthesis implantation. However, calcification of the anterior leaflet did relate to valvular replacement, although the statistical analysis was not performed due to the reduced number of patients with that alteration. On the other hand, the presence of calcification in the posterior leaflet did not interfere with the surgeon's decision in regard to the type of surgery to be performed. </p>
      <p>The area of the mitral valve ring in the patients was 2.5-fold greater than that observed in healthy individuals <sup>33</sup>, but did not influence the type of surgery performed. The increase in the diameters of the mitral valve ring is usually consequent to the marked left ventricular dilation observed in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy or volume overload of that cavity, such as aortic or mitral valve regurgitation. Thus, once installed, ring dilation may not only cause mitral valve regurgitation, but may even exacerbate the degree of the regurgitation already present, which can dilate even more the left ventricle and the valvular ring itself, typical aspects of a vicious circle. Turner et al <sup>31 </sup>have also reported a high prevalence of dilation of the valvular ring in patients with mitral valve regurgitation of rheumatic etiology undergoing reparative surgery. The prevalence, determined by surgeons during surgery, was 92.1%. In a multicenter study performed in the Netherlands <sup>8,9</sup>, the prevalence of that alteration was 62%, and the patients with severe mitral valve regurgitation of different etiologies were diagnosed with dilation of the ring by use of Doppler echocardiography performed just before surgical correction. Using the surgeon's assessment as the "reference pattern," 81% sensitivity was obtained for the mentioned examination. </p>
      <p>Abnormalities in the chordae tendineae were frequently observed and diagnosed in more than half of the patients in the present study. One of the motives of this high prevalence was the inclusion only of patients with mitral valve regurgitant lesion of the rheumatic etiology. Another motive was the subjectivity of Doppler echocardiography for diagnosing those abnormalities. Subjectivity may account for diagnostic divergences among echocardiographers, mainly in cases of less severe impairments. It is worth noting that, during the Doppler echocardiographic assessment of the subvalvular region, one of the authors of this study (or at least strong evidence existed) already knew the etiology of the disease, a fact that may have induced false-positive diagnoses. Thickening of the chordae tendineae is considered by Carpentier <sup>13</sup> the major cause of restricted mobility of the leaflets. In our study, thickening of the chordae tendineae showed no type of association with the surgical treatment used. This lack of association may have been partially due to the fact that only the presence or absence of that abnormality was considered. Although thickening limited to the juxtavalvular region was not considered (which corresponded to degree I of the Wilkins et al <sup>25</sup> score), several other degrees of impairment that could have different repercussions on the mobility of the valvular leaflets were only considered as present. Thus, patients with more discrete thickening may have undergone reparative surgery, while those with severe thickening (and probably with more marked restricted mobility of the leaflets) may have undergone prosthetic implantation. </p>
      <p>More advanced forms of thickening may result in fusion of the chordae tendineae. The prevalence of that abnormality in a study analyzing patients with mitral valve regurgitation of different etiologies was 13% <sup>9</sup>, ie, two times smaller than that observed in the present study (27.9%). Extensive fusions that cause restricted mobility of the leaflets may be considered one of the indications for prosthesis implantation. In this study, univariate analysis showed the existence of a relation between the presence of fusion of the chordae and prosthesis implantation. It is worth emphasizing that 14 of 18 patients with that type of anatomic abnormality underwent valve replacement. However, an unfavorable postoperative evolution was observed in the 4 patients undergoing valvuloplasty and who had fusion of the chordae tendineae before surgery. All patients with that type of alteration undergoing conservative surgery had mitral valve regurgitation greater than mild on the Doppler echocardiographic study performed 6 months after surgery. According to Duran et al, <sup>34</sup> the major causes of the unsatisfactory results after valvuloplasty are as follows: a) use of inadequate technique in regard to the degree of valvular distortion; 2) valvular reconstruction performed in an inadequate manner; 3) the techniques of valvuloplasty are unstable and the results may deteriorate over time; and 4) progression of the underlying disease. </p>
      <p>Carpentier et al <sup>13</sup> reported that 40% of the patients undergoing surgical correction of severe mitral valve regurgitation of any etiology had stretching of the chordae tendineae, and that was the major cause of mitral valve regurgitation observed in patients undergoing conservative surgery. In the present study, that alteration was not associated with the type of surgery performed. </p>
      <p>That Doppler echocardiographic study exclusively directed to patients with severe mitral valve regurgitation of rheumatic etiology is extremely useful due to the high prevalence of the disease among us. In our cardiology practice, we have frequently observed that that disease accounts for the great number of young patients with severe mitral valve regurgitation, affecting mainly the low-income population. These aspects hinder the management of such patients, because the implantation of valvular prostheses in patients with those characteristics is frequently accompanied by complications. </p>
      <p>The present study has shown that the isolated determining factors of valvular prosthesis implantation were the restriction on anterior leaflet mobility and the mitral valvular area, and this has relevant practical implications. Both variables are easily analyzed in echocardiographic laboratories through the transthoracic access due to the high rates of sensitivity and specificity of that technique in assessing those variables, despite the better quality of the image obtained through the transesophageal access. One may suppose that the exclusive use of transthoracic Doppler echocardiography may identify patients with severe mitral valve regurgitation of rheumatic etiology who will receive valvular prosthesis implantation. The advantages of that technique over the transesophageal one are as follows: not invasive; lower cost; greater availability; easier to perform; no need for previous preparations; better tolerated by patients; and performed by a greater number of echocardiographers. </p>
      <p>Of the variables subjectively assessed in this study, the following stand out: restricted mobility of the leaflets, calcification of the components of the mitral valve, and thickening and stretching of the chordae tendineae. Such subjectivity may have caused different assessments, both performed by a single observer at different times and between different echocardiographers. However, it is worth emphasizing that even the assessment of anatomic and functional abnormalities of the mitral valve performed by surgeons and pathologists is performed in a subjective manner. Although quantitative methods of analysis are desired, acceptable objective ways of measuring certain variables are still lacking, such as the mobility of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve and stretching of the chordae tendineae. Another limitation of this study was the fact that several surgeons with different skills for performing reparative surgery took part in this research. It is worth emphasizing that the relation between the echocardiographic variables and the type of surgery performed also depends on the individual skill of each surgeon, and this may have influenced our results. The percentage of valvuloplasties performed in this study should not be extrapolated to other institutions, the possibility of performing reparative surgery being inherent to each institution. Finally, the absence of 3 patients in the medium-term Doppler echocardiographic assessment may have affected the percentage of patients with mitral valve regurgitation observed 6 months after surgery. However, the loss of only 10% of the patients of this case series may not have significantly altered the result.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Jorge Eduardo Assef </p>
          <p> Rua Cravinhos 114/101</p>
          <p> Cep 01408-020 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jorgeassef@uol.com.br">jorgeassef@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 06/22/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 09/03/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
