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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nyGBDkXyQrFVn8JXvNNt8LC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001900010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001900010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o comparativa do valor progn&#243;stico de quatro marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas utilizando stents coronarianos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Centemero</surname>
            <given-names>Marinella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staico</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanajura</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;urea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarteschi</surname>
            <given-names>Camila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paes</surname>
            <given-names>Angela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>spe</issue>
      <fpage>53</fpage>
      <lpage>58</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito progn&#243;stico das altera&#231;&#245;es de quatro marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CKMB atividade/massa e troponinas T e I) p&#243;s- stent em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de morte, infarto e novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em um ano e determinar a incid&#234;ncia e as vari&#225;veis preditoras de suas eleva&#231;&#245;es. M&#201;TODOS: Em 199 pacientes tratados por stents em art&#233;rias naturais foram mensurados os quatro marcadores em tr&#234;s per&#237;odos: pr&#233;-procedimento, 6-8h e 14-18h p&#243;s-stent. Curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia e a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica de Cox determinaram o impacto progn&#243;stico das altera&#231;&#245;es na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos em um ano. RESULTADOS: A incid&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es dos 4 marcadores p&#243;s-stent &#233; relativamente freq&#252;ente (6,1% a 32,8%), associa-se &#224; maior complexidade das les&#245;es tratadas (longas e angula&#231;&#245;es &gt;45&#186;) e ao desenvolvimento de intercorr&#234;ncias durante o procedimento (oclus&#227;o de ramos secund&#225;rios, presen&#231;a de angina e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas). A sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de infarto e nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente menor somente nos pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o da CKMB atividade p&#243;s-procedimento em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem esta altera&#231;&#227;o (60% x 85,08%, p=0,025). Influenciaram a sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos o diabetes mellitus (OR: 2,27, p=0,0256), pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o (OR: 3,16, p=0,0082) e eleva&#231;&#227;o da CKMB atividade p&#243;s-procedimento (OR: 3,64, p=0,0162). CONCLUS&#195;O: A recomenda&#231;&#227;o da monitora&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da CKMB atividade p&#243;s-stent coron&#225;rio baseia-se na compreens&#227;o do seu comportamento cl&#237;nico e laboratorial, nos resultados dos estudos que relacionam a eleva&#231;&#227;o de seus n&#237;veis p&#243;s-procedimento &#224; pior evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia e ao baixo custo do exame.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Stent</kwd>
        <kwd>marcadores bioqu&#237;micos</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o comparativa do valor progn&#243;stico de quatro marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas utilizando stents coronarianos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Marinella Centemero; Amanda Sousa; Rodolfo Staico; Alexandre Abizaid; Fausto Feres; Luiz Fernando Tanajura; Luiz Alberto Mattos; &#193;urea Chaves; Ibraim Pinto; Camila Sarteschi; Angela Paes; J. Eduardo Sousa </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Verificar o efeito progn&#243;stico das altera&#231;&#245;es de quatro marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CKMB atividade/massa e troponinas T e I) p&#243;s- stent em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de morte, infarto e novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em um ano e determinar a incid&#234;ncia e as vari&#225;veis preditoras de suas eleva&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Em 199 pacientes tratados por stents em art&#233;rias naturais foram mensurados os quatro marcadores em tr&#234;s per&#237;odos: pr&#233;-procedimento, 6-8h e 14-18h p&#243;s-stent. Curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia e a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica de Cox determinaram o impacto progn&#243;stico das altera&#231;&#245;es na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos em um ano. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A incid&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es dos 4 marcadores p&#243;s-stent &#233; relativamente freq&#252;ente (6,1% a 32,8%), associa-se &#224; maior complexidade das les&#245;es tratadas (longas e angula&#231;&#245;es &gt;45&#186;) e ao desenvolvimento de intercorr&#234;ncias durante o procedimento (oclus&#227;o de ramos secund&#225;rios, presen&#231;a de angina e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas). A sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de infarto e nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente menor somente nos pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o da CKMB atividade p&#243;s-procedimento em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem esta altera&#231;&#227;o (60% x 85,08%, p=0,025). Influenciaram a sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos o diabetes mellitus (OR: 2,27, p=0,0256), pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o (OR: 3,16, p=0,0082) e eleva&#231;&#227;o da CKMB atividade p&#243;s-procedimento (OR: 3,64, p=0,0162). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A recomenda&#231;&#227;o da monitora&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da CKMB atividade p&#243;s-stent coron&#225;rio baseia-se na compreens&#227;o do seu comportamento cl&#237;nico e laboratorial, nos resultados dos estudos que relacionam a eleva&#231;&#227;o de seus n&#237;veis p&#243;s-procedimento &#224; pior evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia e ao baixo custo do exame. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Stent, marcadores bioqu&#237;micos, progn&#243;stico</p>
    <p> A avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da creatinaquinase (CK total) e da subfra&#231;&#227;o MB (CKMB) p&#243;s&#150;interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea revela que 5% a 40% dos pacientes tratados com sucesso apresentam eleva&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico destas enzimas, o que provavelmente representa necrose mioc&#225;rdica em algum grau<sup>1-3</sup>. Recentemente, a an&#225;lise de outros marcadores bioqu&#237;micos muito sens&#237;veis e espec&#237;ficos para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CKMB massa / troponinas T e I) intensificou a detec&#231;&#227;o deste fen&#244;meno, que tem sido muito mais freq&#252;entemente observado com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos stents coron&#225;rios<sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Com a finalidade de estabelecer o significado cl&#237;nico destas altera&#231;&#245;es e seu impacto na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos adversos este estudo teve como objetivos: 1) verificar a incid&#234;ncia das eleva&#231;&#245;es da CKMB atividade e massa e das troponinas T e I p&#243;s-implante eletivo de stents coron&#225;rios; 2) analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a eleva&#231;&#227;o destes marcadores e as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas, t&#233;cnicas e intercorr&#234;ncias periprocedimento; 3) determinar o efeito progn&#243;stico da eleva&#231;&#227;o dos 4 marcadores p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de morte,infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o na evolu&#231;&#227;o de um ano. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi constitu&#237;do de 199 pacientes consecutivos submetidos ao implante eletivo de stents coron&#225;rios para o tratamento de estenoses localizadas nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias naturais, e inclu&#237;dos, prospectivamente, na Se&#231;&#227;o de Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, no per&#237;odo de agosto/2001 a janeiro/2002, atendendo os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: ambos os sexos, sem restri&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; idade; n&#237;veis normais de CKMB atividade nas 24h precedendo a interven&#231;&#227;o; portadores de angina est&#225;vel ou inst&#225;vel, clinicamente controlada (sem recorr&#234;ncia de dor nas &#250;ltimas 2 semanas precedendo o tratamento percut&#226;neo, de modo a reduzir as chances de eleva&#231;&#227;o das troponinas pr&#233;-procedimento) ou assintom&#225;ticos com isquemia detectada por testes funcionais; presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o &gt; 50% da luz em 1 ou mais vasos, com les&#245;es prim&#225;rias e anatomicamente favor&#225;veis ao implante do stent; aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave (FE &gt; 0,30); tratamento eletivo e com sucesso angiogr&#225;fico ao final do procedimento. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: insufici&#234;ncia renal (creatinina &gt; 2,0 mg/dl); presen&#231;a de comorbidades que pudessem afetar a sobreviv&#234;ncia tardia; hist&#243;ria recente (&lt; 3 meses) de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica) ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; contra-indica&#231;&#227;o para o uso de aspirina e tienopirid&#237;nicos; les&#245;es &gt; 50% em tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda n&#227;o protegido; procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o ou de braquiterapia associados ao stents; stents com elui&#231;&#227;o de drogas e tratamento de enxertos de veia safena. <bold>Protocolo pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o: </bold>24h pr&#233;-procedimento os pacientes eram submetidos &#224; coleta de sangue para as dosagens dos 4 marcadores (CKMB atividade, CKMB massa, troponinas T e I) e tratados com aspirina (200 mg/dia) associada a um tienopirid&#237;nico (ticlopidina, 500 mg/dia ou clopidogrel, dose de ataque de 300 mg seguidos por 75 mg/dia). Foram empregadas as t&#233;cnicas rotineiras para implante &#243;timo do stent (pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o, se necess&#225;ria, libera&#231;&#227;o da endopr&#243;tese e posterior dilata&#231;&#227;o com alta press&#227;o) e registrados os dados t&#233;cnicos relevantes da interven&#231;&#227;o (n&#250;mero, di&#226;metro e extens&#227;o do stent, pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o, n&#250;mero, tempo e press&#227;o m&#225;xima das insufla&#231;&#245;es) e as intercorr&#234;ncias periprocedimento (angina, altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST, dist&#250;rbios do ritmo, oclus&#227;o de ramos, presen&#231;a de dissec&#231;&#245;es e trombos, enjaulamento de ramos, espasmo coronariano, altera&#231;&#245;es do fluxo arterial e emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal) que pudessem ter rela&#231;&#227;o com a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores. <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o hospitalar: </bold>ap&#243;s o procedimento, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o clinica e eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, al&#233;m da coleta dos marcadores realizada em 2 per&#237;odos: 6 a 8h p&#243;s-procedimento (amostra 1) e no dia seguinte pela manh&#227;, em m&#233;dia 14 a 18h p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o (amostra 2). Somente o resultado da CKMB atividade pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento, rotineiramente utilizada em nosso Servi&#231;o, estava dispon&#237;vel para avalia&#231;&#227;o imediata. A alta hospitalar ocorreu na manh&#227; do dia seguinte, ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, do eletrocardiograma e do resultado da CKMB atividade. Os resultados dos outros 3 marcadores (CKMB massa/ troponinas T e I) n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis pr&#233; e p&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o interferiram na decis&#227;o da alta. <bold>M&#233;todos laboratoriais para a dosagem dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos: </bold>1)<italic> CKMB atividade -</italic> foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo imunoenzim&#225;tico colorim&#233;trico, por meio do reativo Starter<sup>&#174;</sup> (<italic>Roche Diagnostics Corp-Mannhein, Alemanha</italic>) no aparelho BM/Hitachi 912<sup>&#174;</sup> (Roche-Sui&#231;a), sendo os valores considerados normais entre 0 a 10 UI/l; 2) CKMB massa: Foi medida pelo m&#233;todo imunom&#233;trico, (determina&#231;&#227;o quantitativa) utilizando anticorpos mono e policlonais associados a rea&#231;&#245;es de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia.O valor normal m&#225;ximo de refer&#234;ncia &#233; 4,45 ng/ml.O teste emprega o Immulite Analyser<sup>&#174;</sup> (<italic>Diagnostic Products Corporation-Los Angeles, USA</italic>); 3) troponina T - dosada pelo m&#233;todo do imunoensaio de eletroquimioluminesc&#234;ncia, utilizando o Elecsys<sup>&#174;</sup> (<italic>Roche Diagnostics Corp - Mannhein, Alemanha</italic>). Valores <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,1 ng/ml s&#227;o clinicamente relevantes; 4) troponina I - determinada pelo m&#233;todo imunom&#233;trico empregando o <italic>Immulite Analyser</italic><sup>&#174;</sup><italic> (DPC-Diagnostic Products Corporation-Los Angeles, USA</italic>), utilizando anticorpos antitroponina I e rea&#231;&#245;es de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia. S&#227;o considerados normais valores abaixo de 1,0 ng/ml. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados na Se&#231;&#227;o de Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com 5 retornos programados: 15 e 30 dias (avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica/hematol&#243;gica); e aos 3 ,6 e 12 meses (avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e provas funcionais). <bold>Defini&#231;&#245;es: </bold><italic>sucesso angiogr&#225;fico - </italic>les&#227;o residual &lt; 30%, aus&#234;ncia de trombos e dissec&#231;&#245;es nas bordas do stent e fluxo normal (TIMI 3); <italic>sucesso cl&#237;nico - </italic>sucesso angiogr&#225;fico e aus&#234;ncia de morte, infarto e cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia; <italic>infarto periprocedimento - </italic>eleva&#231;&#227;o do CKMB atividade &gt; 3 vezes o valor normal,associada ou n&#227;o a novas ondas Q; <italic>cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia - </italic>cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o realizada em at&#233; 24h ap&#243;s o procedimento, em situa&#231;&#227;o de isquemia aguda relacionada ao vaso tratado; <italic>reestenose angiogr&#225;fica - </italic>estenose na les&#227;o-alvo igual ou superior a 50%; <italic>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo - </italic>novo procedimento percut&#226;neo ou cir&#250;rgico devido &#224; reestenose ou progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria; <italic>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso n&#227;o-alvo -</italic> novo procedimento percut&#226;neo ou cir&#250;rgico em outro vaso para o tratamento de estenoses &gt;50%; <italic>morte card&#237;aca -</italic> qualquer causa card&#237;aca de &#243;bito; e<italic>ventos maiores -</italic> morte card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o no 1&#176; ano p&#243;s-implante de stent; <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica </bold>- os resultados foram expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, e as qualitativas expressas em freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas (porcentuais). As associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram avaliadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado ou do teste exato de Fischer. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para determinar os fatores independentes associados &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de cada um dos 4 marcadores p&#243;s-stent. As probabilidades acumuladas de eventos adversos (morte, infarto e novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o) foram estimadas pelas curvas de Kaplan-Meier e a presen&#231;a de diferen&#231;as pelo teste <italic>log-rank</italic>.A regress&#227;o de Cox foi utilizada para determinar as vari&#225;veis com valor progn&#243;stico independente para ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos. Foram considerados significantes valores de p&lt;0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados, de 8/2001 a 01/2002, 202 pacientes, sendo 3 exclu&#237;dos devido a n&#237;veis elevados de CKMB atividade 24h pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o, restando portanto 199 pacientes para implante de stent e avalia&#231;&#227;o neste estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos casos encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. Todos os pacientes exibiam CKMB atividade normal 24h antes do implante do stent (conforme exig&#234;ncia protocolar); e tamb&#233;m observou-se que a maioria apresentava os demais marcadores dentro dos limites normais (resultados aferidos posteriormente). O porcentual de eleva&#231;&#227;o destes marcadores pr&#233;-stent variou de 4,5% (troponina I) a 9,5% (CKMB massa). As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o e as caracter&#237;sticas t&#233;cnicas do procedimento podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>. Destacamos o uso de 216 stents (1,1/paciente), sendo que em 15 (7,6%) casos empregaram-se 2 ou mais pr&#243;teses. Durante o implante do stent, 49 (24,6%) pacientes apresentaram angina relacionada &#224; oclus&#227;o de ramos em 14 (28,5%), ao espasmo em 7 (14,3%) e o restante &#224; insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o. Em 41 (20%) casos observaram-se altera&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias do segmento ST ou dist&#250;rbios do ritmo card&#237;aco. Outras intercorr&#234;ncias inclu&#237;ram a presen&#231;a de linhas de dissec&#231;&#227;o em 22 (11%) casos e espasmo coron&#225;rio em 21 (10,5%). Quanto aos 148 ramos enjaulados pela pr&#243;tese, 43 (23%) exibiram oclus&#227;o, evoluindo com angina em 14 (32,5%) e/ou altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas em 10 (23,3%). Houve forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos em 5 (2,5%) casos, necessitando de insufla&#231;&#245;es adicionais e/ou o uso de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb-IIIa. Nos 6 (3%) pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es do fluxo, 4 (67%) n&#227;o demonstraram sua normaliza&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o final da interven&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0053-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0053-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><bold>Resultados hospitalares </bold>- o sucesso do implante do stent sem complica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou angiogr&#225;fica foi elevado (193/199 = 97%). Os 6 (3%) casos restantes foram considerados insucessos: 2 por n&#227;o se ter conseguido ultrapassar a les&#227;o-alvo; 3 por exibirem ao final do implante de <italic>stent </italic>fluxo TIMI-2 e o &#250;ltimo por apresentar eleva&#231;&#227;o da CKMB &gt; 3 vezes o valor normal, sem altera&#231;&#245;es do eletrocardiograma (infarto sem onda Q). Assim, as complica&#231;&#245;es maiores na fase hospitalar resumem-se a um infarto periprocedimento (0,5%). N&#227;o houve casos de trombose aguda ou subaguda. A m&#233;dia dos dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi de 1,1 dias (DP 0,5). </p>
    <p><bold>Evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia </bold>- nesta fase, 100% dos pacientes tratados com sucesso foram avaliados (193 de 199 casos). Em 4 as informa&#231;&#245;es cessaram com 6 meses, n&#227;o sendo apurados quaisquer eventos maiores at&#233; ent&#227;o. Nos 193 acompanhados verificou-se: 1) &#243;bito card&#237;aco em 2 (1%): um ocorrendo 2 meses ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea (morte s&#250;bita) e o outro, 10 meses ap&#243;s o implante de stent, devido a infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, sendo que ambos n&#227;o apresentavam eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores logo ap&#243;s procedimento; 2) infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com onda Q em 1 (0,5%); 3) revasculariza&#231;&#245;es da les&#227;o-alvo em 25 (13%), sendo 22 percut&#226;neas e 3 cir&#250;rgicas. Desta forma, no per&#237;odo de 1 ano, 28 (14,5%) pacientes apresentaram eventos card&#237;acos maiores. Ocorreram ainda 2 mortes de origem n&#227;o card&#237;aca relacionadas &#224; neoplasia de f&#237;gado e &#224; septicemia secund&#225;ria a um quadro de colecistite aguda; 4 (2,1%) pacientes apresentaram acidente vascular cerebral (isqu&#234;mico) e em outros 7 (3,6%) casos houve progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e realizados novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em vasos n&#227;o-alvo (3 percut&#226;neos e 4 cir&#250;rgicos). </p>
    <p><bold>Comportamento dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos </bold><italic>- </italic>na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> est&#227;o dispostos os porcentuais de pacientes que exibiam altera&#231;&#245;es dos marcadores ap&#243;s o procedimento, sendo que a eleva&#231;&#227;o mais freq&#252;ente ocorreu na 2&#176;amostra. A CKMB atividade (MBa) elevou-se em 12 (6,1%) pacientes, dos quais 11 apresentaram aumentos discretos, da ordem de 1 a 3 vezes o valor normal. No caso restante a eleva&#231;&#227;o foi de 5 vezes. Quanto &#224; CKMB massa (MBm),o aumento de seus n&#237;veis ocorreu em 65 (32,8%) pacientes e foi categorizado nas seguintes faixas: &gt;1x e &lt;3x normal - 74%; <underline>&gt;</underline> 3x e &lt;5x normal &#150; 9%; <underline>&gt;</underline> 5x &#150; 17%. Em 22 (34%) casos a eleva&#231;&#227;o ocorreu de forma isolada, sem altera&#231;&#227;o concomitante dos outros 3 marcadores. As troponinas T e I (respectivamente, TnT e TnI) apresentaram comportamento semelhante, elevando-se respectivamente em 23% e 20,2% dos pacientes na 2&#186; amostra. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0053-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><bold>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre os marcadores bioqu&#237;micos e as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas, t&#233;cnicas e intercorr&#234;ncias do procedimento (an&#225;lise univariada) </bold><italic>- </italic>em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas analisadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>), estas n&#227;o se relacionaram &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es dos marcadores p&#243;s-stent.Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas da les&#227;o, verificamos que a presen&#231;a de &#226;ngulos &gt; 45&#186; (TnI +22% xTnI -6,7%, p=0,002), a extens&#227;o acima de 20mm (MBa +42% x MBa -15,5%, p=0,009 e MBm +27% x MBm -12%, p=0,017) e les&#245;es tipo B<sub>2</sub>/C (MBm +87% x MBm -75%, p=0,027) associaram-se &#224; significativa eleva&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos um dos marcadores. No tocante &#224;s vari&#225;veis t&#233;cnicas do procedimento (pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o, tempo de insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o &gt; 120s, press&#227;o &gt;16 atmosferas, rela&#231;&#227;o n&#250;mero de stents implantados por paciente &gt;1 e di&#226;metro do stent &lt; 3 mm) nenhuma delas associou-se &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de qualquer um dos 4 marcadores analisados. J&#225; as intercorr&#234;ncias que surgiram durante a interven&#231;&#227;o associaram-se, freq&#252;entemente, &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es dos marcadores: na an&#225;lise univariada, a presen&#231;a de angina, as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e a oclus&#227;o de ramos foram as vari&#225;veis que se relacionaram &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 2 marcadores p&#243;s-stent. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica identificou os fatores independentemente associados &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o de cada um dos marcadores, constatando-se que a oclus&#227;o de ramos foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel com valor progn&#243;stico independente para a eleva&#231;&#227;o de todos os 4 marcadores analisados neste estudo: (MBa: OR=7,0; IC 95%= 2,0-24,4; p=0,002; MBm: OR=3,0; IC 95%=1,37-6,6; p=0,005; TnT: OR=3,25; IC 95%=1,45-7,26; p=0,004; TnI: OR=4,29; IC 95%=1,92-9,6; p=0,0004). Por sua vez, a presen&#231;a de angina durante o procedimento esteve independentemente relacionada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da MBa (OR=4,27; IC 95%=1,22-14,9; p=0,022) e da TnI (OR=2,53; IC95%=1,19-5,39; p=0,015), ao passo que as altera&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias do eletrocardiograma foram independentemente associadas &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da MBm (OR=2,40; IC95%=1,15-4,99; p=0,019) e da TnT (OR=2,21; IC95%=1,0-4,85; p=0,047). </p>
    <p>A sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos maiores foi de 83,77% nos 193 pacientes acompanhados por 1 ano. As curvas de Kaplan Meier para sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de infarto e novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com e sem altera&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores est&#227;o nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figuras 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">5</xref>. A regress&#227;o de Cox identificou as vari&#225;veis que influenciaram a sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos adversos: a eleva&#231;&#227;o de CKMB atividade p&#243;s-stent (OR:3,64; IC 95%=1,27-10,4; p=0,016), a pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o (OR= 3,16; IC 95%=1,34-7,41; p=0,0082) e a presen&#231;a do diabetes melittus (OR=2,27; IC 95%=1,10-4,67; p=0,025). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0053-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0053-00010-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0053-00010-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0053-00010-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados revelam que a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-implante eletivo de stent &#233; freq&#252;ente, variando de 6,1% a 32,8% dos casos. Verificamos, tamb&#233;m, que em procedimentos eletivos, a presen&#231;a de caracter&#237;sticas de maior complexidade das les&#245;es (extens&#227;o e angula&#231;&#227;o) e, principalmente, as intercorr&#234;ncias durante a interven&#231;&#227;o (oclus&#227;o de ramos e a presen&#231;a de angina e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas) est&#227;o fortemente associadas &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o destes marcadores. Ao final de 1 ano, a sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos foi significativamente menor somente nos pacientes que apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o da CKMB atividade p&#243;s-stent. As vari&#225;veis independentes que influenciaram negativamente a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foram: o diabetes melittus, a pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o e a eleva&#231;&#227;o da CKMB atividade p&#243;s-stent. </p>
    <p><bold>Comportamento das altera&#231;&#245;es dos marcadores p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o</bold> - Observamos que a CKMB atividade elevou-se em 12 casos (6,1%) p&#243;s-stent. Na maioria deles (92%) n&#227;o excedeu o valor acima de 3 vezes o normal. Em apenas 1 caso este valor foi ultrapassado, caracterizando infarto periprocedimento. Os porcentuais de eleva&#231;&#227;o da CKMB atividade em nosso estudo s&#227;o inferiores &#224;queles encontrados na literatura, em geral, ocorrendo em 15 a 25% dos casos<sup>2,6,7</sup>, o que pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224; exclus&#227;o de pacientes mais propensos &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o enz&#237;mica (portadores de les&#245;es em enxertos de veia safena e aqueles com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda recente)<sup>8,9</sup> e tamb&#233;m &#224; influ&#234;ncia das caracter&#237;sticas t&#233;cnicas e da estrat&#233;gia de invasividade controlada que caracterizaram nossas interven&#231;&#245;es (tempo total de insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o &lt; 120s em 87% dos casos, press&#227;o m&#225;xima de libera&#231;&#227;o do stent <underline>&lt;</underline> 16 atmosferas em 70% e implante direto da pr&#243;tese em 45% dos casos). A CKMB massa foi o marcador que mais freq&#252;entemente se elevou p&#243;s-stent (32,8%), por&#233;m em mais de dois ter&#231;os dos casos (74%) n&#227;o ultrapassou os n&#237;veis acima de 3 vezes o normal, ao passo que as troponinas I e T, consideradas como padr&#227;o para detec&#231;&#227;o de mionecrose, apresentaram um comportamento similar com eleva&#231;&#227;o de 20 a 23% na 2&#176; amostra p&#243;s-stent. Pesquisadores revelam que a eleva&#231;&#227;o destes 3 marcadores p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o situa-se entre 20 a 40%<sup>10-12</sup>, em geral superando os porcentuais das enzimas card&#237;acas, particularmente da CKMB atividade, concordado com nossos achados. Verificamos tamb&#233;m que todos os 4 marcadores elevaram-se mais freq&#252;entemente na 2&#170; amostra p&#243;s-procedimento. Assim, se optarmos por realizar apenas uma mensura&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores, o ideal seria escolher a aferi&#231;&#227;o entre 12 e 18h p&#243;s-stent, equivalente &#224; 2&#170; amostra, pela possibilidade de somar todas as repercuss&#245;es temporais poss&#237;veis da dilata&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>Impacto das altera&#231;&#245;es dos marcadores p&#243;s-stent na evolu&#231;&#227;o de 1 ano na evolu&#231;&#227;o</bold> - Quando analisamos os pacientes de acordo com a eleva&#231;&#227;o de cada um dos 4 marcadores, observamos que a sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos foi significativamente menor somente naqueles com eleva&#231;&#227;o da CKMB atividade p&#243;s-stent, que ocorreu em apenas 12 pacientes, sendo 92% (11 pacientes) com n&#237;veis situados entre 1 a 3 x acima do valor normal. Ainda assim, tais altera&#231;&#245;es estiveram relacionadas &#224; pior evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, o que nos leva a crer que &#233; este o marcador que identifica o que &#233; clinicamente relevante, com um impacto negativo na evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia. A fisiopatologia envolvida neste processo ainda n&#227;o est&#225; completamente esclarecida, entretanto Ishikawa e cols.<sup>13</sup> ao realizarem estudos experimentais em c&#227;es verificaram que a oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria por mais de 20min associava-se &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o enz&#237;mica (CK total e CKMB) e produzia evid&#234;ncia histopatol&#243;gica de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, (ou seja, les&#227;o irrevers&#237;vel), uma constata&#231;&#227;o com implica&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas relevantes<sup>14-16</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, quando decompusemos os eventos combinados verificamos que os pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o da CKMB atividade p&#243;s-stent apresentaram tend&#234;ncia &#224; maior mortalidade (10,6% x 0,6%,p=0,10) e procedimentos adicionais de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (30% x 12%, p=0,14) em 1 ano, o que poderia estar relacionado a microemboliza&#231;&#245;es de colaterais durante a interven&#231;&#227;o que aumentariam os riscos de eventos, intensificando os efeitos isqu&#234;micos de uma oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria subseq&#252;ente no mesmo local. Seria poss&#237;vel tamb&#233;m que a libera&#231;&#227;o enz&#237;mica identificasse pacientes vulner&#225;veis a eventos na mesma &#225;rea, no futuro, determinando uma popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco com tend&#234;ncia a desenvolver mionecrose frente ao menor est&#237;mulo (s&#237;ndrome de libera&#231;&#227;o)<sup>17,18</sup>. Quanto aos outros 3 marcadores verificamos que apesar da maior incid&#234;ncia de suas altera&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-stent, isto n&#227;o influenciou negativamente a evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia. Estudos examinaram o impacto da eleva&#231;&#227;o das troponinas e a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos maiores em pacientes tratados percutaneamente, n&#227;o se verificando diferen&#231;as significantes em pacientes com e sem eleva&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores<sup>19</sup>. Tais resultados indicam que as troponinas s&#227;o muito sens&#237;veis e espec&#237;ficas na identifica&#231;&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico, o que &#233; particularmente desej&#225;vel em situa&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas, como na s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda<sup>20,21</sup>. Entretanto, n&#227;o se conhece ainda o valor limite acima do qual confirma-se o diagn&#243;stico de infarto p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, que &#233; o desfecho que tem impacto progn&#243;stico negativo. </p>
    <p><bold>Vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos</bold> - &#201; interessante observar a influ&#234;ncia dos aspectos anat&#244;micos de complexidade das obstru&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias, representados por extens&#227;o &gt; 20 mm, angula&#231;&#245;es excessivas e les&#227;o B<sub>2</sub>/C (envolvimento de ramos laterais, calcifica&#231;&#227;o excessiva, presen&#231;a de trombo e fluxo coron&#225;rio anormal) e que associaram-se &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos. Como estas caracter&#237;sticas oferecem maior dificuldade &#224; passagem ou &#224; a&#231;&#227;o do instrumental, possibilitam mais freq&#252;entemente a emboliza&#231;&#227;o de fragmentos da placa, o desprendimento de agregados plaquet&#225;rios e/ou &#224; oclus&#227;o de ramos, provocando mionecrose detectada pelos marcadores<sup>22,23</sup>. </p>
    <p><bold>Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento e intercorr&#234;ncias em sala </bold>- Quanto &#224; t&#233;cnica propriamente dita, em cerca da metade dos casos foi realizado o implante direto do stent, sem a necessidade de pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com o bal&#227;o, tendo como vantagem principal proporcionar menor dano &#224; parede vascular<sup>24</sup>. Estudos recentes que avaliaram essas 2 t&#233;cnicas demonstraram equival&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados imediatos e tardios<sup>25,26</sup>. Em nossa pesquisa, o achado laboratorial demonstrou que a incid&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o entre os casos com e sem altera&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores foi semelhante, contudo esta vari&#225;vel teve um peso progn&#243;stico negativo independente na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos maiores. Vale ressaltar que outros aspectos t&#233;cnicos como o tempo de insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o e as press&#245;es de libera&#231;&#227;o do stent n&#227;o se relacionaram &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos analisados. </p>
    <p>As intercorr&#234;ncias verificadas durante o procedimento podem interferir no comportamento laboratorial dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos. Em termos de repercuss&#227;o laboratorial, o pior achado dentre os 3 mencionados foi a oclus&#227;o de ramos identificada como a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independentemente associada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de todos os marcadores p&#243;s-stent; contudo seu impacto progn&#243;stico negativo para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos maiores n&#227;o foi confirmado pela regress&#227;o de Cox. Desde as investiga&#231;&#245;es iniciais de Abdelmeguid e cos.<sup>1,27</sup> posteriormente confirmadas por outros pesquisadores <sup>11,28</sup>, a oclus&#227;o de ramos secund&#225;rios &#233; um dos fatores mais constantemente relacionados &#224; mionecrose p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>Outros fatores progn&#243;sticos que influenciaram a sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos</bold> - A pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o praticada em cerca de 50% dos nossos pacientes, &#233; desej&#225;vel em situa&#231;&#245;es de maior complexidade da les&#227;o (calcifica&#231;&#227;o, localiza&#231;&#227;o ostial, segmentos tortuosos e vasos oclu&#237;dos). Nesses casos a t&#233;cnica proporciona condi&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para a libera&#231;&#227;o e o implante do sten<italic>t</italic> com seguran&#231;a, evitando o risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o ou expans&#227;o incompleta da pr&#243;tese<sup>24</sup>. Em nosso estudo a influ&#234;ncia negativa desta vari&#225;vel na sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos ao final de 1 ano alerta para a possibilidade de dano &#224; parede vascular e microemboliza&#231;&#245;es na abordagem de les&#245;es complexas, as quais poderiam apresentar maior tend&#234;ncia &#224; necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e taxas superiores de eventos combinados. </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de diab&#233;ticos em nosso grupo foi alta (33%) e n&#227;o se relacionou &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es dos marcadores p&#243;s-stent, mas a presen&#231;a deste fator de risco confirma o que &#233; documentado na literatura: a influ&#234;ncia negativa do diabetes no progn&#243;stico tardio dos pacientes com aterosclerose coron&#225;ria, elevando os riscos de morte, infarto e outros eventos card&#237;acos<sup>29,30</sup>. Especificamente quanto &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas, a presen&#231;a do diabetes n&#227;o compromete o sucesso cl&#237;nico, por&#233;m a reestenose, mesmo com o uso dos stents, &#233; elevada, o que &#233; atribu&#237;do &#224; hiperplasia intimal exagerada. Soma-se a isto a tend&#234;ncia &#224; progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, particularmente nos dependentes de insulina, gerando a necessidade freq&#252;ente de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o<sup>31</sup>. Dos 193 pacientes deste estudo 64 eram diab&#233;ticos, nos quais observamos o dobro de eventos card&#237;acos combinados (28% x 12,5%, p=0,015), particularmente relacionados &#224; necessidade de novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (25% x 11%, p=0,019), em compara&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. A tend&#234;ncia &#224; menor sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos nos diab&#233;ticos (76,5% x 87,4%, p=0,065) foi verificada, mesmo numa amostra relativamente pequena (na qual n&#227;o havia a inten&#231;&#227;o antecipada de analisar este subgrupo em particular), corroborando os resultados de v&#225;rios estudos que revelaram o impacto negativo do diabetes na doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e nas t&#233;cnicas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea e cir&#250;rgica. </p>
    <p><bold>Considera&#231;&#245;es finais</bold> - O uso rotineiro de m&#250;ltiplos marcadores para a identifica&#231;&#227;o da mionecrose p&#243;s-stent, particularmente das troponinas, n&#227;o nos parece necess&#225;rio, pois n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nas taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos em 1 ano nos pacientes com e sem altera&#231;&#227;o destes marcadores. Por sua vez, a CKMB massa tamb&#233;m n&#227;o trouxe vantagens, pois pode elevar-se em situa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o relacionadas &#224; les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (manipula&#231;&#227;o da musculatura esquel&#233;tica). Em conclus&#227;o, sugerimos a monitora&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da CKMB atividade p&#243;s-stent coron&#225;rio. Os argumentos que justificam tal opini&#227;o baseiam-se na compreens&#227;o do seu comportamento cl&#237;nico e laboratorial, no conhecimento adquirido por meio dos estudos que relacionam a eleva&#231;&#227;o de seus n&#237;veis p&#243;s-procedimento &#224; pior evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia e ao baixo custo. Salientamos, ainda, que mesmo pequenas eleva&#231;&#245;es deste marcador (1 e 3 vezes acima do normal), devem ser valorizadas na medida em que a sua presen&#231;a tem impacto progn&#243;stico negativo e condiciona menor sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos adversos na evolu&#231;&#227;o de um ano. </p>
    <p><bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold> - Idealmente, o julgamento preciso do impacto progn&#243;stico das eleva&#231;&#245;es dos diferentes marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea deveria incluir uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior e um acompanhamento cl&#237;nico prolongado (<underline>&gt;</underline> 5 anos). Em estudos de coorte, observacionais (como &#233; a nossa pesquisa) que analisam pacientes est&#225;veis submetidos a procedimentos eletivos, a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos como morte, infarto e nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o &#233; menos freq&#252;ente. Desta forma, necessitar&#237;amos de um n&#250;mero excepcionalmente grande de indiv&#237;duos para verificar estes fen&#244;menos com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia, o que inviabilizaria a pesquisa quer pelos custos envolvidos quer pela impraticabilidade de realizar o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico adequado a m&#233;dio e a longo prazo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Dra. Marinella Centemero </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500 </p>
        <p> Cep 04012-909 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo &#150; SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="patrizia@cardiol.br">patrizia@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 03/02/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 29/09/2004</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative assessment of the prognostic value of four biochemical markers of myocardial damage after percutaneous coronary stenting</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic effect of the changes in the levels of 4 biochemical markers of myocardial damage (CK-MB activity/mass and troponins T and I) after stent implantation in regard to the occurrence of death, infarction, and new myocardial revascularization procedures in a one-year period. The study also aimed at determining the incidence of their elevations and the existence of predictive variables. METHODS: Those 4 markers were measured in 199 patients treated with stent implantation in native arteries in the following 3 periods: before the procedure, 6-8 hours after the procedure, and 14-18 hours after the procedure. Survival curves and Cox logistic regression were used to determine the prognostic impact of the changes on the occurrence of cardiac events in one year. RESULTS: Changes in the levels of the 4 markers after stent implantation are relatively frequent (6.1% to 32.8%), are associated with the degree of complexity of the lesions treated (long lesions and angulations &gt; 45&#186;) and with the development of problems during the procedure (occlusion of the secondary branches, presence of angina, and electrocardiographic changes). The infarction-free survival rate and the need for a new revascularization were significantly lower only in the patients with an elevation in the CK-MB activity after the procedure as compared with those in patients without that alteration (60% x 85.08%; P=0.025). The following variables influenced the event-free survival rate: diabetes mellitus (OR: 2.27; P=0.0256), balloon predilation (OR: 3.16; P=0.0082), and an elevation in the CK-MB activity after the procedure (OR: 3.64; P=0.0162). CONCLUSION: Systematic monitoring of CK-MB activity after coronary stenting is justified due to its clinical and laboratory behavior reported in studies relating its elevation after the procedure to a worse late outcome, and due to its low cost.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>stent</kwd>
        <kwd>biochemical markers</kwd>
        <kwd>prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Comparative assessment of the prognostic value of four biochemical markers of myocardial damage after percutaneous coronary stenting</p>
      <p>Marinella Centemero; Amanda Sousa; Rodolfo Staico; Alexandre Abizaid; Fausto Feres; Luiz Fernando Tanajura; Luiz Alberto Mattos; &#193;urea Chaves; Ibraim Pinto; Camila Sarteschi; Angela Paes; J. Eduardo Sousa</p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the prognostic effect of the changes in the levels of 4 biochemical markers of myocardial damage (CK-MB activity/mass and troponins T and I) after stent implantation in regard to the occurrence of death, infarction, and new myocardial revascularization procedures in a one-year period. The study also aimed at determining the incidence of their elevations and the existence of predictive variables.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Those 4 markers were measured in 199 patients treated with stent implantation in native arteries in the following 3 periods: before the procedure, 6-8 hours after the procedure, and 14-18 hours after the procedure. Survival curves and Cox logistic regression were used to determine the prognostic impact of the changes on the occurrence of cardiac events in one year.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Changes in the levels of the 4 markers after stent implantation are relatively frequent (6.1% to 32.8%), are associated with the degree of complexity of the lesions treated (long lesions and angulations &gt; 45&#186;) and with the development of problems during the procedure (occlusion of the secondary branches, presence of angina, and electrocardiographic changes). The infarction-free survival rate and the need for a new revascularization were significantly lower only in the patients with an elevation in the CK-MB activity after the procedure as compared with those in patients without that alteration (60% x 85.08%; P=0.025). The following variables influenced the event-free survival rate: diabetes mellitus (OR: 2.27; P=0.0256), balloon predilation (OR: 3.16; P=0.0082), and an elevation in the CK-MB activity after the procedure (OR: 3.64; P=0.0162).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Systematic monitoring of CK-MB activity after coronary stenting is justified due to its clinical and laboratory behavior reported in studies relating its elevation after the procedure to a worse late outcome, and due to its low cost. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> stent, biochemical markers, prognosis</p>
      <p> The systematic assessment of total creatine kinase (total CK) and its MB subfraction (CK-MB) after percutaneous coronary intervention shows that 5% to 40% of the patients successfully treated have an elevation in the serum level of those enzymes, which may represent a certain degree of myocardial necrosis <sup>1-3</sup>. Recently, the analysis of other very sensitive biochemical markers specific for identifying myocardial damage (CK-MB mass, troponins T and I) has intensified the detection of that phenomenon, which has been much more frequently observed with the implantation of coronary stents <sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at establishing the clinical meaning of those alterations and their impact on the occurrence of adverse cardiac events. It also had the following objectives: 1) to assess the incidence of the elevations in the CK-MB activity and mass and in the levels of troponins T and I after elective coronary stenting; 2) to analyze the association between the elevation of the markers and clinical, angiographic, and technical variables, and periprocedure problems; 3) to determine the prognostic effect of the elevation of the 4 markers after intervention on the occurrence of death, myocardial infarction, and need for new revascularization procedures in a one-year period. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This prospective study comprised 199 consecutive patients from the coronary angioplasty unit at the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. They underwent elective coronary stent implantation for the treatment of stenoses located in native coronary arteries from August 2001 to January 2002. The patients met the following inclusion criteria: both genders; no restriction regarding age; normal levels of CK-MB activity in the 24 hours preceding the intervention; patients with clinically controlled stable or unstable angina (no recurrence of pain in the 2 weeks preceding the percutaneous treatment, to reduce the chances of an elevation in the troponins before the procedure); asymptomatic patients with ischemia detected on functional tests; presence of luminal obstruction &gt; 50% in one or more vessels, with primary lesions anatomically favorable to stent implantation; absence of severe left ventricular dysfunction (EF &gt; 0.30); elective treatment with angiographic success at the end of the procedure. </p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: renal failure (creatinine &gt; 2.0 mg/dL); presence of comorbidities that could affect late survival; recent (&lt; 3 months) history of myocardial revascularization (percutaneous or surgical) or myocardial infarction; contraindication to the use of aspirin and thienopyridine; lesions &gt; 50% in the nonprotected left main coronary artery; ablation or brachytherapy procedures associated with stent implantation; drug-eluting stents; and treatment of saphenous vein grafts. </p>
      <p>The protocol preceding the intervention was as follows: 24 hours before the procedure the patients underwent blood sample collection for measuring the 4 markers (CK-MB activity, CK-MB mass, and troponins T and I) and received aspirin (200 mg/day) in association with a thienopyridinic agent (ticlopidine, 500 mg/day, or clopidogrel, attack dosage of 300 mg followed by 75 mg/day). The routine techniques for optimal stent implantation (predilation, if required, endoprosthesis deployment, and later dilation with high pressure) were adopted, and the relevant technical data of the intervention (number, diameter, and extension of the stent; balloon predilation; number, time, and maximal pressure of the inflations) were recorded, as were the periprocedure problems (angina, changes in the ST segment, rhythm disorder, occlusion of the branches, presence of dissections and thrombi, incarcerated branch, coronary spasm, changes in arterial flow, and distal embolization) that could have any relation with an elevation in the markers. </p>
      <p>In-hospital assessment: after the procedure, the patients underwent clinical and electrocardiographic assessment, in addition to blood collection for measuring the markers performed twice as follows: 6 to 8 hours after the procedure (sample 1); and the next morning, on average, 14 to 18 hours after intervention (sample 2). Only the result of the CK-MB activity before and after the procedure, routinely used in our hospital, was available for immediate assessment. Hospital discharge occurred on the following morning, after clinical and electrocardiographic assessment, and the result of the CK-MB activity. The results of the other 3 markers (CK-MB mass, and troponins T and I) were not available before and after the intervention, and did not interfere with the decision about hospital discharge. </p>
      <p>The laboratory methods for measuring the biochemical markers were as follows: 1) CK-MB activity: was determined by the colorimetric immunoenzymatic method using the Starter reactive (Roche Diagnostics Corp, Mannhein, Germany) in the BM/Hitachi 912 device (Roche &#150; Switzerland), and values between 0 and 10 UI/L were considered normal; 2) CK-MB mass: measured through the immunometric method (quantitative determination) using the Immulite Analyser (Diagnostic Products Corporation, Los Angeles, USA), with mono- and polyclonal antibodies associated with chemoluminescence reactions. The maximum normal reference value was 4.45 ng/mL; 3) troponin T: measured through the electrochemoluminescence immunoassay method, using the Elecsys (Roche Diagnostics Corp, Mannhein, Germany). Values <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.1 ng/mL are clinically relevant; 4) troponin I: determined through the immunometric method using the Immulite Analyser (DPC - Diagnostic Products Corporation, Los Angeles, USA), with antitroponin I antibodies and chemoluminescence reactions. Values below 1.0 ng/mL are considered normal. </p>
      <p>The patients were followed up in the coronary angioplasty unit with 5 programmed visits as follows: after 15 and 30 days (clinical and hematological assessment); and after 3, 6, and 12 months (clinical assessment and functional tests). </p>
      <p>The following terms were defined: angiographic success - residual lesion &lt; 30%, absence of thrombi and dissections in the margins of the stent, and normal flow (TIMI 3); clinical success - angiographic success and lack of death, infarction, and emergency surgery; periprocedure infarction - an elevation in the CK-MB activity greater than 3 times the normal value, associated with new Q waves or not; emergency surgery - the revascularization surgery performed within the 24 hours following the procedure in a situation of acute ischemia related to the vessel treated; angiographic restenosis - target-lesion stenosis equal to or greater than 50%; target-vessel revascularization - new percutaneous or surgical procedure due to restenosis or progression of the coronary artery disease; nontarget-vessel revascularization - new percutaneous or surgical procedure in another vessel for the treatment of stenoses &gt; 50%; cardiac death - any cardiac cause of death; major events - cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and new revascularization procedures in the first year after stent implantation. </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis - The results of quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and the qualitative variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies (percentages). The associations between the categorical variables were assessed by using the chi-square test or the Fisher exact test. Logistic regression was performed to determine the independent factors associated with the elevation in each of the 4 markers after stent implantation. The accumulated probabilities of adverse events (death, infarction, and new revascularization procedures) were estimated by use of the Kaplan-Meier curves and the presence of differences by the log-rank test. Cox regression was used to determine the variables with independent prognostic value for the occurrence of events. The significance level of P &lt; 0.05 was adopted. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From August 2001 to January 2002, 202 patients were selected, 3 of whom were excluded due to elevated CK-MB activity 24 hours before the intervention. Therefore, this study assessed 199 patients undergoing stent implantation, whose clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. All patients studied had normal CK-MB activity 24 hours before stent implantation (according to protocol requirement); on later assessment of the other markers 24 hours before the procedure, most patients were observed to have them within the normal range. The percentage elevation of those markers before stenting ranged from 4.5% (troponin I) to 9.5% (CK-MB mass). The angiographic characteristics before the intervention and the technical characteristics of the procedure are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>. It is worth emphasizing that 216 stents (1.1/patient) were used, and, in 15 (7.6%) patients, 2 or more prostheses were used. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0053-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0053-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>During stent implantation, 49 (24.6%) patients had angina related to the following facts: branch occlusion in 14 (28.5%) patients, spasm in 7 (14.3%) patients, and the rest related to balloon inflation. In 41 (20%) patients, transient changes in the ST segment or disorders in cardiac rhythm were observed. Other problems included the presence of dissection in 22 (11%) patients and coronary spasm in 21 (10.5%). Regarding the 148 branches incarcerated by the prosthesis, 43 (23%) showed occlusion, evolving with angina in 14 (32.5%) or electrocardiographic changes in 10 (23.3%), or both. Thrombus formation occurred in 5 (2.5%) patients, requiring additional inflations or the use of IIb-IIIa glycoprotein inhibitors, or both. Of the 6 (3%) patients with flow alterations, 4 (67%) did not show its normalization until the end of the intervention. </p>
      <p>In regard to in-hospital results, the success rate of stent implantation with no clinical or angiographic complication was elevated (193/199 = 97%). The procedures in the 6 (3%) remaining patients were not considered successful as follows: in 2 patients, the target lesion could not be overcome; 3 patients had, at the end of stent implantation, TIMI-2 flow; and in the last patient CK-MB elevation was 3 times greater than the normal value, with no electrocardiographic changes (non-Q-wave infarction). Therefore, the major complications in the in-hospital phase were limited to a periprocedure infarction (0.5%). No cases of acute or subacute thrombosis occurred. The mean length of hospitalization was 1.1 days (SD = 0.5). </p>
      <p>In regard to late outcomes, 100% of the patients successfully treated were assessed (193 of 199 patients). Four patients ceased to provide information 6 months after the procedure, but until then, no major event was reported. The follow-up of the 193 patients revealed the following findings: 1) cardiac death in 2 (1%) patients: one, 2 months after percutaneous revascularization (sudden death), and the other, 10 months after stent implantation, due to myocardial infarction; none of the patients had any elevation in the markers right after the procedure; 2) Q-wave myocardial infarction in one (0.5%) patient; 3) target-lesion revascularizations in 25 (13%) patients, 22 of which were percutaneous and 3 surgical. Therefore, in the one-year period, 28 (14.5%) patients had major cardiac events. Two deaths of noncardiac origin occurred related to liver neoplasia and septicemia secondary to acute cholecystitis; 4 (2.1%) patients had stroke (ischemic); and, in 7 (3.6%) other patients, the coronary disease progressed and new revascularization procedures were performed in the nontarget vessel (3 percutaneous and 4 surgical). </p>
      <p>In regard to the behavior of the biochemical markers, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref> shows the percentages of patients with changes in the markers after the procedure, and the most frequent elevation occurred in the second sample. The CK-MB activity (MBa) increased in 12 (6.1%) patients, of whom 11 had mild increases, ranging from one to three times the normal value. The other patient had an elevation of 5 times the normal value. In regard to the CK-MB mass (MBm), it was increased in 65 (32.8%) patients and was categorized as follows: &gt; 1x and &lt; 3x the normal value, 74% of the patients; <underline>&gt;</underline> 3x and &lt; 5x the normal value, 9% of the patients; <underline>&gt;</underline> 5x, 17% of the patients. In 22 (34%) patients, the elevation occurred in an isolated form, with no concomitant alteration in the other 3 markers. The troponins T and I (respectively, TnT and TnI) had a similar behavior, increasing in 23% and 20.2% of the patients, respectively, in the second sample. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0053-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>To assess the association between the biochemical markers and the clinical, angiographic, and technical variables and the problems of the procedure, univariate analysis was performed. In regard to the clinical variables analyzed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>), they did not relate to the alterations in the markers after stent implantation. In regard to the angiographic characteristics of the lesion, the presence of angles &gt; 45&#186; (TnI + 22% x TnI - 6.7%; P = 0.002), lesion length greater than 20 mm (MBa + 42% x MBa - 15.5%; P = 0.009; and MBm + 27% x MBm - 12%; P = 0.017), and type B<sub>2</sub>/C lesions (MBm + 87% x MBm - 75%; P = 0.027) were associated with a significant elevation in at least one of the markers after intervention (univariate analysis). In regard to the technical variables of the procedure (balloon predilation, time of balloon inflation &gt; 120 seconds, pressure &gt; 16 atmospheres, number of stents implanted per patient &gt; 1, and stent diameter &lt; 3 mm) none of them was associated with an elevation in any of the 4 markers analyzed. On the other hand, the problems occurring during the intervention were frequently associated with alterations in the markers. On univariate analysis, the presence of angina, the electrocardiographic alterations, and the occlusion of the branches were the variables related to the elevation of at least 2 markers after stent implantation. </p>
      <p>Logistic regression identified the factors independently associated with an alteration in each marker, and concluded that branch occlusion was the only variable with an independent prognostic value for the elevation of all 4 markers analyzed in this study (MBa: OR = 7.0, 95% CI = 2.0-24.4, P = 0.002; MBm: OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.37-6.6, P = 0.005; TnT: OR = 3.25; 95% CI = 1.45-7.26, P = 0.004; TnI: OR = 4.29, 95% CI = 1.92-9.6, P = 0.0004). On the other hand, the presence of angina during the procedure was independently related to an elevation in MBa (OR = 4.27; 95% CI = 1.22-14.9, P = 0.022) and in TnI (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.19-5.39, P = 0.015), but the transient electrocardiographic changes were independently associated with an elevation in MBm (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.15-4.99, P = 0.019) and in TnT (OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.0-4.85, P = 0.047). </p>
      <p>In the one-year follow-up, the major event-free survival was 83.77% in 193 patients. The Kaplan Meier curves for survival free from infarction and new revascularization procedures in the patients with and without alteration in the markers are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">figures 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig05-body2">5</xref>. Cox regression identified the following variables that influenced survival free from adverse events: the elevation in the CK-MB activity after stent implantation (OR = 3.64, 95% CI = 1.27-10.4, P = 0.016), balloon predilation (OR = 3.16, 95% CI = 1.34-7.41, P = 0.0082), and the presence of diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.10-4.67, P = 0.025). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0053-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0053-00010-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0053-00010-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <fn id="fig05-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0053-00010-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our results have shown that markers of myocardial damage frequently increase after elective stent implantation, ranging from 6.1% to 32.8% of the patients. We also observed that in elective procedures, the presence of more complex lesions (extension and angulation), and mainly, the complications during the procedure (branch occlusion and presence of angina and electrocardiographic changes) are strongly associated with an elevation in those markers. At the end of one year, the event-free survival was significantly lower only in patients who had an elevation in the CK-MB activity after stent implantation. The independent variables that negatively influenced the clinical outcome were diabetes mellitus, balloon predilation, and the elevation in the CK-MB activity after stent implantation. </p>
      <p> We observed that the CK-MB activity increased in 12 (6.1%) patients after stent implantation. In most patients (92%), it did not exceed 3 times the normal value. In only one patient, that value was exceeded, characterizing periprocedure infarction. The percentage of elevations in CK-MB activity in our study are lower than those reported in the literature, usually occurring in 15 to 25% of the patients <sup>2,6,7</sup>. This may be attributed to the exclusion of patients more prone to enzyme release (patients with lesions in the saphenous vein graft and those with recent acute coronary syndrome) <sup>8,9</sup>, and also to the influence of the technical characteristics and controlled invasiveness strategy that characterized our interventions (total time of balloon inflation &lt; 120 seconds in 87% of the patients, maximum pressure of stent deployment <underline>&lt;</underline> 16 atmospheres in 70%, direct implantation of the prosthesis in 45% of the patients). </p>
      <p>The CK-MB mass was the marker that most frequently increased after stent implantation (32.8%), but, in more than two thirds of the patients (74%), it did not exceed 3 times the normal value. On the other hand, the troponins I and T, considered a pattern for detecting myonecrosis, had a similar behavior, with 20 and 23% elevations in the second sample after stent implantation. Researchers have reported that the elevation of these 3 markers after intervention ranges from 20 to 40% <sup>10-12</sup>, usually exceeding the percentages of the cardiac enzymes, particularly the CK-MB activity, in concordance with our findings. We also observed that all 4 markers had increased more frequently in the second sample after the procedure. Therefore, if we decide to perform only one measurement of the markers, the ideal period would be between 12 and 18 hours after stent implantation, the equivalent to the second sample, due to the possibility of adding all the possible temporal repercussions of dilation. </p>
      <p>When the patients are analyzed according to the elevation of each one of the 4 markers, we observed that event-free survival was significantly lower only in patients with an elevation in CK-MB activity after stent implantation, which occurred in only 12 patients, 92% of whom (11) had levels 1 to 3 times the normal value. Nevertheless, these alterations were related to worse clinical outcome, which makes us believe that this is the marker that identifies which is clinically relevant, with a negative impact on late outcome. The pathophysiology involved in this process has not yet been completely clarified. Ishikawa et al <sup>13</sup>, however, in experimental studies with dogs, reported that coronary occlusion longer than 20 minutes was associated with enzyme release (total CK and CK-MB) and produced histopathologic evidence of myocardial necrosis (ie, irreversible damage), an observation with relevant diagnostic and therapeutic implications <sup>14-16</sup>. In addition, when the combined events were decomposed, we observed that the patients with an elevation in the CK-MB activity after stent implantation had a greater tendency towards mortality (10.6% x 0.6%; P = 0.10) and additional revascularization procedures (30% x 12%; P = 0.14) in one year. This could be related to microembolizations of the collaterals during the intervention, which increased the risks of the events, intensifying the ischemic effects of a subsequent coronary occlusion at the same site. Enzyme release could also identify patients susceptible to future events in the same area, identifying a high-risk population with a tendency towards developing myonecrosis in response to minor stimuli (Leaker syndrome) <sup>17,18</sup>. </p>
      <p>In regard to the other 3 markers, we observed that, despite the greater incidence of their alterations after stent implantation, this did not negatively influence late outcomes. Some studies have analyzed the impact of troponin elevation on the occurrence of major cardiac events in patients treated percutaneously, and no significant differences were found in patients with and without an elevation in those markers <sup>19</sup>. These results indicate that the troponins are very sensitive and specific for identifying myocardial damage, which is particularly desirable in critical situations, such as acute coronary syndrome <sup>20,21</sup>. However, one does not know the cutoff value above which the diagnosis of infarction after percutaneous intervention is made, which is the outcome with a negative prognostic impact. </p>
      <p>It is worth noting the influence of the anatomical aspects of complex coronary obstructions, represented by long lesions (&gt; 20 mm), located in angulations, and of the B<sub>2</sub>/C type (involvement of lateral branches, excessive calcification, presence of thrombus, and abnormal coronary flow), and which were associated with an elevation in biochemical markers. Those characteristics offer greater difficulty to the passage and action of the device, leading to the embolization of plaque fragments and platelet aggregates, and occlusion of the branches, causing myonecrosis detected by the markers <sup>22,23</sup>. </p>
      <p>In regard to the technique itself, approximately half of the patients underwent direct stent implantation, with no need for balloon predilation, whose major advantage was to cause less damage to the vascular wall <sup>24</sup>. Recent studies assessing those 2 techniques have shown an equivalence in regard to immediate and late results <sup>25,26</sup>. In our study, the laboratory findings showed that the incidence of predilation among the patients with and without alteration in the markers was similar; this variable, however, had an independent negative prognostic influence on the occurrence of major events. It is worth emphasizing that other technical aspects, such as time of balloon inflation and the pressure of stent deployment, did not relate to the elevation in the biochemical markers analyzed. </p>
      <p>The problems occurring during the procedure may interfere with the laboratory behavior of biochemical markers. In terms of laboratory repercussion, the worst finding of the 3 mentioned was occlusion of the side branches identified as the only variable independently associated with the elevation in all markers after stent implantation; however, its negative prognostic impact on the occurrence of major events was not confirmed on Cox regression. Since the initial investigations by Abdelmeguid et al <sup>1,27</sup>, later confirmed by other researchers <sup>11,28</sup>, the occlusion of secondary branches is one of the most frequent factors related to postintervention myonecrosis. </p>
      <p>Predilation performed in approximately 50% of our patients is desirable in more complex lesions (calcification, ostial location, tortuous segments, and occluded vessels). In those cases, the technique provides necessary conditions for safe stent deployment and implantation, avoiding the risk of embolization or incomplete expansion of the prosthesis <sup>24</sup>. In our study, the negative influence of that variable on event-free survival at the end of one year draws attention to the possibility of damage to the vascular wall and microembolizations in the approach of complex lesions, which could have a greater tendency to require new revascularization and to have a higher rate of major events. </p>
      <p>The prevalence of diabetic patients in our group was high (33%) and did not relate to the alterations in markers after stent implantation, but the presence of this risk factor confirms which is reported in the literature: the negative influence of diabetes on the late prognosis of the patients with coronary atherosclerosis, elevating the risks of death, infarction, and other cardiac events <sup>29,30</sup>. Regarding to percutaneous interventions, the presence of diabetes does not impair clinical success; however, the rate of restenosis, even with the use of stents, is high, being attributed to exacerbated intimal hyperplasia. In addition, the disease tends to progression, particularly in insulin-dependent patients, generating the frequent need for new revascularization <sup>31</sup>. Of the 193 patients in this study, 64 were diabetics who have twice as many adverse cardiac events (28% x 12.5%; p = 0.015), particularly related to the need for new revascularization procedures (25% x 11%; p = 0.019), as compared with nondiabetic. A tendency towards a lower event-free survival in diabetic patients (76.5% x 87.4%; p = 0.065) was observed, even in a relatively small sample (in which it was not previously intended to analyze that subgroup in particular), corroborating the results of several studies that showed the negative impact of diabetes on coronary artery disease and in the outcomes after percutaneous and surgical revascularization. </p>
      <p>The routine use of multiple markers for identifying myonecrosis after stent implantation, particularly troponins, does not seem necessary, because no difference was observed in the event-free survival rate in one year in patients with and without changes in these markers. Yet, CK-MB mass did not add any advantages, because it may increase in situations not related to myocardial damage (manipulation of the skeletal muscle). </p>
      <p>In conclusion, we suggest the use of systematic monitoring of CK-MB activity after coronary stent implantation. The arguments that justify that suggestion are based on the clinical and laboratory behavior of CK-MB, on the knowledge acquired through studies relating its elevation after the procedure to a worse late outcome, and its low cost. It is worth stressing that even small elevations in this marker levels (1 to 3 times the normal value) should be valued, because its presence has a negative prognostic impact and determines a lower event-free survival rate at one-year. </p>
      <p>Ideally, the accurate assessment of the prognostic impact of the elevations of different biochemical markers of myocardial damage after percutaneous intervention should include a larger population and a prolonged clinical follow-up (&gt; 5 years). In cohort observational studies, such as ours, that analyze stable patients undergoing elective procedures, the occurrence of events, such as death, infarction, and new revascularization is less frequent. Therefore, an exceptionally large number of individuals is required for assessing those events, which, however, would make the research impossible due to the high costs involved and the impracticality of performing an adequate clinical follow-up in the medium- and long-term period.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Marinella Centemero </p>
          <p> Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500</p>
          <p> Cep 04012-909 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="patrizia@cardiol.br">patrizia@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 02/03/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 09/29/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
