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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LPQrXTTtBLC7SX6yLspX8wS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001900009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001900009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Incid&#234;ncia de trombo intracard&#237;aco e de tromboembolismo nos tr&#234;s primeiros meses ap&#243;s o implante de biopr&#243;tese valvar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Auristela Isabel de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Helio Maximiano de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maldonado</surname>
            <given-names>Mercedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Togna</surname>
            <given-names>Dorival J&#250;lio Della</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Zilda Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arnoni</surname>
            <given-names>Antoninho Sanfins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Nisia Lyra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paulista</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Paredes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>spe</issue>
      <fpage>46</fpage>
      <lpage>52</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de trombo intracard&#237;aco e de tromboembolismo nos tr&#234;s primeiros meses ap&#243;s a troca valvar por biopr&#243;tese e identificar fatores de risco para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo. M&#201;TODO:Inclu&#237;dos 184 pacientes, entre 15 e 75 anos de idade, submetidos a implante de biopr&#243;tese e realizados ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cico e transesof&#225;gico (ETE) na fase hospitalar, m&#233;dia 8,4&#177;3 dias, e tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s, m&#233;dia 97,4&#177;21,7 dias. RESULTADOS: Incid&#234;ncia de trombo foi significativamente mais elevada nos pacientes com pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral ou mitroa&#243;rtica (21,0%) do que em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (2,8%), p&lt;0,001. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada identificou a pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral ou mitroa&#243;rtica como a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo. No seguimento de tr&#234;s meses o ETE evidenciou trombo em 35 (20,7%) dos 169 pacientes com evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, 31,7% nos mitrais e 3,1% nos a&#243;rticos, p&lt;0,001. No 3&#186; m&#234;s a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada tamb&#233;m identificou a pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral ou mitroa&#243;rtica como a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo. Durante os tr&#234;s meses de seguimento, tr&#234;s (1,6%) pacientes faleceram e oito (4,3%) apresentaram fen&#244;meno emb&#243;lico, todos para territ&#243;rio cerebral. CONCLUS&#195;O: A incid&#234;ncia de trombo nos tr&#234;s primeiros meses, ap&#243;s o implante da biopr&#243;tese foi 14,1% nos 10 primeiros dias e 20,7% em tr&#234;s meses; a pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral ou mitroa&#243;rtica foi identificada como fator de risco para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo; a incid&#234;ncia de fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos diagnosticados clinicamente foi inferior &#224; propor&#231;&#227;o de trombo atrial documentado pelo ecocardiograma.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>biopr&#243;tese valvar</kwd>
        <kwd>tromboembolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>trombose valvar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Incid&#234;ncia de trombo intracard&#237;aco e de tromboembolismo nos tr&#234;s primeiros meses ap&#243;s o implante de biopr&#243;tese valvar </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Auristela Isabel de Oliveira Ramos; Helio Maximiano de Magalh&#227;es; Mercedes Maldonado; Dorival J&#250;lio Della Togna; Zilda Machado Meneghelo; Antoninho Sanfins Arnoni; Lucia Machado; Nisia Lyra Gomes; Paulo Paredes Paulista </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de trombo intracard&#237;aco e de tromboembolismo nos tr&#234;s primeiros meses ap&#243;s a troca valvar por biopr&#243;tese e identificar fatores de risco para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODO:</bold>Inclu&#237;dos 184 pacientes, entre 15 e 75 anos de idade, submetidos a implante de biopr&#243;tese e realizados ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cico e transesof&#225;gico (ETE) na fase hospitalar, m&#233;dia 8,4&#177;3 dias, e tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s, m&#233;dia 97,4&#177;21,7 dias. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Incid&#234;ncia de trombo foi significativamente mais elevada nos pacientes com pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral ou mitroa&#243;rtica (21,0%) do que em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (2,8%), p&lt;0,001. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada identificou a pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral ou mitroa&#243;rtica como a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo. No seguimento de tr&#234;s meses o ETE evidenciou trombo em 35 (20,7%) dos 169 pacientes com evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, 31,7% nos mitrais e 3,1% nos a&#243;rticos, p&lt;0,001. No 3&#186; m&#234;s a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada tamb&#233;m identificou a pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral ou mitroa&#243;rtica como a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo. Durante os tr&#234;s meses de seguimento, tr&#234;s (1,6%) pacientes faleceram e oito (4,3%) apresentaram fen&#244;meno emb&#243;lico, todos para territ&#243;rio cerebral. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A incid&#234;ncia de trombo nos tr&#234;s primeiros meses, ap&#243;s o implante da biopr&#243;tese foi 14,1% nos 10 primeiros dias e 20,7% em tr&#234;s meses; a pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral ou mitroa&#243;rtica foi identificada como fator de risco para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo; a incid&#234;ncia de fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos diagnosticados clinicamente foi inferior &#224; propor&#231;&#227;o de trombo atrial documentado pelo ecocardiograma. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> biopr&#243;tese valvar, tromboembolismo, trombose valvar</p>
    <p> Embora as biopr&#243;teses sejam menos trombog&#234;nicas que as pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas, h&#225; v&#225;rios relatos de tromboembolismo relacionados ao seu emprego, sobretudo nos tr&#234;s primeiros meses ap&#243;s seu implante<sup>1-5</sup>. Tr&#234;s mecanismos b&#225;sicos para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo intracard&#237;aco, ap&#243;s o implante de uma pr&#243;tese, podem ser identificados: o 1&#186; envolve uma intera&#231;&#227;o molecular entre os componentes do sangue, o plasma e a superf&#237;cie artificial das pr&#243;teses; o 2&#186; depende da influ&#234;ncia do fluxo transprot&#233;tico e da estenose residual; e o 3&#186; refere-se a estados de hipercoagulabilidade, a perda da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, a imperfei&#231;&#245;es na superf&#237;cie das pr&#243;teses e &#224; incompleta endoteliza&#231;&#227;o do anel prot&#233;tico<sup>2</sup>. Al&#233;m disto, o glutaralde&#237;do utilizado para preserva&#231;&#227;o das valvas, mesmo em baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es, tamb&#233;m, &#233; delet&#233;rio ao endot&#233;lio<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Embora n&#227;o tenha sido comprovado seu papel independente na forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos, a dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas e a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda est&#227;o associadas a uma maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos tromb&#243;ticos<sup>7</sup>. Outro fator de risco para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo &#233; o contraste espont&#226;neo<sup>8</sup> encontrado sob condi&#231;&#245;es de baixa velocidade do sangue. Algumas arritmias, particularmente a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, est&#227;o associadas &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo<sup>9-11</sup>. Com o advento do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, os di&#226;metros e a fun&#231;&#227;o da aur&#237;cula puderam ser avaliados diretamente<sup>12</sup> e observou-se que Independente do ritmo card&#237;aco, o desaparecimento ou a diminui&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de fluxo de sa&#237;da na aur&#237;cula esquerda, est&#225; associado &#224; presen&#231;a de contraste espont&#226;neo e &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo<sup>13,14</sup>. </p>
    <p>O impacto do implante das biopr&#243;teses na forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo intracard&#237;aco e nas complica&#231;&#245;es emb&#243;licas, em especial, em pacientes em ritmo sinusal, tem sido pouco estudado de forma prospectiva, especialmente, em nosso meio. Portanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio o conhecimento da incid&#234;ncia de trombo nos tr&#234;s primeiros meses, ap&#243;s o implante de uma biopr&#243;tese e dos fatores de risco, que possam influenciar na sua forma&#231;&#227;o, para que se justifique a prescri&#231;&#227;o do anticoagulante oral nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, como recomendam as diretrizes da <italic>American Heart Association e American College of Cardiology</italic><sup>15</sup> . </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de trombo intracard&#237;aco e de tromboembolismo nos tr&#234;s primeiros meses, ap&#243;s o implante de biopr&#243;tese valvar de origem porcina e identificar fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo, ap&#243;s o implante de biopr&#243;teses. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos 184 pacientes, 107 (58,0%) do sexo feminino e 77 (42,0%) do sexo masculino, com idades entre 15 e 75 anos (m&#233;dia de 51,9 &#177; 15,9 anos) dos quais, 73,4% estavam abaixo de 65 anos de idade. Cento e vinte e tr&#234;s (66,8%) pacientes foram operados para corre&#231;&#227;o de valvopatia nativa e 61 (33,2%) para corre&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese. O ritmo sinusal esteve presente em 131 (71,0%) pacientes, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 52 (28,5%), e um (0,5%) paciente tinha marcapasso definitivo. A biopr&#243;tese foi implantada na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral isolada ou associada &#224; a&#243;rtica em 114 (62%) pacientes e na posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica isolada em 70 (38%). </p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foi pacientes com idade entre 15 e 75 anos, com valvopatia mitral e ou a&#243;rtica, de qualquer etiologia ou disfun&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese, internados para implante de biopr&#243;tese e, o de exclus&#227;o, pacientes que complicaram com acidente vascular cerebral transoperat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>O estudo Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico foi realizado em tr&#234;s ocasi&#245;es: antes da admiss&#227;o dos pacientes para corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, na fase hospitalar do implante da pr&#243;tese e tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a alta. Os di&#226;metros do &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo esquerdos foram medidos pelo modo M, a partir das imagens adquiridas pelo estudo transtor&#225;cico. O di&#226;metro telessist&#243;lico, &#226;ntero-posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo foi obtido pela via paraesternal esquerda, com a imagem do eixo maior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Para as medidas dos di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi utilizado o corte transversal dessa cavidade em n&#237;vel dos m&#250;sculos papilares. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi analisada de maneira convencional por meio do c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento<sup>16</sup>. As velocidades de fluxo de esvaziamento da aur&#237;cula esquerda foram obtidas pelo Doppler pulsado, colocando-se a amostra-volume na via de sa&#237;da da aur&#237;cula esquerda<sup>12</sup>. A &#225;rea da pr&#243;tese mitral e os gradientes de press&#227;o foram obtidos utilizando-se Doppler ecocardiograma, realizando-se o c&#225;lculo do <italic>"pressure half-time" </italic>e a equa&#231;&#227;o de Bernoulli<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico foi realizado, ap&#243;s o implante da biopr&#243;tese, em duas ocasi&#245;es: na fase hospitalar do implante e tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a alta. Para os estudos transesof&#225;gicos biplanar e multiplanar, foram seguidas as normas e recomenda&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas de realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames e de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens<sup>18,19</sup>. </p>
    <p>O contraste espont&#226;neo foi definido como uma imagem semelhante &#224; fuma&#231;a, movendo-se de forma circular e lenta, no &#225;trio esquerdo. Foi graduado de zero a quatro cruzes: zero, a aus&#234;ncia de contraste espont&#226;neo, 1+ discreta quantidade, 2+ moderada e 3+ grande quantidade de contraste espont&#226;neo e 4+ intenso grau de contraste espont&#226;neo<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Trombo intracard&#237;aco foi definido como a presen&#231;a de uma massa circunscrita, com ecogenicidade diferente da parede atrial, classificado como mural quando apresentava aspecto laminar, base larga ocupando uma das paredes da cavidade atrial e nodular ou pedunculado, quando se apresentava como um n&#243;dulo, m&#243;vel, fixo &#224; parede atrial por um ponto<sup>21</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foram definidos como eventos emb&#243;licos qualquer evento emb&#243;lico, na aus&#234;ncia de endocardite, incluindo, qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica, permanente ou transit&#243;ria, e a presen&#231;a de quadro cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com isquemia arterial perif&#233;rica, independente de confirma&#231;&#227;o laboratorial. </p>
    <p>No 1&#186; dia, ap&#243;s o implante da pr&#243;tese, era iniciada heparina na dose de 10.000 U, por via subcut&#226;nea, a cada 12h. No 2&#186; dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, era iniciado anticoagulante oral nos pacientes com condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas e geogr&#225;ficas, para controle adequado da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e que n&#227;o apresentavam contra-indica&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para a sua prescri&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes sem condi&#231;&#245;es para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o recebiam a partir do 2&#186; dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, 200 mg de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, mantido at&#233; o 3&#186; m&#234;s nos pacientes sem fatores de risco para tromboembolismo e, por tempo indeterminado, naqueles com fatores de risco. </p>
    <p>O c&#225;lculo da amostra foi realizado com base em um estudo da literatura onde a incid&#234;ncia de trombo no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, ap&#243;s o implante de biopr&#243;tese foi de 12,5%<sup>3</sup>. Considerando uma precis&#227;o absoluta de 5,0% e um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5,0% o tamanho m&#237;nimo da amostra foi estimado em 162 pacientes. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas com m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, a compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias foi realizada pelo teste t-Student para popula&#231;&#245;es independentes ou para popula&#231;&#245;es correlatas, conforme o caso. As vari&#225;veis qualitativas e categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em porcentagens e suas compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas pelo teste do c<sup>2</sup> (qui-quadrado) ou o teste exato de Fisher, quando indicado. Para avaliar a poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o entre a vari&#225;vel dependente trombo e algumas vari&#225;veis independentes, foi realizada a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com o teste <italic>forward stepwise selection</italic>. As vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise multivariada foram aquelas identificadas pela an&#225;lise univariada e as que foram consideradas de relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram efetuadas utilizando o programa <italic>SPSS for Windows</italic>, vers&#227;o 8.0. Foi estabelecido o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica p=0,05 <sup>22</sup>. Quando se levou em considera&#231;&#227;o o local do implante da pr&#243;tese, para fins de compara&#231;&#245;es entre os pacientes com e sem trombo, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: pacientes com pr&#243;tese nas posi&#231;&#245;es mitral ou mitroa&#243;rtica e na posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O intervalo de tempo entre o implante da biopr&#243;tese e a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma na fase hospitalar variou de 5 a 25 dias (m&#233;dia = 8,4 &#177; 3 dias). Trombo intracard&#237;aco foi documentado em 26 (14,1%) dos 184 pacientes ou 1,7/100 pacientes/dia. A incid&#234;ncia de trombo foi significativamente mais elevada nos pacientes com biopr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral ou mitroa&#243;rtica (21,0%) do que naqueles com biopr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica (2,8%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>). O trombo foi evidenciado na cavidade atrial esquerda em 16 (61,5%) pacientes, na pr&#243;tese mitral em 6 (23,1%), na aur&#237;cula em 4 (15,4%). Nos dois pacientes a&#243;rticos em que foi evidenciado trombo, estes se localizavam no &#225;trio esquerdo. Trombo foi evidenciado em 18 (16,8%) das 107 mulheres e em 8 (10,4%) dos 77 homens (p=0,21). A menor incid&#234;ncia de trombo ocorreu na faixa et&#225;ria de 15 a 29 anos (4,5%). O n&#237;vel de fibrinog&#234;nio plasm&#225;tico foi mais elevado nos pacientes com trombo, 409 &#177; 126 mg/dl <italic>versus </italic>361 &#177; 116 mg/dl (p=0,05). Entre os 184 pacientes, 159 (86,4%) receberam alta em uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e 25 (13,6%) em uso de anticoagulante oral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0046-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0046-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Do ponto de vista da les&#227;o valvar, ou do tipo de disfun&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica, antes do implante da pr&#243;tese, 58 pacientes tinham diagn&#243;stico de estenose, 43 de insufici&#234;ncia e 13 de dupla les&#227;o mitral. Entre esses pacientes, na ocasi&#227;o da cirurgia, foi observado trombo em nove (7,9%), todos com estenose valvar. A incid&#234;ncia de trombo foi semelhante nos pacientes operados por valvopatia nativa ou por disfun&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese (13,8% <italic>versus</italic> 14,8%, p=0,86). O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio revelou trombo em tr&#234;s (33,3%) dos nove pacientes em que foi realizada a ressec&#231;&#227;o de trombo. A incid&#234;ncia de trombo foi significativamente mais elevada nos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (26,7% <italic>versus</italic> 10,1%, p=0,005). Ap&#243;s o implante da pr&#243;tese valvar 126 (68,5%) estavam em ritmo sinusal, 53 (28,8%) em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e cinco (2,7%) com bloqueio atrioventricular total. Foi evidenciado trombo em 12 dos 53 (22,6%) pacientes em ritmo card&#237;aco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e em 14 dos 126 (11,1%) pacientes em ritmo sinusal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). Quando comparados aos pacientes em ritmo sinusal, os pacientes em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial apresentavam m&#233;dia de idade mais elevada (55,9 &#177; 13,7 <italic>versus</italic> 50,3 &#177; 16,5 anos, p=0,03), maiores di&#226;metros atriais esquerdos, (62,8 &#177; 15,7mm <italic>versus</italic> 48,8 &#177; 9,2 mm, p&lt;0,0001), menores velocidades de fluxo na aur&#237;cula esquerda (0,25 &#177; 0,11m/s <italic>versus</italic> 0,44 &#177; 0,16 m/s, p&lt;0,0001), maior incid&#234;ncia de contraste espont&#226;neo graus 3+ ou 4+ (82,9% <italic>versus</italic> 17,1%, p&lt;0,0001) e maior n&#250;mero de pr&#243;teses implantadas em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral e mitroa&#243;rtica (42,1% <italic>versus </italic>5,8% p&lt;0,0001). A an&#225;lise do subgrupo dos 126 pacientes em ritmo sinusal revelou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os pacientes com e sem trombo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia das idades (50,5 &#177; 14 <italic>versus</italic> 50,3 &#177; 16,9 anos), dos di&#226;metros atriais esquerdos (48,2 &#177; 5,4cm <italic>versus</italic> 45,7 &#177; 6,5cm) e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (55 &#177; 17,4% <italic>versus</italic> 52,3 &#177; 12,5%). N&#227;o foi evidenciado trombo em nenhum dos 21 pacientes sem contraste espont&#226;neo, ao contr&#225;rio, o trombo foi encontrado em 11,5% dos pacientes com contraste espont&#226;neo grau 1+ ou 2+ e em 50,0% dos pacientes com contraste espont&#226;neo grau 3+ ou 4+ (p=0,003). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0046-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, transtor&#225;cicos obtidos, antes da troca valvar encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. A an&#225;lise dos resultados mostrou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os pacientes com e sem trombo, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s m&#233;dias dos di&#226;metros das cavidades esquerdas, atriais e ventriculares e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Na an&#225;lise dos dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, obtidos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, observou-se que os pacientes com trombo tiveram maiores di&#226;metros atriais esquerdos, menores velocidades de fluxo na aur&#237;cula esquerda e continuaram com semelhantes m&#233;dias dos di&#226;metros ventriculares e das fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). A m&#233;dia das &#225;reas das pr&#243;teses mitrais foi menor nos pacientes que desenvolveram trombo do que nos que n&#227;o o desenvolveram (2,2 &#177; 0,5 cm<sup>2</sup><italic>versus</italic> 2,5 &#177; 0,4 cm<sup>2</sup> p=0,02). Contraste espont&#226;neo foi evidenciado em 163 (88,5%) dos 184 pacientes em estudo. A incid&#234;ncia de trombo nos pacientes com contraste espont&#226;neo grau 1+ ou 2+ foi 10,0% e nos pacientes com grau 3+ ou 4+ foi 37,0%. Nenhum trombo foi diagnosticado entre os 21 pacientes sem contraste espont&#226;neo. Todos os pacientes sem contraste espont&#226;neo estavam em ritmo sinusal, enquanto que 83,0% daqueles com contraste espont&#226;neo graus 3+ ou 4+ estavam em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. A m&#233;dia das velocidades de fluxo na aur&#237;cula esquerda foi 0,51 &#177; 0,16 m/s nos pacientes sem contraste espont&#226;neo, 0,42 &#177; 0,16 com contraste espont&#226;neo grau 1+ ou 2+ e 0,22 &#177; 0,12 m/s com contraste espont&#226;neo grau 3+ ou 4+ (p=0,004). </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01"/>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0046-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0046-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica fizeram parte do modelo as seguintes vari&#225;veis: ritmo card&#237;aco, di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, velocidade de fluxo na aur&#237;cula, grau de contraste espont&#226;neo no &#225;trio esquerdo, local de implante da pr&#243;tese, associa&#231;&#227;o com outros procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios. A biopr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel identificada como marcador independente de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo. Quando se realizou a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, no subgrupo dos 114 pacientes mitrais e mitroa&#243;rticos, foram adicionados &#224;s vari&#225;veis j&#225; citadas, a &#225;rea da pr&#243;tese e o gradiente transprot&#233;tico. A &#225;rea valvar da pr&#243;tese foi o &#250;nico marcador independente de trombo identificado por esta an&#225;lise. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar tr&#234;s (1,6%) dos 184 pacientes faleceram e 12 (6,5%) n&#227;o aceitaram repetir o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, por&#233;m, compareceram &#224; consulta m&#233;dica ou foram interrogados por telefone. Portanto, o seguimento ecocardiogr&#225;fico de tr&#234;s meses foi poss&#237;vel em 169 (91,8%) pacientes. O Intervalo de tempo entre o implante da biopr&#243;tese e a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico variou de 49 a 193 dias (m&#233;dia = 97,4 &#177; 21,7dias). Trombo foi documentado em 35 (20,7% ou 0,21/100 pacientes/dia) dos 169 pacientes que repetiram o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o implante da pr&#243;tese; 33 dos 104 (31,7%) pacientes com pr&#243;tese mitral e mitroa&#243;rtica e 2 dos 65 (3,1%) com pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica, p&lt;0,001. O trombo estava localizado na pr&#243;tese mitral em 18 (51,4%) pacientes, no &#225;trio esquerdo em 9 (25,7%), na aur&#237;cula em 3 (8,6%), e no &#225;trio esquerdo e na pr&#243;tese em 5 (14,3%). Dos 26 pacientes que receberam alta hospitalar com diagn&#243;stico de trombo, 25 (96,0%) tiveram seguimento ecocardiogr&#225;fico em tr&#234;s meses. Oito pacientes receberam alta em uso de anticoagulante oral e 18 em uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico. O trombo foi evidenciado em dois dos pacientes em uso de anticoagulante e em 11 em uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico. Entre os 158 pacientes que n&#227;o tinham trombo no per&#237;odo hospitalar 17 receberam alta em uso de anticoagulante oral e 141 em uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico. O ecocardiograma foi realizado em todos os 17 pacientes que estavam em uso de anticoagulante e evidenciou trombo em um (5,8%). N&#227;o foi realizado ecocardiograma em 14 dos 141 pacientes em uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico porque tr&#234;s faleceram e 11 n&#227;o compareceram. Entre os 127 com estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi evidenciado trombo em 21 (16,5%). </p>
    <p>O trombo foi evidenciado em 17,8% dos pacientes em ritmo sinusal e em 31,8% daqueles em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p=0,08). Quando foram analisados os 120 pacientes em ritmo sinusal, observou-se que os pacientes com e sem trombo eram semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s m&#233;dias da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (55,7 &#177; 15,3% <italic>versus </italic>56,7 &#177; 15%, p=0,76), velocidade na aur&#237;cula esquerda (0,39 &#177; 0,15 m/s <italic>versus </italic>0,44 &#177; 0,15 m/s, p=0,21) e di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo (48 &#177; 6,9 mm <italic>versus</italic> 44 &#177; 6,5 mm, p=0,17). No entanto, trombo foi evidenciado em 17,8% dos pacientes com contraste espont&#226;neo grau 1+ ou 2+, em 50,0% com grau 3+ ou 4+ e em nenhum pacientes sem contraste espont&#226;neo (p=0,04). Nos dezenove pacientes em que foi realizada a exclus&#227;o da aur&#237;cula, fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo no seu interior foi observado em tr&#234;s (15,7%) pacientes. Os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos obtidos demonstraram uma incid&#234;ncia de trombo mais elevada nos pacientes com maiores di&#226;metros atriais esquerdos e com menores velocidades de fluxo na aur&#237;cula, de acordo com os dados da <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref>. Entre os 169 pacientes nos quais o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico foi realizado 155 (91,7%) apresentavam contraste espont&#226;neo. Trombo foi documentado em 22 (17,5%) dos 126 pacientes com contraste espont&#226;neo grau 1+ ou 2+ e em 13 (44,8%) dos 29 com contraste espont&#226;neo grau 3+ ou 4+, p=0,001. N&#227;o foi evidenciado trombo nos 14 pacientes sem contraste espont&#226;neo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, as vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das foram selecionadas com base nos resultados obtidos na an&#225;lise univariada. As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram: posi&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese, ritmo card&#237;aco, di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, velocidade de fluxo na aur&#237;cula esquerda e a presen&#231;a de contraste espont&#226;neo. Os resultados apontaram apenas a pr&#243;tese, em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, como marcador independente de trombo. No entanto, quando foi selecionado o subgrupo de pacientes com pr&#243;tese na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral ou mitroa&#243;rtica, a an&#225;lise multivariada n&#227;o identificou nenhum fator de risco para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo em tr&#234;s meses. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0046-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0046-00009-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos ocorreram em oito (4,3%) pacientes; tr&#234;s no per&#237;odo hospitalar e cinco no seguimento tardio. Todos para territ&#243;rio cerebral. A incid&#234;ncia linear foi de 0,05/100 pacientes/dia. Seis (75%) tinham pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, cinco (62,5%) deles estavam em ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e tr&#234;s (37,5%) apresentavam trombo no ecocardiograma realizado tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a troca valvar. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos tr&#234;s primeiros meses, ap&#243;s o implante de uma biopr&#243;tese, a incid&#234;ncia de fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos tem sido descrita em v&#225;rias publica&#231;&#245;es, variando de 0,2 a 10,0%/ano<sup>1-5</sup>. Essas varia&#231;&#245;es demonstradas nos estudos, em pacientes com o mesmo tipo de pr&#243;tese, sugerem que os fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos n&#227;o estejam relacionados diretamente &#224; pr&#243;tese, e sim, &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, ao desenho do estudo, &#224;s defini&#231;&#245;es incorretas das complica&#231;&#245;es ou ao m&#233;todo de coleta e an&#225;lise dos dados. A maioria dos artigos que analisa as complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas das pr&#243;teses faz refer&#234;ncia &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es emb&#243;licas e n&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de trombo intracard&#237;aco. O estudo em discuss&#227;o &#233; o primeiro que avaliou a presen&#231;a de trombo intracard&#237;aco, ap&#243;s o implante de uma biopr&#243;tese, utilizando ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gica no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s seu implante. Diferente da popula&#231;&#227;o dos pa&#237;ses economicamente desenvolvidos, onde a doen&#231;a valvar predomina nos homens e na valva a&#243;rtica, com m&#233;dia de idade &gt; a 60 anos<sup>4</sup>, neste estudo houve predom&#237;nio das mulheres (58,0%), com m&#233;dia de idade de 51,9 &#177; 15,9 anos, sendo que 73,0% dos pacientes tinham idade &lt; a 64 anos e com acometimento da valva mitral em 62,0% dos casos. A incid&#234;ncia de trombo intracard&#237;aco foi elevada nos tr&#234;s primeiros meses, ap&#243;s o implante de biopr&#243;tese nos pacientes mitrais e nos mitroa&#243;rticos. No per&#237;odo hospitalar, a localiza&#231;&#227;o preferencial do trombo foi a parede do &#225;trio esquerdo (61,5%), sugerindo que a forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo possa estar ligada n&#227;o s&#243; &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, secund&#225;rias &#224; valvopatia mitral, como tamb&#233;m &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es locais na parede atrial, decorrentes da atriotomia e da manipula&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Estas observa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o concordantes com as demonstradas em estudos de necropsia, realizados nos primeiros 60 dias, ap&#243;s implante de biopr&#243;tese<sup>3,23</sup>. Por outro lado, no 3&#186; m&#234;s, a localiza&#231;&#227;o mais freq&#252;ente do trombo foi sobre a pr&#243;tese mitral, seguida pelo &#225;trio esquerdo, sugerindo que, al&#233;m dos fatores descritos acima, a pr&#243;tese seja o substrato mais importante na patogenia do trombo no per&#237;odo mais tardio. Antes da troca valvar, os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos obtidos foram semelhantes nos pacientes com e sem trombo. Contudo, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nos di&#226;metros atriais esquerdos em ambos os grupos, por&#233;m, em menor propor&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com trombo. A disfun&#231;&#227;o da aur&#237;cula esquerda foi mais acentuada nos pacientes com trombo. Estes resultados foram semelhantes aos encontrados por LI e cols.<sup>9</sup> quando identificaram a velocidade do pico de esvaziamento da aur&#237;cula esquerda, como a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente para embolia arterial. A presen&#231;a e a intensidade do contraste espont&#226;neo estiveram claramente relacionadas &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo. Nenhum paciente sem contraste espont&#226;neo desenvolveu trombo, enquanto 37,0% dos indiv&#237;duos com contraste espont&#226;neo graus 3+ ou 4+ o desenvolveram. Na forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo intracard&#237;aco e na associa&#231;&#227;o com fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos, o papel do contraste espont&#226;neo j&#225; est&#225; bem demonstrado, pois na maioria das vezes est&#225; relacionado a cardiopatias, sobretudo mitrais, &#224; presen&#231;a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, a maiores di&#226;metros atriais esquerdos e &#224; baixa velocidade de fluxo na aur&#237;cula esquerda<sup>7-10</sup>. No nosso estudo, os pacientes com contraste espont&#226;neo graus 3+ ou 4+ apresentaram as mais baixas velocidades de fluxo na aur&#237;cula esquerda, os maiores di&#226;metros atriais esquerdos e a maior porcentagem de pacientes em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial do que os pacientes sem contraste espont&#226;neo ou com contraste espont&#226;neo 1+ ou 2+. Quando se analisou o subgrupo de pacientes mitrais e mitroa&#243;rticos, com a finalidade de identificar vari&#225;veis independentes para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo, somente a &#225;rea da pr&#243;tese foi selecionada pela an&#225;lise multivariada. Embora a diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias das &#225;reas valvares, nos pacientes com e sem trombo, tenha sido pequena (2,2 &#177; 0,5 <italic>versus</italic> 2,5 &#177; 0,4 cm<sup>2</sup>), suas medianas foram diferentes e 75,0% dos pacientes sem trombo apresentavam &#225;rea da pr&#243;tese acima de 2,2 cm<sup>2</sup> enquanto que 50,0% dos pacientes com trombo tinham &#225;rea da pr&#243;tese inferior a 2,2 cm<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>O ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial tem sido descrito como um marcador independente de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo, sobretudo, em paciente com estenose mitral<sup>10,11</sup>. A presente pesquisa mostrou que a incid&#234;ncia de trombo nos pacientes em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi o dobro daqueles em ritmo sinusal (21,2% x 11,5%), por&#233;m n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou significado estat&#237;stico. Entretanto, quando foram analisados apenas os mitrais e os mitroa&#243;rticos, observou-se que 42,1% dos pacientes apresentavam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e mesmo, assim, o ritmo card&#237;aco n&#227;o foi relacionado &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo. Quando analisamos somente os pacientes em ritmo sinusal, a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica relacionada &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e no tardio foi a presen&#231;a de contraste espont&#226;neo graus 3+ ou 4+. Estas observa&#231;&#245;es permitem inferir que o ritmo sinusal n&#227;o ofereceu prote&#231;&#227;o contra a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo nos pacientes com implante recente de biopr&#243;tese, por outro lado, o grau de contraste espont&#226;neo e as complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica, propiciaram a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo. A exclus&#227;o da aur&#237;cula tem sido realizada na preven&#231;&#227;o de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, por&#233;m, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, sinais de comunica&#231;&#227;o residual entre a aur&#237;cula e o corpo do &#225;trio esquerdo t&#234;m sido descrito e relacionado &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo<sup>24</sup>. </p>
    <p>No estudo atual, entre os 114 pacientes mitrais e mitroa&#243;rticos 50,8% tinham diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de estenose mitral, 37,7% de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral e 11,4% de dupla les&#227;o mitral. A incid&#234;ncia de trombo detectada no ato cir&#250;rgico foi 7,8% nos pacientes com estenose mitral e nenhum trombo foi evidenciado em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia ou dupla les&#227;o mitral. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico detectou trombo em 20,9% dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral, 38,5% com dupla les&#227;o mitral e em 17,2% com estenose mitral, demonstrando que a incid&#234;ncia de trombo p&#243;s-implante da pr&#243;tese foi menor nos pacientes com les&#227;o tipo estenose. </p>
    <p>Embora a dosagem do fibrinog&#234;nio n&#227;o avalie a coagula&#231;&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea, este tem sido empregado nas pesquisas de trombo em pr&#243;tese. V&#225;rios mecanismos podem contribuir para o aumento do fibrinog&#234;nio plasm&#225;tico na doen&#231;a valvar nativa, entre eles, o aumento na s&#237;ntese hep&#225;tica do fibrinog&#234;nio, a presen&#231;a de hemoconcentra&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria ao uso de diur&#233;ticos e a turbul&#234;ncia n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica decorrente dos dist&#250;rbios hemodin&#226;micos que levam a altera&#231;&#227;o dos fatores da coagula&#231;&#227;o, a forma&#231;&#227;o dos produtos de degrada&#231;&#227;o da fibrina, aumento da viscosidade sang&#252;&#237;nea e agrega&#231;&#227;o das hem&#225;cias<sup>25,26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Embora a rela&#231;&#227;o entre trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo e embolia sist&#234;mica ainda n&#227;o esteja totalmente clara, sabe-se que os portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com trombo no &#225;trio esquerdo apresentam maior n&#250;mero de fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos do que aqueles sem trombo<sup>27,28</sup>. </p>
    <p>A prescri&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulante oral para preven&#231;&#227;o de tromboembolismo nos tr&#234;s primeiros meses, ap&#243;s o implante de uma biopr&#243;tese, tem sido largamente recomendada<sup>15,29-31</sup>. Por&#233;m, os anticoagulantes s&#227;o drogas que elevam o custo do tratamento por aumentar o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o e necessitar de freq&#252;ente controle laboratorial, al&#233;m de elevar o risco de sangramento. Estudos randomizados, warfarin <italic>versus </italic>placebo, realizados em pacientes da Am&#233;rica do Norte, constataram que s&#243; 10,0% dos pacientes puderam ser randomizados e que 38,0%/pacientes/ano abandonam o tratamento<sup>32</sup>. Na amostra atual, tamb&#233;m, s&#243; foi poss&#237;vel anticoagular 10,0% dos pacientes. Embora esta pesquisa n&#227;o tenha sido desenhada para avaliar a efetividade do anticoagulante oral na preven&#231;&#227;o de trombo, ap&#243;s implante de uma biopr&#243;tese, e 90,0% dos pacientes n&#227;o tenham recebido anticoagulante oral, pode-se sugerir que esta medica&#231;&#227;o seja desnecess&#225;ria em pacientes com implante de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica isolada, em vista da baixa incid&#234;ncia de trombo e aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es emb&#243;licas nesse grupo de pacientes. Estas sugest&#245;es s&#227;o concordantes com as de outros autores que avaliaram pacientes com biopr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica com e sem anticoagulante oral e n&#227;o encontraram benef&#237;cio na prescri&#231;&#227;o desta medica&#231;&#227;o<sup>33</sup>. Por outro lado, nos pacientes mitrais e nos mitroa&#243;rticos a incid&#234;ncia de trombo intracard&#237;aco foi elevada, mesmo na presen&#231;a do ritmo sinusal, com um risco 3,8 vezes maior do que os a&#243;rticos e associada a fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos, tornando necess&#225;ria a prescri&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulante oral nos pacientes com pr&#243;tese na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral. </p>
    <p>Como limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo, destacamos a principal, a n&#227;o randomiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em ritmo sinusal com pr&#243;tese na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, para uso de anticoagulante oral, antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio ou placebo. Do ponto de vista pr&#225;tico, o principal obst&#225;culo para realiza&#231;&#227;o deste tipo de estudo em nosso meio, foi a dificuldade em randomizar pacientes que pudessem fazer o controle adequado da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, visto que, a op&#231;&#227;o pelo implante da biopr&#243;tese em pacientes jovens, inclusive j&#225; submetidos a cirurgias anteriores foi decorrente de algum tipo de contra-indica&#231;&#227;o para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Auristela Isabel de Oliveira Ramos </p>
        <p> Av. Miruna, 327/44 </p>
        <p> Cep 04084-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo &#150; SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="aisabel@cardiol.br">aisabel@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 19/01/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 21/07/2004</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Incidence of intracardiac thrombus and thromboembolism in the first three months after bioprosthetic valve implantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of intracardiac thrombus and thromboembolism in the first 3 months after bioprosthetic valve replacement and to identify the risk factors for thrombus formation. METHODS: The study comprised 184 patients, aged between 15 and 75 years, who underwent bioprosthetic valve implantation. Transthoracic and transesophageal (TEE) echocardiographies were performed in the in-hospital phase (mean, 8.4&#177;3 days) and after 3 months (mean, 97.4&#177;21.7 days). RESULTS: The incidence of thrombus was significantly greater in patients with a prosthesis in the mitral or mitroaortic position (21.0%) than in those with a prosthesis in the aortic position (2.8%), P&lt;0.001. The multiple logistic regression identified the prosthesis in the mitral or mitroaortic position as the only independent variable for thrombus formation. On the 3-month follow-up, TEE showed a thrombus in 35 (20.7%) of the 169 patients on echocardiographic assessment, 31.7% in mitral patients and 3.1% in aortic patients, P&lt;0.001. In the third month, the multiple logistic regression also identified the prosthesis in the mitral or mitroaortic position as the only independent variable for thrombus formation. During the 3-month follow-up, 3 (1.6%) patients died and 8 (4.3%) experienced embolic phenomena, all in the cerebral territory. CONCLUSION: The incidence of thrombi in the first 3 months after bioprosthetic valve implantation was 14.1% in the first 10 days and 20.7% in 3 months. A prosthesis in the mitral or mitroaortic position was identified as a risk factor for thrombus formation. The incidence of embolic phenomena clinically diagnosed was lower than the proportion of atrial thrombi documented on echocardiography.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>bioprosthetic valve</kwd>
        <kwd>thromboembolism</kwd>
        <kwd>valvular thrombosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Incidence of intracardiac thrombus and thromboembolism in the first three months after bioprosthetic valve implantation</p>
      <p>Auristela Isabel de Oliveira Ramos; Helio Maximiano de Magalh&#227;es; Mercedes Maldonado; Dorival J&#250;lio Della Togna; Zilda Machado Meneghelo; Antoninho Sanfins Arnoni; Lucia Machado; Nisia Lyra Gomes; Paulo Paredes Paulista</p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the incidence of intracardiac thrombus and thromboembolism in the first 3 months after bioprosthetic valve replacement and to identify the risk factors for thrombus formation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study comprised 184 patients, aged between 15 and 75 years, who underwent bioprosthetic valve implantation. Transthoracic and transesophageal (TEE) echocardiographies were performed in the in-hospital phase (mean, 8.4&#177;3 days) and after 3 months (mean, 97.4&#177;21.7 days).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The incidence of thrombus was significantly greater in patients with a prosthesis in the mitral or mitroaortic position (21.0%) than in those with a prosthesis in the aortic position (2.8%), P&lt;0.001. The multiple logistic regression identified the prosthesis in the mitral or mitroaortic position as the only independent variable for thrombus formation. On the 3-month follow-up, TEE showed a thrombus in 35 (20.7%) of the 169 patients on echocardiographic assessment, 31.7% in mitral patients and 3.1% in aortic patients, P&lt;0.001. In the third month, the multiple logistic regression also identified the prosthesis in the mitral or mitroaortic position as the only independent variable for thrombus formation. During the 3-month follow-up, 3 (1.6%) patients died and 8 (4.3%) experienced embolic phenomena, all in the cerebral territory.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The incidence of thrombi in the first 3 months after bioprosthetic valve implantation was 14.1% in the first 10 days and 20.7% in 3 months. A prosthesis in the mitral or mitroaortic position was identified as a risk factor for thrombus formation. The incidence of embolic phenomena clinically diagnosed was lower than the proportion of atrial thrombi documented on echocardiography. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> bioprosthetic valve, thromboembolism, valvular thrombosis</p>
      <p> Although bioprostheses are less thrombogenic than mechanical prostheses, several reports of thromboembolism related to their use exist, mainly in the first 3 months after their implantation <sup>1-5</sup>. Three basic mechanisms for the formation of intracardiac thrombi after prosthetic implantation may be identified as follows: 1) the first involves a molecular interaction between blood components, plasma, and the artificial surface of the prostheses; 2) the second depends on the influence of transprosthetic blood flow and residual stenosis; and 3) the third refers to states of hypercoagulability, loss of atrial contraction, imperfections on the prosthetic surfaces, and incomplete endothelialization of the prosthetic ring <sup>2</sup>. In addition, the glutaraldehyde used for valve preservation, even in low concentrations, is also deleterious to the endothelium <sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although their independent role in thrombus formation has not been confirmed, dilation of the cardiac chambers and left ventricular dysfunction are associated with a greater incidence of thrombotic events <sup>7</sup>. Another risk factor for thrombus formation is the spontaneous contrast <sup>8</sup> found in conditions of low blood-flow velocity. Some arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation, have been associated with thrombus formation <sup>9-11</sup>. With the appearance of transesophageal echocardiography, the diameters and function of the atrial appendage could be directly assessed <sup>12</sup>, and, regardless of the cardiac rhythm, the disappearance of or decrease in blood flow velocity in the exit of the left atrial appendage has been associated with the presence of spontaneous contrast and thrombus formation <sup>13,14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The impact of bioprosthesis implantation on the formation of intracardiac thrombus and on embolic complications, especially in patients with sinus rhythm, has been studied little in a prospective form, especially in our country. Therefore, the incidence of thrombus in the first 3 months after bioprosthetic implantation needs to be known, as do the risk factors that may influence thrombus formation, to justify the prescription of oral anticoagulants in that population of patients, as recommended by the guidelines of the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology <sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing the incidence of intracardiac thrombus and thromboembolism in the first 3 months after porcine bioprosthetic valve implantation and at identifying the clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic risk factors for thrombus formation after bioprosthesis implantation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study comprised 184 patients, 107 (58.0%) women and 77 (42.0%) men, with ages ranging from 15 to 75 years (mean, 51.9 &#177; 15.9 years), 73.4% of whom were below the age of 65 years. One hundred twenty-three (66.8%) patients were operated on for correction of native valvular heart disease and 61 (33.2%) for correction of prosthetic dysfunction. Sinus rhythm was present in 131 (71.0%) patients, atrial fibrillation in 52 (28.5%), and one (0.5%) patient had a definitive pacemaker. The bioprosthesis was implanted in the mitral position in isolation or in association with another in the aortic position in 114 (62%) patients, and in the aortic position in isolation in 70 (38%) patients. </p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: patients aged between 15 and 75 years, with mitral or aortic valve disease, or both, of any etiology or prosthetic dysfunction, who were hospitalized for bioprosthesis implantation. The patients who had transoperative stroke as a complication were excluded from the study. </p>
      <p>Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography was performed on the following 3 occasions: before patient's admission for surgical correction; in the in-hospital phase of prosthetic implantation; and 3 months after hospital discharge. The diameters of the left atrium and ventricle were measured by using M mode, based on the images acquired on the transthoracic study. The left atrial telesystolic anteroposterior diameter was obtained through the left parasternal route, with the image of left ventricular long axis. For measuring the left ventricular end-diastolic and systolic diameters, a cross-sectional cut of that cavity was obtained at the level of the papillary muscles. The left ventricular systolic function was conventionally assessed through calculation of the ejection and shortening fractions <sup>16</sup>. The blood flow velocities of left atrial appendage emptying were obtained with pulsed Doppler, by placing the volume sample in the outflow tract of the left atrial appendage <sup>12</sup>. The area of the mitral prosthesis and the pressure gradients were obtained by using Doppler echocardiography, pressure half-time calculation, and the Bernoulli equation <sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Transesophageal echocardiography was performed after bioprosthesis implantation on 2 occasions: in the in-hospital phase of implantation and 3 months after hospital discharge. For performing the biplanar and multiplanar transesophageal studies, the guidelines and technical recommendations for image acquisition examinations were followed <sup>18,19</sup>. </p>
      <p>Echocardiographic spontaneous contrast was defined as an image resembling smoke, which moved slowly and circularly in the left atrium. The contrast was graded from zero to 4 crosses as follows: zero, absence of spontaneous contrast; 1+, small amount of spontaneous contrast; 2+, moderate amount; 3+, large amount; and 4+, intense degree of spontaneous contrast <sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>Intracardiac thrombus was defined as the presence of a circumscribed mass with echogenicity different from that of the atrial wall. It was classified as mural when it had a laminar aspect and a wide base occupying one of the walls of the atrial cavity. It was classified as nodular or pedunculated when presenting as a mobile nodule fixed to the atrial wall by a point <sup>21</sup>. </p>
      <p>The following were defined as embolic events: any embolic event in the absence of endocarditis, including any permanent or transient neurologic alteration, and the presence of clinical findings compatible with peripheral arterial ischemia, independent of laboratory confirmation. </p>
      <p>On the first day after prosthetic implantation, subcutaneous heparin was initiated at the dosage of 10,000 U, every 12 hours. On the second postoperative day, oral anticoagulation was initiated in patients with socioeconomic and geographic conditions favoring an adequate control of anticoagulation, and who had no medical contraindication for that therapy. The patients who lacked conditions for anticoagulation therapy received from the second postoperative day onward 200 mg of acetylsalicylic acid, which was maintained until the third month in patients with no risk factors for thromboembolism, and for undetermined time in patients with risk factors. </p>
      <p>The calculation of the sample was performed based on a study, in which the incidence of thrombus in the immediate postoperative period after bioprosthetic implantation was 12.5% <sup>3</sup>. Considering an absolute precision of 5.0% and a significance level of 5.0%, the minimum size of the sample was estimated in 162 patients. </p>
      <p>The quantitative variables were described as mean and standard deviation. The comparison of the means was performed with the Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent populations or for correlate populations, according to the case. The qualitative and categorical variables were presented as percentages, and their comparisons were performed with the chi-square test or Fisher exact test, when indicated. To assess the possible relation between the dependent variable "thrombus" and some independent variables, multiple logistic regression was performed with the forward stepwise selection test. The variables included in the multivariate analysis were those identified in the univariate analysis and those considered of clinical relevance. The statistical analyses were performed by using the SPSS for Windows program, version 8.0. The statistical significance level adopted was P = 0.05 <sup>22</sup>. For comparing patients with and without thrombi, and considering the site of prosthetic implantation, the patients were divided into the following 2 groups: patients with prosthesis in the mitral or mitroaortic positions, and patients with prosthesis in the aortic position. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The time interval between bioprosthesis implantation and performance of the echocardiography in the in-hospital phase ranged from 5 to 25 days (mean = 8.4 &#177; 3 days). Intracardiac thrombus was documented in 26 (14.1%) of 184 patients or 1.7/100 patients/day. The incidence of thrombus was significantly higher in patients with bioprosthesis in the mitral or mitroaortic position (21.0%) than in those with aortic bioprosthesis (2.8%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). A thrombus was evidenced in the left atrial cavity in 16 (61.5%) patients, in the mitral prosthesis in 6 (23.1%), and in the atrial appendage in 4 (15.4%). In the 2 aortic patients with thrombi, they were located in the left atrium. A thrombus was evidenced in 18 (16.8%) of the 107 women and in 8 (10.4%) of the 77 men (P=0.21). The lower incidence of thrombus occurred in the age group from 15 to 29 years (4.5%). The plasma fibrinogen level was more elevated in patients with thrombus, 409 &#177; 126 mg/dL versus 361 &#177; 116 mg/dL (P=0.05). Of the 184 patients, 159 (86.4%) were discharged from the hospital and prescribed acetylsalicylic acid, and 25 (13.6%) were prescribed oral anticoagulation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0046-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0046-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>From the viewpoint of the valvular lesion, or the type of prosthetic dysfunction before prosthetic implantation, 58 patients had been diagnosed with stenosis, 43 with regurgitation, and 13 with mitral double lesion. On the occasion of surgery, a thrombus was observed in 9 (7.9%) of those patients, all with valvular stenosis. The incidence of thrombus was similar in the patients operated on due to native valvular heart disease or due to prosthetic dysfunction (13.8% versus 14.8%, P=0.86). The postoperative transesophageal echocardiography revealed thrombus in 3 (33.3%) of 9 patients undergoing thrombus resection. The incidence of thrombus was significantly more elevated in patients who evolved with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and heart failure in the immediate postoperative period (26.7% versus 10.1%, P=0.005). After prosthetic implantation, 126 (68.5%) patients had sinus rhythm, 53 (28.8%) had atrial fibrillation, and 5 (2.7%) had complete atrioventricular block. A thrombus was evidenced in 12 of 53 (22.6%) patients with atrial fibrillation and in 14 of 126 (11.1%) patients with sinus rhythm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). When compared with patients in sinus rhythm, patients with atrial fibrillation had a higher mean age (55.9 &#177; 13.7 versus 50.3 &#177; 16.5 years, P=0.03), greater left atrial diameters (62.8 &#177; 15.7 mm versus 48.8 &#177; 9.2 mm, P&lt;0.0001), lower blood flow velocities in the left atrial appendage (0.25 &#177; 0.11m/s versus 0.44 &#177; 0.16 m/s, P&lt;0.0001), a greater incidence of degree 3+ or 4+ spontaneous contrast (82.9% versus 17.1%, P&lt;0.0001), and a greater number of prostheses implanted in the mitral and mitroaortic position (42.1% versus 5.8%, P&lt;0.0001). The analysis of the subgroup of 126 patients with sinus rhythm revealed no difference between patients with and without thrombus in regard to mean age (50.5 &#177; 14 versus 50.3 &#177; 16.9 years), the left atrial diameters (48.2 &#177; 5.4 cm versus 45.7 &#177; 6.5 cm), and the ejection fraction (55 &#177; 17.4% versus 52.3 &#177; 12.5%). No thrombus was evidenced in any of the 21 patients with no spontaneous contrast; on the contrary, a thrombus was found in 11.5% of the patients with degree 1+ or 2+ spontaneous contrast, and in 50.0% of the patients with degree 3+ or 4+ spontaneous contrast (P=0.003). </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0046-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The transthoracic echocardiographic data obtained before valvular replacement are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. The analysis of results showed no statistically significant difference between patients with and without a thrombus, in regard to the mean diameters of the left atrial and ventricular cavities, and ejection fraction. The analysis of the echocardiographic data obtained in the immediate postoperative period showed that the patients with a thrombus had greater left atrial diameters, lower blood flow velocities in the left atrial appendage, and continued with similar mean ventricular diameters and mean left ventricular ejection fractions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). The mean of the mitral prosthetic areas was lower in patients with thrombi than that in patients who did not have a thrombus (2.2 &#177; 0.5 cm<sup>2</sup> versus 2.5 &#177; 0.4 cm<sup>2</sup>, P=0.02). Spontaneous contrast was evidenced in 163 (88.5%) of the 184 patients studied. The incidence of thrombus in patients with degree 1+ or 2+ spontaneous contrast was 10.0%, and, in patients with degree 3+ or 4+, it was 37.0%. No thrombus was diagnosed in the 21 patients without spontaneous contrast. All patients without spontaneous contrast had sinus rhythm, while 83.0% of those with spontaneous contrast, degree 3+ or 4+, were in atrial fibrillation. The mean blood flow velocity in the left atrial appendage was 0.51 &#177; 0.16 m/s in patients with no spontaneous contrast, 0.42 &#177; 0.16 in patients with degree 1+ or 2+ spontaneous contrast, and 0.22 &#177; 0.12 m/s in patients with degree 3+ or 4+ spontaneous contrast (P=0.004).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0046-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0046-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the logistic regression analysis, the following variables were part of the model: cardiac rhythm, postoperative left atrial diameter, blood flow velocity in the atrial appendage, degree of spontaneous contrast in the left atrium, site of prosthetic implantation, association with other surgical procedures, postoperative complications, and preoperative fibrinogen levels. The bioprosthesis in the mitral position was the only variable identified as an independent marker of thrombus formation. When the multivariate analysis of logistic regression was performed in the subgroup of 114 mitral and mitroaortic patients, the prosthetic area and transprosthetic gradient were added to the already cited variables. The valvular area of the prosthesis was the only independent marker of thrombus identified through that analysis. </p>
      <p>After hospital discharge, 3 (1.6%) of the 184 patients died, and 12 (6.5%) refused to repeat the transesophageal echocardiography, but went to medical consultation or were interviewed by telephone. Therefore, the 3-month echocardiographic follow-up was possible in 169 (91.8%) patients. The time interval between bioprosthesis implantation and performance of transesophageal echocardiography ranged from 49 to 193 days (mean = 97.4 &#177; 21.7 days). A thrombus was documented in 35 (20.7% or 0.21/100 patients/day) of the 169 patients who repeated transesophageal echocardiography 3 months after prosthetic implantation; 33 of the 104 (31.7%) patients with mitral and mitroaortic prosthesis, and 2 of the 65 (3.1%) patients with aortic prosthesis, P&lt;0.001. The thrombus was located in the mitral prosthesis in 18 (51.4%) patients, in the left atrium in 9 (25.7%), in the atrial appendage in 3 (8.6%), and in the left atrium and in the prosthesis in 5 (14.3%). Of the 26 patients who were discharged from the hospital with the diagnosis of a thrombus, 25 (96.0%) underwent echocardiography after 3 months. Eight patients were discharged from the hospital and prescribed oral anticoagulants, and 18 were prescribed acetylsalicylic acid. A thrombus was evidenced in 2 patients using anticoagulants and in 11 patients using acetylsalicylic acid. Of the 158 patients with no thrombus in the in-hospital period, 17 were discharged using oral anticoagulants and 141 patients were discharged using acetylsalicylic acid. Echocardiography was performed in all 17 patients on anticoagulation therapy and evidenced a thrombus in one (5.8%). No echocardiography was performed in 14 of the 141 patients using acetylsalicylic acid because 3 died and 11 did not show up for consultation. Of the 127 patients who underwent echocardiography, a thrombus was evidenced in 21 (16.5%). </p>
      <p>A thrombus was evidenced in 17.8% of the patients with sinus rhythm and in 31.8% of those with atrial fibrillation (P=0.08). When analyzing the 120 patients with sinus rhythm, those with and without thrombi did not differ in regard to the mean ejection fraction (55.7 &#177; 15.3% versus 56.7 &#177; 15%, P=0.76), blood flow velocity in the left atrial appendage (0.39 &#177; 0.15 m/s versus 0.44 &#177; 0.15 m/s, P=0.21), and left atrial diameter (48 &#177; 6.9 mm versus 44 &#177; 6.5 mm, P=0.17). However, a thrombus was evidenced in 17.8% of the patients with degree 1+ or 2+ spontaneous contrast, in 50.0% of the patients with degree 3+ or 4+ spontaneous contrast, and in no patient without spontaneous contrast (P=0.04). In the 19 patients undergoing exclusion of the atrial appendage, blood flow in its interior was observed in 3 (15.7%) patients. The echocardiographic data obtained showed a greater incidence of thrombus in patients with greater left atrial diameters and with lower blood flow velocities in the atrial appendage, according to data in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table III</xref>. Of the 169 patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiography, 155 (91.7%) had spontaneous contrast. Thrombus was documented in 22 (17.5%) of the 126 patients with degree 1+ or 2+ spontaneous contrast, and in 13 (44.8%) of the 29 patients with degree 3+ or 4+ spontaneous contrast, P=0.001. No thrombus was evidenced in 14 patients without spontaneous contrast (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). In multivariate analysis of logistic regression, the variables included were selected based on the results obtained in univariate analysis. The variables analyzed were as follows: position of the prosthesis, cardiac rhythm, pre- and postoperative left atrial diameters, blood flow velocity in the left atrial appendage, and presence of spontaneous contrast. The results indicated only the prosthesis in the mitral position as an independent marker of thrombosis. However, when the subgroup of patients with a prosthesis in the mitral or mitroaortic position was selected, the multivariate analysis identified no risk factor for thrombus formation in 3 months. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0046-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0046-00009-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Embolic phenomena occurred in 8 (4.3%) patients as follows: 3 in the in-hospital period and 5 during late follow-up. All emboli were to the cerebral territory. The linear incidence was 0.05/100 patients/day. Six (75%) patients had a prosthesis in the mitral position, 5 (62.5%) had atrial fibrillation, and 3 (37.5%) had a thrombus on echocardiography performed 3 months after valve replacement. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the first 3 months after bioprosthesis implantation, the incidence of embolic phenomena has been reported as ranging from 0.2 to 10.0%/year <sup>1-5</sup>. These variations shown in the studies in patients with the same type of prosthesis suggest that the embolic phenomena are not directly related to the prosthesis, but to the characteristics of the population studied, to the design of the study, to the incorrect definitions of the complications or to the method of data collection and analysis. Most studies analyzing the thrombotic complications of the prostheses refer to embolic complications and not to the presence of an intracardiac thrombus. Our study was the first to assess the presence of intracardiac thrombus after bioprosthetic implantation by using transesophageal echocardiography in the immediate postoperative period and 3 months after bioprosthetic implantation. In economically developed countries, valvular heart disease predominates in men, with a mean age greater than 60 years, affecting mainly the aortic valve <sup>4</sup>. In our study, however, women predominated (58.0%); the mean age was 51.9 &#177; 15.9 years, 73.0% of the patients being younger than 64 years; and the mitral valve was affected in 62.0% of the cases. The incidence of intracardiac thrombus was elevated in the first 3 months following bioprosthetic implantation in mitral and mitroaortic patients. In the in-hospital period, a thrombus was more frequently found on the left atrial wall (61.5%), suggesting that thrombus formation may be linked not only to hemodynamic alterations secondary to mitral valvular disease, but also to local changes in the atrial wall due to atriotomy and surgical manipulation. These observations are in accordance with those reported in autopsy studies performed within the first 60 days after bioprosthetic implantation <sup>3,23</sup>. On the other hand, in the third month, the thrombus was most frequently found on the mitral prosthesis, followed by the left atrium, suggesting that, in addition to the above-cited factors, the prosthesis is the most important substrate in the pathogenesis of thrombus in a later period. Before valvular replacement, the echocardiographic data obtained were similar in patients with and without a thrombus. In the immediate postoperative period, however, a reduction in the left atrial diameters was observed in both groups, but in a lower proportion in patients with a thrombus. The dysfunction in the left atrial appendage was more marked in patients with a thrombus. These results were similar to those reported by Li et al <sup>9</sup>, when they identified the peak velocity of left atrial appendage emptying as the only independent variable for arterial embolism. The presence and intensity of spontaneous contrast were clearly related to thrombus formation. No patient without spontaneous contrast developed a thrombus, while 37.0% of the individuals with degree 3+ or 4+ spontaneous contrast developed a thrombus. The role played by spontaneous contrast in intracardiac thrombus formation and in the association with embolic phenomena has been well demonstrated, because, most of the time, it relates to heart diseases, mainly mitral, to the presence of atrial fibrillation, to greater left atrial diameters, and to the low blood flow velocity in the left atrial appendage <sup>7-10</sup>. In our study, the patients with degree 3+ or 4+ spontaneous contrast had the lowest blood-flow velocities in the left atrial appendage, the greatest left atrial diameters and the greatest percentage of atrial fibrillation compared with the patients without spontaneous contrast or with degree 1+ or 2+ spontaneous contrast. When the subgroup of mitral and mitroaortic patients was analyzed aiming at identifying independent variables for thrombus formation, only the prosthetic area was selected on multivariate analysis. Although the difference between the means of the valvular areas in patients with and without thrombus was small (2.2 &#177; 0.5 versus 2.5 &#177; 0.4 cm<sup>2</sup>), their medians were different, and 75.0% of the patients without a thrombus had a prosthetic area greater than 2.2 cm<sup>2</sup>, while 50.0% of the patients with a thrombus had a prosthetic area lower than 2.2 cm<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The atrial fibrillation rhythm has been reported as an independent marker of thrombus formation, mainly in patients with mitral stenosis <sup>10,11</sup>. Our study showed that the incidence of thrombosis in patients with atrial fibrillation was twice that in patients with sinus rhythm (21.2% x 11.5%), but it did not reach statistical significance. However, when only the mitral and mitroaortic patients were analyzed, 42.1% of the patients were observed to have atrial fibrillation, and, even so, the cardiac rhythm did not relate to thrombus formation. When analyzing only the patients with sinus rhythm, the only echocardiographic variable related to thrombus formation in the immediate and late postoperative periods was the presence of degree 3+ or 4+ spontaneous contrast. These observations allow inferring that the sinus rhythm did not offer protection against thrombus formation in patients with recent bioprosthetic implantation. On the other hand, the degree of spontaneous contrast and postoperative complications, such as congestive heart failure and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, facilitated thrombus formation. Exclusion of the atrial appendage has been performed to prevent thrombus formation in patients with atrial fibrillation. By using transesophageal echocardiography, however, signs of residual communication between the atrial appendage and left atrial body have been reported and related to thrombus formation <sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p> In our study, of the 114 mitral and mitroaortic patients, 50.8% had a preoperative diagnosis of mitral stenosis, 37.7% had a diagnosis of mitral regurgitation, and 11.4% had a diagnosis of double mitral lesion. The incidence of thrombus detected during surgery was 7.8% in patients with mitral stenosis, and no thrombus was evidenced in patients with mitral regurgitation or double lesion. In the postoperative period, transesophageal echocardiography detected a thrombus in 20.9% of the patients with mitral regurgitation, in 38.5% of patients with mitral double lesion, and in 17.2% of patients with mitral stenosis. This shows that the incidence of thrombus after prosthetic implantation was lower in patients with a stenotic-type lesion. </p>
      <p>Although fibrinogen measurement does not assess blood coagulation, it has been used in studies about prosthetic thrombus. Several mechanisms may contribute to the increase in plasma fibrinogen in native valvular disease, such as the following: the increase in the hepatic synthesis of fibrinogen; the presence of hemoconcentration secondary to the use of diuretics; the nonphysiological turbulence due to hemodynamic disorders that lead to alteration in the coagulation factors; the formation of products of fibrin degradation; the increase in blood viscosity; and the aggregation of red blood cells <sup>25,26</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although the relation between left atrial thrombosis and systemic embolism has not been totally clarified, patients with atrial fibrillation and left atrial thrombus are known to have more embolic phenomena than those without a thrombus <sup>27,28</sup>. </p>
      <p>The prescription of oral anticoagulants for preventing thromboembolism in the first 3 months after bioprosthetic implantation has been widely recommended <sup>15,29-31</sup>. Anticoagulants, however, are drugs that increase the cost of the treatment, because they increase the length of hospital stay and require frequent laboratory control, in addition to increasing the risk of bleeding. Randomized studies of warfarin versus placebo carried out in the United States of America reported that only 10.0% of the patients could be randomized and that 38.0%/patients/year discontinued treatment <sup>32</sup>. In this study, only 10.0% of the patients could undergo anticoagulation. Although our study was not designed to assess effectiveness of oral anticoagulation therapy for thrombus prevention after bioprosthetic implantation, and 90.0% of the patients did not receive oral anticoagulation, one may suggest that that medication is not necessary for patients with implantation of an isolated aortic prosthesis, due to the low incidence of thrombosis and absence of embolic complications in that group of patients. These suggestions are in accordance with those of other authors, who assessed patients with aortic bioprosthesis using or not using oral anticoagulants and found no benefit in prescribing that medication <sup>33</sup>. On the other hand, in mitral and mitroaortic patients, the incidence of intracardiac thrombus was high, even in the presence of sinus rhythm, with a 3.8-fold greater risk than that in the aortic patients, in association with embolic phenomena, which required the prescription of oral anticoagulants in patients with a prosthesis in the mitral position. </p>
      <p>Among the limitations of the study, the following stands out: the nonrandomization of patients with sinus rhythm and prosthesis in the mitral position for the use of oral anticoagulants, platelet antiaggregation, or placebo. From the practical point of view, the major obstacle for performing that type of study in our country was the difficulty in randomizing patients who could adequately control oral anticoagulation, because the option of bioprosthetic implantation in young patients, who had already undergone previous surgeries, was due to some type of contraindication to anticoagulation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Auristela Isabel de Oliveira Ramos </p>
          <p> Av. Miruna, 327/44 </p>
          <p> Cep 04084-001 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="aisabel@cardiol.br">aisabel@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 01/19/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 07/21/2004 </p>
      <p>English version Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
