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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PFMLGJrf4gQ5pGgCQwk7XxH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001900008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001900008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de retalho composto de pele e tecido mam&#225;rio na repara&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea cruenta resultante da deisc&#234;ncia de esternotomia em cirurgia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Anger</surname>
            <given-names>Jaime</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farsky</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Silvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amato</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian Lerner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abboud</surname>
            <given-names>Cely Saad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Fl&#225;vio Sanches de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arnoni</surname>
            <given-names>Renato T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dinkhuysen</surname>
            <given-names>Jarbas Jackson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paulista</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>spe</issue>
      <fpage>43</fpage>
      <lpage>45</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Descrever nova t&#233;cnica para a repara&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas cruentas resultantes de infec&#231;&#227;o e deisc&#234;ncia de esternotomia na cirurgia card&#237;aca em seis mulheres que, al&#233;m de &#225;rea cruenta extensa na regi&#227;o esternal, haviam sido submetidas a uma primeira reinterven&#231;&#227;o com recidiva. M&#201;TODOS: &#201; descrita a t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica utilizada baseada em retalho triangular composto de pele e tecido mam&#225;rio com base no sulco inframam&#225;rio inferior, transposto para a &#225;rea cruenta a fim fornecer uma cobertura de tecido bem vascularizado. RESULTADOS: S&#227;o discutidos os diversos tratamentos da fase aguda e tamb&#233;m de reconstru&#231;&#227;o nas deisc&#234;ncias de regi&#227;o esternal. CONCLUS&#195;O: Este retalho preenche as necessidades em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s dimens&#245;es da perda de tecido da &#225;rea cruenta al&#233;m de fornecer uma maior prote&#231;&#227;o contra infec&#231;&#227;o a uma &#225;rea que, pela deisc&#234;ncia ocorrida, permaneceu por certo tempo exposta.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>esternotomia</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>retalho</kwd>
        <kwd>mama</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de retalho composto de pele e tecido mam&#225;rio na repara&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea cruenta resultante da deisc&#234;ncia de esternotomia em cirurgia card&#237;aca </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jaime Anger; Pedro Silvio Farsky; Vivian Lerner Amato; Cely Saad Abboud; Antonio Fl&#225;vio Sanches de Almeida; Renato T. Arnoni, Jarbas Jackson Dinkhuysen; Paulo P. Paulista</bold>
    </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Descrever nova t&#233;cnica para a repara&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas cruentas resultantes de infec&#231;&#227;o e deisc&#234;ncia de esternotomia na cirurgia card&#237;aca em seis mulheres que, al&#233;m de &#225;rea cruenta extensa na regi&#227;o esternal, haviam sido submetidas a uma primeira reinterven&#231;&#227;o com recidiva. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>&#201; descrita a t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica utilizada baseada em retalho triangular composto de pele e tecido mam&#225;rio com base no sulco inframam&#225;rio inferior, transposto para a &#225;rea cruenta a fim fornecer uma cobertura de tecido bem vascularizado. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>S&#227;o discutidos os diversos tratamentos da fase aguda e tamb&#233;m de reconstru&#231;&#227;o nas deisc&#234;ncias de regi&#227;o esternal. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Este retalho preenche as necessidades em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s dimens&#245;es da perda de tecido da &#225;rea cruenta al&#233;m de fornecer uma maior prote&#231;&#227;o contra infec&#231;&#227;o a uma &#225;rea que, pela deisc&#234;ncia ocorrida, permaneceu por certo tempo exposta. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> esternotomia, cirurgia card&#237;aca, complica&#231;&#245;es, retalho, mama</p>
    <p> A esternotomia mediana foi descrita, pela primeira vez, em 1957, como via de acesso na cirurgia card&#237;aca sendo desde ent&#227;o largamente utilizada. A deisc&#234;ncia desta incis&#227;o est&#225; associada a altos &#237;ndices de morbi-mortalidade. </p>
    <p>Em 1976, Lee e cols.<sup>1</sup> descreveram o uso do grande omento para a cobertura desta falha mediastinal e, pouco depois, Jurkiewicz e cols.<sup>2</sup> descreveram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de retalhos musculares. O uso destes tipos de retalhos favoreceu a repara&#231;&#227;o mais precoce das &#225;reas cruentas e uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica por acrescentar tecido vascularizado. </p>
    <p>A conduta de desbridamento associado &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce e agressiva de antibi&#243;ticos e, quando necess&#225;rio, o uso de retalhos tem sido a base da terap&#234;utica nos casos de deisc&#234;ncia de esternotomia nestes &#250;ltimos 20 anos, reduzindo drasticamente os &#237;ndices de morbi-mortalidade <sup>3-6</sup>. </p>
    <p>A maioria das deisc&#234;ncias pode ser corrigida apenas com a ressutura das bordas ap&#243;s a melhora das condi&#231;&#245;es dos tecidos envolvidos. Entretanto existem situa&#231;&#245;es em que isto n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel devido a perda de tecidos ou quando existe grande tens&#227;o exercida sobre a sutura final. </p>
    <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o do tipo de retalho est&#225; relacionada &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o presente. A discuss&#227;o sobre a prefer&#234;ncia entre um retalho muscular ou m&#250;sculo-cut&#226;neo e um retalho cut&#226;neo est&#225; baseada na vasculariza&#231;&#227;o de cada um. Um tecido bastante irrigado poderia favorecer a erradica&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o e aumentar a vitalidade dos tecidos envolvidos, favorecendo uma estabiliza&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida do processo infecioso e cicatricial. </p>
    <p>Entretanto, como observamos em 1981<sup>7,8</sup>, ao estudar o resultado dos diferentes tipos de retalhos para o tratamento de &#250;lceras por press&#227;o, os retalhos cut&#226;neos ou ainda compostos com outros tecidos podem ter a mesma efic&#225;cia dos retalhos musculares e, eventualmente, proporcionar um resultado est&#233;tico melhor e mais efetivo. Os retalhos musculares seriam ent&#227;o uma op&#231;&#227;o no caso de recidivas. </p>
    <p>Neste artigo apresentamos uma nova t&#233;cnica na reconstru&#231;&#227;o de regi&#227;o esternal com retalhos compostos de tecido mam&#225;rio em mulheres que obtiveram um resultado efetivo com menor morbidade e melhor qualidade que os retalhos musculares. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em 2001 foram realizadas 1445 cirurgias card&#237;acas por via esternal, sendo que 66 apresentaram infec&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o esternal e 15 acometimento de mediastino. Apresentaram deisc&#234;ncia parcial ou total da esternotomia 24 pacientes, que tiveram de ser ressuturados. Oito apresentaram recidiva da deisc&#234;ncia, sendo que em 6 foi utilizada a t&#233;cnica de retalho composto de tecido mam&#225;rio e nos dois restantes, utilizado o retalho de avan&#231;o m&#250;sculo-cut&#226;neo de m&#250;sculo peitoral maior. </p>
    <p>Um retalho triangular de base proximal &#233; demarcado na base da mama no sulco inframam&#225;rio em contig&#252;idade com a &#225;rea cruenta. A base do retalho deve ter as mesmas dimens&#245;es da base da falha esternal e a altura igual ou maior que a &#225;rea cruenta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). O retalho &#233; liberado e dissecado at&#233; a f&#225;scia do m&#250;sculo peitoral maior. Ap&#243;s a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o do retalho &#233; feita uma incis&#227;o no sulco mam&#225;rio, em sentido lateral, de dimens&#245;es que variam conforme a quantidade de tecido mam&#225;rio existente e a elasticidade da pele, incis&#227;o esta que se estende at&#233; a f&#225;scia e a mama &#233; dissecada lateralmente no seu plano profundo. O tecido mam&#225;rio dever&#225; ser liberado e rodado em dire&#231;&#227;o medial, preenchendo a falha doadora criada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Os planos s&#227;o aproximados. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0043-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0043-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O procedimento pode ser bilateral de acordo com as dimens&#245;es da &#225;rea cruenta. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 6 casos operados, dois foram submetidos a procedimento bilateral. Dois pacientes apresentaram &#225;reas de necrose superficial na extremidade distal do retalho de no m&#225;ximo 1 cm, com cicatriza&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea e sem altera&#231;&#227;o do resultado final. N&#227;o ocorreram deisc&#234;ncias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>,<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">5</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0043-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0043-00008-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0043-00008-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es da esternotomia dependem da t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica empregada bem como das condi&#231;&#245;es gerais do paciente. Ocorrem com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia em portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial, obesidade, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, diabetes e doen&#231;as renais, aumentando a morbi-mortalidade desses pacientes. Algumas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas s&#227;o consideradas de maior risco, como o tabagismo, reopera&#231;&#245;es e um longo per&#237;odo de perman&#234;ncia em terapia intensiva<sup>9,10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Este tipo de paciente freq&#252;entemente apresenta importantes altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e, quando necess&#225;ria a cobertura da &#225;rea cruenta esternal, torna-se importante a op&#231;&#227;o pelos procedimentos de menor risco e que com garantia de maior viabilidade dos tecidos envolvidos. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a descri&#231;&#227;o dos primeiros retalhos m&#250;sculo-cut&#226;neos e musculares para o tratamento das deisc&#234;ncias de esternotomia<sup>2-4,11</sup>, estes retalhos passaram a ser largamente utilizados e os retalhos cut&#226;neos foram preteridos devido ao conceito da necessidade de um retalho altamente vascularizado. N&#227;o h&#225; d&#250;vida que o m&#250;sculo ou o grande omento, quando utilizado como vetores de vasculariza&#231;&#227;o, pode fornecer uma seguran&#231;a maior<sup>12,13</sup>, principalmente nos pacientes de risco elevado. Entretanto, como j&#225; foi revisto no tratamento das &#250;lceras de press&#227;o, muitas vezes um retalho cut&#226;neo de dimens&#245;es adequadas e com boa vasculariza&#231;&#227;o pode ser muito mais efetivo e seguro que um retalho complexo<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nas ressuturas da esternotomia, as dificuldades de abordagem da parte superior e inferior da incis&#227;o envolvem caracter&#237;sticas e condutas distintas. Na por&#231;&#227;o superior da esternotomia, as bordas s&#227;o mais facilmente aproximadas e podem ter a vasculariza&#231;&#227;o aumentada pela inclus&#227;o do m&#250;sculo peitoral maior no retalho avan&#231;ado. Este m&#250;sculo, ao ser liberado, ajuda a preencher a &#225;rea cruenta central. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, o tratamento da por&#231;&#227;o inferior da incis&#227;o esternal apresenta maiores dificuldades devido a aus&#234;ncia de m&#250;sculos cont&#237;guos dispon&#237;veis, que possam ajudar a aumentar a vasculariza&#231;&#227;o dos retalhos de pele descolados e avan&#231;ados. A necrose de bordas com perda de substancia dificulta ainda mais o procedimento. Nos casos mais graves t&#234;m sido utilizados os retalhos m&#250;sculo-cut&#226;neos do m&#250;sculo reto abdominal e do m&#250;sculo grande dorsal ou ainda o omento. Entretanto estas cirurgias s&#227;o extensas e com uma possibilidade maior de complica&#231;&#245;es, sobretudo em pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es circulat&#243;rias<sup>14</sup>. Por sua vez, o retalho de tecido mam&#225;rio que utilizamos, apresenta um aporte vascular importante e o procedimento cir&#250;rgico para a sua obten&#231;&#227;o &#233; pouco agressivo e com menor morbidade. O retalho interposto na por&#231;&#227;o inferior da deisc&#234;ncia favorece a aproxima&#231;&#227;o das bordas sem tens&#227;o na sutura final. </p>
    <p>A base do retalho descrito est&#225; localizada numa regi&#227;o com ped&#237;culos arteriais e, se a sua altura for compat&#237;vel com as dimens&#245;es da base, este retalho ser&#225; bastante seguro. A quantidade de tecido mam&#225;rio dispon&#237;vel pode preencher a reentr&#226;ncia resultante da necrose dos tecidos na &#225;rea esternal, propiciando um aporte nutricional para os tecidos em especial ao esterno, &#224;s vezes, j&#225; expostos h&#225; muito tempo. </p>
    <p>Embora seja um retalho limitado a quem tem tecido mam&#225;rio suficiente, deve ser escolhido como primeira op&#231;&#227;o em pacientes do sexo feminino com deisc&#234;ncia de esternotomia, deixando os retalhos m&#250;sculo-cut&#226;neos e o retalho de omento para situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais complexas. As seq&#252;elas est&#233;ticas deste tipo de retalho s&#227;o m&#237;nimas e bem toleradas pelas pacientes, devido &#224; idade mais avan&#231;ada e a presen&#231;a de ptose mam&#225;ria. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Jaime Anger </p>
        <p> Av. Brigadeiro Luiz Antonio, 3889 </p>
        <p> Cep 01401-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo &#150; SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="anger@uol.com.br">anger@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 28/11/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 05/05/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Use of a flap composed of skin and breast tissue for repairing a recalcitrant wound resulting from dehiscence of sternotomy in cardiac surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To describe a new technique for repairing recalcitrant wounds resulting from infection and dehiscence in sternotomy of cardiac surgery in 6 women, who had an extensive raw area in the sternal region and had undergone a previous reintervention with relapse. METHODS: The surgical technique used was based on a triangular flap composed of skin and breast tissue with a base in the inframammary crease, which was transposed to the raw area to provide coverage with vascularized tissue. RESULTS: The several treatments of the acute phase are discussed, as are the techniques for reconstructing dehiscences of the sternal region. CONCLUSION: That flap composed of skin and breast tissue fulfills the needs regarding the dimensions of tissue loss in the raw area, in addition to providing greater protection against infection to an area that, due to the dehiscence, remained exposed for a longer period.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>cardiac surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>plastic surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>dehiscence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Use of a flap composed of skin and breast tissue for repairing a recalcitrant wound resulting from dehiscence of sternotomy in cardiac surgery</p>
      <p>Jaime Anger; Pedro Silvio Farsky; Vivian Lerner Amato; Cely Saad Abboud; Antonio Fl&#225;vio Sanches de Almeida; Renato T. Arnoni; Jarbas Jackson Dinkhuysen; Paulo P. Paulista</p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To describe a new technique for repairing recalcitrant wounds resulting from infection and dehiscence in sternotomy of cardiac surgery in 6 women, who had an extensive raw area in the sternal region and had undergone a previous reintervention with relapse.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The surgical technique used was based on a triangular flap composed of skin and breast tissue with a base in the inframammary crease, which was transposed to the raw area to provide coverage with vascularized tissue.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The several treatments of the acute phase are discussed, as are the techniques for reconstructing dehiscences of the sternal region.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>That flap composed of skin and breast tissue fulfills the needs regarding the dimensions of tissue loss in the raw area, in addition to providing greater protection against infection to an area that, due to the dehiscence, remained exposed for a longer period. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> cardiac surgery, plastic surgery, coronary artery disease, dehiscence </p>
      <p> Median sternotomy was first described in 1957 as an access route for cardiac surgery. Dehiscence of that incision has been associated with high indices of morbidity and mortality. </p>
      <p>In 1976, Lee et al <sup>1</sup> reported the use of the great omentum for covering that mediastinal flaw. A little later, Jurkiewicz et al <sup>2</sup> reported the use of muscular flaps, which favored the earlier repair of raw areas and a significant reduction in the indices of chronic infection because it added vascularized tissue. </p>
      <p>Debridement associated with early and aggressive use of antibiotics and, when necessary, the use of flaps has been the basis of the therapy in cases of dehiscence of sternotomy for the past 20 years, reducing drastically the indices of morbidity and mortality <sup>3-6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Most dehiscences may be corrected only with resuture of the borders after an improvement in the conditions of the tissues involved. However, sometimes that is not possible due to tissue loss or when great tension is exerted in the final suture. </p>
      <p>The type of flap should be chosen according to the change present. The discussion about choosing a muscular or musculocutaneous flap or a cutaneous flap is based on the vascularization of each flap. A very well irrigated flap could favor the eradication of infection and increase the vitality of the tissues involved, favoring a more rapid stabilization of the infection and healing process. </p>
      <p>However, in 1981, some studies <sup>7,8</sup> about the use of different types of flaps for the treatment of pressure ulcers reported that cutaneous flaps or those composed of other tissues may have the same efficacy of muscular flaps, and eventually, provide a better and more effective esthetic result. Therefore, muscular flaps can be an option in cases of relapse. </p>
      <p>This study presents a new technique for reconstructing the sternal region with flaps composed of breast tissue in women. The result was effective, with lower morbidity and better quality than those of muscular flaps. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods </bold>
      </p>
      <p>In 2001, 1445 cardiac surgeries were performed through sternal access, 66 of which evolved with infection in the sternal region and 15 with mediastinal impairment. Twenty-four patients had partial or total dehiscence of the sternotomy and had to be resutured. Eight had relapse of the dehiscence, and in 6 the technique of the breast tissue flap was used. In 2 other patients, the musculocutaneous flap of the greater pectoral muscle was used. </p>
      <p>A triangular flap with a proximal base is demarcated in the base of the breast in the inframammary crease in contiguity with the raw area. The base of the flap must have the same dimensions as the base of the sternal flaw and the height must be equal to or greater than that of the raw area (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). The flap is released and dissected until the fascia of the greater pectoral muscle. After mobilization of the flap, an incision is performed in the inframammary crease, in the lateral direction, with dimensions varying according to the quantity of mammary tissue available and the elasticity of the skin. That incision extends until the fascia, and the breast is dissected laterally in its deep plane. The breast tissue should be released and medially rotated, filling the donor's created flaw (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). The planes are approximated. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0043-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0043-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The procedure can be bilateral, according to the dimensions of the raw area. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 6 patients operated on, 2 underwent the bilateral procedure. Two patients had areas of superficial necrosis in the distal extremity of the flap of at most 1 cm, which healed spontaneously, without changes in the final result. No dehiscences occurred (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig05-body2">5</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0043-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0043-00008-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <fn id="fig05-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0043-00008-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The complications of sternotomy depend on the surgical technique used, as well as on the general conditions of the patient. They occur more often in patients with arterial hypertension, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and renal diseases, increasing their morbidity and mortality. Some clinical situations are considered of greater risk, such as smoking, reoperations, and a long length of stay in the intensive care unit <sup>9,10</sup>. </p>
      <p>This type of patient frequently has significant hemodynamic changes, and, when coverage of the sternal raw area is necessary, lower risk procedures allowing greater viability of the tissues involved are required. </p>
      <p> After the description of the first musculocutaneous and muscular flaps for the treatment of dehiscences of sternotomy <sup>2-4,11</sup>, those flaps began to be widely used and the cutaneous flaps were abandoned, because of the concept of the need for highly vascularized flaps. The muscle or great omentum, when used as vectors of vascularization, may provide greater safety <sup>12,13</sup>, mainly in high-risk patients. However, as already seen in the treatment of pressure ulcers, many times a cutaneous flap of adequate dimensions and good vascularization may be more effective and safer than a complex flap <sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>In resutures of sternotomy, the difficulties of approaching the superior and inferior portions of the incision involve distinct characteristics and management. In the superior portion of the sternotomy, the borders are more easily approximated and may have the vascularization increased by the inclusion of the greater pectoral muscle in the advanced flap. That muscle, when released, helps to fill the central raw area. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, the treatment of the inferior portion of the sternal incision poses greater difficulties due to the absence of available contiguous muscles, which may help in increasing vascularization of the advanced and released cutaneous flaps. The necrosis of the borders with substance loss hinders the procedure even more. In the most severe cases, musculocutaneous flaps of the rectus muscle of the abdomen and of the great dorsal muscle, or even the omentum have been used. However these surgeries are extensive and have a greater chance of complications, mainly in patients with circulatory changes <sup>14</sup>. The breast tissue flap that we use has a significant vascularization, and the surgical procedure for its obtainment is less aggressive and has lower morbidity. The flap interposed in the inferior portion of the dehiscence favors the approximation of the borders without tension in the final suture. </p>
      <p>The base of the flap described is located in a region with arterial pedicles, and if its height is compatible with the dimensions of the base, that flap will be very safe. The amount of breast tissue available may fill the cavity resulting from tissue necrosis in the sternal area, providing nutritional supply for the tissues, especially to the sternum, sometimes exposed for a long time. </p>
      <p>Although the flap is limited to patients with sufficient breast tissue, it should be the first choice in female patients with dehiscence of the sternotomy, leaving the musculocutaneous flap and the omentum flap for more complex clinical situations. The esthetic sequelae of that type of flap are minimum and well tolerated by patients, due to their more advanced age and presence of mammary ptosis. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Reference</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Jaime Anger </p>
          <p> Av. Brigadeiro Luiz Antonio, 3889 </p>
          <p> 01401-001 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="anger@uol.com.br">anger@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 11/28/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 05/05/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
