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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">psV9wmsWgdqByGqLNCdmn4d</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001900007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001900007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Virg&#237;nia Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paulista</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Paredes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pontes Junior</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esteves</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>Valmir Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo Moraes Rego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>spe</issue>
      <fpage>34</fpage>
      <lpage>42</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar a incid&#234;ncia de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares (FAVPs) p&#243;s-opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional; as poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis independentes que poderiam influenciar no seu aparecimento; comprovar o uso do ecocardiograma contrastado com microbolhas na sua detec&#231;&#227;o; e testar a sensibilidade e especificidade da angiografia pulmonar. M&#201;TODOS: Operados 59 pacientes, entre mar&#231;o 1990 e dezembro 1995, com idades entre 2 e 132 meses (m&#233;dia 32,7&#177;33,6). Todos submetidos a exames cl&#237;nico, laboratorial, ecocardiograma contrastado com microbolhas e cateterismo card&#237;aco. RESULTADOS: Nos 54 pacientes sobreviventes as FAVPs ocorreram em 20 (37,0%). A idade desses pacientes variou de 2 a 132 meses (m&#233;dia 29,6&#177; 29,7). A atresia tric&#250;spide em 10 (50,0%) e o cora&#231;&#227;o univentricular em 8 (40,0%), foram as cardiopatias prevalentes. Em 13 (65%) a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional foi realizada &#224; direita, em 2 (10,%), &#224; esquerda e em 5 (25%) foi bicaval. O tempo de seguimento dos pacientes FAVPs, variou de 4 a 84 meses (m&#233;dia 32,4&#177;21,65), e nos sem f&#237;stulas de 1 a 77 meses (m&#233;dia de 23,4&#177;18,8), com valor de p=0,04, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. O diagn&#243;stico de FAVPs foi feito pelo ecocardiograma contrastado com microbolhas nos 20 casos, sendo considerado positivo, ao se detectar retorno de microbolhas pelas veias pulmonares. A angiografia pulmonar mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es compat&#237;veis com FAVPs em 16, demonstrando sensibilidade de 80%. CONCLUS&#195;O: A incid&#234;ncia de FAVPs p&#243;s-opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional foi alta (37%), e o intervalo de tempo decorrido ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional, foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente que se correlacionou de forma significativa com o aparecimento das FAVPs (p=0,04); o ecocardiograma com microbolhas foi o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o de diagn&#243;stico; a angiografia pulmonar se revelou um m&#233;todo com sensibilidade de 80,0%.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares</kwd>
        <kwd>opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiograma com microbolhas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Maria Virg&#237;nia Tavares Santana; Paulo Paredes Paulista; S&#233;rgio Cunha Pontes Junior; C&#233;sar Augusto Esteves; Valmir Fernandes Fontes; Jos&#233; Eduardo Moraes Rego Sousa </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo &#150; SP</p>
    <p>Instituto "Dante Pazzanese" de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar a incid&#234;ncia de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares (FAVPs) p&#243;s-opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional; as poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis independentes que poderiam influenciar no seu aparecimento; comprovar o uso do ecocardiograma contrastado com microbolhas na sua detec&#231;&#227;o; e testar a sensibilidade e especificidade da angiografia pulmonar. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Operados 59 pacientes, entre mar&#231;o 1990 e dezembro 1995, com idades entre 2 e 132 meses (m&#233;dia 32,7&#177;33,6). Todos submetidos a exames cl&#237;nico, laboratorial, ecocardiograma contrastado com microbolhas e cateterismo card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Nos 54 pacientes sobreviventes as FAVPs ocorreram em 20 (37,0%). A idade desses pacientes variou de 2 a 132 meses (m&#233;dia 29,6&#177; 29,7). A atresia tric&#250;spide em 10 (50,0%) e o cora&#231;&#227;o univentricular em 8 (40,0%), foram as cardiopatias prevalentes. Em 13 (65%) a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional foi realizada &#224; direita, em 2 (10,%), &#224; esquerda e em 5 (25%) foi bicaval. O tempo de seguimento dos pacientes FAVPs, variou de 4 a 84 meses (m&#233;dia 32,4&#177;21,65), e nos sem f&#237;stulas de 1 a 77 meses (m&#233;dia de 23,4&#177;18,8), com valor de p=0,04, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. O diagn&#243;stico de FAVPs foi feito pelo ecocardiograma contrastado com microbolhas nos 20 casos, sendo considerado positivo, ao se detectar retorno de microbolhas pelas veias pulmonares. A angiografia pulmonar mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es compat&#237;veis com FAVPs em 16, demonstrando sensibilidade de 80%. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A incid&#234;ncia de FAVPs p&#243;s-opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional foi alta (37%), e o intervalo de tempo decorrido ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional, foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente que se correlacionou de forma significativa com o aparecimento das FAVPs (p=0,04); o ecocardiograma com microbolhas foi o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o de diagn&#243;stico; a angiografia pulmonar se revelou um m&#233;todo com sensibilidade de 80,0%. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional, ecocardiograma com microbolhas</p>
    <p>As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas cianog&#234;nicas, que se comportam funcionalmente como cora&#231;&#227;o univentricular, caracterizam-se, via de regra, por progn&#243;stico sombrio, qualidade de vida insatisfat&#243;ria e impossibilidade de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica que restabele&#231;a a anatomia card&#237;aca normal. </p>
    <p>Nas &#250;ltimas quatro d&#233;cadas, muitas propostas de opera&#231;&#245;es paliativas foram testadas, inicialmente em animais de experimenta&#231;&#227;o e, se bem-sucedidas, posteriormente em crian&#231;as portadoras desses defeitos. Uma delas, a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn, baseou-se no princ&#237;pio de que o sangue venoso sist&#234;mico poderia chegar &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar sem o concurso das cavidades card&#237;acas direitas. Esta opera&#231;&#227;o foi proposta experimentalmente por Carlon e cols.<sup>1</sup> em 1951, realizada com sucesso pela primeira vez por Meshalkin e Bakulev<sup>2, 3 </sup>em 1956 e difundida por Glenn<sup>4</sup> em 1958. </p>
    <p>A opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn cl&#225;ssica, como passou a ser conhecido este procedimento, permaneceu inalterada por muitos anos. Haller e cols.<sup>5 </sup>introduziram, experimentalmente, o conceito de anastomose cavopulmonar parcial bilateral, onde a continuidade entre as art&#233;rias pulmonares era preservada pela anastomose t&#233;rmino-lateral entre a veia cava superior e a art&#233;ria pulmonar direita. </p>
    <p>Azzolina e cols.<sup>6</sup> realizaram pela primeira vez esta opera&#231;&#227;o que passou a ser chamada de opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional. A principal vantagem da t&#233;cnica era que a art&#233;ria pulmonar direita, n&#227;o sendo separada da conflu&#234;ncia, permitia que o volume de sangue da veia cava superior fosse dividido para ambos os pulm&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Mattur e Glenn<sup>7 </sup>publicaram a evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia de 56 dentre 63 pacientes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn cl&#225;ssica e descreveram pela primeira vez o desenvolvimento de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares neste tipo de opera&#231;&#227;o. A partir dessa publica&#231;&#227;o outras se sucederam mostrando esta complica&#231;&#227;o,<sup> 8,,9</sup> arrefecendo os &#226;nimos quanto &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn cl&#225;ssica, abandonada em favor da opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional<sup> 6, 10, </sup></p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre mar&#231;o 1990 e dezembro 1995, 59 pacientes com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas cianog&#234;nicas complexas foram submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional no nosso Servi&#231;o, ocorrendo cinco &#243;bitos, sendo quatro imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento e um na fase hospitalar. Os 54 pacientes sobreviventes constituiram a casu&#237;stica deste estudo. A idade, no momento da opera&#231;&#227;o, variou de 2 a 132 (m&#233;dia de 31,4 &#177; 33,56 e mediana de 18,5) meses, sendo que quatro lactentes eram jovens, com idade inferior a 6 (varia&#231;&#227;o de 2 a 5, m&#233;dia de 4,0) meses. Dos 54 pacientes, 28 (51,9%) eram do sexo masculino e 26 (48,1%), do feminino e as cardiopatias: atresia tric&#250;spide, 30 (56,0%); conex&#227;o atrioventricular do tipo dupla via de entrada, 17 (31,5,%); dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, 4 (7,4%); doen&#231;a de Ebstein, 1 (1,7%); transposi&#231;&#227;o completa das grandes art&#233;rias, 1 (1,7%); e atresia pulmonar com septo interventricular &#237;ntegro, 1 (1,7%). A valva pulmonar exibia anatomia normal em 19 (35,2%) casos, estenose em 25 (46,3%) e atresia em 10 (18,5%). </p>
    <p>A opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional foi realizada anastomosando-se a veia cava superior direita &#224; art&#233;ria pulmonar direita em 38 (70,4%), &#224; art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda em seis (11,2%) e simultaneamente a ambas as art&#233;rias direita e esquerda (opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bicaval bidirecional) em oito (14,9%). Nos dois (3,4%) pacientes restantes, utilizou-se a veia cava inferior para a conex&#227;o com a art&#233;ria pulmonar direita (opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional invertida). O fluxo sangu&#237;neo da cavidade ventricular para o tronco pulmonar foi mantido em 21 (38,9%) pacientes. Em 23 (42,6%), foi abolido p&#243;s-ligadura cir&#250;rgica do tronco pulmonar, e nos outros 10 (18,5%), nunca ocorreu pela presen&#231;a de atresia da valva pulmonar. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes submeteram-se &#224; revis&#227;o peri&#243;dica trimestral, que inclu&#237;a, al&#233;m do exame cl&#237;nico completo, eletrocardiograma de repouso, radiografia de t&#243;rax em posi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;stero-anterior, oximetria de pulso, determina&#231;&#227;o do hemat&#243;crito e da hemoglobina, ecocardiograma com an&#225;lise sequ&#234;ncial da cardiopatia e com contraste com microbolhas e por &#250;ltimo ao cateterismo card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p>Em 41 (76,0%) casos, com peso inferior a 20 kg realizou-se estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico e em 13 (24,0%), <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 kg foi emprgada a t&#233;cnica transesof&#225;gica. Utilizou-se como sedativo, o hidrato de cloral a 20% na dosagem m&#225;xima inicial de 80 mg/kg de peso, para os pacientes submetidos ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, ap&#243;s 3h de jejum. N&#227;o havendo resposta &#224; seda&#231;&#227;o, dava-se mais 20% da dose ap&#243;s 20min da primeira administra&#231;&#227;o. Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico a indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica foi feita com propofol (1 a 2 mg/kg de peso) com dose de manuten&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 100 mg/kg de peso por minuto, utilizando-se, sempre que necess&#225;rio, inala&#231;&#227;o concomitante com halotano. </p>
    <p>A escolha do acesso venoso para a inje&#231;&#227;o das microbolhas variou de acordo com a localiza&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional: no Glenn bidirecional feito &#224; direita ou &#224; esquerda, veia braquial direita ou esquerda, respectivamente; naqueles com Glenn bidirecional bicaval, veias braquial direita e esquerda; para o Glenn bidirecional invertido, veia femoral direita. </p>
    <p>Como meio de contraste utilizou-se 5,0 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o salina com 0,5 ml de ar ambiente misturados de maneira vigorosa, por meio de um sistema de duas torneiras com tr&#234;s vias conectadas entre si, produzindo-se uma solu&#231;&#227;o salina opaca injetada rapidamente na veia do paciente<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>A confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares era obtida ao se detectar o contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico (bolhas) nas veias pulmonares ap&#243;s oito ciclos card&#237;acos no m&#225;ximo. O n&#250;mero de inje&#231;&#245;es do contraste foi vari&#225;vel, repetindo-se quantas vezes fossem necess&#225;rias para o diagn&#243;stico correto. </p>
    <p>Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados com equipamento da marca ATL <italic>Advanced Technology Laboratories</italic>, modelo Ultramark- 9 HDI. utilizando-se transdutor <italic>phased array</italic>' dotado de freq&#252;&#234;ncia na faixa de 5-3 MHz e sonda biplana transesof&#225;gica, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 5 MHz. As imagens bidimensionais foram gravadas em fita de v&#237;deo, para an&#225;lise posterior. O tempo da inje&#231;&#227;o do contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi anotado na tela e gravado na fita de v&#237;deo. </p>
    <p>O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico convencional baseou-se na an&#225;lise seq&#252;encial<sup>12</sup>, para definir a anatomia da cardiopatia e avaliar funcionalmente a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional. Em seguida, procedia-se &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame contrastado. Utilizou-se os cortes subcostal, apical de quatro c&#226;maras, paraesternal longitudinal e supraesterna para o exame transtor&#225;cico e os planos transverso m&#233;dio de quatro c&#226;maras e longitudinal para o exame transesof&#225;gico. </p>
    <p>A opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional foi realizada de forma convencional, com ou sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, segundo op&#231;&#227;o do cirurgi&#227;o. Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn invertida, ou seja, a constru&#231;&#227;o de um t&#250;nel por dentro do &#225;trio direito, permitindo a continuidade da veia cava inferior com a art&#233;ria pulmonar direita, a t&#233;cnica foi publicada previamente<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para se comprovar que as microbolhas n&#227;o atravessam a barreira capilar, quando da aus&#234;ncia de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares utilizou-se um grupo controle de 27 crian&#231;as normais com idade variando entre 12 e 156 (m&#233;dia de 58,4+34,8 e mediana de 48,0) meses nas quais empregou-se o mesmo protocolo cl&#237;nico, laboratorial e ecocardiogr&#225;fico da casu&#237;stica geral. Nesse grupo, n&#227;o se praticou estudo hemodin&#226;mico. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada calculando-se a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica, o desvio padr&#227;o e a mediana para descri&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas. As vari&#225;veis qualitativas e categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em porcentagens. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis qualitativas e categ&#243;ricas, utilizou-se o teste do c<sup>2 </sup>(qui quadrado) de Pearson ou o teste exato de Fisher. Nas compara&#231;&#245;es referentes &#224;s m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis quantitativas aplicou-se o teste "t" de Student e o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney, para popula&#231;&#245;es independentes. No estudo da probabilidade acumulada de tempo de perman&#234;ncia livre do evento f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, foi calculada a curva atuarial. O estudo de poss&#237;veis fatores de risco para o aparecimento de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares foi feito por meio da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, utilizando-se o modelo "conditional forward stepwise selection". Em todos os testes estat&#237;sticos, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 0,05. Para estimativa de par&#226;metros populacionais, foram calculados intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. Os c&#225;lculos e as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizados utilizando-se o programa "SPSS for Windows release 6.0" </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram seguidos 54 pacientes pelo per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de 110 (m&#233;dia de 31,4 &#177; 33,56 e mediana de 18,5) meses e em 20 (37,0%- IC 95%: 24,1-49,9%) foram detectadas f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares. </p>
    <p>A curva de sobreviv&#234;ncia livre do evento f&#237;stula arteriovenosa pulmonar demonstrou m&#233;dia de 50,0 (IC 95%: 39-61 meses) e mediana de 48,0 (IC 95%: 38-58 meses), com probabilidade acumulada at&#233; 84 meses de 37,0% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A idade dos 20 pacientes que desenvolveram f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares variou, por ocasi&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional, de 2 a 132 (m&#233;dia de 29,6 &#177; 29,72 e mediana de 19,0) meses, sendo 12 (60,0%) do sexo masculino e 8 (40,0%), do feminino. O tempo de seguimento variou de 4 a 84 meses, (m&#233;dia de 4 &#177; 21,65 e mediana de 25,0) meses, enquanto naqueles que n&#227;o desenvolveram f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares o tempo de seguimento situou-se entre 1 e 77 meses, com m&#233;dia de 23,4 &#177; 18,84 e mediana de 18,0, e com valor de p = 0,04, demonstrando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre as idades da casu&#237;stica geral e o evento f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, por meio do intervalo de classe, n&#227;o demonstrou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, com valor de p = 0,48. </p>
    <p> Na s&#233;rie de 54 pacientes, 4 (6,8%) submeteram-se &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional com menos de 6 meses de idade variando de 2 a 5, com m&#233;dia de 4,0 meses e em dois, detectaram-se f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares com 23 e 24 meses, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig.2</xref>) </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quando se comparou o sexo dos pacientes com e sem f&#237;stulas, o valor de p tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi significante (p = 0,41). </p>
    <p>A atresia tric&#250;spide em 10 (50,0%) e a conex&#227;o atrioventricular do tipo dupla via de entrada em 8 (40,0%) foram as cardiopatias prevalentes entre os que desenvolveram f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares. Os dois pacientes restantes exibiam dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito e transposi&#231;&#227;o completa das grandes art&#233;rias (10,0%), respectivamente. N&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os dois principais grupos de cardiopatias em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares (p = 0,54). </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref> est&#227;o listados: diagn&#243;stico, <italic>situs cordis</italic> e visceral, defeitos associados e opera&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias em cada paciente. N&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica com rela&#231;&#227;o ao <italic>situs</italic> e ao desenvolvimento de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares com valor de p=0,18. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgias paliativas pr&#233;vias &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi variavel independente com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,29) </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Como se pode observar na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>, embora n&#227;o haja signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica pelo pequeno tamanho da amostra, tr&#234;s (75%) dentre os quatro pacientes com isomerismo atrial esquerdo desenvolveram f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares (casos 6,7 e 20) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref>) Todos eram portadores de conex&#227;o atrioventricular tipo dupla via de entrada para cavidade ventricular morfologicamente direita em dois e morfologicamente esquerda em um. Al&#233;m disso, apresentavam valva atrioventricular &#250;nica e interrup&#231;&#227;o do segmento hep&#225;tico da veia cava inferior, com continua&#231;&#227;o e drenagem por meio do sistema &#225;zigo em um, e do sistema hemi-&#225;zigo nos outros dois. </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A bi&#243;psia pulmonar revelou par&#234;nquima pulmonar com trama vascular arterial e venosa ectasiada e congesta, compat&#237;veis com f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">6</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em 13 (65,0%) dentre os 20 portadores de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, utilizou-se a veia cava superior direita para a conex&#227;o com a art&#233;ria pulmonar direita; em dois (10,0%), a veia cava superior esquerda foi anastomosada &#224; art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda; e em cinco (25,0%), ambas as veias cavas direita e esquerda para as respectivas art&#233;rias pulmonares direita e esquerda. </p>
    <p>O fluxo sangu&#237;neo da cavidade ventricular para o tronco pulmonar foi mantido em 10 (50,0%). Em cinco (25,0%) foi abolido por ligadura cir&#250;rgica do tronco pulmonar e nos outros cinco nunca ocorreu, pela presen&#231;a de atresia da valva pulmonar. O estudo comparativo levando em conta a localiza&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o e a perman&#234;ncia de fluxo anter&#243;grado, entre os grupos com e sem f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, n&#227;o mostrou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, com valor de p = 0,31 e 0,19, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>O tempo de seguimento dos pacientes em que se detectaram f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional variou, de quatro a 84 (m&#233;dia de 32,4 &#177; 21,65 e mediana de 25,0) meses. Seis pacientes apresentavam-se com dispn&#233;ia progressiva e cianose est&#225;vel por ocasi&#227;o da detec&#231;&#227;o das f&#237;stulas; oito vinham apresentando progress&#227;o da cianose e seis, dispn&#233;ia e cianose progressivas. </p>
    <p>Ao estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico a dura&#231;&#227;o entre a inje&#231;&#227;o do material contrastado e o aparecimento das microbolhas nas veias pulmonares variou de 3 a 8s, o que correspondeu &#224; m&#233;dia de cinco ciclos card&#237;acos (varia&#231;&#227;o de quatro a sete). N&#227;o se observou contraste na veia cava inferior e no &#225;trio de retorno sist&#234;mico, excluindo-se a possibilidade de colaterais venosas sist&#234;micas em 19 (95,0%) pacientes. Em um (5,0%), foi observada presen&#231;a de microbolhas na veia cava inferior, o que permitiu tamb&#233;m o diagn&#243;stico de conex&#227;o venovenosa sist&#234;mica para essa veia. Em nove (45,0%) pacientes foram encontradas f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares no pulm&#227;o direito; em tres (15,0%), no esquerdo; e em oito (40,0%), em ambos os pulm&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). Nos 34 pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, foram observadas colaterais venosas sist&#234;micas em 14 (41,1%) pacientes. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Dos 20 pacientes com f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares diagnosticadas pelo ecocardiograma com microbolhas a angiografia pulmonar detectou f&#237;stulas em 16 (80,0%), pela presen&#231;a de um ou mais dos seguintes fatores: 1-) apar&#234;ncia reticular do par&#234;nquima pulmonar; 2-) dilata&#231;&#245;es angiomat&#243;ides das art&#233;rias pulmonares lobares; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figs. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref>) 3-) perda da fase capilar; e 4- tr&#226;nsito arteriovenoso r&#225;pido. Em quatro (casos 7, 13, 16 e 19), n&#227;o havia imagens angiogr&#225;ficas de f&#237;stulas. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref> lista os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, angiogr&#225;ficos e o intervalo entre a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional e a detec&#231;&#227;o das f&#237;stulas nos 20 pacientes. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A sensibilidade da angiografia foi de 80,0%, com especificidade de 100% e valor preditivo positivo de 100% e negativo de 89,5%. </p>
    <p>Dos 20 pacientes com f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, 10 foram submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar total, com dois (20,0%) &#243;bitos imediatos por hipoxemia e s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito; cinco aguardam corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e quatro n&#227;o apresentam indica&#231;&#227;o, seja pela presen&#231;a de f&#237;stulas difusas bilaterais em dois ou por hipoplasia das art&#233;rias pulmonares, com &#237;ndice de Nakata<sup>14</sup> inferior a 200 mm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>, nos outros dois. Houve um &#243;bito p&#243;s-re-estudo hemodin&#226;mico (caso 8), realizado para avaliar a possibilidade de corre&#231;&#227;o definitiva (opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar total). Dos oito pacientes sobreviventes &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar total, em tr&#234;s (27,0%) detectou-se o desaparecimento das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares aos 6, 26 e 36 meses, respectivamente (casos 2, 3 e 10) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07">figs. 7</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ifg08">8</xref>), segundo avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transesof&#225;gica contrastada e estudo hemodin&#226;mico. Em dois (casos 11 e 15) ocorreram remiss&#245;es das f&#237;stulas do pulm&#227;o esquerdo, persistindo no direito, em avalia&#231;&#227;o feita ap&#243;s cinco e 18 meses da opera&#231;&#227;o, demonstrado por ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico contrastado. Em tres (casos 4, 9 e 16), as f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares permaneceram inalteradas aos 20, 29 e 18 meses, respectivamente, comprovadas por estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico transesof&#225;gico contrastado. </p>
    <fig id="fig07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="ifg08">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No grupo controle n&#227;o foi comprovado o retorno de microbolhas pelas veias pulmonares, confirmando-se a validade do ecocardiograma contrastado no diagn&#243;stico da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares t&#234;m sido postuladas como remanescentes de diminutas comunica&#231;&#245;es arteriovenosas, presentes no pulm&#227;o fetal e do neonato, que, ao se dilatar, tornam-se fistulosas, causando <italic>shunts</italic> pr&#233;-capilares e insatura&#231;&#227;o arterial<sup>15</sup>. Inje&#231;&#245;es de carbonato de c&#225;lcio gelatinoso nas art&#233;rias pulmonares de natimortos demonstraram a presen&#231;a de canais vasculares que ultrapassam o leito capilar, comunicando diretamente o sistema arterial ao venoso<sup>16</sup>. Esses canais podem ser os respons&#225;veis pelo desenvolvimento da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, antes que a rede capilar alveolar se estabele&#231;a. Os pulm&#245;es dos neonatos s&#227;o mais sens&#237;veis e as conex&#245;es arteriovenosas embriol&#243;gicas podem persistir, explicando maior preval&#234;ncia de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares clinicamente mais significativas em lactentes de pouca idade<sup> 16</sup>. </p>
    <p>Neste material, nos 20 pacientes que desenvolveram f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; intensidade do evento, nem com a idade na ocasi&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional. Nos dois pacientes (casos 12 e 18) nos quais as f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares foram detectadas mais precocemente, com seis e quatro meses de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>), as idades na ocasi&#227;o do ato cir&#250;rgico foram 39 e 17 meses. Naqueles com f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares difusas (casos 1, 6 e 20), a opera&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com 31, 53 e 46 meses de idade e as f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares foram detectadas, respectivamente, aos 26, 40 e 84 meses de seguimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). O tempo de seguimento foi, portanto, superior a dois anos, o que corrobora impress&#227;o obtida neste estudo e a colhida na literatura de que, quanto maior for esse tempo, maior &#233; a possibilidade da ocorr&#234;ncia de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares<sup>9, 17, 18</sup>. J&#225; os dois pacientes mais jovens (casos 2 e 16), operados com 2 e 5 meses de idade, respectivamente, detectou-se f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares com 23 e 24 meses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>) ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o guardando, nesses casos, rela&#231;&#227;o entre a precocidade da opera&#231;&#227;o e o aparecimento de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares. </p>
    <p>O evento f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares parece, portanto, relacionar-se com o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional. Cloutier e cols.<sup>9</sup> relataram incid&#234;ncia de 25,0% do evento em 20 pacientes estudados com tempo de seguimento de 8,8 anos. Kopf e cols.<sup>17 </sup>em 62 casos, relataram o encontro de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares em 19 (31,0%) e a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditiva foi o intervalo entre a opera&#231;&#227;o e a detec&#231;&#227;o das f&#237;stulas, com valor de p &lt; 0,05. Trusler e cols.<sup>18</sup> em 61 pacientes analisados, detectaram, em 13 (21,0%), o desenvolvimento de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares. O tempo de seguimento daqueles com f&#237;stulas variou de 125,6 &#177; 28,5 meses, p&#243;s-opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional, enquanto naqueles sem evid&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica de f&#237;stulas foi de 86,05 &#177; 37,0 meses (p=0,027). </p>
    <p>A patog&#234;nese das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares ainda n&#227;o est&#225; esclarecida. Tem sido sugerido<sup>8,19 </sup>que pacientes com isomerismo atrial esquerdo apresentam predisposi&#231;&#227;o para a ocorr&#234;ncia de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares como parte do espectro do desenvolvimento incompleto dos &#243;rg&#227;os afetados pela s&#237;ndrome, ou, ent&#227;o, as f&#237;stulas estariam relacionadas com doen&#231;a biliar, algumas vezes encontrada nesses pacientes. Estudos realizados por Srivastava e cols.<sup>20</sup> demonstraram, ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional, incid&#234;ncia elevada de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares (21,0%) em 6 de 28 pacientes com isomerismo atrial esquerdo, com tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento de quatro anos. </p>
    <p>A m&#225; distribui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo pulmonar pode ser outra causa de aparecimento das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares<sup>21</sup>, uma vez que o enchimento passivo dos pulm&#245;es, sem a for&#231;a propulsora do ventr&#237;culo direito ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o, resulta em aumento da perfus&#227;o no lobo inferior em detrimento do superior. Embora essa m&#225; distribui&#231;&#227;o esteja presente em alguns pacientes ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar total<sup>9</sup>, as f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares n&#227;o s&#227;o complica&#231;&#245;es freq&#252;entes. </p>
    <p>Outra causa seria a aus&#234;ncia de fluxo puls&#225;til, por&#233;m essa possibilidade n&#227;o explica o aparecimento de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares em pacientes com atresia das vias biliares<sup>22</sup>. </p>
    <p>Essas considera&#231;&#245;es sugerem fortemente que o sangue venoso hep&#225;tico tem seu papel na preven&#231;&#227;o das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares. Pacientes com cirrose hep&#225;tica<sup>23, 24</sup> desenvolvem dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares semelhantes &#224;quelas encontradas ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional, comprometendo as regi&#245;es pr&#233;-capilar e capilar dos vasos pulmonares. Embora agentes vasoativos anormais tenham sido encontrados no sangue venoso hep&#225;tico de pacientes com cirrose<sup>25, 26</sup>, a maioria dos pacientes com f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares conseq&#252;entes &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional, exibe fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica normal<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Esse achado faz supor que &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de um fator hep&#225;tico normal que produz as f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, e n&#227;o a presen&#231;a de um fator anormal no sangue venoso hep&#225;tico<sup>20</sup>. Conforme demonstraram Lamberg e cols.<sup>22</sup>, dois pacientes com atresia das vias biliares desenvolveram f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, que regrediram tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s transplante ortot&#243;pico de f&#237;gado, sugerindo que o retorno do fluxo hep&#225;tico normal para os pulm&#245;es era o respons&#225;vel pela regress&#227;o das f&#237;stulas. Essa hip&#243;tese &#233; tamb&#233;m corroborada por outros observadores<sup> 27, 28</sup>, em adultos com cirrose hep&#225;tica e em crian&#231;as com atresia das vias biliares. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, a evid&#234;ncia de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares em pacientes com isomerismo atrial esquerdo sem anomalias card&#237;acas<sup>19, 29</sup>, a liga&#231;&#227;o &#237;ntima entre atresia biliar e f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares<sup> 30-32</sup> e o agravamento ou o aparecimento das f&#237;stulas p&#243;s-opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar total<sup>9</sup> sugerem que o sangue venoso hep&#225;tico &#233; respons&#225;vel em parte, mas que n&#227;o tem papel exclusivo na g&#234;nese das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares. </p>
    <p>Os trabalhos de Moore e cols.<sup>33</sup>, Knight e MEE<sup>34 </sup>e Shah e cols.<sup>35 </sup>revalidam a hip&#243;tese do fator hep&#225;tico na forma&#231;&#227;o das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares ao demonstrarem o aparecimento das f&#237;stulas p&#243;s-opera&#231;&#227;o de Kawashima<sup>32</sup>. e o desaparecimento parcial<sup>34</sup> ou completo<sup>35</sup> delas ap&#243;s a incorpora&#231;&#227;o das veias supra-hep&#225;ticas na circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. No nosso estudo, dos oito pacientes com f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar total, houve regress&#227;o completa em tr&#234;s e parcial em dois, esses com f&#237;stulas bilaterais. &#201; poss&#237;vel que nova investiga&#231;&#227;o, com tempo de seguimento mais longo, possa mostrar resultados mais favor&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>Apesar das evid&#234;ncias demonstrando que o sangue venoso hep&#225;tico tem seu papel na g&#234;nese das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, o agente respons&#225;vel ainda n&#227;o foi detectado. Vasodilatadores oriundos do sangue venoso mesent&#233;rico, como o glucagon, t&#234;m sido propostos como os principais agentes envolvidos no aparecimento das f&#237;stulas<sup>25</sup>. Kawata e cols.<sup>36</sup> relataram o aparecimento de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares em tres de 16 pacientes com isomerismo atrial esquerdo e cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas cianog&#234;nicas, sem opera&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, dois dos quais apresentaram tamb&#233;m f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas sist&#234;micas. Compararam esses resultados com 50 portadores de isomerismo atrial direito, sendo que nenhum desenvolveu f&#237;stulas, seja pulmonar ou sist&#234;mica. Em um paciente com isomerismo atrial esquerdo e f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas sist&#234;micas e pulmonares, foi encontrada eleva&#231;&#227;o da somatostatina, um antagonista do glucagon, com valores em torno de 92,8 pg/ml, quando o normal &#233; de 28 pg/ml. O aumento da somatostatina pode refletir um mecanismo homeost&#225;tico de preven&#231;&#227;o &#224; excessiva vasodilata&#231;&#227;o provocada por desconhecido mediador, o qual pode ser o respons&#225;vel pelo aparecimento das f&#237;stulas<sup>36</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o agente vasodilatador desconhecido pode ganhar a circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica sem ser metabolizado pelo f&#237;gado, podendo, similarmente, produzir f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas sist&#234;micas. </p>
    <p>Embora o agente vasodilatador desconhecido possa ser o respons&#225;vel pela g&#234;nese de ambas as f&#237;stulas, outros mecanismos devem estar envolvidos, j&#225; que as f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares aparecem em pacientes com interrup&#231;&#227;o do segmento hep&#225;tico da veia cava inferior, com continua&#231;&#227;o e drenagem por meio do sistema &#225;zigo ou hemi-&#225;zigo,. </p>
    <p>Essas considera&#231;&#245;es levam a aten&#231;&#227;o novamente para o f&#237;gado, j&#225; que, como se fez refer&#234;ncia, as f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares conseq&#252;entes &#224; atresia das vias biliares<sup>22 </sup>ou &#224; cirrose hep&#225;tica<sup>25, 26</sup> regridem ap&#243;s transplante ortot&#243;pico de f&#237;gado. </p>
    <p>Embora o agente vasodilatador desconhecido possa ser o respons&#225;vel pela g&#234;nese das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares e sist&#234;micas em pacientes com isomerismo atrial esquerdo, outros mecanismos devem estar implicados. &#201; poss&#237;vel formular a hip&#243;tese de que, nesses casos, agentes vasodilatadores, como o glucagon, pept&#237;deos intestinais vasoativos oriundos da circula&#231;&#227;o mesent&#233;rica, n&#227;o s&#227;o metabolizados pelo f&#237;gado e passam diretamente para os pulm&#245;es, o cora&#231;&#227;o e outros &#243;rg&#227;os, estimulando a forma&#231;&#227;o das f&#237;stulas. Hipersensibilidade do endot&#233;lio pulmonar ou redu&#231;&#227;o de sensibilidade da vasculatura pulmonar a um vasoconstritor end&#243;geno devem ser considerados mecanismos alternativos<sup>36.</sup></p>
    <p>Reconhecendo a import&#226;ncia do sangue do retorno venoso hep&#225;tico para os pulm&#245;es na preven&#231;&#227;o das f&#237;stulas, Mac&#233; e cols.<sup>37</sup> e o grupo deste estudo<sup>13</sup> modificaram o procedimento da opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional, para permitir uma primeira passagem obrigat&#243;ria do sangue hep&#225;tico para os pulm&#245;es. Com esse objetivo, a conex&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar direita foi feita com a veia cava inferior, procedimento denominado por n&#243;s de opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional invertida. Os detalhes t&#233;cnicos j&#225; foram descritos<sup>13</sup> em publica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. Ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o o sangue da veia cava inferior tem passagem obrigat&#243;ria pelos pulm&#245;es, suprindo-os com o hipot&#233;tico fator hep&#225;tico. Essa t&#233;cnica foi empregada em dois pacientes desta s&#233;rie, os quais n&#227;o desenvolveram f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares durante dois anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o, quando ent&#227;o foi realizada a opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar total. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, a literatura tem enfatizado os poss&#237;veis benif&#237;cios do fluxo puls&#225;til, tanto na diminui&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia das f&#237;stulas como na sua regress&#227;o ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o de sangue venoso hep&#225;tico<sup>30, 38, 39.</sup></p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, em 21 (39,0%) pacientes manteve-se fluxo pulmonar anter&#243;grado e ausente em 33 (61,0%), com valor de p= 0,19, n&#227;o-significativo para f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares. </p>
    <p>Historicamente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares tem sido dif&#237;cil, pela aus&#234;ncia de um meio de investiga&#231;&#227;o adequado na supervis&#227;o de pacientes com risco de desenvolver f&#237;stulas. Embora venham sendo utilizados a angiografia pulmonar e estudo da perfus&#227;o pulmonar com macroagregado de albumina marcada com tecn&#233;cio<sup>99m</sup> para demonstra&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares<sup>9,18</sup>, essas t&#233;cnicas s&#227;o muito inc&#244;modas e parecem ser menos confi&#225;veis que o ecocardiograma com contraste<sup>40, 41-43</sup>. Segundo Bernstein e cols.<sup>40</sup>, a angiografia pulmonar &#233; de baixa sensibilidade, principalmente nos casos de f&#237;stulas localizadas e pequenas. Em sua publica&#231;&#227;o, a angiografia pulmonar permitiu o diagn&#243;stico em apenas dois dos nove casos com f&#237;stulas. Chang e cols.<sup>42</sup> relataram a detec&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares pelo ecocardiograma contrastado em 10 de 14 (71,0%) pacientes p&#243;s-opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional, enquanto a angiografia pulmonar permitiu o diagn&#243;stico em apenas tres (21,0%). </p>
    <p>Nesta experi&#234;ncia, em quatro (20,0%) pacientes (casos 7, 13, 16 e 19) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>) o estudo angiogr&#225;fico das art&#233;rias pulmonares foi completamente normal, embora com estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos contrastados, repetidos trimestralmente, francamente positivos. A sensibilidade da angiografia foi de 80,0%, com especificidade de 100%. Os achados deste estudo estabelecem que a ecocardiografia contrastada &#233; o m&#233;todo mais sens&#237;vel na detec&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares devendo ser realizada como parte da rotina ecocardiogr&#225;fica na avalia&#231;&#227;o de todos os pacientes com opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional. </p>
    <p>Deve ser dada aten&#231;&#227;o especial &#224; t&#233;cnica de contraste e &#224; correta interpreta&#231;&#227;o das imagens, para diminuir as possibilidades de resultados falso-positivos ou falso-negativos. Inadequada forma&#231;&#227;o de microbolhas pode redundar em falso-negativo. Aconselha-se que o material de contraste s&#243; deva ser injetado se a mistura estiver opacificada, quando ent&#227;o adquire colora&#231;&#227;o acinzentada. A inje&#231;&#227;o deve ser r&#225;pida. A qualidade da mistura &#233; mais importante que a quantidade do volume injetado. As inje&#231;&#245;es podem e devem ser repetidas quantas vezes forem necess&#225;rias. N&#227;o foi registrado nenhum tipo de complica&#231;&#227;o em 207 exames realizados. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de falso-positivo pode acontecer na presen&#231;a de colaterais venosas sist&#234;micas, que se desenvolvem entre a veia cava superior e o &#225;trio de retorno sist&#234;mico ou entre a veia cava superior ou a veia inominada para a veia cava inferior e entre a veia inominada para as veias pulmonares. Recomenda-se, portanto, que o diagn&#243;stico de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares pelo ecocardiograma com contraste seja considerado positivo quando as microbolhas forem detectadas retornando pelas veias pulmonares. Para afastar a possibilidade de conex&#245;es entre a veia inominada e as veias pulmonares, situa&#231;&#227;o rara (menos de 4%), &#233; obrigat&#243;rio a oclus&#227;o com bal&#227;o da veia inomonada e inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste, por meio do cateterismo card&#237;aco<sup>44</sup>. </p>
    <p>Um dos mais inquietantes aspectos das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares &#233; que h&#225; poucas op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento dispon&#237;veis. Se n&#227;o tratadas, resultam em significativa morbidade e mortalidade. Nesses casos, pode-se optar por: desfazimento da anastomose de Glenn<sup>45</sup>; transplante cardiopulmonar<sup>31</sup>; cria&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula arteriovenosa axilar ipsolateral<sup>17</sup>; e convers&#227;o para opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar total. Nos pacientes com isomerismo atrial esquerdo e opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional, a inclus&#227;o das veias supra-hep&#225;ticas na circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar<sup>34, 35</sup> ou no sistema &#225;zigo<sup>46</sup> tem levado &#224; resolu&#231;&#227;o das f&#237;stulas<sup>.</sup></p>
    <p>Na presente experi&#234;ncia do nosso Servi&#231;o, a regress&#227;o das FAVPs ocorreu ap&#243;s a complementa&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para cavopulmonar total, sendo completa em tr&#234;s e parcial em dois, conforme relatado. </p>
    <p>A hist&#243;ria natural e o significado cl&#237;nico das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente definidos e a melhor abordagem de t&#227;o s&#233;ria complica&#231;&#227;o est&#225; limitada pelo curto tempo de seguimento dos pacientes. Enquanto n&#227;o for poss&#237;vel, principalmente no Brasil, diminuir o intervalo entre a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional e a opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar total, torna-se importante incluir o ecocardiograma contrastado como parte da rotina de investiga&#231;&#227;o para portadores da opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional. Para aqueles com estudo contrastado positivo, recomenda-se a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca para se avaliar a extens&#227;o do problema. As aten&#231;&#245;es devem estar particularmente dirigidas para dois grupos populacionais: os lactentes precocemente submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o e os pacientes com tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o superior a dois anos. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que todas as crian&#231;as com opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional t&#234;m risco significativo de desenvolver f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares. </p>
    <p>Os resultados da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o permitem as seguintes conclus&#245;es:1) a incid&#234;ncia de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares p&#243;s-opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional foi alta, com valores em torno de 37,0% (IC95%: 24,1-49,9%) nesta casu&#237;stica, 2) a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente que se correlacionou de forma significativa com o aparecimento de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares foi o intervalo decorrido ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional, com risco aumentado para aqueles com tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o superior a dois anos (p=0,04), 3) o ecocardiograma contrastado foi o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, sugerindo seu emprego para todos os pacientes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional, com periodicidade trimestral, 4) a angiografia pulmonar revelou-se m&#233;todo com sensibilidade de 80% e especificidade de 100% e valores prediitivos positivo de 100% e negativo de 89,5% para detec&#231;&#227;o das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, n&#227;o se considerando a exclus&#227;o de f&#237;stulas o achado de aparente normalidade do par&#234;nquima vascular pulmonar, 5) a opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar total neste material foi uma forma adequada de tratamento das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, por meio da inclus&#227;o de sangue hep&#225;tico nos pulm&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o, obviamente, obrigat&#243;rias para a determina&#231;&#227;o de outros fatores de risco envolvidos na patog&#234;nese das f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares, na comprova&#231;&#227;o do ainda hipot&#233;tico fator hep&#225;tico, como tamb&#233;m na identifica&#231;&#227;o da(s) subst&#226;ncia(s) respons&#225;vel(is) pela dilata&#231;&#227;o dos vasos pr&#233;-capilares e capilares pulmonares.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Maria Virg&#237;nia Tavares Santana </p>
        <p> Av. Roxinol, 780, apto. 51, Moema </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo &#150; SP </p>
        <p> Cep 04516-001 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="virginia.tati@uol.com.br">virginia.tati@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em: 22/10/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em: 18/02/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Contribution to the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae after a bidirectional Glenn operation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae (PAVFs) after the bidirectional Glenn operation and the possible independent variables that could influence their appearance; to confirm the use of microbubble contrast echocardiography for the detection of PAVFs; and to test the sensitivity and specificity of pulmonary angiography. METHODS: From March 1990 to December 1995, 59 patients were operated upon. Their ages ranged from 2 to 132 months (mean, 32.7&#177; 33.6). All underwent clinical and laboratory examinations, microbubble contrast echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization. RESULTS: Of the 54 survivors, 20 (37.0%) had PAVFs. The ages ranged from 2 to 132 months (mean, 29.6&#177;29.7). In 13 (65%) patients, the bidirectional Glenn operation was performed on the right-hand side; in 2 (10.0%) patients, on the left-hand side; and in 5 (25%) patients, it was bicaval. The follow-up of the patients with PAVFs ranged from 4 to 84 months (mean, 32.4&#177;21.65), and that of the patients without fistulae ranged from 1 to 77 months (mean, 23.4&#177;18.8), with statistical significance (P=0.04). The PAVFs were diagnosed by use of microbubble contrast echocardiography in 20 cases; the examination was considered positive when return of microbubbles through the pulmonary veins was detected. PAVFs were observed in the right lung in 9 (45%) patients, in the left lung in 3 (15%) patients, and in both lungs in 8 (40%) patients. The pulmonary angiography showed alterations compatible with PAVFs in 16 patients, with a sensitivity of 80%. CONCLUSION: The incidence of PAVFs after the bidirectional Glenn operation was high (37%). The time interval elapsed after the bidirectional Glenn operation was the only independent variable that significantly correlated with the appearance of PAVFs (P=0.04). Microbubble contrast echocardiography was the standard diagnostic method. The pulmonary angiography showed a sensitivity of 80.0%.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae</kwd>
        <kwd>bidirectional Glenn operation</kwd>
        <kwd>microbubble contrast echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Contribution to the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae after a bidirectional Glenn operation</p>
      <p>Maria Virg&#237;nia Tavares Santana; Paulo Paredes Paulista; S&#233;rgio Cunha Pontes J&#250;nior; C&#233;sar Augusto Esteves; Valmir Fernandes Fontes; Jos&#233; Eduardo Moraes Rego Sousa</p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo - SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To determine the incidence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae (PAVFs) after the bidirectional Glenn operation and the possible independent variables that could influence their appearance; to confirm the use of microbubble contrast echocardiography for the detection of PAVFs; and to test the sensitivity and specificity of pulmonary angiography.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>From March 1990 to December 1995, 59 patients were operated upon. Their ages ranged from 2 to 132 months (mean, 32.7&#177; 33.6). All underwent clinical and laboratory examinations, microbubble contrast echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of the 54 survivors, 20 (37.0%) had PAVFs. The ages ranged from 2 to 132 months (mean, 29.6&#177;29.7). In 13 (65%) patients, the bidirectional Glenn operation was performed on the right-hand side; in 2 (10.0%) patients, on the left-hand side; and in 5 (25%) patients, it was bicaval. The follow-up of the patients with PAVFs ranged from 4 to 84 months (mean, 32.4&#177;21.65), and that of the patients without fistulae ranged from 1 to 77 months (mean, 23.4&#177;18.8), with statistical significance (P=0.04). The PAVFs were diagnosed by use of microbubble contrast echocardiography in 20 cases; the examination was considered positive when return of microbubbles through the pulmonary veins was detected. PAVFs were observed in the right lung in 9 (45%) patients, in the left lung in 3 (15%) patients, and in both lungs in 8 (40%) patients. The pulmonary angiography showed alterations compatible with PAVFs in 16 patients, with a sensitivity of 80%.</p>
      <p>&lt;<bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The incidence of PAVFs after the bidirectional Glenn operation was high (37%). The time interval elapsed after the bidirectional Glenn operation was the only independent variable that significantly correlated with the appearance of PAVFs (P=0.04). Microbubble contrast echocardiography was the standard diagnostic method. The pulmonary angiography showed a sensitivity of 80.0%. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae, bidirectional Glenn operation, microbubble contrast echocardiography</p>
      <p>Cyanogen congenital heart diseases, which behave functionally as univentricular heart, are usually characterized by a poor prognosis, unsatisfactory quality of life, and impossibility of surgical correction that reestablishes the normal cardiac anatomy. </p>
      <p>In the past 4 decades, several proposals for palliative operations have been tested, initially in experimental animals, and then, if successful, in children with such defects. One of them, the Glenn operation, was based on the principle that systemic venous blood might reach the pulmonary circulation without the participation of the right cardiac cavities. This operation was experimentally proposed by Carlon et al <sup>1</sup> in 1951, successfully performed for the first time by Meshalkin <sup>2 </sup>and Bakulev<sup> 3 </sup>in 1956, and diffused by Glenn <sup>4</sup> in 1958. </p>
      <p>The classical Glenn operation, as this procedure has been known, remained unaltered for many years. Haller et al <sup>5 </sup>experimentally introduced the concept of bilateral partial cavopulmonary anastomosis, in which the continuity between the pulmonary arteries was preserved by a terminolateral anastomosis between the superior vena cava and the right pulmonary artery. </p>
      <p>Azzolina et al <sup>6</sup> performed that operation for the first time, which became known as the bidirectional Glenn operation. The major advantage of this technique was that the right pulmonary artery, not separated from the confluence, allowed the division of the blood volume of the superior vena cava between both lungs. </p>
      <p>Mathur and Glenn <sup>7 </sup>reported the late evolution of 56 patients out of 63 who underwent the classical Glenn operation and described for the first time the development of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae in that type of operation. From this publication onwards, other studies reported such complications<sup> 8,9</sup>, decreasing the enthusiasm in regard to the classical Glenn operation, which was then abandoned in favor of the bidirectional Glenn operation <sup>6, 10</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From March 1990 to December 1995, 59 patients with complex cyanogen congenital heart diseases underwent the bidirectional Glenn operation at our service. Five patients died, 4 immediately after the procedure and one during hospitalization. The 54 survivors comprised the case series of this study. Age, on the occasion of the operation, varied from 2 to 132 (mean, 31.4&#177;33.56; median, 18.5) months, and 4 patients were less than 6 (range, 2 to 5; mean, 4.0) months. Of the 54 patients, 28 (51.9%) were of the male sex, and 26 (48.1%) were of the female sex. The heart diseases were as follows: tricuspid atresia, 30 (56.0%); atrioventricular connection of the double-inlet type, 17 (31.5%); right ventricular double outflow tract, 4 (7.4%); Ebstein disease, 1 (1.7%); complete transposition of the great arteries, 1 (1.7%); and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, 1 (1.7%). The pulmonary valve had normal anatomy in 19 (35.2%) patients, was stenotic in 25 (46.3%), and atresic in 10 (18.5%). </p>
      <p>The bidirectional Glenn operation was performed by anastomosing the right superior vena cava to the right pulmonary artery in 38 (70.4%) patients, to the left pulmonary artery in 6 (11.2%), and simultaneously to the right and left pulmonary arteries (bicaval bidirectional Glenn operation) in 8 (14.9%) patients. In the 2 (3.4%) remaining patients, the inferior vena cava was used for connection with the right pulmonary artery (inverted bidirectional Glenn operation). Blood flow from the ventricular cavity to the pulmonary trunk was maintained in 21 (38.9%) patients. It was abolished after the surgical ligature of the pulmonary trunk in 23 (42.6%) patients. In the other 10 (18.5%) patients, it never occurred due to the presence of pulmonary valve atresia. </p>
      <p>All patients underwent periodical review every 3 months, which included, in addition to the complete clinical examination, electrocardiography at rest, chest radiography in the posteroanterior projection, pulse oximetry, measurement of the hematocrit and hemoglobin, microbubble contrast echocardiography with sequential analysis of the heart disease, and, finally, cardiac catheterization. </p>
      <p>Transthoracic echocardiographic study was performed in 41 (76.0%) patients weighing less than 20 kg, and the transesophageal technique was used in 13 (24.0%) patients weighing 20 kg or more. The initial maximum dosage of 80 mg/kg of 20% chloral hydrate was used as a sedative for patients undergoing transthoracic echocardiography after a 3-hour fast. If the patient did not respond to sedation, 20% of the initial dosage was administered 20 minutes after the first dose. For transesophageal echocardiography, anesthesia was induced with propofol (1 to 2 mg/kg) and maintained with a dosage of approximately 100 mg/kg per minute. When necessary, concomitant inhalation with halothane was provided. </p>
      <p>The venous access for microbubble injection was chosen according to the location of the bidirectional Glenn operation as follows: in patients with the bidirectional Glenn operation performed on the right- or left-hand side, the right or left brachial vein, respectively; in those with the bicaval bidirectional Glenn, the right and left brachial veins; and in those with the inverted bidirectional Glenn, the right femoral vein. </p>
      <p>The contrast material consisted of 5.0 mL of saline solution with 0.5 mL of environmental air vigorously mixed by use of a system with 2 taps and 3 connections, producing an opaque saline solution rapidly injected into the patient's vein <sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>The confirmation of the diagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae was obtained by detecting the echocardiographic contrast material (bubbles) in the pulmonary veins after a maximum of 8 cardiac cycles. The number of contrast material injections varied, and they were repeated as many times as necessary for the correct diagnosis. </p>
      <p>The echocardiographic examinations were performed with the Ultramark-9 HDI model ATL (Advanced Technology Laboratories) apparatus, using a phased array transducer at a 5-3 MHz frequency, and a transesophageal biplane probe at a 5 MHz frequency. The 2-dimensional images were recorded on videotape for later analysis. The duration of the echocardiographic contrast material injection appeared on screen and was recorded on the videotape. </p>
      <p>The conventional echocardiographic examination was based on the sequential analysis <sup>12</sup> for defining the anatomy of the heart disease and functionally assessing the bidirectional Glenn operation. Then, the contrasted examination was performed. The subcostal, 4-chamber apical, longitudinal parasternal, and suprasternal views were used for transthoracic examination. The 4-chamber medium transverse and longitudinal planes were used for the transesophageal examination. </p>
      <p>The bidirectional Glenn operation was conventionally performed with or without extracorporeal circulation, depending on the surgeon's option. The inverted Glenn operation, which consisted of the construction of a tunnel inside the right atrium, allowing continuity of the inferior vena cava with the right pulmonary artery, was performed according to a previously published technique <sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>For confirming that the microbubbles do not cross the capillary barrier in the absence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae, a control group of 27 healthy children was used. Their ages ranged from 12 to 156 months (mean, 58.4&#177;34.8; median, 48.0), and they underwent the same clinical, laboratorial, and echocardiographic protocol of the general case series, except for the hemodynamic study. </p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was performed by calculating the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and median for describing the continuous quantitative variables. The qualitative and categorical variables were expressed as percentages, and, for their comparison, the Pearson c<sup>2 </sup>(chi-square) test or the Fisher exact test was used. For comparisons of the means of the quantitative variables, the Student <italic>t</italic> test and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test were used for independent populations. The actuarial curve was calculated for studying the accumulated probability of the time free from the event pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae. The possibility of the risk factors for the appearance of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae was studied by using the multivariate logistic regression analysis with the conditional forward stepwise selection model. In all statistical tests, the significance level adopted was 0.05. For estimating the population parameters, 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The statistical calculations and analyses were performed with the SPSS program for Windows version 6.0. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fifty-four patients were followed up for the maximum period of 110 months (mean, 31.4&#177;33.56; median, 18.5). Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae were detected in 20 patients (37.0% - 95% CI: 24.1 - 49.9%). </p>
      <p>The survival curve free from the event pulmonary arteriovenous fistula had a mean of 50.0 (95% CI: 39 - 61 months) and median of 48.0 (95% CI: 38 - 58 months), with a 37.0% accumulated probability of up to 84 months (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The age of 20 patients who developed pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae ranged, on the occasion of the bidirectional Glenn operation, from 2 to 132 months (mean, 29.6&#177;29.72; median, 19.0). Twelve (60.0%) were males and 8 (40.0%) were females. The follow-up duration ranged from 4 to 84 months (mean, 4&#177;21.65; median, 25.0), while in those who did not develop pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae, the follow-up duration ranged from 1 to 77 months (mean, 23.4&#177;18.84; median, 18.0; P=0.04), showing statistical significance. The comparison between the ages of the general case series and the event of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae by using the class interval showed no statistical significance (P=0.48). </p>
      <p>In the case series of 54 patients, 4 (6.8%) underwent the bidirectional Glenn operation before the age of 6 months (range, 2 to 5 months; mean, 4.0 months), and pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae were detected in 2 patients at the ages of 23 and 24 months (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>When comparing the sex of the patients with and without fistulae, the P value was also not significant (P=0.41). </p>
      <p>The most prevalent heart diseases among the patients developing pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae were tricuspid atresia in 10 (50.0%) and atrioventricular connection of the double-inlet type in 8 (40.0%) patients. The 2 remaining patients had right ventricular double outflow tract and complete transposition of the great arteries (10.0%). No statistical significance was observed between the 2 major groups of heart diseases in regard to the presence or absence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae (P=0.54). </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> shows the diagnosis, <italic>situs cordis</italic> and visceral <italic>situs</italic>, associated defects and previous surgeries in each patient. No statistical significance was observed in regard to the <italic>situs</italic> and the development of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae (P=0.18). The performance of palliative surgeries prior to the bidirectional Glenn operation was also not an independent variable with statistical significance (P=0.29). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>As can be seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>, although lacking statistical significance due to the small size of the sample, 3 (75%) of the 4 patients with left atrial isomerism developed pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae (cases 6, 7, and 20) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref>). All had atrioventricular connection of the double-inlet type to the ventricular cavity, which was morphologically right in 2, and morphologically left in one patient. In addition, they had a single atrioventricular valve and interruption of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava, with continuation and drainage through the azygos system in one patient and through the hemiazygos system in 2 others. </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The pulmonary biopsy revealed pulmonary parenchyma with ectatic and congestive arterial and venous vascular network compatible with pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">fig. 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">6</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In 13 (65.0%) of 20 patients with pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae, the right superior vena cava was used for connecting with the right pulmonary artery; in 2 (10.0%), the left superior vena cava was anastomosed to the left pulmonary artery; and in 5 (25.0%), both the left and right venae cavae were anastomosed to the respective left and right pulmonary arteries. </p>
      <p>Blood flow from the ventricular cavity to the pulmonary trunk was maintained in 10 (50.0%) patients. In 5 (25.0%), blood flow was abolished by surgical ligature of the pulmonary trunk, and in the other 5, it never occurred due to the presence of pulmonary valve atresia. The comparative study considering the location of the operation and maintenance of the anterograde flow between the groups with and without pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae showed no statistical significance (P=0.31 and 0.19, respectively). </p>
      <p>The duration of the follow-up of patients in whom pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae were detected after the bidirectional Glenn operation ranged from 4 to 84 months (mean, 32.4&#177;21.65; median, 25.0). Six patients had progressive dyspnea and stable cyanosis on the occasion of the detection of the fistulae; 8 had progressive cyanosis; and 6 had progressive dyspnea and cyanosis. </p>
      <p>On echocardiographic study, the duration between injection of the contrasted material and the appearance of the microbubbles in the pulmonary veins ranged from 3 to 8 seconds, which corresponded to the mean of 5 cardiac cycles (range, 4 to 7). As no contrast material was observed in the inferior vena cava and in the systemic return atrium, the possibility of systemic venous collaterals was excluded in 19 (95.0%) patients. In one (5.0%), the presence of microbubbles was observed in the inferior vena cava, which also allowed the diagnosis of systemic venovenous connection to that vein. In 9 (45.0%) patients, pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae were detected in the right lung; in 3 (15.0%) patients, in the left lung; and in 8 (40.0%) patients, in both lungs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). Of the 34 patients who developed no pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae, systemic venous collaterals were observed in 14 (41.1%) patients. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 20 patients with pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae diagnosed on microbubble contrast echocardiography, pulmonary angiography detected fistulae in 16 (80.0%) due to the presence of one or more of the following factors: 1) reticular appearance of the lung parenchyma; 2) angiomatoid dilations of the lobar pulmonary arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">figs. 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref>); 3) loss of the capillary phase; and 4) rapid arteriovenous transit. Four patients (cases 7, 13, 16, and 19) had no angiographic images of fistulae. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table III</xref> shows the echocardiographic and angiographic findings and the time interval between the bidirectional Glenn operation and the detection of the fistulae in 20 patients. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Angiography had a sensitivity of 80.0%, specificity of 100%, and positive and negative predictive values of 100% and 89.5%. </p>
      <p>Of the 20 patients with pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae, 10 underwent total cavopulmonary operation; 2 (10.0%) died in the immediate phase due to hypoxemia and low cardiac output syndrome; 5 are awaiting surgical correction; and 4 are not indicated for surgery, because of the presence of bilateral diffuse fistulae in 2 patients, and hypoplasia of the pulmonary arteries, with a Nakata index <sup>14</sup> lower than 200 mm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>, in the other 2. One patient died after the hemodynamic restudy (case 8), which was performed for assessing the possibility of definitive correction (total cavopulmonary operation). Of the 8 patients surviving the total cavopulmonary operation, disappearance of the pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae was detected in 3 (27.0%) patients (cases 2, 3, and 10) at 6, 26, and 36 months, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07-body2">figs. 7</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig08-body2">8</xref>), according to contrast transesophageal echocardiography and hemodynamic study. On contrast transesophageal echocardiography performed 5 and 18 months after the operation, 2 patients (cases 11 and 15, respectively) had reversal of the left pulmonary fistulae, but not of the right pulmonary fistulae. In 3 patients (cases 4, 9, and 16), the pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae remained unaltered on contrast transesophageal echocardiography performed 20, 29, and 18 months after the operation, respectively. </p>
      <fig id="fig07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig08-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0034-00007-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The control group showed no return of microbubbles through the pulmonary veins, confirming the importance of contrast echocardiography for diagnosing the presence or absence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae have been postulated as remnants of minute arteriovenous communications present in the fetus and neonatal infant, which, by dilation, become fistulous, causing precapillary shunts and arterial insaturation <sup>15</sup>. Injections of gelatinous calcium carbonate into the pulmonary arteries of stillborns showed the presence of vascular channels that go beyond the capillary bed and directly communicate the arterial and venous systems <sup>16</sup>. These channels may be responsible for the development of the pulmonary circulation, before the alveolar capillary network establishes. The lungs of neonates are more sensitive and the embryonic arteriovenous connections may persist, explaining the greater prevalence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae, which are clinically more significant in young infants <sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our study, in the 20 patients who developed pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae, statistical significance was observed in regard to neither the intensity of the event nor the age on the occasion of the bidirectional Glenn operation. In 2 patients, pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae were detected earlier (cases 12 and 18), 6 and 4 months after surgery, respectively, and their ages on the occasion of surgery were 39 and 17 months (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). In regard to the patients with diffuse pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae (cases 1, 6, and 20), their ages on the occasion of operation were 31, 53, and 46 months, and the pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae were detected at 26, 40, and 84 months of follow-up, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). Therefore, their follow-up was longer than 2 years, confirming the impression obtained in our study and in the literature that, the longer that time, the greater the possibility of occurrence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae <sup>9,17,18</sup>. On the other hand, the 2 younger patients (cases 2 and 16), operated upon at the ages of 2 and 5 months, respectively, pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae were detected 23 and 24 months (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>) after surgery, without any relation between the precocity of the operation and the appearance of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae. </p>
      <p>Therefore, pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae seem to be related to the time of evolution after the bidirectional Glenn operation. Cloutier et al <sup>9</sup> reported a 25.0% incidence of the event in 20 patients studied during an 8.8-year follow-up. Kopf et al <sup>17</sup>, studying 62 cases, reported the presence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae in 19 (31.0%), and the only predictive variable was the interval between the operation and the detection of fistulae (P&lt;0.05). Trusler et al <sup>18</sup>, studying 61 patients, detected the development of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae in 13 (21.0%) patients. The mean follow-up of patients with fistulae after the bidirectional Glenn operation was 125.6&#177;28.5 months; the mean follow-up of those with no angiographic evidence of fistulae was 86.05&#177;37.0 months (P=0.027). </p>
      <p>The pathogenesis of the pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae has not yet been clarified. It has been suggested <sup>8,19 </sup>that patients with left atrial isomerism have a predisposition for the occurrence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae as part of the spectrum of incomplete development of organs affected by the syndrome, or that the fistulae are related to the biliary disease sometimes found in those patients. Studies carried out by Srivastava et al <sup>20</sup> have reported a high incidence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae after the bidirectional Glenn operation in 6 of 28 (21.0%) patients with left atrial isomerism, with a mean follow-up of 4 years. </p>
      <p>The bad distribution of the pulmonary flow may be another cause of appearance of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae <sup>21</sup>, because the passive pulmonary filling, without the propelling force of the right ventricle after the operation, results in an increase in the perfusion of the inferior lobe instead of the superior lobe. Although this bad distribution is present in some patients after the total cavopulmonary operation <sup>9</sup>, pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae are not frequent complications. </p>
      <p>Another cause could be the absence of pulsatile flow, but this possibility does not explain the appearance of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae in patients with biliary atresia <sup>22</sup>. </p>
      <p>These considerations strongly suggest that the hepatic venous blood plays a role in preventing the pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae. Patients with hepatic cirrhosis <sup>23,24</sup> develop vascular dilations similar to those found after the bidirectional Glenn operation, impairing the precapillary and capillary regions of the pulmonary vessels. Although abnormal vasoactive agents were found in the hepatic venous blood of patients with cirrhosis <sup>25,26</sup>, most patients with pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae consequent to the bidirectional Glenn operation have normal liver function <sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>This finding leads to the supposition that it is the absence of a normal hepatic factor, rather than the presence of an abnormal factor in the hepatic venous blood that produces pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae <sup>20</sup>. Lamberg et al <sup>22</sup> have reported that 2 patients with biliary atresia developed pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae, which reversed 3 months after orthotopic liver transplantation, suggesting that the return of the normal liver flow to the lungs was responsible for involution of the fistulae. Other studies <sup>27,28</sup> have also confirmed this hypothesis in adults with hepatic cirrhosis and children with biliary atresia. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, the evidence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae in patients with left atrial isomerism with no cardiac anomalies <sup>19,29</sup>, the close relation between biliary atresia and pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae <sup>30-32</sup>, and worsening or appearance of fistulae after a total cavopulmonary operation<sup> 9</sup> suggest that hepatic venous blood is partially responsible for, but does not play an exclusive role in the genesis of the pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae. </p>
      <p>The studies by Moore et al <sup>33</sup>, Knight and Mee <sup>34</sup>, and Shah et al <sup>35 </sup>confirm the hypothesis of the role played by the hepatic factor in the formation of the pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae by showing the appearance of fistulae after the Kawashima operation <sup>32</sup>, and their partial <sup>34</sup> or complete <sup>35</sup> disappearance after the incorporation of the supra-hepatic veins into the pulmonary circulation. In our study, of the 8 patients with pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae undergoing total cavopulmonary operation, complete regression occurred in 3 and partial in 2, the latter with bilateral fistulae. A new investigation with a longer follow-up may have more favorable results. </p>
      <p>Despite the evidence showing that the hepatic venous blood plays a role in the genesis of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae, their causal agent has not been detected. Vasodilators originating in the mesenteric venous blood, such as glucagon, have been proposed as the major agents involved in the appearance of the fistulae <sup>25</sup>. Kawata et al <sup>36</sup> reported the appearance of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae in 3 of 16 patients with left atrial isomerism and cyanogen congenital heart diseases and no previous operation, 2 of whom also had systemic arteriovenous fistulae. These results were compared with those of 50 patients with right atrial isomerism, but none of them developed fistulae, either pulmonary or systemic. One patient with left atrial isomerism and systemic and pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae had an elevation in somatostatin, an antagonist of glucagon, with values around 92.8 pg/mL, when the normal level is 28 pg/mL. The increase in somatostatin may reflect a homeostatic mechanism to prevent the excessive vasodilation caused by an unknown mediator, which may account for the appearance of the fistulae <sup>36</sup>. In addition, the unknown vasodilator agent may reach the systemic circulation without being metabolized by the liver, and, therefore, may similarly produce systemic arteriovenous fistulae. </p>
      <p>Although the unknown vasodilator agent may be responsible for the genesis of both types of fistulae, other mechanisms may be involved, because the pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae appear in patients with interruption of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava, with continuation and drainage through the azygos or hemiazygos system. </p>
      <p>Those considerations again shed light onto the liver, because, as already cited, the pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae consequent to biliary atresia <sup>22 </sup>or hepatic cirrhosis <sup>25,26</sup> reverse after orthotopic liver transplantation. </p>
      <p>Although the unknown vasodilator agent may be responsible for the genesis of the pulmonary and systemic arteriovenous fistulae in patients with left atrial isomerism, other mechanisms may be implicated. The following hypothesis may be formulated: in these cases, vasodilator agents, such as glucagon and vasoactive intestinal peptides originating from the mesenteric circulation, are not metabolized by the liver and pass directly to the lungs, heart, and other organs, stimulating the formation of the fistulae. Hypersensitivity of the pulmonary endothelium or a reduction in the sensitivity of the pulmonary vasculature to an endogenous vasoconstrictor should be considered alternative mechanisms <sup>36</sup>. </p>
      <p>Recognizing the importance of the hepatic venous blood return to the lungs for preventing fistulae, Mac&#233; et al <sup>37</sup> and the group of this study <sup>13</sup> modified the procedure of the bidirectional Glenn operation to allow a first mandatory passage of hepatic blood through the lungs. Aiming at this, the right pulmonary artery was connected to the inferior vena cava, a procedure called the inverted bidirectional Glenn operation, whose technical details have already been described in a previous publication <sup>13</sup>. After surgery, blood of the inferior vena cava has to pass through the lungs, supplying them with the hypothetical hepatic factor. This technique was used in 2 patients in this series, who developed no pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae during 2 years of follow-up, when a total cavopulmonary operation was performed. </p>
      <p>In regard to the prevention of the development of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae, the literature has emphasized the possible benefits of pulsatile flow, both for the decrease in the incidence of the fistulae and for their reversal after the inclusion of hepatic venous blood <sup>30,38,39</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our study, anterograde pulmonary flow was maintained in 21 (39.0%) patients and was absent in 33 (61.0%) patients (P=0.19), nonsignificant for pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae. </p>
      <p>Historically, the assessment of the presence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae has been difficult due to the lack of an appropriate investigation medium for the supervision of patients at risk for developing fistulae. Although pulmonary angiography and pulmonary perfusion study with technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin have been used for demonstrating pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae <sup>9,18</sup>, these techniques are very uncomfortable and seem to be less reliable than contrast echocardiography <sup>40, 41-43</sup>. According to Bernstein et al <sup>40</sup>, pulmonary angiography has low sensitivity, mainly in cases of localized and small fistulae. Those authors reported that pulmonary angiography allowed the diagnosis in only 2 of the 9 cases of fistulae. Chang et al <sup>42</sup> reported the detection of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae by use of contrast echocardiography in 10 of 14 (71.0%) patients after the bidirectional Glenn operation, while pulmonary angiography provided the diagnosis in only 3 (21.0%). </p>
      <p>In our study, the angiographic study of the pulmonary arteries was completely normal in 4 (20.0%) patients (cases 7, 13, 16, and 19) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>), although the contrast echocardiographic studies repeated every 3 months were clearly positive. The sensitivity of angiography was 80.0%, and specificity was 100%. Our findings established that contrast echocardiography is the most sensitive method for detecting pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae, and should be performed as part of the echocardiographic routine for assessing all patients undergoing the bidirectional Glenn operation. </p>
      <p>Special attention should be given to the contrast technique and the correct interpretation of the images to reduce the possibilities of false-positive or false-negative results. An inadequate formation of microbubbles may result in a false-negative. The contrast material should only be injected if the mixture is opaque, when it has a grayish color. The injection should be rapid. The quality of the mixture is more important than the volume injected. The injections may and should be repeated as many times as necessary. No type of complication was recorded in 207 examinations performed. </p>
      <p>The false-positive diagnosis may occur in the presence of systemic venous collaterals, which develop between the superior vena cava and the systemic return atrium, or between the superior vena cava or the innominate vein and the inferior vena cava, or between the innominate vein and the pulmonary veins. Therefore, it is recommended that the diagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae on contrast echocardiography should be considered positive when the microbubbles are detected returning through the pulmonary veins. To rule out the possibility of connections between the innominate vein and the pulmonary veins, a rare situation (less than 4%), occlusion of the innominate vein with a balloon and contrast injection are mandatory through a cardiac catheter <sup>44</sup>. </p>
      <p>One of the most intriguing aspects of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae is the scarcity of therapeutic options available. If not treated, they result in significant morbidity and mortality. In those cases, the options are: to undo the Glenn anastomosis <sup>45</sup>; perform heart and lung transplantation<sup> 31</sup>; create an ipsilateral axillary arteriovenous fistula<sup> 17</sup>; and convert to a total cavopulmonary operation. In patients with left atrial isomerism and the bidirectional Glenn operation, the inclusion of the suprahepatic veins into pulmonary circulation <sup>34, 35</sup> or into the azygos system <sup>46</sup> has led to resolution of the fistulae. </p>
      <p>In our experience, the reversal of the fistulae occurred after surgical complementation to total cavopulmonary, which was complete in 3 and partial in 2, as reported. </p>
      <p>The natural history and clinical significance of the pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae have not been completely defined, and the best approach to such a severe complication is limited by the short follow-up of the patients. Although it is not possible, mainly in Brazil, to reduce the interval between the bidirectional Glenn operation and the total cavopulmonary operation, it is important to include contrast echocardiography as part of the investigative routine in patients undergoing the bidirectional Glenn operation. For those with a positive contrast study, cardiac catheterization is recommended for assessing the extension of the problem. Attention should be particularly directed at 2 population groups: the infants who undergo early operation, and the patients with an evolution time greater than 2 years. The results of this study indicate that all children undergoing the bidirectional Glenn operation have a significant risk of developing pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae. </p>
      <p>The results of the present study allowed the following conclusions: 1) the incidence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae after the bidirectional Glenn operation was high, with values around 37.0% (95% CI: 24.1 - 49.9%) in our case series; 2) the only independent variable that significantly correlated with the appearance of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae was the time interval elapsed after the bidirectional Glenn operation, with an increased risk for those with an evolution time longer than 2 years (P=0.04); 3) contrast echocardiography was the standard method for diagnosing pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae, suggesting its use every 3 months for all patients undergoing the bidirectional Glenn operation; 4) pulmonary angiography proved to be a method with sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 100%, and positive and negative predictive values of 100% and 89.5%, respectively, for detecting pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae. The exclusion of fistulae was not considered a finding of apparent normality of the pulmonary vascular parenchyma; 5) in our study, total cavopulmonary operation was an appropriate treatment for pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae because of the inclusion of hepatic blood into the lungs. </p>
      <p>Further investigation is mandatory for determining other risk factors involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae, for confirming the still hypothetic hepatic factor, and also for identifying the substance(s) responsible for dilation of precapillary and capillary pulmonary vessels. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Maria Virg&#237;nia Tavares Santana</p>
          <p> Av. Rouxinol, 780/51 </p>
          <p> Cep 04516-001 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="virginia.tati@uol.com.br">virginia.tati@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 10/22/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 02/18/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
