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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">X6WBftKNzJQyZjsZBMHg5ww</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001900005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001900005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sensibilidade e especificidade do horm&#244;nio natriur&#233;tico do tipo B para identificar doentes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave sintom&#225;ticos e assintom&#225;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Zilda Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lio M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Auristela I. O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assef</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Le Bihau</surname>
            <given-names>Davi Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salvarani</surname>
            <given-names>Nivia A. de Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paes</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Romeu S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>spe</issue>
      <fpage>21</fpage>
      <lpage>25</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Verificar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do horm&#244;nio natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (BNP) para identificar pacientes ambulatoriais, com insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica grave, sintom&#225;ticos e assintom&#225;ticos. M&#201;TODOS: Um grupo de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral foi examinado e submetido &#224; eletrocardiografia, telerradiografia de t&#243;rax, coletas de sangue venoso e ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. Por meio da an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, 62 pacientes apresentavam refluxo mitral discreto e moderado (G I) e 34 refluxo mitral grave (G II). A capacidade discriminante do BNP em detectar pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave foi avaliada pela constru&#231;&#227;o de curvas ROC. RESULTADOS: Entre os 96 doentes, 71 (73%) eram mulheres e as idades variaram entre 15 e 63 (m&#233;dia de 31,7) anos. Os valores de BNP variaram de 0,00 pg/ml a 193 pg/ml. Os doentes do G I tiveram um valor m&#233;dio de BNP de 18,10 &#177; 0,74 pg/ml e os do G II de 50,54 &#177; 1,46 pg/ml, (p=0,001). O valor de corte para identificar insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave foi de 15,40 pg/ml, para o melhor balan&#231;o entre a sensibilidade e a especificidade, respectivamente de 0,73 e 0,74. O valor de corte para identificar pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave foi de 28,40 pg/ml, para o melhor balan&#231;o entre a sensibilidade e a especificidade, respectivamente de 0,78 e 0,83. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os valores de BNP capazes de indentificar doentes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave assintom&#225;ticos e sintom&#225;ticos s&#227;o menores do que os 100 pg/ml considerados para o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>horm&#244;nios natriur&#233;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>BNP</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sensibilidade e especificidade do horm&#244;nio natriur&#233;tico do tipo B para identificar doentes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave sintom&#225;ticos e assintom&#225;ticos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Zilda Machado Meneghelo; H&#233;lio M. Magalh&#227;es; Auristela I. O. Ramos; Jorge Eduardo Assef; Davi Costa Le Bihau; Nivia A. de Campos Salvarani; Angela Tavares Paes; Romeu S. Meneghelo</bold>
    </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Verificar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do horm&#244;nio natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (BNP) para identificar pacientes ambulatoriais, com insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica grave, sintom&#225;ticos e assintom&#225;ticos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Um grupo de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral foi examinado e submetido &#224; eletrocardiografia, telerradiografia de t&#243;rax, coletas de sangue venoso e ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. Por meio da an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, 62 pacientes apresentavam refluxo mitral discreto e moderado (G I) e 34 refluxo mitral grave (G II). A capacidade discriminante do BNP em detectar pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave foi avaliada pela constru&#231;&#227;o de curvas ROC. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Entre os 96 doentes, 71 (73%) eram mulheres e as idades variaram entre 15 e 63 (m&#233;dia de 31,7) anos. Os valores de BNP variaram de 0,00 pg/ml a 193 pg/ml. Os doentes do G I tiveram um valor m&#233;dio de BNP de 18,10 &#177; 0,74 pg/ml e os do G II de 50,54 &#177; 1,46 pg/ml, (p=0,001). O valor de corte para identificar insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave foi de 15,40 pg/ml, para o melhor balan&#231;o entre a sensibilidade e a especificidade, respectivamente de 0,73 e 0,74. O valor de corte para identificar pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave foi de 28,40 pg/ml, para o melhor balan&#231;o entre a sensibilidade e a especificidade, respectivamente de 0,78 e 0,83. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os valores de BNP capazes de indentificar doentes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave assintom&#225;ticos e sintom&#225;ticos s&#227;o menores do que os 100 pg/ml considerados para o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Insufici&#234;ncia mitral, horm&#244;nios natriur&#233;ticos, BNP</p>
    <p>A dosagem do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (<italic>brain natriuretic peptide, BNP</italic>) tem sido utilizada para diagnosticar a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, especialmente quando os sintomas e sinais s&#227;o duvidosos ou discretos e quando existem comorbidades associadas, como doen&#231;a pulmonar ou obesidade<sup>1</sup>. Existe uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis de BNP e a press&#227;o final diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Afirma-se que essas concentra&#231;&#245;es representam uma avalia&#231;&#227;o independente da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, sem a necessidade de outros testes de maior custo<sup>2</sup>. O valor de corte dos n&#237;veis de BNP recomendados para separar a popula&#231;&#227;o com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, daquela sem essa s&#237;ndrome, &#233; de 100 pg/ml<sup>3</sup>. Esses achados iniciais sugerem a possibilidade de se alargar a aplica&#231;&#227;o das dosagens de BNP em outras situa&#231;&#245;es que gradativamente levam &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, como em algumas doen&#231;as valvares, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, al&#233;m de outras. Os n&#237;veis de BNP na insufici&#234;ncia mitral s&#227;o maiores nos pacientes do que nos grupos controles. O estudo de Brookes e cols.<sup>4</sup> demonstrou que 89% de 22 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de BNP que os normais, 20,85 &#177; 16,9 versus 3,37 &#177; 0,9 pmol/l. Outra investiga&#231;&#227;o<sup>5</sup>, envolvendo pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e assintom&#225;ticos, demonstrou que os n&#237;veis de BNP aumentaram de acordo com a gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia mitral e foram maiores nos pacientes com sintomas. Por&#233;m, a casu&#237;stica desses relatos &#233; pequena e os autores de ambas as publica&#231;&#245;es sugeriram investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar num grupo de doentes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica, de diferentes graus, qual o n&#237;vel de corte de BNP capaz de identificar a exist&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave com ou sem sintomas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram arregimentados do ambulat&#243;rio de valvopatias da nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o, com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica, elaborado pelo exame f&#237;sico, devido &#224; presen&#231;a de sopro sist&#243;lico classificado de 1+ a 4+, em &#225;rea de ausculta mitral e que aceitaram participar do estudo. Foram submetidos a eletrocardiograma, telerradiografia de t&#243;rax, ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com mapeamento de fluxo a cores e a coletas de sangue venoso, de uma veia perif&#233;rica, para a medida das concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de BNP. </p>
    <p> N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos os pacientes que tinham: insufici&#234;ncia mitral aguda ou secund&#225;ria &#224; miocardiopatia; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 0,55; insufici&#234;ncia coronariana diagnosticada pelas presen&#231;as de angina ou zonas eletricamente inativas no eletrocardiograma; idade &lt; 15 ou &gt; 65 anos; disfun&#231;&#227;o completa da valva mitral e &#225;rea valvar &lt; 2.0 cm<sup>2</sup>; defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos ou altera&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica em outra valva card&#237;aca; quadro cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com endocardite infecciosa; doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica ativa; diabetes mellitus; doen&#231;as da tire&#243;ide; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; doen&#231;as em outros &#243;rg&#227;os ou sistemas e tratamento cir&#250;rgico pr&#233;vio. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s preencher os crit&#233;rios acima descritos a casu&#237;stica foi constitu&#237;da de 96 doentes com idades variando entre 15 e 63 (m&#233;dia de 31,7) anos, sendo 71 (73%) mulheres.</p>
    <p>O estudo Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico de todos os pacientes foi realizado com um equipamento Ultramark-9 HDI<sup>&#174;</sup>, da marca ATL<sup>&#174;</sup> (<italic>Advanced Technology Laboratories</italic>) com transdutor <italic>phased array</italic> dotado de freq&#252;&#234;ncia de emiss&#227;o de 3,0 megahertz. Apenas dois observadores treinados realizaram todos os ecocardiogramas. A gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral foi determinada por meio da an&#225;lise das seguintes vari&#225;veis: a) orif&#237;cio efetivo de refluxo<sup>6</sup>; b) vena contracta; c) &#225;rea do jato; e d) rela&#231;&#227;o entre as &#225;reas do jato regurgitante e do &#225;trio esquerdo<sup>7</sup>. As medidas consideradas como indicativas de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave foram: orif&#237;cio efetivo de refluxo, &gt; 0,4cm<sup>2</sup>;<sup>6</sup> vena contracta, &gt; 0,5cm; &#225;rea do jato, &gt; 7 cm<sup>2</sup>; e rela&#231;&#227;o entre as &#225;reas do jato regurgitante e do &#225;trio esquerdo, &gt; 40%<sup>8</sup>. A detec&#231;&#227;o de fluxo sist&#243;lico reverso, em qualquer uma das veias pulmonares, foi tamb&#233;m considerada indicativa de refluxo valvar mitral grave<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os doentes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral selecionados como portadores de refluxo mitral grave foram, assim, classificados por terem, pelo menos, dois dos crit&#233;rios anteriormente descritos, ficando portanto, 62 portadores de insufici&#234;ncia mitral discreta e moderada, grupo I (G I), e 34 portadores de insufic&#234;ncia mitral grave, grupo II (G II). Os valores m&#233;dios dessas vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas encontradas nos dois grupos est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os di&#226;metros do &#225;trio e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdos foram medidos pela ecocardiografia modo M, a partir de imagens adquiridas pelo estudo transtor&#225;cico bidimensional<sup>10</sup>. Os resultados foram expressos em mil&#237;metros. Os c&#225;lculos dos volumes diast&#243;lico final e sist&#243;lico final da cavidade ventricular esquerda foram realizados pela t&#233;cnica de Simpson<sup>11</sup>. Foram utilizadas duas vari&#225;veis para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global ventricular esquerda: a) fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento (delta D); e b) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Foram considerados como portadores de altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas graves, conseq&#252;ente &#224; insufici&#234;ncia mitral, os doentes que apresentavam as seguintes vari&#225;veis: di&#226;metro telessist&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo &gt; 57 mm; di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &gt; 45 mm ou &#237;ndice = a 26 mm/m<sup>2</sup>; di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &gt; 70 mm ou &#237;ndice = a 40 mm/m<sup>2</sup>; &#237;ndice de volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &gt; 50ml/ m<sup>2</sup>; &#237;ndice de volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &gt; 100ml/ m<sup>2</sup>; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 60% e delta D &lt; 32%. </p>
    <p>Os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos das vari&#225;veis descritas est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>. Os pacientes do G II apresentaram as maiores m&#233;dias dos di&#226;metros do AE, DDF e do DSF e dos volumes, VDF e VSF. As m&#233;dias da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do delta D e da espessura do septo intraventricular dos grupos estudados n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref> observa-se que a etiologia reum&#225;tica predominou em ambos os grupos, G I 85,55% e G II 61,80%, respectivamente. A degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa ocorreu em 13 (38,2%) pacientes do G II e em nenhum dos do G I (p = 0,008). Entre os 34 doentes do G II, 14 se encontravam em classe funcional II ou III da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (CF) e os 20 restantes em CF I. Os sintomas nesse grupo foram mais freq&#252;entes que no G I (p &lt; 0,001). Classe funcional II foi identificada em apenas 3 dos 62 pacientes pertencentes ao G I. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial esteve presente em um paciente (1,61%) do G I e em quatro (11,8%) do G II. </p>
    <p>A telerradiografia de t&#243;rax do G II mostrou &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico m&#233;dio e dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo maiores. As altera&#231;&#245;es da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, analisadas pelo aumento do hilo, invers&#227;o de fluxo e presen&#231;a de infiltrado perivascular foram mais incidentes nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave, G II (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p> As amostras sang&#252;&#237;neas para a dosagem do BNP foram obtidas ap&#243;s pun&#231;&#227;o venosa no antebra&#231;o depois de 30min de repouso na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. O sangue foi colocado em tubos a v&#225;cuo com anticoagulante EDTA (&#225;cido etilenodiaminotetrac&#233;tico). A dosagem do BNP foi feita em seguida pelo m&#233;todo de imunoensaio por fluoresc&#234;ncia. O equipamento utilizado foi o da marca <italic>Biosite</italic><sup>&#174;</sup><italic> Diagnostics Incorporated</italic> (San Diego, CA, EUA) modelo <italic>Triage</italic><sup>&#174;</sup><italic> Meter</italic>. Os valores de BNP de repouso considerados normais para esta metodologia s&#227;o aqueles abaixo de 100 pg/ ml e a sensibilidade de leitura est&#225; entre 5 e 1300 pg/ml, segundo o fabricante<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram realizadas pelo teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas, utilizou-se o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson ou o teste exato de Fisher<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os resultados cujos n&#237;veis descritivos (valores de p) foram inferiores a 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. </p>
    <p>A medida de KAPPA<sup>14</sup>, baseada no n&#250;mero de respostas concordantes, foi utilizada para avaliar a intensidade da concord&#226;ncia entre os dois ecocardiografistas que realizaram os ecocardiogramas. A medida de concord&#226;ncia onde o valor &#233; "0" indica nenhuma concord&#226;ncia e o valor "1" representa concord&#226;ncia total. A an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia encontrada neste estudo foi de 0,871 (p&lt;0,001). </p>
    <p>Os programas utilizados para efetuar os c&#225;lculos foram o SPSS for Windows, vers&#227;o 11.0. </p>
    <p>O protocolo foi aprovado pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica da Institui&#231;&#227;o. Todos os indiv&#237;duos, depois de receberem explica&#231;&#227;o clara sobre a investiga&#231;&#227;o e os testes que seriam realizados, assinaram um termo de consentimento. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As dosagens m&#233;dias de BNP encontradas variaram de 0,00 a 193 pg/ml. Os doentes do G I tiveram um valor m&#233;dio de BNP de 18,10 &#177; 0,74pg/ml e os do G II de 50,54 &#177; 1,46 pg/ml, diferentes do ponto de vista estat&#237;stico (p=0,001). </p>
    <p>A sensibilidade e a especificidade para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave, calculadas para a maior e menor dosagens de BNP e alguns dos valores intermedi&#225;rios de corte, encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela V</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Do mesmo modo, a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tabela VI</xref> mostra a sensibilidade e a especificidade para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave e CF II e III (NYHA). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p> Uma curva ROC (<italic>receiver operator characteristc curve</italic> &#150; curva caracter&#237;stica de operador receptor) foi constru&#237;da para avaliar a capacidade discriminante do BNP em detectar pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave, para sugerir um ponto de corte considerando-se a sensibilidade e a especificidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Foi encontrada uma &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,76, o que demonstra um poder aceit&#225;vel. O valor de corte mais adequado para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave foi de 15,40 pg/ml, com sensibilidade de 0,73 e especificidade de 0,74. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Similarmente, outra curva ROC foi constru&#237;da para avaliar a capacidade discriminante do BNP em detectar pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave e CF II e III (NYHA) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Foi encontrada uma &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,82 o que demonstra um poder satisfat&#243;rio. O valor de corte para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave e sintom&#225;ticos foi de 28,40 pg/ml, com uma sensibilidade de 0,78 e especificidade de 0,83. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos os resultados de amplas investiga&#231;&#245;es sobre os horm&#244;nios natriur&#233;ticos, especialmente o BNP, t&#234;m auxiliado o manuseio cl&#237;nico de pacientes com suspeita ou com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, miocardiopatias e doen&#231;a coronariana. Assim, um estudo do BNP, em doentes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral parece ser muito &#250;til, na tentativa de auxiliar as dificuldades encontradas na condu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com essa doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia mitral permanece um desafio cl&#237;nico. Os doentes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral podem ser classificados como portadores de les&#245;es discreta, moderada e grave utilizando-se a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, o exame f&#237;sico, a telerradiografia de t&#243;rax e o eletrocardiograma. Freq&#252;entemente um sopro sist&#243;lico intenso<sup>15</sup> ou a presen&#231;a de uma 3&#186; bulha, em &#225;rea mitral, sugere uma insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave<sup>16</sup>. Entretanto, essa quantifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; perfeita pois sofre v&#225;rias interfer&#234;ncias. Em pacientes obesos, com deformidades tor&#225;cicas e naqueles com doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica e com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave, o sopro sist&#243;lico &#233; de baixa intensidade ou mesmo inaud&#237;vel<sup>17</sup>. A evolu&#231;&#227;o da Doppler-ecocardiografia, suplantando parte da subjetividade e limita&#231;&#245;es dos crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, radiol&#243;gicos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e adicionando novas e importantes vari&#225;veis, fez com que essa t&#233;cnica se estabelecesse como a mais empregada para avaliar pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral, no presente trabalho. Mesmo tendo sido escolhida como ideal, ela tamb&#233;m pode ser limitada para definir e ou quantificar a gravidade do refluxo<sup>18,19</sup>. Embora a avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia mitral, neste estudo, tenha sido feita por meio de vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que medem a gravidade do refluxo mitral, os pacientes do G II, portadores de insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave, apresentaram as maiores repercuss&#245;es da doen&#231;a, avaliadas por meio das altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, radiol&#243;gicas, na classe funcional e nas dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo esquerdos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">III</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">IV</xref>). Houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a essas vari&#225;veis, demonstrando que, se os crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos fossem utilizados para classificar a gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia mitral, os grupos n&#227;o seriam significativamente diferentes. </p>
    <p>&#201; verdade ainda que o ecocardiograma apresenta variabilidade inter-observadores, o que poderia representar um vi&#233;s no presente estudo. Entretanto, a an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia feita pelo m&#233;todo de Kappa<sup>14 </sup>mostrou uma alta concord&#226;ncia, 0,871 (p&lt;0,001) entre os dois observadores. </p>
    <p>Os valores m&#233;dios de BNP observados nos doentes deste estudo s&#227;o menores do que aqueles observados em pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada, mesmo no grupo insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave. Esse grupo teve em m&#233;dia valores de 50,54 pg/ml considerado ainda dentro da faixa da normalidade para diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Parece ser essa a caracter&#237;stica dos pacientes segundo as primeiras publica&#231;&#245;es conhecidas, em estudos envolvendo poucos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral<sup>4,5</sup>. No estudo de Brookes e cols.<sup>4</sup> os valores m&#233;dios observados foram de 20,85 &#177; 16,9 pmol/l nos pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com insufici&#234;ncia mitral e com grau, pelo menos, moderado ao ecocardiograma, contra 16,9 &#177; 3,34 pmol/l nos controles. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foi estatisticamente significativa. Sutton e cols<sup>5</sup> observaram n&#237;veis de BNP de 16,9 pmol/l, 7,1 pmol/l e 5,3 pmol/l, respectivamente em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, assintom&#225;ticos e no grupo controle (p&lt;0,001). Estudando 9 pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, com insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada e grave, Eimer e cols.<sup>20</sup> encontraram valores m&#233;dios 11,8 &#177; 8 pg/ml contra 6 &#177; 4 pg/ml, nos controles, diferen&#231;a n&#227;o estatisticamente significativa. Nota-se tamb&#233;m que todos esses valores m&#233;dios est&#227;o na faixa atualmente considerada normal para o BNP quando &#233; utilizado para discriminar indiv&#237;duos com e sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Portanto, para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dosagens de BNP, no manuseio da insufici&#234;ncia mitral, n&#227;o se pode simplesmente transpor os dados concernentes &#224; sua aplica&#231;&#227;o no manuseio da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de outras etiologias. </p>
    <p> A constru&#231;&#227;o de uma curva ROC, objetivando avaliar a capacidade discriminante do BNP em detectar pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave, encontrou um valor de corte de 15,40 pg/ml, para uma sensibilidade de 0,73 e uma especificidade de 0,74. Estes dados confirmam as observa&#231;&#245;es anteriores de que os valores capazes de identificar pacientes graves s&#227;o bem menores do que os utilizados para identifica&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A outra curva ROC, constru&#237;da para avaliar a capacidade discriminante do BNP em detectar pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave e classe funcional II e III (NYHA), encontrou um ponto de corte para o BNP de 28,40 pg/ml, com sensibilidade de 0,78 e especificidade de 0,83. Estes valores tamb&#233;m sugerem que n&#227;o se deve esperar valores acima de 100 pg/ml para s&#243; ent&#227;o classificar a insufici&#234;ncia mitral como grave. </p>
    <p>Todos estes dados permitem supor que na hist&#243;ria natural da insufici&#234;ncia mitral o que ocorre &#233; um aumento gradativo das dosagens de BNP, de acordo com a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Os valores absolutos, para se tomar decis&#245;es, no manuseio dos pacientes, em cada uma das etapas da evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, ainda n&#227;o podem ser aplicados, pois n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidos. Entretanto, os achados do presente estudo permitem supor que dosagens seq&#252;enciais, ao longo do tempo, poderiam ajudar nas condutas a serem tomadas para um dado paciente. </p>
    <p>Os estudos publicados<sup>15,16</sup> e a contribui&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho permitem afirmar que os conhecimentos a respeito do BNP, no contexto da insufici&#234;ncia mitral s&#227;o apenas iniciais e envolveram ainda poucos pacientes. A despeito das limita&#231;&#245;es &#233; poss&#237;vel perceber que esta linha de pesquisa poder&#225; contribuir de modo inequ&#237;voco para um manuseio mais adequado dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Zilda Machado Meneghelo </p>
        <p> Rua Nicolau Souza Queiroz, 194/161 </p>
        <p> 04105-000 - Vila Mariana </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="zildamm@cardiol.br">zildamm@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 11/07/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 19/03/2004</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Sensitivity and specificity of B-type natriuretic peptide for identifying symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with severe mitral regurgitation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) for identifying symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with severe chronic mitral regurgitation followed up on an outpatient care basis. METHODS: A group of patients with mitral regurgitation underwent electrocardiography, chest teleradiography, venous blood withdrawal, and transthoracic echocardiography. Based on an analysis of the echocardiographic variables, 62 patients had mild and moderate mitral regurgitation (GI) and 34 had severe mitral regurgitation (GII). The discriminating capacity of the BNP for detecting patients with severe mitral regurgitation was assessed by use of ROC curves. RESULTS: The patients' ages ranged from 15 to 63 (mean, 31.7) years, and of the 96 patients, 71 (73%) were females. The BNP values ranged from 0.00 pg/mL to 193 pg/mL. The mean BNP values in GI and GII patients were 18.10 &#177; 0.74 pg/mL and 50.54 &#177; 1.46 pg/mL, respectively (P=0.001). The cutoff point for identifying severe mitral regurgitation was 15.40 pg/mL for the best balance between sensitivity and specificity, which were 0.73 and 0.74, respectively. The cutoff point for identifying symptomatic patients with severe mitral regurgitation was 28.40 pg/mL for the best balance between sensitivity and specificity, which were 0.78 and 0.83, respectively. CONCLUSION: The BNP values capable of identifying asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with severe mitral regurgitation are lower than 100 pg/mL, which is considered for the diagnosis of heart failure.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>mitral regurgitation</kwd>
        <kwd>natriuretic peptides</kwd>
        <kwd>BNP</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sensitivity and specificity of B-type natriuretic peptide for identifying symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with severe mitral regurgitation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Zilda Machado Meneghelo; H&#233;lio M. Magalh&#227;es; Auristela I. O. Ramos; Jorge Eduardo Assef; Davi Costa Le Bihau; Nivia A. de Campos Salvarani; Angela Tavares Paes; Romeu S. Meneghelo</bold>
      </p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the sensitivity and specificity of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) for identifying symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with severe chronic mitral regurgitation followed up on an outpatient care basis.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A group of patients with mitral regurgitation underwent electrocardiography, chest teleradiography, venous blood withdrawal, and transthoracic echocardiography. Based on an analysis of the echocardiographic variables, 62 patients had mild and moderate mitral regurgitation (GI) and 34 had severe mitral regurgitation (GII). The discriminating capacity of the BNP for detecting patients with severe mitral regurgitation was assessed by use of ROC curves.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The patients' ages ranged from 15 to 63 (mean, 31.7) years, and of the 96 patients, 71 (73%) were females. The BNP values ranged from 0.00 pg/mL to 193 pg/mL. The mean BNP values in GI and GII patients were 18.10 &#177; 0.74 pg/mL and 50.54 &#177; 1.46 pg/mL, respectively (P=0.001). The cutoff point for identifying severe mitral regurgitation was 15.40 pg/mL for the best balance between sensitivity and specificity, which were 0.73 and 0.74, respectively. The cutoff point for identifying symptomatic patients with severe mitral regurgitation was </p>
      <p> 28.40 pg/mL for the best balance between sensitivity and specificity, which were 0.78 and 0.83, respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The BNP values capable of identifying asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with severe mitral regurgitation are lower than 100 pg/mL, which is considered for the diagnosis of heart failure. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>mitral regurgitation, natriuretic peptides, BNP</p>
      <p> The measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide (or brain natriuretic peptide, BNP) levels has been used for diagnosing congestive heart failure, especially when the symptoms and signs are discrete or mild, and in the presence of associated comorbidities, such as pulmonary disease or obesity <sup>1</sup>. The BNP levels have a positive correlation with left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and an inverse correlation with left ventricular function. These concentrations are considered to represent an independent evaluation of ventricular function, with no need for other more expensive tests <sup>2</sup>. The cutoff point of the BNP levels recommended for separating the population with heart failure from that without that syndrome is 100 pg/mL <sup>3</sup>. These initial findings suggest the possibility of expanding the application of BNP level measurement to other situations that gradually lead to left ventricular dysfunction, such as some valvular diseases and congenital heart diseases. The BNP levels in patients with mitral regurgitation are greater than those in controls. The study by Brookes et al <sup>4</sup> showed that 89% of the 22 patients with mitral regurgitation have more elevated BNP levels than healthy individuals do, 20.85 &#177; 16.9 versus 3.37 &#177; 0.9 pmol/L. Another study <sup>5</sup> with symptomatic and asymptomatic patients showed that the BNP levels increased according to the severity of mitral regurgitation and were greater in symptomatic patients. However, the case series of these reports are small, and the authors of both studies suggested additional investigation. The objective of the present study was to assess in a group of patients with chronic mitral regurgitation of different degrees, which is the BNP cutoff point capable of identifying the existence of severe mitral regurgitation with or without symptoms. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study comprised patients from the valvular heart disease outpatient clinic of our institution diagnosed with chronic mitral regurgitation and who agreed to participate in the study. The diagnosis was based on physical examination due to the presence of a systolic murmur in the mitral auscultation area classified from 1+ to 4+. The patients underwent electrocardiography, chest teleradiography, transthoracic echocardiography with color flow mapping, and venous blood withdrawal from a peripheral vein for measuring the plasma concentrations of BNP. </p>
      <p>Patients with the following findings were excluded from the study: acute mitral regurgitation or mitral regurgitation secondary to cardiomyopathy; ejection fraction lower than 0.55; coronary heart disease diagnosed by the presence of angina or electrically inactive zones on the electrocardiogram; age &lt; 15 or &gt; 65 years; complete dysfunction of the mitral valve and valvular area &lt; 2.0 cm<sup>2</sup>; congenital cardiac defects or hemodynamic alteration in another heart valve; clinical findings compatible with infective endocarditis; active rheumatic disease; diabetes mellitus; thyroid disorders; systemic arterial hypertension; disorders in other organs or systems; and previous surgical treatment. </p>
      <p>After meeting the above-described criteria, our case series comprised 96 patients with ages ranging from 15 to 63 (mean, 31.7) years, 71 (73%) being females. </p>
      <p>Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography of all patients was performed with an Ultramark-9 HDI device (ATL - Advanced Technology Laboratories) with phased array transducer and an emission frequency of 3.0 megahertz. All echocardiographies were performed by only 2 trained professionals. The severity of mitral regurgitation was determined by analyzing the following variables: a) effective regurgitant orifice <sup>6</sup>; b) vena contracta; c) regurgitant jet area; and d) relation between the regurgitant jet and left atrial areas <sup>7</sup>. The measurements considered indicators of severe mitral regurgitation were as follows: effective regurgitant orifice &gt; 0.4cm<sup>2 6</sup>; vena contracta &gt; 0.5cm; regurgitant jet area &gt; 7 cm<sup>2</sup>; and relation between the regurgitant jet and left atrial areas &gt; 40% <sup>8</sup>. The detection of reverse systolic flow in any pulmonary vein was also considered an indicator of severe mitral regurgitation <sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>The patients with mitral regurgitation selected were classified according to at least 2 of the above-described criteria as follows: 1) group I (GI) - 62 patients with mild and moderate mitral regurgitation; group II (G II) - 34 patients with severe mitral regurgitation. The mean values of the echocardiographic variables found in the 2 groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The left atrial and ventricular diameters were measured by using M-mode echocardiography based on the images acquired on the 2-dimensional transthoracic study<sup> 10</sup>. The results are expressed in millimeters. The calculation of the end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes of the left ventricular cavity was performed according to the Simpson technique <sup>11</sup>. Two variables were used for assessing the left ventricular overall systolic function: a) shortening fraction (delta D); and b) ejection fraction. </p>
      <p>Patients with the following changes were considered as having severe morphological alterations consequent to mitral regurgitation: left atrial telesystolic diameter &gt; 57 mm; left ventricular end-systolic diameter &gt; 45 mm or index = 26 mm/m<sup>2</sup>; left ventricular end-diastolic diameter &gt; 70 mm or index = 40 mm/m<sup>2</sup>; left ventricular end-systolic volume index &gt; 50mL/ m<sup>2</sup>; left ventricular end-diastolic volume index &gt; 100 mL/m<sup>2</sup>; ejection fraction &lt; 60% and delta D &lt; 32%. </p>
      <p>The echocardiographic data of the variables described are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>. The GII patients showed the greatest means of left atrial, end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, and of end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes. The mean ejection fraction of delta D and mean thickness of the interventricular septum of the groups studied showed no significant statistical difference. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <label>Table III</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation was present in one GI patient (1.61%) and in 4 GII patients (11.8%). </p>
      <p>Chest teleradiography of GII patients showed a greater mean cardiothoracic index and left atrial dimensions. The alterations in pulmonary circulation analyzed through hilar enlargement, flow inversion, and presence of perivascular infiltrate were more frequent in patients with severe mitral regurgitation (GII) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Blood samples for measuring BNP were obtained after venous puncture in the forearm after patients rested for 30 minutes in the supine position. Blood was placed in vacuum tubes with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) anticoagulant. BNP measurement was performed by using the fluorescent immunoassay method. The Triage Meter model (Biosite Diagnostics Incorporated, San Diego, CA, USA) device was used. The rest BNP values considered normal for this methodology are those below 100 pg/mL. The reading sensitivity is between 5 and 1300 pg/mL, according to the manufacturer <sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>The quantitative variables were compared by using the Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples. For qualitative variables, the chi-square test, or Fisher exact test was used <sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>The results whose descriptive levels (P values) were lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. </p>
      <p>KAPPA measurement <sup>14</sup>, based on the number of concordant responses, was used to assess the intensity of concordance between the 2 professionals who performed the echocardiographies. The measure of concordance with a "0" value indicates no concordance, while the "1" value indicates total concordance. The analysis of concordance found in this study was 0.871 (P&lt;0.001). </p>
      <p>SPSS for Windows, version 11.0 was the program used for calculations. </p>
      <p>The protocol was approved by the Committee on Ethics of the institution. All individuals, after being clearly instructed about the research and tests that would be performed, signed a written informed consent.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean BNP levels found ranged from 0.00 to 193 pg/mL. The mean BNP levels in GI and GII patients were 18.10 &#177; 0.74 pg/mL and 50.54 &#177; 1.46 pg/mL, respectively, which were statistically different (P=0.001). </p>
      <p>Sensitivity and specificity for identifying patients with severe mitral regurgitation calculated for the greatest and lowest BNP levels and some intermediary cutoff values are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">table V</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Similarly, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">table VI</xref> shows the sensitivity and specificity for identifying patients with severe mitral regurgitation and NYHA functional classes II and III. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A ROC (receiver operator characteristic) curve was drawn for assessing the discriminating capacity of BNP to detect patients with severe mitral regurgitation, and to suggest a cutoff point regarding sensitivity and specificity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). An area of 0.76 was found under the curve, indicating an acceptable power. The most adequate cutoff point for identifying patients with severe mitral regurgitation was 15.40 pg/mL, with sensitivity of 0.73 and specificity of 0.74. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Similarly, another ROC curve was built for assessing the discriminating capacity of BNP to detect patients with severe mitral regurgitation and NYHA FC II and III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). An area of 0.82 was found under the curve, showing a satisfactory power. The cutoff value for identifying symptomatic patients with severe mitral regurgitation was 28.40 pg/mL, with a sensitivity of 0.78 and a specificity of 0.83. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0021-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In recent years, the results of extensive investigations about the natriuretic peptides, especially BNP, have helped the clinical management of patients having or suspected of having heart failure, cardiomyopathies, and coronary heart disease. Thus, a study about BNP in patients with mitral regurgitation seems to be very useful in an attempt to help with the difficulties found in managing patients with that disease. </p>
      <p>Quantifying the severity of mitral regurgitation remains a clinical challenge. Patients with mitral regurgitation can be classified as having mild, moderate, and severe lesions by using clinical history, physical examination, chest teleradiography, and electrocardiography. Frequently, an intense systolic murmur <sup>15</sup> or the presence of a third cardiac sound in the mitral area suggests severe mitral regurgitation <sup>16</sup>. However, this quantification is not perfect due to several interferences. In obese patients, those with chest deformities, and those with chronic pulmonary disease and severe mitral regurgitation, the systolic murmur is of low intensity or even inaudible <sup>17</sup>. The evolution of Doppler echocardiography, overcoming part of the subjectivity and limitations of the clinical, radiological, and electrocardiographic criteria and adding new important variables, has contributed to the establishment of that technique as the most used for assessing patients with mitral regurgitation in the present study. Even being chosen as ideal, that technique may have limitations in defining or quantifying, or both, the severity of regurgitation <sup>18,19</sup>. Although the severity of mitral regurgitation in this study has been assessed by means of echocardiographic variables that measure the severity of mitral reflux, GII patients, those with severe mitral regurgitation, had the greatest repercussions of the disease evaluated through alterations in the electrocardiogram, in radiography, in functional class, and in left atrial and ventricular dimensions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">III</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">IV</xref>). The groups differed in regard to those variables, showing that, if the clinical criteria were used for classifying the severity of mitral regurgitation, the groups would not be significantly different. </p>
      <p>It is worth noting that the echocardiogram has interobserver variability, which could represent a bias in the present study. However, the analysis of concordance performed through the Kappa method <sup>14 </sup>showed a high concordance, 0.871 (p&lt;0.001), between the 2 observers. </p>
      <p>The mean BNP values observed in this study are lower than those observed in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, even in the severe mitral regurgitation group, which showed mean values of 50.54 pg/mL, considered within the normal range for diagnosing heart failure. This seems to be the characteristic of patients with mitral regurgitation according to the first known publications of studies with few patients <sup>4,5</sup>. In the study by Brookes et al <sup>4</sup>, the mean values observed were 20.85 &#177; 16.9 pmol/L in asymptomatic patients with an at least moderate mitral regurgitation on echocardiography versus 16.9 &#177; 3.34 pmol/L in controls. The differences between the groups were statistically significant. Sutton et al <sup>5</sup> reported BNP levels of 16.9 pmol/L, 7.1 pmol/L, and 5.3 pmol/L in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and controls, respectively (p&lt;0.001). In a study of 9 symptomatic patients with moderate and severe mitral regurgitation, Eimer et al <sup>20</sup> reported mean values of 11.8 &#177; 8 pg/mL versus 6 &#177; 4 pg/mL, in controls, a non statistically significant difference. It is worth noting that all these mean values are within the currently normal-considered range for BNP, when used for identifying individuals with and without heart failure. Thus, for using BNP measurements in managing mitral regurgitation, one cannot simply transfer the data concerning BNP application in the management of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction of other etiologies. </p>
      <p>In the construction of a ROC curve, aiming at assessing the discriminating capacity of BNP for detecting patients with severe mitral regurgitation, a cutoff value of 15.40 pg/mL was found for a sensitivity of 0.73 and specificity of 0.74. These data confirm the previous observations that the values capable of identifying severe patients are much lower than those used for identifying heart failure. The other ROC curve constructed for assessing the discriminating capacity of BNP for detecting patients with severe mitral regurgitation and NYHA functional classes II and III had a cutoff point for BNP of 28.40 pg/mL, with sensitivity of 0.78 and specificity of 0.83. These values also suggest that one should not wait for values above 100 pg/mL to classify mitral regurgitation as severe. </p>
      <p>All these data allow the supposition that in the natural history of mitral regurgitation, a gradual increase occurs in BNP levels according to the evolution of the disease. For decision making in the management of patients, the absolute values in each evolution stage cannot be applied, because they are not known. However, this study's findings allow supposing that sequential measurements over time may help in patient management. </p>
      <p>The studies published <sup>15,16</sup> and the contribution of this study allow stating that the knowledge regarding BNP in the context of mitral regurgitation is only incipient, still involving few patients. Despite the limitations, one may see that this research line may unequivocally contribute to a more adequate management of patients with mitral regurgitation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Zilda Machado Meneghelo </p>
          <p> Rua Nicolau Souza Queiroz, 194/161 </p>
          <p> 04105-000 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="zildamm@cardiol.br">zildamm@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 07/11/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 03/19/2004 </p>
      <p>English version Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
