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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TGBjfXWRYFMgzQ4dpPFthtm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001900004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001900004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resultados imediatos da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: compara&#231;&#227;o entre homens e mulheres</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amato</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian Lerner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>Ari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paes</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngela T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baltar</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farsky</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farran</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gun</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paulista</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Paredes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Eduardo M. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>spe</issue>
      <fpage>14</fpage>
      <lpage>20</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a morbimortalidade de homens e mulheres submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isolada e os fatores relacionados &#224;s diferen&#231;as eventualmente encontradas. M&#201;TODOS: An&#225;lise comparativa de 2032 pacientes, 1402 (69%) homens e 630 (31%) mulheres submetidos consecutivamente &#224; cirurgia, de janeiro 1999 a dezembro 2002. RESULTADOS: As mulheres apresentaram idade m&#233;dia mais elevada, maior n&#250;mero de fatores de risco e taxas de angina inst&#225;vel. Enxertos com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna foram mais freq&#252;entemente usados nos homens, 85,6% vs. 78,3%, p&lt;0,001. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s operat&#243;rias, exceto as infec&#231;&#245;es, mais freq&#252;entes nas mulheres. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 4,1% e 6,3%, para homens e mulheres respectivamente, p=0,026. Na an&#225;lise multivariada o sexo feminino n&#227;o foi identificado como fator progn&#243;stico independente para &#243;bito, assim como o uso de enxertos com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica n&#227;o foi tamb&#233;m isoladamente identificado como fator protetor, por&#233;m a intera&#231;&#227;o sexo-art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna foi significativa; foram ainda selecionados, idade (OR 1,03; [IC] 95% 1,01 a 1,06; p=0,004), insufici&#234;ncia renal no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (OR 1.82; [IC] 95% 1,07 a 3,11; p=0,028) e cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia/emerg&#234;ncia (OR 2,85; [IC] 95% 1,32 a 6,14; p=0,008). CONCLUS&#195;O: O sexo feminino apresentou maior mortalidade operat&#243;ria por&#233;m n&#227;o se mostrou fator progn&#243;stico independente para &#243;bito; o uso de enxertos com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica mostrou-se protetor; pacientes mais idosos, com insufici&#234;ncia renal e em situa&#231;&#227;o emergencial apresentaram maiores &#237;ndices de &#243;bito hospitalar.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>homens</kwd>
        <kwd>mulheres</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados imediatos da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: compara&#231;&#227;o entre homens e mulheres</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vivian Lerner Amato; Ari Timerman; &#194;ngela T. Paes; Val&#233;ria T. Baltar; Pedro S. Farsky; Jorge A. Farran; Carlos Gun; Paulo Paredes Paulista; Leopoldo S. Piegas; J. Eduardo M. R. Sousa </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a morbimortalidade de homens e mulheres submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isolada e os fatores relacionados &#224;s diferen&#231;as eventualmente encontradas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> An&#225;lise comparativa de 2032 pacientes, 1402 (69%) homens e 630 (31%) mulheres submetidos consecutivamente &#224; cirurgia, de janeiro 1999 a dezembro 2002. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>As mulheres apresentaram idade m&#233;dia mais elevada, maior n&#250;mero de fatores de risco e taxas de angina inst&#225;vel. Enxertos com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna foram mais freq&#252;entemente usados nos homens, 85,6% vs. 78,3%, p&lt;0,001. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s operat&#243;rias, exceto as infec&#231;&#245;es, mais freq&#252;entes nas mulheres. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 4,1% e 6,3%, para homens e mulheres respectivamente, p=0,026. Na an&#225;lise multivariada o sexo feminino n&#227;o foi identificado como fator progn&#243;stico independente para &#243;bito, assim como o uso de enxertos com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica n&#227;o foi tamb&#233;m isoladamente identificado como fator protetor, por&#233;m a intera&#231;&#227;o sexo-art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna foi significativa; foram ainda selecionados, idade (OR 1,03; [IC] 95% 1,01 a 1,06; p=0,004), insufici&#234;ncia renal no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (OR 1.82; [IC] 95% 1,07 a 3,11; p=0,028) e cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia/emerg&#234;ncia (OR 2,85; [IC] 95% 1,32 a 6,14; p=0,008). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O sexo feminino apresentou maior mortalidade operat&#243;ria por&#233;m n&#227;o se mostrou fator progn&#243;stico independente para &#243;bito; o uso de enxertos com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica mostrou-se protetor; pacientes mais idosos, com insufici&#234;ncia renal e em situa&#231;&#227;o emergencial apresentaram maiores &#237;ndices de &#243;bito hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, homens, mulheres</p>
    <p> Numerosos estudos t&#234;m mostrado que mulheres submetidas &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM) apresentam, na fase hospitalar, maior taxa de mortalidade e, muitas vezes, de complica&#231;&#245;es, quando comparadas aos homens<sup>1-11</sup>, sendo o primeiro desses trabalhos atribu&#237;do a Bolooki e cols.<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p> A sobrevida ap&#243;s a cirurgia tem se mostrado semelhante &#224; dos homens em algumas an&#225;lises<sup>1,10,13</sup> e menor em outras<sup>7,14,15</sup>, com o sexo feminino apresentando, em geral, maiores taxas de recorr&#234;ncia de angina<sup>16</sup>, e menor pat&#234;ncia de enxertos<sup>1,17</sup>. </p>
    <p>A mortalidade operat&#243;ria nas mulheres tem sido em diversas s&#233;ries, em m&#233;dia, o dobro em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens; as raz&#245;es para isso n&#227;o est&#227;o plenamente esclarecidas e v&#225;rias hip&#243;teses t&#234;m sido discutidas. </p>
    <p>Os estudos demonstram que as mulheres, por ocasi&#227;o da cirurgia, s&#227;o mais idosas, apresentam-se com maior n&#250;mero de fatores de risco e, tamb&#233;m, mais sintom&#225;ticas, quando comparadas aos homens<sup>11</sup>. Alguns destes fatores, assim como a sintomatologia mais inst&#225;vel, s&#227;o conhecidamente relacionados com maior morbimortalidade operat&#243;ria<sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>Outras an&#225;lises t&#234;m atribu&#237;do &#224; menor &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea e, em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, menor di&#226;metro coronariano no sexo feminino, maior dificuldade t&#233;cnica durante a cirurgia, com maiores taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es e de mortalidade hospitalar, conferindo aos aspectos anat&#244;micos a maior responsabilidade pelos piores resultados apresentados pelas mulheres<sup>1,6,19,20</sup>. Estudos com necropsia<sup>21</sup>, angiografia<sup>22</sup> e tamb&#233;m in vivo com ultra-som intracoronariano<sup>23</sup> confirmam que as mulheres apresentam coron&#225;rias de menor calibre que os homens. </p>
    <p>Tem-se tamb&#233;m demonstrado que as mulheres recebem menos enxertos arteriais, notadamente enxertos com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna<sup>11</sup>; estes t&#234;m sido relacionados na literatura com menor mortalidade e menos complica&#231;&#245;es mesmo na fase hospitalar<sup>24</sup>, al&#233;m do j&#225; conhecido benef&#237;cio conferido por eles na evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo<sup>25</sup>. As raz&#245;es para que o sexo feminino seja menos favorecido por estes enxertos n&#227;o est&#227;o plenamente esclarecidas. </p>
    <p>Em alguns estudos, ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o para idade e fatores de risco, o sexo feminino deixa de ser progn&#243;stico para maior mortalidade hospitalar, fazendo crer que s&#227;o esses fatores, e n&#227;o o sexo propriamente dito, os respons&#225;veis pelo maior risco cir&#250;rgico<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>O mesmo ocorre com as an&#225;lises que fazem a mesma corre&#231;&#227;o, levando em conta, al&#233;m dos fatores cl&#237;nicos, a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea e o di&#226;metro coronariano, mostrando que na realidade pessoas "menores", homens ou mulheres, apresentam maior taxa de mortalidade e de complica&#231;&#245;es<sup>1,6,10,19,20</sup>. </p>
    <p> Estas conclus&#245;es, no entanto, n&#227;o t&#234;m sido uniformes e, em algumas publica&#231;&#245;es, mesmo ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o desses fatores, cl&#237;nicos e anat&#244;micos, o sexo feminino continua relacionado &#224; maior mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es como se houvesse algo intrinsecamente ligado ao sexo, e ainda n&#227;o esclarecido, levando a piores resultados na fase hospitalar<sup>8,9,11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Deve-se ainda ressaltar que em algumas s&#233;ries, principalmente dos &#250;ltimos anos, estas diferen&#231;as na morbimortalidade hospitalar entre homens e mulheres n&#227;o t&#234;m sido mais observadas, argumentando os autores que o aperfei&#231;oamento da t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica e, eventualmente, dos cuidados peri-operat&#243;rios teriam ultrapassado as antigas dificuldades em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo feminino<sup>13,26-28</sup>. Permanecem, portanto, sobre este tema, diversas quest&#245;es a serem discutidas. </p>
    <p>Foram os nossos objetivos 1) comparar, no material de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, a morbidade e a mortalidade hospitalar de homens e mulheres submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isolada, e 2) identificar fatores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, intra-operat&#243;rios e p&#243;s operat&#243;rios relacionados &#224;s eventuais diferen&#231;as encontradas entre os dois sexos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um c&#225;lculo estat&#237;stico te&#243;rico<sup>29</sup> que levou a uma amostra de 580 pacientes de cada sexo; para que este n&#250;mero de mulheres pudesse ser atingido, calculamos que seriam necess&#225;rios 4 anos, sendo ent&#227;o planejados os anos de 1999 a 2002. </p>
    <p>Foram analisados prospectivamente os pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isolada no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, consecutivamente, de janeiro 1999 a dezembro 2002, sendo exclu&#237;das as reopera&#231;&#245;es e aqueles que tiveram procedimentos associados, como aneurismectomia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, abordagem valvular ou endarterectomia de car&#243;tida. Nesse per&#237;odo, 2443 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e destes, 411 pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, restando ent&#227;o 2032 pacientes que constituiram o grupo estudado sendo 1402 ( 69%) homens e 630 (31%) mulheres. </p>
    <p>Os antecedentes pessoais foram: 1) hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica: pacientes que mencionassem este antecedente e viessem em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva ou que, ao serem admitidos no hospital, apresentassem press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> a 140 mm Hg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> a 90m Hg<sup>30</sup>; 2) diabetes mellitus: pacientes que mencionassem este antecedente e viessem em uso de dieta espec&#237;fica, hipoglicemiantes orais e/ou insulina ou que no exame de sangue pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio revelassem glicemia de jejum <underline>&gt;</underline> a 126 mg/dl<sup>31</sup>; 3) antecedentes familiares para coronariopatia: informa&#231;&#227;o de pais ou irm&#227;os ou outros parentes de primeiro grau com doen&#231;a coronariana de aparecimento com idades <underline>&lt;</underline> a 55 anos para parentes do sexo masculino ou <underline>&lt;</underline> a 65 anos para parentes do sexo feminino<sup>32</sup>; 4) tabagismo: considerado como atual se o paciente apresentasse este h&#225;bito na interna&#231;&#227;o ou se houvesse interrompido em per&#237;odo menor que 1 ano; doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica: hist&#243;ria de asma ou bronquite cr&#244;nica; 5) insufici&#234;ncia renal: valores s&#233;ricos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios de creatinina <underline>&gt;</underline> a 1,5 mg/dl (valor normal no laborat&#243;rio de nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o: 0,7 a 1,2 mg/dl); 6) quadro neurol&#243;gico pr&#233;vio: hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio ou acidente vascular cerebral; 7) les&#227;o carot&#237;dea: pacientes que apresentassem les&#245;es <underline>&gt;</underline> a 50% no sistema carot&#237;deo; 8) vasculopatia arterial perif&#233;rica (outra que n&#227;o cerebral): exame f&#237;sico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio com diminui&#231;&#227;o e/ou aus&#234;ncia de pulsos perif&#233;ricos, com ou sem claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, ou hist&#243;ria de antecedente de cirurgia vascular pr&#233;via, ou ainda, de aneurisma de aorta tor&#225;cica ou abdominal, submetidos ou n&#227;o a tratamento cir&#250;rgico pr&#233;vio; 9) dislipidemia: pacientes que mencionassem este antecedente e viessem em uso de dieta espec&#237;fica e/ou medica&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante ou que no exame de sangue pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, em jejum, apresentassem n&#237;veis de colesterol total <underline>&gt;</underline> a 200 mg/dl ou n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides <underline>&gt;</underline> a 200 mg/dl<sup>32</sup>. </p>
    <p>O grau de comprometimento arterial foi analisado pela angiografia convencional e os pacientes divididos em portadores de les&#245;es de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda se apresentassem les&#245;es <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% neste local ou portadores de les&#245;es uniarteriais, biarteriais, triarteriais de acordo com o comprometimento, com les&#245;es <underline>&gt;</underline> ou iguais a 70%, de um, dois ou tr&#234;s dos seguintes territ&#243;rios: art&#233;ria descendente anterior e/ou ramos diagonais; art&#233;ria circunflexa e/ou ramos marginais; art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi obtida atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica da angiografia quantitativa<sup>33</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram classificados como portadores de angina est&#225;vel, angina inst&#225;vel, isquemia silenciosa ou assintom&#225;ticos p&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; grau funcional de angina e de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram registrados de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da "<italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic>" <italic>(CCS) </italic>e da <italic>"New York Heart Association" (NYHA)</italic>, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>O procedimento cir&#250;rgico foi considerado como: car&#225;ter de emerg&#234;ncia quando a cirurgia foi realizada imediatamente ap&#243;s o estudo hemodin&#226;mico ou angioplastia, ou ainda, nas primeiras 24h da chegada do paciente ao hospital, neste caso determinada por condi&#231;&#245;es de instabilidade do mesmo; car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia quando houve necessidade cl&#237;nica da realiza&#231;&#227;o desta no dia seguinte ao estudo hemodin&#226;mico; eletiva nas demais situa&#231;&#245;es de agendamento. As cirurgias foram realizadas, utlilizando-se, de modo geral, parada an&#243;xica por pin&#231;amento intermitente da aorta, com temperatura corporal a 33&#186;C. </p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias foram: 1) s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito: hipotens&#227;o, com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos sist&#243;licos &lt; 90 mmHg e sinais perif&#233;ricos compat&#237;veis com baixo d&#233;bito; 2) arritmias significativas: bradicardia sinusal ou ritmo juncional que necessitassem de marcapasso provis&#243;rio, bloqueio atrioventricular total, taquicardia parox&#237;stica supraventricular, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial, taquicardia ventricular e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular; 3) infarto do mioc&#225;rdio peri-operat&#243;rio: definido como aparecimento de novas ondas Q patol&#243;gicas ou amputa&#231;&#227;o de ondas R; n&#227;o foram considerados os marcadores enzim&#225;ticos; 4) suporte respirat&#243;rio prolongado: definido como perman&#234;ncia em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica por per&#237;odo maior que 48h; 5) acidente vascular cerebral: definido como aparecimento de sinais neurol&#243;gicos compat&#237;veis, quando necess&#225;rio com comprova&#231;&#227;o por tomografia computadorizada ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de cr&#226;nio; 6) insufici&#234;ncia renal: definida como creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 1,9 mg/dl durante a fase hospitalar do per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram avaliadas por meio do teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou do teste Exato de Fisher, quando necess&#225;rio. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi utilizado o teste t de Student ou o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney, caso a suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade tenha sido rejeitada. Para avaliar-se a influ&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco juntamente com o sexo foi utilizada a abordagem multivariada, tendo sido empregada a t&#233;cnica de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com o m&#233;todo <italic>Stepwise</italic> para sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis, considerando como vari&#225;vel dependente &#243;bito hospitalar. Os resultados referentes a esta an&#225;lise foram expressos em raz&#245;es de chances (<italic>odds ratio</italic>) e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%<sup>34</sup>. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado foi menor ou igual a 0,05. O <italic>software</italic> utilizado para toda a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi o "SPSS for Windows", vers&#227;o 8.0. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As idades variaram de 29 a 91 anos para os homens e de 32 a 87 anos para as mulheres; estas apresentaram idade m&#233;dia mais elevada que os homens, respectivamente (m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o): 64 &#177; 0,39 anos <italic>versus </italic>61,6 &#177; 0,27 anos (p&lt;0,001). Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref> est&#227;o relacionadas as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias para os dois grupos; as mulheres apresentaram maior n&#250;mero de fatores de risco, com exce&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo que foi mais frequente nos homens, que tamb&#233;m apresentaram maiores taxas de infarto pr&#233;vio e insufici&#234;ncia renal. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao quadro cl&#237;nico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre homens e mulheres em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s taxas de angina est&#225;vel, 50,4% <italic>vs </italic>50,5% e isquemia silenciosa, 6,7% <italic>vs</italic> 4,9%, respectivamente; angina inst&#225;vel foi mais freq&#252;ente no sexo feminino, 33,2% <italic>vs </italic>25,7%, p=0,001; no grupo assintom&#225;tico p&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, predominaram os homens, 17,1% <italic>vs </italic>11,4%, p=0,002. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os dois sexos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0014-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As cinecoronariografias foram analisadas em 2028 pacientes (em 4 pacientes os dados n&#227;o foram corretamente registrados e n&#227;o puderam ser computados) e como pode ser visto na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref> n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de pacientes uni, bi, triarteriais ou portadores de les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0014-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre homens e mulheres em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s taxas de cirurgia eletiva (pr&#243;ximo de 96,5% nos dois sexos), urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia, assim como no n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de enxertos realizados (2,8 nos dois sexos) ou taxas de endarterectomia coronariano (cerca de 9% nos dois sexos); os tempos de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e an&#243;xia foram discretamente mais elevados no sexo masculino; notadamente os enxertos com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita e/ou esquerda foram menos utilizados no sexo feminino, 85,6% <italic>vs</italic> 78,3%, p&lt; 0,001. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre homens e mulheres na ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, com exce&#231;&#227;o das infec&#231;&#245;es, mais freq&#252;entes no sexo feminino, tanto em t&#243;rax, 2,9% <italic>vs</italic> 0,9%, p=0,001, como em membros, 3,7% <italic>vs </italic>1,0%, p&lt; 0,001, sendo as demais, respectivamente nos homens e mulheres, s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito 16,0% e 16,7%, arritmias, 13,8% e 14%, suporte respirat&#243;rio prolongado, 4,6% e 5,6%, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, 5,3% e 6,3%, acidente vascular cerebral, 2,6% e 4,1%, reopera&#231;&#227;o, 1,9% e 3,2%, insufici&#234;ncia renal, 2,3% e 2,1% e uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, 2,1% nos dois sexos; 444 (31,7%) homens e 215 (34,1%) mulheres apresentaram uma ou mais complica&#231;&#245;es (p=0,274). </p>
    <p>O tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI foi mais elevado nas mulheres, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o): 71 &#177; 3,8h <italic>vs </italic>65 &#177; 2,1h, p=0,170. A drenagem m&#233;dia foi mais elevada nos homens (m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o): 871,6 &#177; 11,5 ml <italic>vs</italic> 683,6 ml &#177; 18,2 ml, p &lt; 0,001. O tempo de perman&#234;ncia no hospital ap&#243;s a cirurgia foi discretamente mais elevado no sexo feminino (m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o): 10 &#177; 0,43 dias <italic>vs</italic> 9 &#177; 0,37 dias para o sexo masculino, p = 0,04. </p>
    <p>As taxas de &#243;bito, total e em diversos subgrupos, encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref>. A mortalidade hospitalar total foi de 4,1% para homens e de 6,3% para mulheres (p=0,026). Separando-se por faixas et&#225;rias observou-se diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos apenas nos pacientes com idades &lt; a 50 anos, em que o &#243;bito ocorreu em duas mulheres (3,2%) e em nenhum homem (p = 0,018); chama a aten&#231;&#227;o o fato das mulheres apresentarem maior mortalidade nos grupos mais jovens e das taxas de &#243;bito praticamente se igualarem ap&#243;s os 70 anos ou at&#233; se superem nos homens ap&#243;s os 80 anos, 11,1% <italic>vs</italic> 8,7%, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p= 0,777). Literalmente em todos os demais subgrupos analisados o sexo feminino apresentou maiores taxas de &#243;bito, por&#233;m esta diferen&#231;a s&#243; alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em portadores de hipertrigliceridemia (p = 0,005). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0014-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Para analisar-se a influ&#234;ncia do sexo e/ou de outros fatores na ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito foi utilizada a t&#233;cnica de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela IV</xref> onde mostram aumento m&#233;dio de 3,6% na chance de &#243;bito a cada avan&#231;o de um ano de idade, aumento de 1,8 vezes na chance de &#243;bito comparando-se portadores de insufici&#234;ncia renal no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio com n&#227;o portadores, aumento de 2,8 vezes na chance de &#243;bito comparando-se pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia com pacientes que foram eletivamente &#224; cirurgia. O sexo isoladamente n&#227;o foi identificado como fator independente para mortalidade e o uso de enxertos com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna n&#227;o foi tamb&#233;m isoladamente identificado como protetor, por&#233;m surgiu neste modelo a intera&#231;&#227;o sexo - uso de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna, mostrando chance de &#243;bito 2,1 vezes maior para as mulheres comparando-se pacientes dos dois sexos que receberam enxertos com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna e chances de &#243;bito 66% menores comparando-se homens que receberam este enxerto com aqueles que n&#227;o receberam. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0014-00004-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em nossa an&#225;lise, as mulheres apresentaram idade mais elevada e maior n&#250;mero de fatores de risco, e os homens maiores  taxas de tabagismo e infarto pr&#233;vio; o grau de comprometimento arterial foi semelhante nos dois sexos e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi discretamente mais elevada no sexo feminino. </p>
    <p>Com exce&#231;&#227;o de alguns estudos que encontraram maior n&#250;mero de triarteriais entre os homens<sup>1,4,13</sup>, este perfil reproduz exatamente a imensa maioria das an&#225;lises que compara os dois sexos<sup>11</sup> e muitas das caracter&#237;sticas est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; maior morbimortalidade hospitalar<sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>As mulheres apresentaram em nossa s&#233;rie propor&#231;&#227;o de diabetes mellitus significantemente superior a dos homens, 44% <italic>vs</italic> 32,5%; vale lembrar que ao contr&#225;rio da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hipercolesterolemia e tabagismo que apresentam, como fatores de risco, a mesma influ&#234;ncia no sexo masculino e feminino, o diabetes apresenta impacto particular nas mulheres, eliminando o efeito protetor conferido pelo sexo, determinando chance maior de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a coronariana e pior evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s seu aparecimento<sup>35,36</sup>; h&#225; evid&#234;ncias tamb&#233;m de piores resultados precoces e tardios de pacientes diab&#233;ticos submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>37</sup>, embora nem todos os estudos evidenciem o diabetes como fator progn&#243;stico independente de mortalidade hospitalar. O aumento de triglic&#233;rides e o n&#237;vel de HDL- colesterol parecem tamb&#233;m ter significado particular para as mulheres<sup>35</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, as mulheres apresentaram tamb&#233;m maiores propor&#231;&#245;es de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, 88,9% <italic>vs</italic> 72,9%; n&#227;o se p&#244;de documentar a presen&#231;a nessas pacientes de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda ou de qualquer grau de cardiopatia hipertensiva, por&#233;m em diversas s&#233;ries o sexo feminino apresenta graus mais elevados de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que os homens, apesar de sua fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica mais preservada, fazendo pensar na possibilidade de comprometimento diast&#243;lico da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, que poderia eventualmente influenciar tamb&#233;m os resultados operat&#243;rios, imaginando-se que um ventr&#237;culo hipertr&#243;fico se adeque menos a varia&#231;&#245;es de volume ou periodos transit&#243;rios de isquemia, hip&#243;tese aventada por Jacobs<sup>38 </sup>em publica&#231;&#227;o recente. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; maior propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres com angina inst&#225;vel, &#233; importante ressaltar que para o mesmo grau de comprometimento arterial as mulheres apresentam-se sempre, por raz&#245;es n&#227;o conhecidas, mais sintom&#225;ticas que os homens<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Alguns autores<sup>5</sup> argumentam que haveria menor propor&#231;&#227;o de encaminhamento de mulheres, por parte dos m&#233;dicos, para procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos, fazendo com que as mulheres que alcancem a cirurgia o fa&#231;am em idade mais avan&#231;ada, com maior comorbidades, mais sintom&#225;ticas e, mais freq&#252;entemente, em situa&#231;&#227;o emergencial e que talvez sejam estas as raz&#245;es para resultados cir&#250;rgicos menos satisfat&#243;rios que os homens. </p>
    <p>Realmente muitas an&#225;lises documentaram menores taxas de encaminhamento para angiografia coronariana de mulheres, quando comparadas aos homens, ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou que apresentaram testes ergom&#233;tricos simples ou exames de perfus&#227;o por medicina nuclear alterados, ou mesmo, para procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s angiografia coronariana<sup>39,40</sup>, sendo os mesmos resultados n&#227;o encontrados em outras<sup>41</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nosso material, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de enxertos ou realiza&#231;&#227;o de endarterectomia coronariana; a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita e/ou esquerda foi utilizada menos frequentemente no sexo feminino; o sexo masculino apresentou maiores tempos de an&#243;xia e de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. </p>
    <p>Com exce&#231;&#227;o das taxas de endarterectomia coronariana que, em alguns estudos, foi mais elevada nos homens<sup>13 </sup>e o n&#250;mero de enxertos que, na maioria dos estudos, &#233; tamb&#233;m mais elevado no sexo masculino<sup>26</sup>, os demais achados s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com as informa&#231;&#245;es normalmente encontradas na literatura. </p>
    <p>Em estudo de Leavitt e cols.<sup>42</sup>, mulheres receberam menores propor&#231;&#245;es de enxertos com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna em todas as faixas et&#225;rias e grupos cl&#237;nicos, por&#233;m em indiv&#237;duos com &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea menor que 1,8 m<sup>2</sup>, o enxerto foi usado com a mesma freq&#252;&#234;ncia em homens e mulheres; na an&#225;lise multivariada foram identificados como fatores relacionados a n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna, o sexo feminino (p=0,03), pacientes idosos (p&lt;0,001), baixa &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (p&lt;0,001), e cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia (p&lt;0,001). Em 1994, Edwards e cols.<sup>24</sup>, comparando 18.614 pacientes que receberam pelo menos um enxerto com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna com 19.964 pacientes que receberam apenas enxertos venosos, observaram ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada que o uso deste enxerto foi fator independente para menor mortalidade operat&#243;ria (p&lt;0,0025). </p>
    <p>Em nosso material, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre homens e mulheres nas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, com exce&#231;&#227;o das infec&#231;&#245;es que foram mais freq&#252;entes nas mulheres, provavelmente influenciadas pela obesidade e diabetes mellitus, mais prevalentes no sexo feminino. </p>
    <p>A mortalidade hospitalar foi significantemente mais elevada nas mulheres, e nos diversos subgrupos analisados, por&#233;m s&#243; alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em pacientes &lt; de 50 anos de idade e nos indiv&#237;duos com hipertrigliceridemia. </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o sexo n&#227;o apareceu como fator independente de mortalidade, tendo sido a ela relacionados, a idade, a insufici&#234;ncia renal no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, a cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia/emerg&#234;ncia e a intera&#231;&#227;o sexo-uso de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna. </p>
    <p>Alguns autores t&#234;m observado, como em nossos achados, que a diferen&#231;a de mortalidade entre os dois sexos &#233; maior para os pacientes mais jovens, desaparecendo ou diminuindo para os idosos. Vaccarino e cols.<sup>43</sup>, em estudo recente abrangendo 51.187 pacientes (30% de mulheres), relataram, ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o por an&#225;lise multivariada, que as diferen&#231;as de mortalidade estreitaram-se &#224; medida que se elevaram as faixas et&#225;rias, perdendo a signific&#226;ncia ap&#243;s os 80 anos. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; maior mortalidade de mulheres com hipertrigliceridemia, n&#227;o localizamos na literatura estudo que relacione a eleva&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides com piores resultados na fase hospitalar da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, apenas refer&#234;ncias de sua influ&#234;ncia mais tardia<sup>44</sup>; em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; maior mortalidade do sexo feminino nos demais subgrupos analisados, e que n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, n&#227;o se pode afirmar que realmente n&#227;o haja diferen&#231;a ou se as amostras n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram tamanho suficiente para que a diferen&#231;a pudesse ser demonstrada. </p>
    <p>A respeito dos fatores que normalmente t&#234;m sido identificados como relacionados a &#243;bito hospitalar em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, existe, nos diversos estudos, grande variabilidade, a depender do tipo de an&#225;lise e das vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das; em tentativa de uniformiza&#231;&#227;o, Jones e cols.<sup>18</sup>, avaliaram sete importantes bancos de dados de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nos Estados Unidos e identificaram a cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia /emerg&#234;ncia, a idade e a cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via como os fatores progn&#243;sticos de maior peso e import&#226;ncia para mortalidade hospitalar, os dois primeiros reproduzindo os resultados de nossa an&#225;lise, vindo a seguir, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, o sexo, o n&#250;mero da vasos comprometidos e a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda. A estes sete fatores, os autores denominaram <italic>"core",</italic> e lhe atribu&#237;ram o principal papel progn&#243;stico em rela&#231;&#227;o a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito hospitalar, vindo a seguir 13 vari&#225;veis que denominaram <italic>"n&#237;vel 1</italic>": peso, altura, angioplastia na atual interna&#231;&#227;o, data do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio mais recente, hist&#243;ria de angina, arritmias ventriculares graves, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, insufici&#234;ncia mitral, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, n&#237;veis de creatinina, com papel progn&#243;stico adicional. </p>
    <p>Identificamos a intera&#231;&#227;o sexo-art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna como relacionada &#224; &#243;bito, de d&#237;ficil compreens&#227;o, talvez auxiliada pelo conhecimento da mortalidade nos dois sexos com e sem o uso deste enxerto, sendo em homens e mulheres que receberam o enxerto, respectivamente, 2,9% e 5,9% e em homens e mulheres que n&#227;o o receberam, respectivamente, 10,9% e 8,0%. Quatro situa&#231;&#245;es foram apontadas: sexo feminino com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica/sexo masculino com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica,<italic> OR </italic>de 2,17, p=0,003, mostrando resultados inferiores para o sexo feminino, mesmo quando a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica &#233; utilizada nos dois sexos; a mortalidade conferida pelo sexo feminino pareceu superar at&#233; mesmo o uso do enxerto; diante deste resultado podemos aventar a hip&#243;tese do sexo feminino n&#227;o ter aparecido no modelo de an&#225;lise multivariada como fator independente para &#243;bito pelo fato do sexo masculino sem o enxerto com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica apresentar mortalidade bastante elevada; sexo feminino sem art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica/sexo masculino sem art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica, <italic>OR </italic>de 0,660, p=0,288, apontando que homens que n&#227;o receberam o enxerto apresentaram alta mortalidade igualando-se &#224;s mulheres; sexo feminino com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica/sexo feminino sem art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica,<italic> OR </italic>1,121, p=0,771, mostrando talvez que o uso do enxerto n&#227;o diminuiu suficientemente a mortalidade para as mulheres; sexo masculino com art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica/sexo masculino sem art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica, <italic>OR </italic>de 0,338, p&lt;0,001, apontando a forte influ&#234;ncia ben&#233;fica e protetora da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna no sexo masculino. &#201; importante lembrar que nesta an&#225;lise n&#227;o est&#227;o inclu&#237;das a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea e o di&#226;metro coronariano, fatores de extrema import&#226;ncia para an&#225;lise da diferen&#231;a de mortalidade entre os dois sexos. </p>
    <p>Como em nosso estudo, outros autores n&#227;o identificaram o sexo como fator independente de mortalidade<sup>1,5,6,10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Khan e cols.<sup>5</sup> em estudo no qual a mortalidade foi de 2,6% para os homens e 4,6% para as mulheres (p=0,036) conclu&#237;ram tamb&#233;m que ap&#243;s ajuste para idade e grau funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o sexo perdeu a signific&#226;ncia. Loop e cols.<sup>1</sup>, analisando 2445 mulheres e 18.079 homens, encontraram mortalidade mais elevada para o sexo feminino, 2,9% <italic>vs</italic> 1,3%( p&lt;0,001); na an&#225;lise multivariada, quando ao sexo foram acrescentadas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, persistiu como progn&#243;stico de &#243;bito; quando no modelo foi inclu&#237;da a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, perdeu a signific&#226;ncia, concluindo os autores que "pessoas pequenas" apresentavam maior risco de &#243;bito. </p>
    <p>Alguns autores analisando pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica identificaram, de forma contr&#225;ria aos estudos anteriores e &#224; nossa an&#225;lise, o sexo feminino como fator independente de mortalidade<sup>3,8,9,11</sup>, sendo o maior deles o publicado por Edwards e cols.<sup>11</sup>, utilizando o banco de dados da Sociedade Americana de Cirurgia Tor&#225;cica com 344.913 pacientes e separando-os em v&#225;rios grupos de risco para que os dois sexos fossem equiparados, observaram que em todos eles as mulheres apresentaram mortalidade significantemente maior que os homens, com exce&#231;&#227;o do grupo de maior risco, quando o risco operat&#243;rio aproximou-se de 30%, e ent&#227;o os resultados cir&#250;rgicos nos dois sexos se equipararam; nesse estudo os autores destacaram tamb&#233;m a import&#226;ncia da &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, demonstrando diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da mortalidade &#224; medida que se elevaram as superf&#237;cies corporais. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, apesar do sexo feminino apresentar maior mortalidade operat&#243;ria, n&#227;o foi identificado como fator progn&#243;stico independente para &#243;bito, aparecendo somente na intera&#231;&#227;o com a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna; o uso deste enxerto mostrou-se protetor, principalmente no sexo masculino; a idade foi fator fundamental para a maior mortalidade do sexo feminino; pacientes mais idosos, com insufici&#234;ncia renal no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio ou que se apresentaram em situa&#231;&#227;o emergencial tiveram maiores chances de &#243;bito hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Vivian Lerner Amato </p>
        <p> Setor Hospitalar de Coronariopatias </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500 </p>
        <p> Pr&#233;dio 2 - 6&#186; andar </p>
        <p> Cep 04012-180 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vlerner@cardiol.br">vlerner@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 06/07/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 01/07/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <mixed-citation>44. Sprecher DL, Pearce GL, Park EM, et al. Preoperative    triglycerides predict post-coronary artery bypass graft survival in diabetic    patients; a sex analysis. Diabetes Care. 2000; 23:1648-53. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preoperative triglycerides predict post-coronary artery bypass graft survival in diabetic patients; a sex analysis</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1648</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sprecher</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pearce</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Immediate results of myocardial revascularization: comparison between men and women</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess morbidity and mortality in men and women undergoing isolated myocardial revascularization and to analyze the factors related to differences occasionally found. METHODS: Comparative analysis of 2032 patients, 1402 (69%) men and 630 (31%) women, who consecutively underwent surgery from January 1999 to December 2002. RESULTS: Women had a greater mean age, more risk factors, and a greater incidence of unstable angina. Internal thoracic artery grafts were more frequently used in men, 85.6% vs 78.3%, P &lt; 0.001. No differences in the postoperative complication rates were observed, except for infections, more frequent in women. In-hospital mortality rates were 4.1% and 6.3% for men and women, respectively (P = 0.026). On multivariate analysis, neither the female sex was identified as an independent prognostic factor for death nor was the use of thoracic artery grafts identified as an isolated protective factor. However, sex-internal thoracic artery graft interaction was significant. The following variables were also selected: age (OR = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.06; P = 0.004), preoperative renal failure (OR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.07 to 3.11; P = 0.028) and urgent/emergency surgery (OR = 2.85; 95% CI = 1.32 to 6.14; P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: The female sex had a greater surgical mortality; this, however, was not an independent prognostic factor for death. The use of thoracic artery grafts proved to be protective. Older patients with renal failure in an emergency situation had greater indices of in-hospital death.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>men</kwd>
        <kwd>women</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Immediate results of myocardial revascularization. Comparison between men and women </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vivian Lerner Amato; Ari Timerman; &#194;ngela T. Paes; Val&#233;ria T. Baltar; Pedro S. Farsky; Jorge A. Farran; Carlos Gun; Paulo Paredes Paulista; Leopoldo S. Piegas; J. Eduardo M. R. Sousa</bold>
      </p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess morbidity and mortality in men and women undergoing isolated myocardial revascularization and to analyze the factors related to differences occasionally found.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Comparative analysis of 2032 patients, 1402 (69%) men and 630 (31%) women, who consecutively underwent surgery from January 1999 to December 2002.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Women had a greater mean age, more risk factors, and a greater incidence of unstable angina. Internal thoracic artery grafts were more frequently used in men, 85.6% vs 78.3%, P &lt; 0.001. No differences in the postoperative complication rates were observed, except for infections, more frequent in women. In-hospital mortality rates were 4.1% and 6.3% for men and women, respectively (P = 0.026). On multivariate analysis, neither the female sex was identified as an independent prognostic factor for death nor was the use of thoracic artery grafts identified as an isolated protective factor. However, sex-internal thoracic artery graft interaction was significant. The following variables were also selected: age (OR = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.06; P = 0.004), preoperative renal failure (OR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.07 to 3.11; P = 0.028) and urgent/emergency surgery (OR = 2.85; 95% CI = 1.32 to 6.14; P = 0.008).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The female sex had a greater surgical mortality; this, however, was not an independent prognostic factor for death. The use of thoracic artery grafts proved to be protective. Older patients with renal failure in an emergency situation had greater indices of in-hospital death. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>myocardial revascularization surgery, men, women</p>
      <p> Several studies <sup>1-11 </sup>have shown that women who undergo myocardial revascularization surgery (MR) have a greater in-hospital mortality rate and a greater rate of complications, as compared with those of men, the first of those studies being attributed to Bolooki et al <sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Several studies <sup>1,10,13</sup> have reported a similar survival after surgery for men and women, while others <sup>7,14,15 </sup>have reported a shorter survival for women, whose rates of angina recurrence are greater <sup>16</sup> and whose graft patency is lower <sup>1,17</sup>. </p>
      <p>On average, the surgical mortality rate for women has been reported as twice that of men. The reasons for that have not been completely clarified, and several hypotheses have been discussed. </p>
      <p>Studies <sup>11 </sup>have shown that, on the occasion of surgery, women compared with men are usually older and have a greater number of risk factors and also of symptoms. Some of those factors, as well as the more unstable symptomatology, are known to relate to greater surgical morbidity and mortality rates <sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>The greater technical difficulty during surgery, with greater rates of complications and in-hospital mortality, has been attributed to the smaller body surface area, and, consequently, lower coronary diameter in the female sex, the anatomical aspects being the major thing responsible for the worse results in women <sup>1,6,19,20</sup>. Studies on autopsy <sup>21</sup>, angiography <sup>22</sup>, and in vivo with intracoronary ultrasound <sup>23</sup> have confirmed that women have coronary arteries of lower caliber than men do. </p>
      <p>Women have also been shown to receive fewer arterial grafts, mainly internal thoracic artery grafts<sup> 11</sup>, which have been related in the literature to a lower mortality rate and fewer complications, even in the in-hospital phase <sup>24</sup>, in addition to their already known benefit in long-term evolution <sup>25</sup>. The reasons why the female sex has been less favored by these grafts have not been completely clarified. </p>
      <p>In some studies, after correction for age and risk factors, female sex has no longer been a prognosis for greater in-hospital mortality, indicating that those factors, and not sex per se, account for the greater surgical risk <sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>The same occurs with the analyses with the same correction, which consider, in addition to clinical factors, body surface and coronary diameter, showing that, in reality, "smaller" people, both men and women, have greater mortality and complication rates <sup>1,6,10,19,20</sup>. </p>
      <p>Those conclusions, however, have not been uniform, and, in some reports, even after correcting for these clinical and anatomical factors, the female sex has remained related to greater mortality and complication rates, as if something intrinsically linked to sex, and not yet clarified, exists, leading to worse results in the in-hospital phase <sup>8,9,11</sup>. </p>
      <p>It is worth noting that in some series, mainly in recent years, these differences in in-hospital morbidity and mortality between men and women have no longer been observed. The authors have attributed that to the refinement in the surgical technique and peri-operative care, which have overcome the old difficulties regarding the female sex <sup>13,26-28</sup>. Therefore, several questions about that theme remain to be discussed. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at the following: 1) to compare, in the material at our institution, in-hospital morbidity and mortality in men and women who undergo isolated myocardial revascularization; and 2) to identify preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors related to occasional differences found between sexes. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A theoretical statistical calculation <sup>29</sup> was carried out leading to a sample with 580 patients of each sex. We calculated that 4 years would be required for this number of women to be achieved; therefore, the study was planed to encompass the years from 1999 to 2002. </p>
      <p>The study comprised a prospective analysis of patients consecutively undergoing isolated myocardial revascularization at the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia from January 1999 to December 2002. Reoperations and surgeries with associated procedures, such as left ventricular aneurysmectomy, the valvular approach, and carotid endarterectomy were excluded. During that period, 2443 patients underwent myocardial revascularization, 411 of whom met the exclusion criteria, resulting in a study sample of 2032 patients, 1402 (69%) men and 630 (31%) women. </p>
      <p>The personal antecedents were as follows: 1) systemic arterial hypertension: patients who reported this antecedent and were using antihypertensive medication, or who, on hospital admission, had systolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg, or both <sup>30</sup>; 2) diabetes mellitus: patients who reported that antecedent and were receiving a specific diet, oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin, or both, or whose preoperative fasting glycemia was <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dL <sup>31</sup>; 3) familial antecedents of coronary artery disease: information about parents or siblings or other first-degree relatives with coronary artery disease that appeared at an age <underline>&lt;</underline> 55 years in male relatives, or at an age <underline>&lt;</underline> 65 years in female relatives <sup>32</sup>; 4) smoking: considered current if the patient had that habit on hospital admission or if he/she had quit smoking within a period shorter than 1 year; 5) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: history of asthma or chronic bronchitis; 6) renal failure: preoperative serum levels of creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.5 mg/dL (normal range in the laboratory of our institution: 0.7 to 1.2 mg/dL); 7) previous neurologic findings: previous history of a transient ischemic episode or stroke; 8) carotid lesion: patients with lesions <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% in the carotid system; 9) peripheral arterial vasculopathy (other than cerebral): preoperative physical examination with a decrease in or absence of peripheral pulses, or both, with or without intermittent claudication, or a history of previous vascular surgery, or even thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had or had not been previously surgically treated; 10) dyslipidemia: patients reporting that antecedent and who were receiving a specific diet or lipid-lowering medication or whose preoperative fasting blood test showed total cholesterol levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dL or triglyceride levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dL <sup>32</sup>. </p>
      <p>The degree of arterial impairment was assessed on conventional angiography, and the patients were divided as follows: 1) patients with lesions in the left main coronary artery <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%; 2) patients with 1-, 2-, 3-vessel lesions <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% in 1, 2, or 3 of the following territories: anterior descending artery or diagonal branches, or both; circumflex artery or marginal branches, or both; right coronary artery. The ejection fraction was obtained through quantitative angiography <sup>33</sup>. </p>
      <p>The patients were classified as having stable angina, unstable angina, and silent ischemia or asymptomatic after acute myocardial infarction. The functional degree of angina and heart failure were recorded according to the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) and New York Heart Association (NYHA) classifications, respectively. </p>
      <p>The surgical procedure was considered as follows: 1) emergency procedure &#150; when the surgery was performed immediately after the hemodynamic procedure or angioplasty, or within the first 24 hours after the patient arrived at the hospital; in this case, the emergency was determined by conditions of instability of the patient; 2) urgent procedure &#150; when the surgery was performed on the day following the hemodynamic study due to clinical need; 3) elective procedure &#150; in the remaining situations. The surgeries were usually performed by using anoxic arrest through intermittent aortic clamping, with body temperature of 33&#186;C. </p>
      <p>The postoperative complications were as follows: 1) low-output syndrome: hypotension, with systolic blood pressure levels &lt; 90 mmHg and peripheral signs compatible with low output; 2) significant arrhythmias: sinus bradycardia or junctional rhythm that require provisory pacemaker, complete atrioventricular block, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation or flutter, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation; 3) perioperative myocardial infarction: defined as the appearance of new pathological Q waves or amputation of R waves; the enzymatic markers were not considered; 4) prolonged respiratory support: defined as length of mechanical ventilation longer than 48 hours; 5) stroke: defined as the appearance of compatible neurologic signs, and, when necessary, confirmation with brain computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging; 6) renal failure: defined as serum creatinine level &gt; 1.9 mg/dL during the postoperative in-hospital phase. </p>
      <p>The associations between the qualitative variables were assessed by using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test, when necessary. For comparisons of the quantitative variables, the Student <italic>t</italic> test or the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used, if the supposition of normality was rejected. For assessing the influence of the risk factors and sex, the multivariate approach was used with the logistic regression technique and the stepwise method for selection of variables, considering in-hospital death as the dependent variable. The results referring to that analysis were expressed as odds ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals <sup>34</sup>. The significance level considered was lower than or equal to 0.05. SPSS for Windows, version 8.0, was the software used for all statistical analyses. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The ages ranged from 29 to 91 years for men and from 32 to 87 years for women. The latter had a greater mean age than men did (mean &#177; standard error): 64 &#177; 0.39 years versus 61.6 &#177; 0.27 years, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> shows the preoperative clinical characteristics for both groups; women had a greater number of risk factors, except for smoking, which was more frequent among men, who also had the greatest rates of previous infarction and renal failure. In regard to preoperative clinical findings, no significant differences were found between men and women in regard to the rates of stable angina, 50.4% vs 50.5%, and silent ischemia, 6.7% vs 4.9%, respectively; unstable angina was more frequent in the female sex, 33.2% vs 25.7%, P = 0.001; in the asymptomatic group, after acute myocardial infarction, men predominated, 17.1% vs 11.4%, P = 0.002. No difference was found between both sexes in regard to the degree of congestive heart failure. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0014-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Cine coronary angiographies were assessed in 2028 patients (in 4 patients, the data were not correctly recorded and could not be computed), and, as can be seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>, no significant difference was found between both groups in regard to the number of 1-, 2-, 3-vessel patients or those with lesions in the left main coronary artery. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0014-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Differences between men and women were observed neither in regard to the rates of elective (close to 96.5% for both sexes), urgent or emergency surgeries, nor in the mean number of grafts performed (2.8 in both sexes), nor in the rates of coronary endarterectomy (approximately 9% for both sexes). The durations of extracorporeal circulation and anoxia were slightly more elevated in the male sex. Grafts of the right or left internal thoracic arteries, or both, were clearly less used in the female sex (85.6% vs 78.3%, P &lt; 0.001). </p>
      <p>No statistically significant difference was found between men and women in regard to the occurrence of postoperative complications, except for infections, which were more frequent in the female sex, both in the chest (2.9% vs 0.9%, P = 0.001) and limbs (3.7% vs 1.0%, P &lt; 0.001). The other postoperative complications were as follows, respectively in men and women: low-output syndrome, 16.0% and 16.7%; arrhythmias, 13.8% and 14%; prolonged respiratory support, 4.6% and 5.6%; acute myocardial infarction, 5.3% and 6.3%; stroke, 2.6% and 4.1%; reoperation, 1.9% and 3.2%; renal failure, 2.3% and 2.1%; and use of intra-aortic balloon, 2.1% for both sexes. In our study, 444 (31.7%) men and 215 (34.1%) women had one or more complications (P = 0.274). </p>
      <p>The length of stay in the intensive care unit was greater for women, but without statistical significance (mean &#177; standard error): 71 &#177; 3.8 h vs 65 &#177; 2.1 h, P = 0.170. The mean drainage was greater in men (mean &#177; standard error): 871.6 &#177; 11.5 mL vs 683.6 mL &#177; 18.2 mL, P &lt; 0.001. The in-hospital length of stay after surgery was slightly greater in the female sex (mean &#177; standard error): 10 &#177; 0.43 days vs 9 &#177; 0.37 days for the male sex (P = 0.04). </p>
      <p>The mortality rates, total and of several subgroups, are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table III</xref>. Total in-hospital mortality was 4.1% for men and 6.3% for women (P = 0.026). Dividing into age groups, a significant difference was observed only in patients aged &lt; 50 years, in whose group only 2 (3.2%) women and no man died (P = 0.018). It is worth noting that women have a greater mortality in the younger groups and that the death rates are almost equal after 70 years or are even higher among men older than 80 years, 11.1% vs 8.7%, but with no statistical significance (P = 0.777). In all other subgroups analyzed, the female sex had greater death rates, but this difference only reached statistical significance in patients with hypertriglyceridemia (P = 0.005). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0014-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>To analyze the influence of sex or other factors on the occurrence of death, the logistic regression technique was used. The results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">table IV</xref> as follows: a mean 3.6% increase in the chance of death is observed for each year increase in age; a 1.8-fold increase in the chance of death is observed in a patient with preoperative renal failure compared with that of a patient with no renal failure; a 2.8-fold increase in the chance of death of patients undergoing urgent or emergency surgery is observed compared with that of patients undergoing elective surgery. In isolation, sex was not identified as an independent factor for mortality and, in isolation, the use of internal thoracic artery grafts was not identified as protective. However, in this model, an interaction between sex and use of the internal thoracic artery appeared, showing a chance of death 2.1 times greater for the feminin sex, comparing women and men who received internal thoracic artery grafts and chances of death of men who received the graft 66% lower than those of men who did not receive them. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0014-00004-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In our study, women were older and had more risk factors, while men had a greater incidence of smoking and previous infarction; the degree of arterial impairment was similar in both sexes and the ejection fraction was slightly more elevated in the female sex. </p>
      <p>Except for some studies that reported a greater number of 3-vessel disease among men <sup>1,4,13</sup>, that profile reproduces exactly the results of the great majority of the studies that compare both sexes <sup>11</sup>, and several characteristics are related to greater in-hospital morbidity and mortality <sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our case series, women had a significantly greater incidence of diabetes mellitus than men did (44% vs 32.5%). It is worth remembering that, contrary to systemic arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and smoking, which have, as risk factors, the same influence on the male and female sexes, diabetes has a particular impact on women, eliminating the protective effect provided by sex and leading to a greater chance of developing coronary artery disease and a worse evolution after its appearance <sup>35,36</sup>. Worse early and late results have been reported in diabetic patients undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery <sup>37</sup>, although not all studies identify diabetes as an independent prognostic factor of in-hospital mortality. The increase in triglyceride levels and HDL-cholesterol levels seem also to have a particular meaning for women <sup>35</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our study, women also had a greater incidence of systemic arterial hypertension (88.9% vs 72.9%). Neither the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy could be detected in those patients, nor any degree of hypertensive heart disease; however, in several series, the female sex has greater degrees of heart failure than the male sex does, despite their better preserved systolic function. This may lead to the belief that a diastolic impairment in ventricular function exists, which could eventually also influence surgical results. A hypertrophic ventricle is believed to adapt less to variations in volume or transient periods of ischemia, a hypothesis formulated by Jacobs in a recent publication <sup>38</sup>. </p>
      <p>In regard to the greater proportion of women with unstable angina, it is worth emphasizing that for the same degree of arterial impairment and due to unknown reasons, women are always more symptomatic than men are <sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>Some authors <sup>5</sup> have claimed the existence of a lower proportion of women referred for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, the result being that women who reach surgery do that at a more advanced age and with greater comorbidities, more symptomatic and, more frequently, on an emergency basis. Those authors have claimed that these may be the reasons for the less satisfactory surgical results in women compared with those in men. </p>
      <p>In some studies comparing sexes, lower rates of referral for coronary angiography have been reported for women after acute myocardial infarction, altered simple exercise tests or perfusion tests in nuclear medicine; and yet, lower rates of referral for revascularization procedures after coronary angiography have also been found among women <sup>39,40</sup>; these same results were not found in others<sup>41</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our study, no difference between men and women was observed in regard to the number of grafts or performance of coronary endarterectomy; the right or left internal thoracic artery, or both, was used less frequent in the female sex; longer times of anoxia and extracorporeal circulation were more often found in the male sex. </p>
      <p>Except for the rates of coronary endarterectomy, which, in some studies, were greater in men <sup>13</sup>, and the number of grafts, which, in most studies, is also greater in men <sup>26</sup>, the other findings are compatible with the information usually found in the literature. </p>
      <p>In a study by Leavitt et al <sup>42</sup>, women received fewer internal thoracic artery grafts in all age and clinical groups; however, in individuals with body surface area lower than 1.8 m<sup>2</sup>, the graft was used at the same frequency in men and women. In multivariate analysis, the following variables were identified as factors related to the nonuse of the internal thoracic artery: female sex (P = 0.03); elderly patients (P &lt; 0.001); small body surface area (P &lt; 0.001); and urgent or emergency surgery (P &lt; 0.001). In 1994, Edwards et al <sup>24</sup>, comparing 18,614 patients who received at least one internal thoracic artery and 19,964 patients who received only venous grafts, reported after multivariate analysis that the use of that graft was an independent factor for lower surgical mortality (P &lt; 0.0025). </p>
      <p>In our material, no significant difference between men and women was observed in the rates of postoperative complications, except for infections, which were more frequent in women, probably influenced by obesity and diabetes mellitus, which are more prevalent in the female sex. </p>
      <p>In-hospital mortality was significantly greater in women in the different subgroups analyzed; however, statistical significance was only achieved in patients &lt; 50 years of age and in those with hypertriglyceridemia. </p>
      <p>In multivariate analysis, sex did not appear as an independent factor of mortality, which was related to age, preoperative renal failure, urgent/emergency surgery, and the sex-use of internal thoracic artery interaction. </p>
      <p>Similarly to our findings, some authors have observed that the difference in mortality between the 2 sexes is greater for younger patients, disappearing or decreasing for the elderly. Vaccarino et al <sup>43</sup>, in a recent study comprising 51,187 patients (30% women), reported that, after correction for multivariate analysis, the differences in mortality decreased as age increased, and significance was lost after the age of 80 years. </p>
      <p>In regard to the greater mortality of women with hypertriglyceridemia, no study in the literature was found relating the elevation in triglycerides to worse results in the in-hospital phase of myocardial revascularization surgery; only references to its later influence were found <sup>44</sup>. The greater mortality in the female sex in the remaining subgroups analyzed did not reach statistical significance, which prevents us from stating that no difference really exists or whether the sample did not reach a sufficient size for demonstrating the difference. </p>
      <p>In regard to the factors that have been usually identified as related to in-hospital death in myocardial revascularization surgery, a great variability exists in the different studies, depending on the type of analysis and the variables included. In an attempt at uniformity, Jones et al <sup>18</sup> assessed 7 important databases of myocardial revascularization surgery in the United States and identified the following prognostic factors as the most significant for in-hospital mortality: urgent/emergency surgery, age (these 2 were also found in our study), previous heart surgery, ejection fraction, sex, number of impaired vessels, and presence of a lesion in the left main coronary artery. The authors named these 7 factors "core" and attributed the major prognostic role to them in regard to the occurrence of in-hospital death. Then, 13 additional prognostic factors, called "level 1" variables, were identified as follows: weight, height, angioplasty in the current hospitalization, more recent myocardial infarction, history of angina, severe ventricular arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, mitral regurgitation, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and creatinine levels. </p>
      <p>We identified the relation of the sex-internal thoracic artery interaction and death as difficult to understand, perhaps aided by the knowledge of mortality in both sexes with and without the use of that graft (being for men and women with the graft, 2.9% and 5.9%, respectively, and for men and women without the graft, 10.9% and 8.0%, respectively). Four situations were pointed out as follows: 1) female sex with thoracic artery/male sex with thoracic artery (OR = 2.17, P = 0.003): inferior results for the female sex, even when the thoracic artery is used in both sexes. Mortality provided by the female sex seemed to exceed even the use of grafts. Considering this, we can hypothesize that the female sex did not appear in the multivariate analysis model as an independent factor for death, because the male sex without the thoracic artery graft has an extremely high mortality; 2) female sex without thoracic artery/male sex without thoracic artery (OR = 0.660, P = 0.288), showing that men who received no grafting had a high mortality, which was equal to that of women; 3) female sex with thoracic artery graft/female sex without thoracic artery (OR = 1.121, P = 0.771), showing that maybe the use of a graft did not sufficiently decrease mortality for women; 4) male sex with thoracic artery/male sex without thoracic artery (OR = 0.338, P &lt; 0.001), showing the strong beneficial and protective influence of the internal thoracic artery graft in the male sex. It is worth noting that this analysis does not include the body surface area and the coronary diameters, factors extremely important for analyzing the difference in mortality between both sexes. </p>
      <p>Similarly to our findings, other authors did not identify sex as an independent factor of mortality <sup>1,5,6,10</sup>. </p>
      <p>Khan et al <sup>5</sup>, in a study with 2.6% mortality for men and 4.6% for women (P = 0.036), also concluded that, after adjusting for age and functional degree of heart failure, sex lost significance. Loop et al <sup>1</sup>, analyzing 2,445 women and 18,079 men, found a greater mortality for the female sex, 2.9% vs 1.3% (P &lt; 0.001); in multivariate analysis, when clinical variables were added to sex, the latter persisted as a prognosis of death; when body surface area was added to the model, it lost significance. The authors concluded that "small people" had a greater risk of death. </p>
      <p>Some authors, analyzing patients who undergo myocardial revascularization surgery identified, contrary to the previous studies and our analysis, the female sex as an independent factor of mortality <sup>3,8,9,11</sup>. The greatest study of all was that by Edwards et al <sup>11</sup>, who used the database of the American Society of Thoracic Surgery with 344,913 patients, who were divided into several groups of risk so that the 2 sexes were level; those authors observed that in all of them the women had a significantly greater mortality than men did, except for the highest-risk group, when the operative risk was close to 30% and the surgical results in both sexes were similar; in that study, the authors emphasized the importance of body surface area, showing a significant decrease in mortality as body surfaces increased. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, although women have greater surgical mortality, sex was not identified as an independent prognostic factor for death, appearing only in the interaction with the internal thoracic artery graft, which proved to be protective, mainly in the male sex. Age was a fundamental factor for the greater mortality in the female sex. Older patients with preoperative renal failure or who were in an emergency situation had a greater chance of in-hospital death. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Vivian Lerner Amato </p>
          <p> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia </p>
          <p> Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500</p>
          <p> Pr&#233;dio 2 - 6&#176; andar</p>
          <p> Cep 04012-180 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="vlerner@cardiol.br">vlerner@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 07/06/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 07/01/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
