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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wKjtTZLc5dMMKFvfjgCPtcG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001900003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001900003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efetividade cl&#237;nica e seguran&#231;a do tratamento percut&#226;neo da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo ostium secundum, com a pr&#243;tese Amplatzer&#174;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Luiz Navarro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Guerra de Moraes Rego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedra</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Augusto Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esteves</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedra</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Rolim Fernandes Fontes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>Valmir Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>spe</issue>
      <fpage>7</fpage>
      <lpage>13</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Analisar a efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica e seguran&#231;a da pr&#243;tese Amplatzer&#174; na oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo ostium secundum. M&#201;TODOS: Foram submetidos ao procedimento orientados pela ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE) e sob anestesia geral 49 pacientes e acompanhados clinicamente por um per&#237;odo de 12 meses. RESULTADOS: O defeito apresentou-se como orif&#237;cio &#250;nico em 91,8% dos casos. As m&#233;dias dos di&#226;metros longitudinal e transverso corresponderam a 14,3 &#177; 5,0 mm e 14,4 &#177; 4,9 mm. A m&#233;dia dos di&#226;metros estirados foi de 19,3 &#177; 5,1 mm e das pr&#243;teses de 20,3 &#177; 4,9 mm. Houve sucesso t&#233;cnico em 97,9% dos casos. Observou-se fluxo residual imediato em 54,1% sendo 45,8% m&#237;nimos ou pequenos e 8,3% moderados caindo para 25% ap&#243;s 24h (p = 0,0002). Ao final de 13,1 &#177; 1,3 meses a incid&#234;ncia do fluxo residual global reduziu-se para 14,6% sendo apenas 4,1% moderados. Houve significante redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito nas diversas fases do seguimento cl&#237;nico (p &lt; 0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: O procedimento com a pr&#243;tese Amplatzer&#174; mostrou-se eficaz e seguro constituindo-se numa op&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo ostium secundum em casos selecionados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial</kwd>
        <kwd>cateterismo intervencionista</kwd>
        <kwd>pr&#243;tese Amplatzer&#174;</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efetividade cl&#237;nica e seguran&#231;a do tratamento percut&#226;neo da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic>, com a pr&#243;tese Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p>S&#233;rgio Luiz Navarro Braga; Amanda Guerra de Moraes Rego Sousa; Carlos Augusto Cardoso Pedra; C&#233;sar Augusto Esteves; Simone Rolim Fernandes Fontes Pedra; Valmir Fernandes Fontes </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS: </bold>Analisar a efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica e seguran&#231;a da pr&#243;tese Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> na oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic>. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram submetidos ao procedimento orientados pela ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE) e sob anestesia geral 49 pacientes e acompanhados clinicamente por um per&#237;odo de 12 meses. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>O defeito apresentou-se como orif&#237;cio &#250;nico em 91,8% dos casos. As m&#233;dias dos di&#226;metros longitudinal e transverso corresponderam a 14,3 &#177; 5,0 mm e 14,4 &#177; 4,9 mm. A m&#233;dia dos di&#226;metros estirados foi de 19,3 &#177; 5,1 mm e das pr&#243;teses de 20,3 &#177; 4,9 mm. Houve sucesso t&#233;cnico em 97,9% dos casos. Observou-se fluxo residual imediato em 54,1% sendo 45,8% m&#237;nimos ou pequenos e 8,3% moderados caindo para 25% ap&#243;s 24h (p = 0,0002). Ao final de 13,1 &#177; 1,3 meses a incid&#234;ncia do fluxo residual global reduziu-se para 14,6% sendo apenas 4,1% moderados. Houve significante redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito nas diversas fases do seguimento cl&#237;nico (p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O procedimento com a pr&#243;tese Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> mostrou-se eficaz e seguro constituindo-se numa op&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> em casos selecionados. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavra-chave: </bold>cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial; cateterismo intervencionista; pr&#243;tese Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup></p>
    <p> A comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1875 por Rokitansky<sup>1</sup>, mas somente em 1941 seus dados cl&#237;nicos foram compilados por Bedford e cols.<sup>2</sup>. A sua preval&#234;ncia &#233; de 3,78 pacientes por 10.000 nascimentos vivos<sup>3</sup> com predomin&#226;ncia do sexo feminino na propor&#231;&#227;o de 1,5 a 3,5:1<sup>4, 5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Desde 1948, quando foi realizada a 1&#170; atriosseptorrafia por Murray<sup>6</sup>, o tratamento cir&#250;rgico com o aux&#237;lio da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea tem sido considerado como procedimento de 1&#170; escolha para o fechamento dos defeitos septais atriais com baixa morbidade e mortalidade reduzida (0,5% a 1%) em centros especializados<sup>7-9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Como alternativa ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico, surgiu h&#225; tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas o tratamento percut&#226;neo, realizado pela primeira vez em 1976 por King e cols.<sup>10</sup> que utilizaram uma pr&#243;tese de sua pr&#243;pria concep&#231;&#227;o. Posteriormente em 1983, surgiram as investiga&#231;&#245;es de Rashkind<sup>11</sup> com a umbrella &#250;nica que se fixava ao septo por interm&#233;dio de pequenos ganchos e no final da d&#233;cada de 80 Lock e cols.<sup>12</sup> desenvolveram a <italic>clamshell double umbrella</italic>, que no entanto demonstrou durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico, fraturas em suas hastes, e sua investiga&#231;&#227;o interrompida pelo FDA. Na d&#233;cada de 90, foram desenvolvidos v&#225;rios dispositivos com configura&#231;&#227;o em umbrellas ou oclusores que apresentaram problemas como incid&#234;ncia elevada de fluxo residual, deslocamento ou emboliza&#231;&#227;o e perfura&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca necessitando de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica<sup>13-18</sup>. </p>
    <p>Sharafuddin e cols.<sup>19</sup> publicaram estudo experimental com uma nova concep&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica em componente &#250;nico, autocentr&#225;vel e auto-expans&#237;vel denominada Amplatzer<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic> que foi investigada em v&#225;rios centros internacionais e, em nosso meio, por Fontes e cols.<sup>20</sup>, com bons resultados imediatos. </p>
    <p>Nesta publica&#231;&#227;o relatamos a experi&#234;ncia de nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o at&#233; meados de 2001 com este dispositivo enfocando os resultados imediatos e considerando o seguimento cl&#237;nico em 1 ano ap&#243;s o implante. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre janeiro/2000 e julho/2001, foram selecionados 49 (80,3%) casos de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 61 pacientes recrutados no Setor de Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas do IDPC e portadores de defeito do septo interatrial tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic>, os quais ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) e ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: pacientes de ambos os sexos; de qualquer faixa et&#225;ria com peso superior a 15 kg; fluxo sangu&#237;neo esquerdo-direito pelo defeito septal interatrial; ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) dilatado com sinais de sobrecarga volum&#233;trica. Al&#233;m disto, o defeito deveria apresentar as caracter&#237;sticas: maior di&#226;metro <underline>&lt;</underline> 30 mm, tanto no sentido longitudinal como no transverso; dist&#226;ncia de pelo menos 5 a 7 mm entre as suas margens e as valvas atrioventriculares, a origem do seio coronariano (SC) e da veia cava inferior (VCI), em sua por&#231;&#227;o inferior, mantendo a mesma dist&#226;ncia entre a sua por&#231;&#227;o superior e a desembocadura da veia pulmonar superior direita (VPSD) e veia cava superior (VCS). A borda &#226;ntero-superior (relacionada &#224; aorta no plano transverso) poderia ser deficiente (&lt; 5mm) ou ausente. </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo, os pacientes que apresentassem CIA <italic>ostium secundum</italic> com sinais cl&#237;nicos de fluxo sangu&#237;neo direito-esquerdo (sat. 02 &lt; 94%), hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar fixa e outros defeitos card&#237;acos associados que necessitassem de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. O mesmo crit&#233;rio foi utilizado para pacientes com defeitos do tipo <italic>ostium primum</italic>, seio venoso, trombos intracavit&#225;rios e trombose da VCI. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes com suspeita de CIA <italic>ostium secundum</italic> ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foram submetidos ao eletrocardiograma convencional, estudo radiol&#243;gico do t&#243;rax em posi&#231;&#227;o frontal, objetivando o c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico (ICT). Foram, em seguida, encaminhados ao ETT e ETE para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico, constituindo a sele&#231;&#227;o dos casos favor&#225;veis ao fechamento percut&#226;neo. O ETT teve como objetivo al&#233;m da confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, a mensura&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito (DDVD) na posi&#231;&#227;o paraesternal esquerda e o seu valor normalizado de acordo com a idade, peso e estatura e expresso em porcentual (% DDVD)<sup>21</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em continua&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram submetidos ao cateterismo card&#237;aco sob anestesia geral balanceada, obtendo-se o registro manom&#233;trico completo e colheita de amostras para oximetria com o objetivo do c&#225;lculo do fluxo pulmonar (FP) e do fluxo sist&#234;mico (FS), da resist&#234;ncia pulmonar (RP) e resist&#234;ncia sist&#234;mica (RS) assim como de suas rela&#231;&#245;es segundo o m&#233;todo de Fick. </p>
    <p>Para visibiliza&#231;&#227;o da CIA realizou-se angiografia em VPSD, em proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda (40&#186;) com angula&#231;&#227;o cranial (40&#186;). O estudo diagn&#243;stico era completado com angiografia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda (70&#186;) com angula&#231;&#227;o cranial (30&#186;). </p>
    <p>A pr&#243;tese Amplatzer<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic> (<italic>Aga Medical Corporation<sup>&#174;</sup>, Golden Valley, Mn, USA</italic>) foi descrita em 1997 por Sharafuddin e cols.<sup>19</sup>. O metal empregado em sua fabrica&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma liga met&#225;lica denominada nitinol com a espessura de 0,004 &#150; 0,0075 polegadas constitu&#237;da por n&#237;quel (55%) e tit&#226;nio (45%). A principal vantagem do Nitinol &#233; a sua excepcional resist&#234;ncia e a alta capacidade de absorver energia, o que o torna apto a dissipar a tens&#227;o quatro vezes mais rapidamente do que o a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel<sup>22</sup>. A pr&#243;tese &#233; formada por dois discos de reten&#231;&#227;o interligados por uma cintura em corpo &#250;nico, dispon&#237;veis nos tamanhos com varia&#231;&#227;o unit&#225;ria de 4 at&#233; 20 mm e, a partir desta medida, a cada 2 mm at&#233; 40 mm de di&#226;metro. &#201; preenchida por fibra de poli&#233;ster que possui alto grau de trombogenicidade. </p>
    <p>O procedimento de implante foi monitorado adicionalmente pelo ETE com as finalidades: 1) aferi&#231;&#227;o da medida do di&#226;metro estirado (DE) do defeito; 2) monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da abertura e posicionamento da pr&#243;tese no septo interatrial; 3) documenta&#231;&#227;o da oclus&#227;o do defeito; e 4) identifica&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o do fluxo residual imediato quando presente. </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de implante da pr&#243;tese Amplatzer<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic> encontra-se descrita em na publica&#231;&#227;o de Fontes e cols.<sup>20</sup>. A escolha do di&#226;metro da pr&#243;tese baseou-se na rela&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro de sua cintura e o DE mensurado, que deveria ser aproximadamente de 1:1. </p>
    <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o do fluxo residual seguiu a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Boutin e cols.<sup>23</sup>. A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica foi realizada pela via arterial, injetando-se 50 UI/kg de heparina s&#243;dica, seguida da administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de cefazotina s&#243;dica, na dose de 30 mg/kg ministrada antes do procedimento e repetida em intervalos de 6h, por mais tr&#234;s vezes. </p>
    <p>No dia seguinte, completadas 24h ap&#243;s o procedimento, foram realizadas al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, o eletrocardiograma, o radiografia de t&#243;rax e o ETT com a finalidade de serem avaliados, al&#233;m da ausculta card&#237;aca e do padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, a &#225;rea card&#237;aca (ICT), o DDVD, o % DDVD e tamb&#233;m a detec&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o do fluxo residual. </p>
    <p>Uma vez confirmado o posicionamento ideal do dispositivo sobre o septo interatrial e a aus&#234;ncia de fluxo residual grave, o paciente recebeu alta hospitalar e foi orientado a fazer uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico na dose de 5 a 10 mg/kg/dia e recomendou-se antibioticoterapia profil&#225;tica para endocardite infecciosa por um per&#237;odo de 6 meses em todos os pacientes e indefinidamente para aqueles com persist&#234;ncia do fluxo residual<sup>24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados ambulatorialmente, com um, tr&#234;s e 12 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento quando, al&#233;m do exame cl&#237;nico realizavam-se o eletrocardiograma, o radiografia do t&#243;rax e o ETT. No 3&#186; m&#234;s p&#243;s-implante, todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao ETE e, em caso de persist&#234;ncia de fluxo residual, este m&#233;todo foi novamente aplicado aos 12 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados para a oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea da CIA <italic>ostium secundum</italic> com a pr&#243;tese Amplatzer<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic>, 49 pacientes, sendo 29 (59,2%) do sexo feminino. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos encontram-se descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe funcional (NYHA), 44,9% encontravam-se em classe funcional I e 55,1% em classe funcional II. Ao exame f&#237;sico, todos apresentavam ausculta compat&#237;vel com CIA e no exame radiol&#243;gico do t&#243;rax 85,7% evidenciaram ICT &gt; 0,50. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0007-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Pela ecocardiografia (ETT e ETE), a CIA apresentou-se com orif&#237;cio &#250;nico em 91,8% (45/49), dois orif&#237;cios em 2,0% (1/49) e multifenestrada em 6,2% (3/49). A borda &#226;ntero-superior era deficiente (&lt; 5 mm) ou ausente em 40,6%. O movimento paradoxal do septo foi observado em 65,9% (31/47) dos inclu&#237;dos. Quanto &#224; morfologia dos defeitos com orif&#237;cio &#250;nico, 71,2% apresentavam formato circular e 28,8% formato el&#237;ptico. As m&#233;dias dos di&#226;metros longitudinal (DL) e transverso (DT) dos orif&#237;cios corresponderam a 14,3 &#177; 5,0 mm (7,0 a 28,0) e 14,4 &#177; 4,9 mm (6,0 a 26,3) e as dos DDVD e% DDVD, avaliados pela ecocardiografia a 26,5 &#177; 6,0 (15,0 a 40,0) e 134,1 &#177; 25,6% (86,0 a 178,0) respectivamente. </p>
    <p>Por interm&#233;dio do cateterismo card&#237;aco, foram tamb&#233;m verificadas as rela&#231;&#245;es FP/FS = 2,0 &#177; 1,9 (1,2 &#150; 3,5) e RP/RS = 0,06 &#177; 0,03 (0,01 &#150; 0,14). A m&#233;dia dos di&#226;metros estirados avaliados pelo bal&#227;o medidor foi de 19,3 &#177; 5,1 mm (8,0 &#150; 36 mm), notando-se boa correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre as medidas do DE e do DT (r = 0,769 &#150; p &lt; 0,001) e do DL (r = 0,743 &#150; p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p>Foram implantadas com sucesso t&#233;cnico, 49 pr&#243;teses nestes 48 pacientes, pois em um deles foram oclu&#237;dos dois defeitos com dois dispositivos de tamanho diverso<sup>25</sup>. O &#250;nico insucesso foi verificado em uma paciente adulta na qual o defeito apresentava-se com a borda p&#243;stero-inferior fina e complacente e a &#226;ntero-superior pouco desenvolvida observando-se o deslocamento de ambos os discos para o AD. Os di&#226;metros dos dispositivos selecionados variaram entre 9 e 36 mm, sendo mais utilizados os de 19,20 e 24 mm em sete procedimentos cada um. A m&#233;dia dos di&#226;metros das pr&#243;teses empregadas foi de 20,3 &#177; 4,9 mm. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o DE e o di&#226;metro da pr&#243;tese foi praticamente 1:1. </p>
    <p>Nos 3 casos com CIAs multifenestradas utilizamos sempre um &#250;nico dispositivo com di&#226;metro <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 mm em rela&#231;&#227;o ao DE, com o objetivo de cobrir a &#225;rea total de todos os orif&#237;cios. N&#227;o houve dificuldade adicional no implante do dispositivo em um caso associado ao aneurisma da fossa oval. A troca da pr&#243;tese Amplatzer<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic> por outra de di&#226;metro superior foi necess&#225;ria em dois pacientes devido &#224; defici&#234;ncia ou aus&#234;ncia da borda &#226;ntero-superior. </p>
    <p>Logo ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o definitiva do dispositivo, por interm&#233;dio do ETE com Doppler colorido, observou-se que 54,1% dos pacientes apresentaram fluxo residual, sendo classificado como m&#237;nimo em 11, pequeno em 11 e moderado em 4 casos. </p>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de fluoroscopia foi de 17,6 &#177; 11,7 min (2,7 &#150; 63,1 min) e do procedimento correspondeu a 73,8 &#177; 30,9 min (30 &#150; 180 min). </p>
    <p>A &#250;nica complica&#231;&#227;o imediata observada na sala de cateterismo foi o aparecimento de taquicardia supraventricular parox&#237;stica em 6,1% dos pacientes revertida ao ritmo sinusal ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o venosa de adenosina. </p>
    <p>Durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, o eletrocardiograma evidenciou em 4,1% altern&#226;ncia tempor&#225;ria para o ritmo juncional e houve tamb&#233;m redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia do dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o do ramo direito (DCRD) de 72,9% para 66,7% (p &lt; 0,01). O ICT &gt; 0,50 que incidia em 85,7% antes do procedimento reduziu-se para 68,4% (p = 0,016). Pela ecocardiografia notou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia dos DDVD de 26,5 &#177; 6,0 mm para 24,7 &#177; 6,2 mm e tamb&#233;m da m&#233;dia dos % DDVD de 134,1 &#177; 25,6% para 124,3 &#177; 24,5% sendo ambas as diferen&#231;as significantes (p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo residual na fase hospitalar, o porcentual de oclus&#227;o completa elevou-se para 75% dos casos sendo que o mesmo foi observado em 12 pacientes e classificado como m&#237;nimo em 1, discreto em 8 e moderado em 3 casos. A &#250;nica complica&#231;&#227;o observada neste per&#237;odo foi a oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral em 1 paciente causada por emboliza&#231;&#227;o de fragmentos do bal&#227;o medidor necessitando de trombectomia cir&#250;rgica. </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados clinicamente todos os 48 pacientes sendo a m&#233;dia de seguimento de 13,1 &#177; 1,3 meses. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional (NYHA) verificamos que ao final do per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o 93,7% dos pacientes encontravam-se em classe funcional I. </p>
    <p>Os dados evolutivos do eletrocardiograma encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>. Houve revers&#227;o para o ritmo sinusal nos pacientes com ritmo juncional logo ap&#243;s o implante com 1 e 3 meses respectivamente. Notou-se tamb&#233;m a diminui&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia do DCRD isolado de 73,5% para 45,8% (p &lt; 0,001), ao final do per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0007-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O ICT &gt; 0,50, presente em 85,7% dos pacientes antes do procedimento, reduziu-se progressivamente em todos os intervalos atingindo 21,3% ao final dos 12 meses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0007-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo residual, considerando o seu porcentual e magnitude encontra-se ilustrado nos <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref> respectivamente. O sucesso cl&#237;nico foi observado em 95,8% (46/48) dos pacientes ao final da avalia&#231;&#227;o excluindo-se os dois casos com fluxo residual de grau moderado. A an&#225;lise multivariada realizada para avaliar a poss&#237;vel correla&#231;&#227;o entre a faixa et&#225;ria, sexo, rela&#231;&#227;o FP/FS e DE com o fluxo residual ao t&#233;rmino do 3&#186; m&#234;s, mostrou haver signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica apenas com a rela&#231;&#227;o FP/FS (p = 0,0348). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0007-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0007-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O movimento paradoxal do septo (ETT), detectado previamente em 65,9% (31/47) dos casos, reduziu-se para 10,6% (5/47) ao final dos 12 meses (p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p>As medidas do DDVD (mm) obtidos antes do implante da pr&#243;tese Amplatzer<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic> e durante a sua evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica est&#227;o sumarizados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref>. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o significante das dimens&#245;es do VD (DDVD), nas diversas fases da observa&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o aos valores pr&#233;vios &#224; oclus&#227;o do defeito (p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0007-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Considerando-se os valores normalizados (% DDVD), observamos que 87,5% (42/48) dos pacientes apresentavam este valor aumentado antes do procedimento, enquanto que ao final dos 12 meses, reduziu-se para 42,2% (19/45) (p &lt; 0,001). Notou-se diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante desta vari&#225;vel entre as m&#233;dias verificadas durante os diversos per&#237;odos de observa&#231;&#227;o, quando comparadas &#224;s obtidas antes do procedimento (p &lt; 0,001). Constatou-se tamb&#233;m que houve a normaliza&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo direito entre o terceiro e o 12&#186; meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Quando dividimos os pacientes em dois grupos, de acordo com a rela&#231;&#227;o FP/FS <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 e FP/FS &lt; 2, observamos que a evolu&#231;&#227;o do % DDVD evidenciou m&#233;dias significativamente menores (p = 0,004) nos casos onde a rela&#231;&#227;o foi &lt; 2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). A normaliza&#231;&#227;o do % DDVD foi atingida por volta do 3&#186; m&#234;s de evolu&#231;&#227;o no grupo com FP/FS &lt; 2, enquanto que naqueles com FP/FS &gt; 2 esta foi verificada somente ap&#243;s os 12 meses do procedimento. </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0007-00003-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A mesma tend&#234;ncia foi detectada quando consideramos os di&#226;metros das pr&#243;teses <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm e &lt; 20 mm. Nesta situa&#231;&#227;o, as m&#233;dias do % DDVD decresceram paralelamente nos dois grupos, sendo significativamente menores para o conjunto de casos com di&#226;metro da pr&#243;tese &lt; 20 mm (p = 0,034). Esta vari&#225;vel atingiu a normalidade no 3&#186; m&#234;s de evolu&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes nos quais foram implantadas pr&#243;teses com di&#226;metro &lt; 20 mm, enquanto que nos pacientes com di&#226;metro da pr&#243;tese <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm este resultado n&#227;o foi alcan&#231;ado at&#233; o t&#233;rmino do per&#237;odo de evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>Observou-se nos modelos com as co-vari&#225;veis que somente a rela&#231;&#227;o FP/FS (para o DDVD, p = 0,020; para o % DDVD, p = 0,003) e a idade (para o DDVD, p &lt; 0,001) tiveram influ&#234;ncia na regress&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es tardias, foram constatados epis&#243;dios de taquicardia supraventricular parox&#237;stica em 4,2% (2/48) dos casos. Apenas um paciente desenvolveu marcapasso atrial mut&#225;vel ap&#243;s 12 meses e houve tamb&#233;m a detec&#231;&#227;o em outro de derrame peric&#225;rdico de pequenas propor&#231;&#245;es (ETT). O paciente que apresentava bloqueio atrioventricular total pr&#233;-procedimento n&#227;o necessitou de implante de marcapasso definitivo at&#233; o final de per&#237;odo de evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A seguran&#231;a e a efetividade de uma pr&#243;tese para oclus&#227;o de defeitos septais interatriais tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> est&#227;o relacionadas diretamente com a simplicidade da t&#233;cnica de implante associada &#224; facilidade de reposicionamento e resgate, com o baixo &#237;ndice de fluxo residual e m&#237;nima incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es. Tamb&#233;m, constituem-se em caracter&#237;sticas importantes do dispositivo a biocompatibilidade dos materiais, o perfil adequado e a aus&#234;ncia de fraturas ou deformidades estruturais durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia. </p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o com os 48 pacientes submetidos a oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea da CIA <italic>ostium secundum</italic> com a pr&#243;tese Amplatzer<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic> foram excelentes em todos estes aspectos. As taxas de sucesso t&#233;cnico e cl&#237;nico corresponderam a 98% e 96% respectivamente com baixa morbidade e mortalidade nula. </p>
    <p>Devido a sua versatilidade foi empregada em grande variedade de defeitos, como aqueles com DE &gt; 20 mm, m&#250;ltiplos, associados ao aneurisma do septo interatrial ou naqueles com borda &#226;ntero-superior &lt; 5 mm (41%). A efetividade deste dispositivo tamb&#233;m foi verificada, independentemente, da forma geom&#233;trica do defeito (circular ou el&#237;ptico), o que amplia as indica&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o aos instrumentais anteriormente desenvolvidos<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Considerando as situa&#231;&#245;es especiais, como defeitos m&#250;ltiplos com dist&#226;ncia entre os orif&#237;cios <underline>&gt;</underline> 7 mm, recomenda-se o emprego de pr&#243;teses distintas para oclu&#237;-los. &#201; tamb&#233;m aconselh&#225;vel a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;teses com di&#226;metro de 2 a 4mm superior ao DE naqueles defeitos compreendidos entre <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 e &lt; 30 mm visando melhor posicionamento e menor incid&#234;ncia de fluxo residual<sup>27</sup>. O emprego de dispositivos com di&#226;metro <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 mm ocorreu somente em 4,2% dos pacientes e nestes, o chamado &#226;ngulo de ataque em rela&#231;&#227;o ao septo interatrial foi modificado liberando-se parcialmente o disco oclusor distal na VPSD, sendo o conjunto tracionado rapidamente para o AE e os demais componentes expandidos na seq&#252;&#234;ncia habitual<sup>27</sup>. A defici&#234;ncia de bordas, notadamente a &#226;ntero-superior que constitui-se em um preditor importante para a emboliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo e g&#234;nese do fluxo residual<sup>28,29</sup>, n&#227;o foi fator limitante para a pr&#243;tese Amplatzer<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic> devido ao seu mecanismo de ocluir o defeito, no qual os discos de reten&#231;&#227;o fixam-se &#224; borda deficiente. </p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es imediatas foram observadas em n&#250;mero reduzido salientando-se a altern&#226;ncia para o ritmo juncional em 4,1% dos casos, provavelmente relacionado com a compress&#227;o exercida pela cintura da pr&#243;tese sobre o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o localizado no septo interatrial<sup>30,31</sup>. N&#227;o foi verificada em nossa experi&#234;ncia nenhum caso de deslocamento ou emboliza&#231;&#227;o imediata do oclusor. Isto foi atribu&#237;do &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o criteriosa dos pacientes, ao pr&#243;prio mecanismo de fixa&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese no defeito e &#224; escolha adequada do di&#226;metro da pr&#243;tese em rela&#231;&#227;o ao di&#226;metro estirado. A incid&#234;ncia desta complica&#231;&#227;o na literatura com necessidade de resgate variou entre 1,1% e 2,2% sendo inferior &#224;s verificadas com outras pr&#243;teses<sup>32,33</sup>. </p>
    <p>O fluxo residual imediato verificado em 54,1% (26/48) dos pacientes foi possivelmente relacionado &#224; trombose insuficiente ou n&#227;o totalmente efetivada pelo pr&#243;prio dispositivo. Esta hip&#243;tese foi corroborada pelo fato de que em 45,8% (22/48) deles, o fluxo residual era de grau m&#237;nimo ou discreto e, destes, 18,7% (9/48) estavam localizados na por&#231;&#227;o central ou ocorriam pela malha da pr&#243;tese. </p>
    <p>A altera&#231;&#227;o mais significativa do fluxo residual ocorreu logo ap&#243;s as primeiras 24h sendo observada redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada em sua incid&#234;ncia para 25% (12/48) dos casos, devendo-se principalmente a a&#231;&#227;o trombog&#234;nica exercida pelas fibras de poli&#233;ster localizados no interior da pr&#243;tese, o que foi comprovado pelo fato de que dos 9 pacientes que exibiam fluxo residual imediato pela parte central da pr&#243;tese, 8 demonstraram oclus&#227;o completa ao ETT antes da alta hospitalar. </p>
    <p>Ao final do 12&#186; m&#234;s de evolu&#231;&#227;o, o fluxo residual global reduziu-se significativamente de 22,9% (11/48) verificado no terceiro m&#234;s, para 14,5% (7/48) dos pacientes (p &lt; 0,045). Destes, somente 4,1% (2/48) eram de grau moderado sendo que em um foi implantada a pr&#243;tese de maior di&#226;metro de nossa casu&#237;stica (36 mm) e o outro era portador de m&#250;ltiplas fenestra&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Considerando o porcentual de fechamento completo do defeito ao redor dos 12 meses, que correspondeu a 85,4% (41/48), pudemos observar que o resultado obtido &#233; compar&#225;vel aos j&#225; verificados na literatura com a pr&#243;tese Amplatzer<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic> onde Walsh e cols.<sup>34</sup> e Chan e cols.<sup>35</sup> obtiveram oclus&#227;o completa ap&#243;s um ano em mais de 90% dos pacientes. &#201; importante salientar que este relato reflete a curva de aprendizado inicial em nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>O decl&#237;nio progressivo na incid&#234;ncia das sobrecargas atrial e ventricular direitas, na persist&#234;ncia do DCRD e o deslocamento do S&#194;QRS m&#233;dio de 66,8&#186; &#177; 7&#186; para 54,9&#186; &#177; 5&#186; aos 12 meses constitu&#237;ram-se em dados indiretos importantes para demonstrar a melhora das condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas aferidas por interm&#233;dio do eletrocardiograma, o que explica porque as altera&#231;&#245;es eletromec&#226;nicas decorrentes da diminui&#231;&#227;o importante ou aboli&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga volum&#233;trica imposta ao cora&#231;&#227;o direito est&#227;o diretamente relacionados com a melhor condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico proveniente do n&#243; sinoatrial para os feixes das cavidades atriais e dos ventr&#237;culos. Estes achados foram corroborados por Veldtman e cols.<sup>36</sup> utilizando a pr&#243;tese CardioSEAL<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic> e Dhillon e cols.<sup>37</sup> com a Amplatzer<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic>. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es radiol&#243;gicas ficou demonstrado que j&#225; 24h ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o do defeito houve decr&#233;scimo significativo de pacientes com ICT &gt; 0,50, o que demonstra diretamente a r&#225;pida involu&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras direitas logo ap&#243;s o fechamento da CIA pelo dispositivo. </p>
    <p>As dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo direito expressas por interm&#233;dio do DDVD e do % DDVD, decresceram significativamente logo ap&#243;s as primeiras 24h (p &lt; 0,001), decorrentes da diminui&#231;&#227;o s&#250;bita da sobrecarga volum&#233;trica das c&#226;maras direitas e de sua r&#225;pida adapta&#231;&#227;o a novas condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas. A normaliza&#231;&#227;o destas medidas ocorreu gradativamente entre o 3&#186; terceiro e a 12&#186; meses ap&#243;s o procedimento. </p>
    <p>&#201; importante salientar tamb&#233;m a rela&#231;&#227;o encontrada entre o FP/FS e o % DDVD. Os pacientes que exibiram FP/FS &lt; 2, apresentaram as medidas do % DDVD significativamente menores em todos os per&#237;odos de observa&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o aqueles, nos quais esta rela&#231;&#227;o era <underline>&gt;</underline> 2. A normaliza&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es do VD foi atingida no 3&#186; m&#234;s no grupo com FP/FS &lt; 2, enquanto que nos casos com FP/FS <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 isto s&#243; foi verificado ap&#243;s os 12 meses (p = 0,004). </p>
    <p>O mesmo foi observado quando avaliamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro da pr&#243;tese utilizada e o % DDVD. A normaliza&#231;&#227;o do % DDVD do grupo no qual foram implantadas as pr&#243;teses menores (&lt; 20 mm) ocorreu por volta do 3&#186; m&#234;s, enquanto que no conjunto de casos com pr&#243;teses maiores (<underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm), as dimens&#245;es do VD normalizaram-se somente ap&#243;s os 12 meses (p = 0,034). </p>
    <p>Considerando estes resultados, podemos afirmar que nos pacientes com FP/FS elevada, grande fluxo sangu&#237;neo direcionado no sentido esquerdo-direito e defeitos de dimens&#245;es acentuadas, a normaliza&#231;&#227;o do % DDVD dever&#225; ocorrer em um intervalo de tempo mais prolongado, provavelmente pela maior distens&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito verificado nestas situa&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Devido a baixa incid&#234;ncia de fluxo residual observada ao final de um ano, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel investigar se a redu&#231;&#227;o destas medidas ocorreram de modo semelhante nos casos com fechamento completo do defeito e naqueles com fluxo residual persistente. </p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es tardias em nossa experi&#234;ncia ocorreram em poucos pacientes, sendo a taquiarritmia supraventricular parox&#237;stica (4,2%) a mais freq&#252;ente. Tamb&#233;m a detec&#231;&#227;o pelo ETT de rotina de derrame peric&#225;rdico de pequenas propor&#231;&#245;es em apenas um paciente ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi totalmente esclarecida, pois o procedimento transcorreu sem intercorr&#234;ncias e em nenhum momento foi notada a presen&#231;a de l&#237;quido no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico. </p>
    <p>Outra vantagem verificada com este dispositivo foi a aus&#234;ncia de perfura&#231;&#227;o imediata ou eros&#227;o tardia da parede atrial em decorr&#234;ncia do perfil arredondado dos discos oclusores<sup>38</sup>. </p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que os resultados obtidos nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o salientam a efic&#225;cia da pr&#243;tese Amplatzer<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic> na oclus&#227;o de defeitos septais interatriais do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic>, traduzida pelo alto porcentual de sucesso t&#233;cnico (97,8%), e pela r&#225;pida e significativa involu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo residual nas primeiras 24h e entre o 3&#186; e o 12&#186; meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Verificou-se tamb&#233;m expressiva redu&#231;&#227;o nas dimens&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas do ventr&#237;culo direito entre o 3&#186; o 12&#186; meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o. A seguran&#231;a deste dispositivo foi identificada pela aus&#234;ncia de deslocamento ou emboliza&#231;&#227;o e tamb&#233;m pela baixa incid&#234;ncia de arritmias.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Dr. S&#233;rgio Luiz Navarro Braga </p>
        <p> Rua S&#227;o Benedito, 2650/21-A - 04735-005 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo &#150; SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="slnbraga@cardiol.br">slnbraga@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 01/07/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 29/07/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical efficacy and safety of the percutaneous treatment of secundum atrial septal defect with the Amplatzer occluder</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical efficacy and safety of the Amplatzer occluder for percutaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defect. METHODS: Forty-nine patients underwent the procedure guided by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) while under general anesthesia, afterwards being clinically followed up for 12 months. RESULTS: The defect presented as a single orifice in 91.8% of the cases. The means of the longitudinal and transverse diameters were 14.3&#177;5.0 mm and 14.4&#177;4.9 mm, respectively. The means of the stretched diameters and prostheses were 19.3&#177;5.1 mm and 20.3&#177;4.9 mm, respectively. Technical success occurred in 97.9% of the cases. Immediate residual flow was observed in 54.1% of the patients, being minimum or small in 45.8% and moderate in 8.3%. After 24 hours, residual flow was observed in 25% of the patients (P = 0.0002). At the end of 13.1&#177;1.3 months, the incidence of the overall residual flow decreased to 14.6%, only 4.1% being moderate. A significant reduction in the right ventricular diastolic diameter was observed in the different phases of clinical follow-up (P &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSION: Implantation of the Amplatzer prosthesis proved to be effective and safe, constituting an option for the treatment of the secundum atrial septal defect in selected cases.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>congenital heart diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>atrial septal defect</kwd>
        <kwd>interventional catheterization</kwd>
        <kwd>Amplatzer occluder</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical efficacy and safety of the percutaneous treatment of secundum atrial septal defect with the amplatzer occluder</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>S&#233;rgio Luiz Navarro Braga; Amanda Guerra de Moraes Rego Sousa; Carlos Augusto Cardoso Pedra; C&#233;sar Augusto Esteves; Simone Rolim Fernandes Fontes Pedra; Valmir Fernandes Fontes</bold>
      </p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; S&#227;o Paulo </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the clinical efficacy and safety of the Amplatzer occluder for percutaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defect.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Forty-nine patients underwent the procedure guided by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) while under general anesthesia, afterwards being clinically followed up for 12 months.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The defect presented as a single orifice in 91.8% of the cases. The means of the longitudinal and transverse diameters were 14.3&#177;5.0 mm and 14.4&#177;4.9 mm, respectively. The means of the stretched diameters and prostheses were 19.3&#177;5.1 mm and 20.3&#177;4.9 mm, respectively. Technical success occurred in 97.9% of the cases. Immediate residual flow was observed in 54.1% of the patients, being minimum or small in 45.8% and moderate in 8.3%. After 24 hours, residual flow was observed in 25% of the patients (P = 0.0002). At the end of 13.1&#177;1.3 months, the incidence of the overall residual flow decreased to 14.6%, only 4.1% being moderate. A significant reduction in the right ventricular diastolic diameter was observed in the different phases of clinical follow-up (P &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Implantation of the Amplatzer prosthesis proved to be effective and safe, constituting an option for the treatment of the secundum atrial septal defect in selected cases.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> congenital heart diseases, atrial septal defect, interventional catheterization, Amplatzer occluder</p>
      <p> Atrial septal defect (ASD) was first described by Rokitansky <sup>1</sup> in 1875, but its clinical data were only compiled in 1941 by Bedford et al <sup>2</sup>. Its prevalence is 3.78 patients per 10,000 live births <sup>3</sup> with a predominance in the female sex at the proportion of 1.5 to 3.5:1 <sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Since 1948, when the first atrial septorhaphy was performed by Murray <sup>6</sup>, the surgical treatment with the aid of extracorporeal circulation has been considered the first-choice procedure for closure of atrial septal defects with low morbidity and reduced mortality (0.5% to 1%) in specialized centers <sup>7-9</sup>. </p>
      <p>The percutaneous treatment appeared 3 decades ago as an alternative to surgical treatment. It was performed for the first time in 1976 by King et al <sup>10</sup>, who used a prosthesis of their own conception. Later, in 1983, Rashkind <sup>11</sup> began to investigate the single umbrella, which was fixed to the septum by means of small hooks. At the end of the 1980s, Lock et al <sup>12</sup> developed the clamshell double umbrella, which, however, during clinical follow-up, showed fractures in its rods, its investigation being interrupted by the FDA. In the 1990s, several devices were developed with the configuration of umbrellas or occluders, which had some problems, such as an elevated incidence of residual flow, displacement or embolization of the device, and heart perforation, which required surgical correction <sup>13-18</sup>. </p>
      <p>Sharafuddin et al <sup>19</sup> published the results of an experimental study with a new prosthetic conception in one single self-centered and self-expanding component, called the Amplatzer occluder, which was investigated in several international centers, and, among us, by Fontes et al <sup>20</sup>, with good immediate results. </p>
      <p>We report the experience in our institution with that device up to mid 2001, focusing on the immediate results and considering clinical follow-up for one year after implantation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between January 2000 and July 2001, 49 (80.3%) of 61 patients recruited in the sector of congenital heart diseases of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC) with secundum atrial septal defect were selected for this study. They underwent transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal (TEE) echocardiography and met the following inclusion criteria: patients of both sexes and of any age group, weighing more than 15 kg; with left-to-right blood flow through the atrial septal defect; with dilated right ventricle (RV) with signs of volumetric overload. In addition, the defect should have the following characteristics: greater diameter <underline>&lt;</underline> 30 mm, both in the longitudinal and transverse directions; distance of at least 5 to 7 mm between its rims and the atrioventricular valves, the origin of the coronary sinus (CS) and the inferior vena cava (IVC), in its inferior portion, maintaining the same distance between its superior portion and the emergence of the right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV) and the superior vena cava (SVC). The antero-superior rim (related to the aorta in the transverse plane) could be deficient (&lt; 5mm) or absent. </p>
      <p>Patients with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: secundum atrial septal defect with clinical signs of right-to-left blood flow (sat 0<sub>2</sub> &lt; 94%); fixed pulmonary arterial hypertension and other heart associated defects requiring surgical correction. The same criterion was used for patients with defects of the ostium primum type, venous sinus, intracavitary thrombi, and thrombosis of the IVC. </p>
      <p>After clinical evaluation, patients suspected of having secundum atrial septal defect underwent conventional electrocardiography and chest radiological study in the frontal position, aiming at calculating the cardiothoracic index (CTI). Then, they were referred for TTE and TEE to confirm the diagnosis, and constituted the selection of favorable cases for percutaneous closure. In addition to confirmation of the diagnosis, TTE aimed at measuring the right ventricular diastolic diameter (RVDD) in the left parasternal position, and its value was normalized according to age, weight, and height, and expressed as a percentage (% RVDD) <sup>21</sup>. </p>
      <p>Then, the patients underwent cardiac catheterization while under balanced general anesthesia. Complete manometric recording was obtained, and blood samples were collected for oximetry, aiming at calculating the pulmonary (PF) and systemic flows (SF), the pulmonary (PR) and systemic (SR) resistances, as well as their relations according to the Fick method. </p>
      <p>For visualization of the atrial septal defect, angiography in the RSPV was performed in the left anterior oblique view (40&#186;) with cranial angulation (40&#186;). The diagnostic study was completed with left ventricular angiography in the left anterior oblique view (70&#186;) with cranial angulation (30&#186;). </p>
      <p>The Amplatzer occluder (Aga Medical Corporation, Golden Valley, MN, USA) was described in 1997 by Sharafuddin et al <sup>19</sup>. The metal used in its fabrication is a metallic alloy composed of nickel (55%) and titanium (45%), named nitinol, with a thickness of 0.004 &#8211; 0.0075 inches. The major advantage of nitinol is its exceptional resistance and high capacity to absorb energy, which makes it capable of dissipating tension 4 times more rapidly than stainless steel does <sup>22</sup>. The prosthesis is formed by 2 retention disks linked by one waist in a single body. The disks are available in sizes with unit variation from 4 to 20 mm, and, from that measure upwards, at every 2 mm up to 40 mm in diameter. The prosthesis is filled with polyester fiber that is highly thrombogenic. </p>
      <p>The procedure of implantation was additionally monitored by TEE aiming at: 1) assessment of the measurement of the stretched diameter (SD) of the defect; 2) monitoring of opening and positioning of the prosthesis in the interatrial septum; 3) documentation of the occlusion of the defect; and 4) identification and quantification of the immediate residual flow when present. </p>
      <p> The technique of implantation of the Amplatzer occluder was reported in the study by Fontes et al <sup>20</sup>. The choice of the diameter of the prosthesis was based on the relation between the diameter of its waist and the SD measured, which should be approximately 1:1. </p>
      <p>The residual flow was quantified according to the classification by Boutin et al <sup>23</sup>. Systemic anticoagulation was performed via the arterial route, by injecting 50 IU/kg of sodium heparin, followed by the intravenous administration of cefazolin sodium at the dosage of 30 mg/kg before the procedure and repeated at 6-hour intervals 3 times more. </p>
      <p>On the following day, 24 hours after the procedure, electrocardiography, chest radiography, and TTE were performed in addition to clinical assessment, aiming at evaluating cardiac auscultation, the electrocardiographic pattern, cardiac area (CTI), RVDD, and % RVDD, and also at detecting and quantifying residual flow. </p>
      <p>Once the ideal position of the device on the interatrial septum and absence of severe residual flow were confirmed, the patient was discharged from the hospital and was prescribed acetylsalicylic acid at the dosage of 5 to 10 mg/kg/day. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy was recommended for infective endocarditis for 6 months in all patients and indefinitely for those with persistent residual flow <sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>The patients were followed up on an outpatient care basis at one, 3, and 12 months after the procedure, when, in addition to the clinical examination, the following tests were performed: electrocardiography, chest radiography, and TTE. In the third month after implantation, all patients underwent TEE, and, in case residual flow persisted, that examination was repeated in the 12th month. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Forty-nine patients were selected for percutaneous occlusion of secundum atrial septal defect with the Amplatzer occluder, 29 (59.2%) of whom were women. The demographic data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. Regarding the NYHA functional class, 44.9% were in functional class I, and 55.1% were in functional class II. On physical examination, all patients had a cardiac auscultation compatible with atrial septal defect, and, on chest X-ray, 85.7% had a CTI &gt; 0.50. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0007-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>On echocardiography (TTE and TEE), the atrial septal defect appeared as a single orifice in 91.8% (45/49) of the patients, as 2 orifices in 2.0% (1/49), and multifenestrated in 6.2% (3/49). The anterosuperior rim was deficient (&lt; 5 mm) or absent in 40.6%. Paradoxical septal movement was observed in 65.9% (31/47) of the patients. Regarding the morphology of the defects with one single orifice, 71.2% had a circular shape and 28.8% had an elliptical shape. The means of the longitudinal (LD) and transverse (TD) diameters of the orifices were 14.3&#177;5.0 mm (7.0 to 28.0) and 14.4&#177;4.9 mm (6.0 to 26.3), respectively, and the means of the RVDD and %RVDD assessed on echocardiography were 26.5&#177;6.0 (15.0 to 40.0) and 134.1&#177;25.6% (86.0 to 178.0), respectively. </p>
      <p>Through cardiac catheterization, the following relations were also assessed: QP/QS = 2.0&#177;1.9 (1.2 &#8211; 3.5) and PR/SR = 0.06&#177; 0.03 (0.01 &#8211; 0.14). The mean stretched diameter assessed with the measuring balloon was 19.3&#177;5.1 mm (8.0 &#8211; 36 mm), and a good linear correlation was observed between the measurements of the SD and of the TD (r = 0.769 &#8211; P &lt; 0.001) and of the LD (r = 0.743 &#8211; P &lt; 0.001). </p>
      <p>Forty-nine prostheses were implanted with technical success in 48 patients, because one patient had 2 defects occluded with 2 devices of different sizes <sup>25</sup>. The only failure occurred in one adult female patient, whose defect had a thin and compliant posteroinferior rim and a poorly developed anterosuperior rim, which resulted in displacement of both disks to the RA. The diameters of the devices selected ranged from 9 to 36 mm, the most used being those of 19, 20, and 24 mm, which were used in 7 procedures each. The mean diameter of the occluders used was 20.3&#177;4.9 mm. The relation between the SD and the diameter of the occluder was almost 1:1. </p>
      <p>In the 3 cases with multifenestrated atrial septal defects (ASDs), we always used a single device with a diameter at least 2 mm greater than the SD, aiming at covering the total area of all orifices. No additional difficulty was observed in the implantation of the device in one case associated with aneurysm of the fossa ovalis. Replacement of the Amplatzer occluder by another of greater diameter was required in 2 patients due to deficiency or absence of the anterosuperior rim. </p>
      <p>Right after definitive deployment of the device, color Doppler TEE showed that 54.1% of the patients had residual flow, which was classified as minimum in 11 patients, small in 11, and moderate in 4. </p>
      <p>The mean time of fluoroscopy was 17.6&#177;11.7 min (2.7 &#8211; 63.1 min) and that of the procedure was 73.8&#177;30.9 min (30 &#8211; 180 min). </p>
      <p>The only immediate complication observed in the catheterization room was the appearance of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in 6.1% of the patients, which was reverted to sinus rhythm after venous injection of adenosine. </p>
      <p>During in-hospital evolution, the electrocardiography showed a temporary alternation to junctional rhythm in 4.1% of the patients, and also a reduction in the incidence of the right bundle-branch conduction disorder (RBBCD) from 72.9% to 66.7% (P &lt; 0.01). The CTI &gt; 0.50, present in 85.7% of the patients before the procedure, decreased to 68.4% (P = 0.016). On echocardiography, a decrease was observed in the mean RVDD from 26.5&#177;6.0 mm to 24.7&#177;6.2 mm, and also in the mean %RVDD from 134.1&#177;25.6% to 124.3&#177;24.5%, and both differences were significant (P &lt; 0.001). </p>
      <p>Regarding the residual flow during the in-hospital phase, the percentage of complete occlusion increased to 75% of the cases, being observed in 12 patients and classified as minimum in one, mild in 8, and moderate in 3 patients. The only complication observed during that period was occlusion of the femoral artery in one patient caused by embolization of fragments of the measuring balloon, which required surgical thrombectomy. </p>
      <p>All 48 patients were clinically assessed, the mean follow-up being 13.1&#177;1.3 months. Regarding the evolution of the NYHA functional class, by the end of the observation period, 93.7% of the patients were in functional class I. </p>
      <p>The evolution data of the electrocardiogram are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>. Reversion to sinus rhythm was observed in patients with junctional rhythm right after implantation at one and 3 months. A decrease in the incidence of isolated RBBCD from 73.5% to 45.8% (P &lt; 0.001) was noted at the end of the observation period. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0007-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The CTI &gt; 0.50, present in 85.7% of the patients before the procedure, progressively decreased in all intervals reaching 21.3% at the end of 12 months (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0007-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The evolution of the residual flow, considering its percentage and magnitude, is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref>, respectively. Clinical success was observed in 95.8% (46/48) of the patients at the end of the evaluation, the 2 cases of moderate residual flow excluded. The multivariate analysis performed to assess the possible correlation of age group, sex, the QP/QS relation, and SD with residual flow at the end of the third month showed statistical significance only for the QP/QS relation (P = 0.0348). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0007-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0007-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The paradoxical septal movement detected on TTE, previously in 65.9% (31/47) of the patients, decreased to 10.6% (5/47) at the end of 12 months (P &lt; 0.001). </p>
      <p>The measurements of RVDD (mm) obtained before implantation of the Amplatzer prosthesis and during its clinical evolution are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table III</xref>. A significant reduction in RV dimensions (RVDD) occurred in the different phases of observation as compared with the values before occlusion of the defect (P &lt; 0.001). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0007-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Considering the normalized values (% RVDD), we observed that 87.5% (42/48) of the patients had increased values before the procedure, while at the end of 12 months that figure decreased to 42.2% (19/45) of the patients (P &lt; 0.001). A statistically significant difference in that variable was observed between the means obtained during the different periods of observation, as compared with those obtained before the procedure (P &lt; 0.001). Normalization of the RV dimensions was evidenced between the third and 12th months of evolution. </p>
      <p>When the patients were divided into 2 groups according to QP/QS relation <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 and QP/QS &lt; 2, we observed that the evolution of the %RVDD evidenced significantly lower means (P=0.004) in patients whose relation was &lt; 2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). Normalization of the %RVDD was achieved around the third month of evolution in the group with QP/QS &lt; 2, while in those whose QP/QS &gt; 2, normalization was achieved only 12 months after the procedure. </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0007-00003-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The same tendency was detected for the diameters of the occluders <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm and &lt; 20 mm. The means of the %RVDD decreased in parallel in both groups, being significantly lower for the patients whose prosthesis diameters were &lt; 20 mm (P=0.034). That variable reached normality in the third month of evolution in patients implanted with prostheses whose diameters were &lt; 20 mm, while in those receiving occluders whose diameters were <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm, that result was not achieved until the end of the period of clinical evolution.</p>
      <p> In models with the covariables, only the QP/QS relation (for RVDD, P=0.020; for %RVDD, P=0.003) and age (for RVDD, P &lt; 0.001) showed influence on right ventricular regression. </p>
      <p>Regarding the late complications, episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia were observed in 4.2% (2/48) of the cases. Only one patient developed mutable atrial pacemaker after 12 months, and a small pericardial effusion was detected in another patient (TTE). The patient with complete atrioventricular block before the procedure did not require implantation of a definitive pacemaker until the end of clinical follow-up. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Safety and efficacy of a prosthesis for occlusion of secundum atrial septal defects are directly related to the simplicity of the technique of implantation in association with the facility of repositioning and rescue, low index of residual flow, and minimum incidence of complications. In addition, other important characteristics of the device are as follows: biocompatibility of the materials, adequate profile, and absence of fractures and structural deformities during late evolution. </p>
      <p>The results obtained in this study with 48 patients undergoing percutaneous occlusion of secundum atrial septal defect with the Amplatzer occluder were excellent in all aspects. The technical and clinical success rates were 98% and 96%, respectively, with low morbidity and no mortality. </p>
      <p>Due to its versatility, the Amplatzer septal occluder was used in a great variety of defects, such as those with SD &gt; 20 mm, multiple defects, associated with an atrial septal aneurysm, and those with an anterosuperior margin &lt; 5 mm (41%). That device was also effective regardless of the geometrical form of the defect (circular or elliptical), which enlarges its indications in comparison with those of the previously developed devices<sup> 26</sup>. </p>
      <p>In special situations, such as multiple defects with a distance between the orifices <underline>&gt;</underline> 7 mm, the use of distinct prostheses is recommended for occlusion. Prostheses with diameters 2 to 4 mm greater than the SD are recommended in defects <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 and &lt; 30 mm, aiming at a better position and lower incidence of residual flow <sup>27</sup>. The use of devices with diameters <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 mm occurred only in 4.2% of the patients, in whom the so-called implantation angle in regard to the atrial septum was modified, partially releasing the distal occluder disk in the RSPV. The set was rapidly pulled to the LA and the remaining components were expanded in the usual sequence <sup>27</sup>. The deficient rims, particularly the anterosuperior rim, which is an important predictor of embolization of the device and genesis of residual flow <sup>28,29</sup>, were not limiting factors for the Amplatzer occluder due to its occluding mechanism, in which the retention disks fix to the deficient rim. </p>
      <p>Immediate complications were observed in a reduced number of patients, among which, alternation to junctional rhythm stands out in 4.1% of the cases, probably related to the compression exerted by the waist of the prosthesis on the conduction system located in the atrial septum <sup>30,31</sup>. In our experience, no case of displacement or immediate embolization of the occluder was observed. This was attributed to the careful selection of patients, to the mechanism of fixation of the occluder on the defect, and to the adequate choice of the diameter of the occluder in regard to the stretched diameter. The incidence of that complication requiring rescue ranged from 1.1% to 2.2% in the literature, being lower than that observed with other prostheses <sup>32,33</sup>. </p>
      <p>The immediate residual flow observed in 54.1% (26/48) of the patients might have been related to insufficient thrombosis or thrombosis not totally stabilized by the device itself. That hypothesis was confirmed by the fact that in 45.8% (22/48) of the patients, the residual flow was minimum or mild, and of those, 18.7% (9/48) were located in the central portion or occurred through the occluder. </p>
      <p>The most significant alteration in residual flow occurred right after the first 24 hours, when its incidence drastically decreased to 25% (12/48) of the cases, being mainly attributed to the thrombogenic action exerted by the polyester fibers located inside the prosthesis. That was confirmed by the fact that of the 9 patients with immediate residual flow through the central part of the prosthesis, 8 showed complete occlusion on TTE before hospital discharge. </p>
      <p>At the end of the 12th month of evolution, the overall residual flow significantly decreased from 22.9% (11/48), in the third month, to 14.5% (7/48) of the patients (P &lt; 0.045). Of those, only 4.1% (2/48) were of a moderate degree, one of whom had received the implantation of the occluder with the greatest diameter of our case series (36 mm), and the other had multiple fenestrations. </p>
      <p>Considering the percentage of complete closure of the defect around 12 months, which corresponded to 85.4% (41/48), we observed that the result obtained is comparable to those already reported in the literature with the Amplatzer device. Walsh et al <sup>34</sup> and Chan et al <sup>35</sup> reported complete closure after one year in more than 90% of the patients. It is important to emphasize that this report reflects the initial learning curve at our institution. </p>
      <p>The progressive decline in the incidence of right atrial and ventricular overloads and in the persistence of RBBCD, and the displacement of the mean S&#194;QRS from 66.8&#186;&#177;7&#186; to 54.9&#186;&#177;5&#186; at 12 months were important indirect data to show the improvement in the hemodynamic conditions measured on electrocardiography. This explains why the electromechanical alterations due to the important decrease or abolition of the volumetric overload imposed to the right heart are directly related to the better conduction of the electrical stimulus originating from the sinoatrial node to the bundles in the atrial cavities and ventricles. These findings were corroborated by Veldtman et al <sup>36</sup> using the CardioSEAL prosthesis and by Dhillon et al <sup>37</sup> using the Amplatzer occluder. </p>
      <p>Regarding the radiological alterations, a significant decrease in patients with CTI &gt; 0.50 has been shown as early as 24 hours after occlusion of the defect, which demonstrates directly the rapid involution of the right chambers right after closure of the atrial septal defect with the device. </p>
      <p>The right ventricular dimensions expressed by RVDD and %RVDD significantly decreased right after the first 24 hours (P &lt; 0.001), due to the sudden decrease in the volumetric overload of the right chambers and their rapid adaptation to the new hemodynamic conditions. Normalization of those measures occurred gradually between the third and 12th months after the procedure. </p>
      <p>It is also important to emphasize the relation found between the QP/QS and the %RVDD. The patients with QP/QS &lt; 2 had significantly lower %RVDD values in all periods of observation as compared with those whose QP/QS was <underline>&gt;</underline> 2. Normalization of the RV dimensions was reached in the third month among patients whose QP/QS was &lt; 2. In patients whose QP/QS was <underline>&gt;</underline> 2, normalization only occurred after 12 months (P=0.004). </p>
      <p>The same was observed when the relation between the diameter of the occluder used and the %RVDD was assessed. Normalization of the %RVDD in the group implanted with the smaller occluders (&lt; 20 mm) occurred around the third month, while in the cases with larger occluders (<underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm), the RV dimensions normalized only after 12 months (P=0.034). </p>
      <p>Considering those results, we can state that in patients with a high QP/QS, great blood flow directed in the left-to-right direction, and defects of marked dimensions, normalization of the %RVDD should occur in a more prolonged interval, probably due to the greater distension of the right ventricle observed in these situations. </p>
      <p>Due to the low incidence of residual flow observed at the end of one year, one could not investigate whether the reduction in those measures occurred similarly in cases with complete closure of the defect and in those with persistent residual flow. </p>
      <p>In our experience, late complications occurred in few patients, paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmia being the most frequent (4.2%). Detection on routine TTE of pericardial effusion of small proportions in only one patient after 3 months of evolution has not been totally elucidated, because the procedure was uneventful and no fluid was evidenced in the pericardial space at any time. </p>
      <p>Another advantage of the Amplatzer occluder was the lack of immediate perforation or late erosion of the atrial wall due to the round profile of the occluding disks <sup>38</sup>. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the results obtained in this study highlight the efficacy of the Amplatzer occluder for occluding secundum atrial septal defects, translated by the high percentage of technical success (97.8%) and the rapid and significant involution of the residual flow in the first 24 hours and between the third and 12th months of evolution. A significant reduction in the echocardiographic dimensions of the right ventricle was observed between the third and 12th months of evolution. The safety of that device was identified by the lack of displacement or embolization, and by the low incidence of arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> S&#233;rgio Luiz Navarro Braga </p>
          <p> Rua S&#227;o Benedito, 2650/21-A </p>
          <p> Cep 04735-005 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="slnbraga@cardiol.br">slnbraga@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 07/01/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 07/29/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
