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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vWqKJCBZjdGfGTBtsbCJwSb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001900002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001900002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O uso do ultra-som intracoronariano na tomada de decis&#227;o para o tratamento das les&#245;es coronarianas moderadas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Claudia Le&#227;o de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Antonio Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanajura</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>Aurea Jacob</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Centemero</surname>
            <given-names>Marinella Patrizia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seixas</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto Piva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Guerra Morais Rego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Eduardo Morais Rego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>spe</issue>
      <fpage>3</fpage>
      <lpage>6</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Investigar o crit&#233;rio ultra-sonogr&#225;fico de &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz (AML), com valor de corte igual a 4,0 mm&#178; na tentativa de diferen&#231;ar as les&#245;es que devem ou n&#227;o ser tratadas. M&#201;TODOS: Inclu&#237;mos 173 pacientes consecutivos com les&#245;es angiograficamente moderadas (porcentual de estenose entre 40 e 70) submetidos &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de ultra-som, divididos em 2 grupos: grupo 1 cl&#237;nico (AML &gt; 4,0 mm&#178;) e grupo 2 revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (AML &lt; 4,0 mm&#178;), que foram acompanhados para determinar as taxas de eventos card&#237;acos maiores (ECM) em dois anos, a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo e identificar os preditores cl&#237;nicos, angiogr&#225;ficos e ultra-sonogr&#225;ficos dos eventos. RESULTADOS: Apresentaram AML &gt; 4,0 mm&#178; 75 (43%) pacientes, mantidos clinicamente e 98 (57%) pacientes AML &lt; 4,0 mm&#178;, tratados com stents coronarianos. Pela angiografia coronariana quantitativa n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante entre o porcentual de estenose do vaso [grupo 1: 48% vs grupo 2: 53%; p=0,06]. Ao contr&#225;rio das mensura&#231;&#245;es ultra-sonogr&#225;ficas, pois a AML mostrou-se significativamente maior no grupo 1 quando comparada ao grupo 2 [4,54 mm&#178; vs 2,45 mm&#178;; p&lt;0,001)]. O impacto cl&#237;nico da tomada de decis&#227;o foi favor&#225;vel, n&#227;o verificando-se diferen&#231;a na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos maiores: [grupo 1: 5 (7%) vs grupo 2: 14 (15%); p= 0,09]. A necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo tamb&#233;m n&#227;o diferiu (grupo 1: 3 (4%) vs grupo 2: 11 (12%); p=0,07). As vari&#225;veis preditoras para os ECM foram: diabetes, angina CFIII pr&#233;-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e a AML avaliada pelo ultra-som. CONCLUS&#195;O: A estrat&#233;gia de decis&#227;o de tratamento assegura baixas taxas de ECM em ambos os grupos no seguimento de 24 meses, garantindo reduzidas taxas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, sendo as vari&#225;veis preditoras de eventos card&#237;acos maiores: diabetes melito, angina classe funcional III e a AML ao ultra-som intracoronariano.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>ultra-som intracoronariano</kwd>
        <kwd>les&#227;o coronariana moderada</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>O uso do ultra-som intracoronariano na tomada de decis&#227;o para o tratamento das les&#245;es coronarianas moderadas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Andrea Claudia Le&#227;o de Sousa Abizaid; Leopoldo Soares Piegas; Alexandre Antonio Cunha Abizaid; Luiz Fernando Leite Tanajura; Aurea Jacob Chaves; Marinella Patrizia Centemero; Ana Cristina C. Seixas; Luiz Alberto Piva Mattos; Ibraim Pinto; Amanda Guerra Morais Rego Sousa; J. Eduardo Morais Rego Sousa </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Investigar o crit&#233;rio ultra-sonogr&#225;fico de &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz (AML), com valor de corte igual a 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup> na tentativa de diferen&#231;ar as les&#245;es que devem ou n&#227;o ser tratadas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Inclu&#237;mos 173 pacientes consecutivos com les&#245;es angiograficamente moderadas (porcentual de estenose entre 40 e 70) submetidos &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de ultra-som, divididos em 2 grupos: grupo 1 cl&#237;nico (AML <underline>&gt;</underline> 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup>) e grupo 2 revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (AML &lt; 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup>), que foram acompanhados para determinar as taxas de eventos card&#237;acos maiores (ECM) em dois anos, a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo e identificar os preditores cl&#237;nicos, angiogr&#225;ficos e ultra-sonogr&#225;ficos dos eventos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Apresentaram AML <underline>&gt;</underline> 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup> 75 (43%) pacientes, mantidos clinicamente e 98 (57%) pacientes AML &lt; 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup>, tratados com stents coronarianos. Pela angiografia coronariana quantitativa n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante entre o porcentual de estenose do vaso [grupo 1: 48% vs grupo 2: 53%; p=0,06]. Ao contr&#225;rio das mensura&#231;&#245;es ultra-sonogr&#225;ficas, pois a AML mostrou-se significativamente maior no grupo 1 quando comparada ao grupo 2 [4,54 mm<sup>2</sup> vs 2,45 mm<sup>2</sup>; p&lt;0,001)]. O impacto cl&#237;nico da tomada de decis&#227;o foi favor&#225;vel, n&#227;o verificando-se diferen&#231;a na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos maiores: [grupo 1: 5 (7%) vs grupo 2: 14 (15%); p= 0,09]. A necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo tamb&#233;m n&#227;o diferiu (grupo 1: 3 (4%) vs grupo 2: 11 (12%); p=0,07). As vari&#225;veis preditoras para os ECM foram: diabetes, angina CFIII pr&#233;-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e a AML avaliada pelo ultra-som. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A estrat&#233;gia de decis&#227;o de tratamento assegura baixas taxas de ECM em ambos os grupos no seguimento de 24 meses, garantindo reduzidas taxas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, sendo as vari&#225;veis preditoras de eventos card&#237;acos maiores: diabetes melito, angina classe funcional III e a AML ao ultra-som intracoronariano. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>ultra-som intracoronariano, les&#227;o coronariana moderada, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</p>
    <p>Os portadores de les&#245;es angiograficamente moderadas (obstru&#231;&#245;es da luz do vaso entre 40 e 70%) representam um contingente bem expressivo da nossa pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. Entretanto, a escolha de um crit&#233;rio que possa diferenciar os pacientes que devam ou n&#227;o ser submetidos a procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana ainda est&#225; por ser estabelecida. </p>
    <p>Neste subgrupo de pacientes, os sintomas anginosos n&#227;o s&#227;o discriminat&#243;rios, pois podem ou n&#227;o estar presentes. Os testes funcionais n&#227;o-invasivos podem, em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es, apresentar-se normais ou inconclusivos subestimando o significado funcional dessas les&#245;es<sup>1-3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A angiografia coronariana tornou-se o m&#233;todo mais utilizado na &#225;rea da cardiologia invasiva. Entretanto, apesar das qualidades que a tornaram aceita universalmente, esta t&#233;cnica apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es: 1) a angiografia mostra o <italic>lumen</italic> como uma silhueta simples e planar, por isso tamb&#233;m chamada de luminograma<sup>4</sup>; 2) devemos levar em considera&#231;&#227;o o fen&#244;meno do remodelamento arterial positivo, que nada mais &#233; do que o aumento do vaso na tentativa de preserva&#231;&#227;o do <italic>lumen</italic>, na presen&#231;a de grande quantidade de placa ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>5</sup>; e, 3) o ultra-som j&#225; demonstrou que na maioria das vezes, a doen&#231;a &#233; difusa, n&#227;o apresentando um segmento totalmente livre de doen&#231;a<sup>6</sup>. Portanto estes tr&#234;s fatores citados limitam a aplica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo neste sub-grupo de pacientes. </p>
    <p>O ultra-som intracoronariano &#233; tamb&#233;m uma modalidade invasiva, que tem por base a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens tomogr&#225;ficas, a partir do interior da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, utilizando-se um cateter que tem incorporado na sua extremidade um &#250;nico transdutor. &#201; um m&#233;todo capaz de prover avalia&#231;&#245;es tomogr&#225;ficas bidimensionais das coron&#225;rias <italic>in vivo</italic>, permitindo identificar os componentes das placas ateromatosas e da parede vascular, al&#233;m de mensurar com alta precis&#227;o as medidas da luz arterial<sup>7-9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Atualmente, uma das principais indica&#231;&#245;es do seu uso &#233; na avalia&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es angiograficamente moderadas. Faz-se necess&#225;rio, portanto, a escolha de um crit&#233;rio que possa diferen&#231;ar estas les&#245;es do ponto de vista progn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p>Verificamos o uso do crit&#233;rio ultra-sonogr&#225;fico de &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz (AML) &gt; 4,0 que mostrou uma rela&#231;&#227;o linear com a reserva de fluxo coronariano &gt; 2,0 ou seja, n&#227;o causadora de isquemia<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Portanto, baseados na hip&#243;tese que o emprego do ultra-som intracoronariano, utilizando como crit&#233;rio de corte o valor da &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz, em pacientes com les&#245;es moderadas pela angiografia coronariana, constitui-se numa avalia&#231;&#227;o adequada para discernir pacientes que devem (AML &lt; 4,0mm<sup>2</sup>) ou n&#227;o (AML <underline>&gt;</underline> a 4,0mm<sup>2</sup>) receber tratamento, garantindo que esses casos cursar&#227;o com baixos n&#237;veis de eventos card&#237;acos maiores durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico tardio.</p>
    <p>Assim, temos como objetivos prim&#225;rios: 1) detectar as taxas de eventos card&#237;acos maiores (&#243;bito, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo), em dois anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o; 2) as taxas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo, no mesmo per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o e 3) identificar as vari&#225;veis progn&#243;sticas cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas e ultra-sonogr&#225;ficas para eventos card&#237;acos no seguimento. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De agosto/2000 a mar&#231;o/2001, foram inclu&#237;dos prospectivamente 173 pacientes consecutivos, que apresentavam les&#245;es angiograficamente moderadas, entre 40 a 70% de obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal pela avalia&#231;&#227;o visual, para serem submetidos &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de ultra-som intracoronariano na Se&#231;&#227;o de Angioplastia Coronariana do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: presen&#231;a de dor precordial t&#237;pica ou at&#237;pica e/ou comprova&#231;&#227;o de isquemia silenciosa; evid&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica de doen&#231;a coronariana uniarterial; vaso-alvo com di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia &gt; 3,0 mm, les&#227;o-alvo prim&#225;ria e localizada na rede coronariana natural; anatomia coronariana favor&#225;vel &#224; passagem do cateter de ultra-som intracoronariano pela les&#227;o a ser investigada. </p>
    <p>Todos os exames ultra-sonogr&#225;ficos foram realizados no aparelho <italic>Clear View da Boston Scientific</italic>. O cateter era posicionado no interior da coron&#225;ria, pelo menos 10 mm distalmente &#224; les&#227;o-alvo e iniciada a tra&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica &#224; velocidade constante de 0,5mm/s, o que permitia a varredura minuciosa de todo segmento a ser estudado, identificando o ponto de &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz. Obtida a mensura&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz, utilizava-se como crit&#233;rio de corte 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup> para tomada de decis&#227;o e os pacientes eram ent&#227;o alocados para os dois grupos.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes que apresentavam &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz <underline>&gt;</underline> 4,0 eram alocados para o grupo 1 e acompanhados clinicamente e os do grupo 2 deveriam apresentar &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz &lt; 4,0 e eram submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Durante 24 meses os eventos card&#237;acos maiores eram computados. </p>
    <p>Outros dados ultra-sonogr&#225;ficos quantitativos eram realizados: a &#225;rea da membrana el&#225;stica externa (MEE), a &#225;rea da placa mais m&#233;dia (&#225;rea da membrana el&#225;stica externa &#150; &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz), dos di&#226;metros m&#225;ximo e m&#237;nimo, o porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o da placa (raz&#227;o entre a &#225;rea da placa mais m&#233;dia e a &#225;rea da MEE multiplicada por 100) e o porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o da AML (diferen&#231;a entre as &#225;reas da luz de refer&#234;ncia e a AML multiplicado por 100 e dividido pela &#225;rea da luz de refer&#234;ncia). </p>
    <p>Os dados ultra-sonogr&#225;ficos qualitativos tamb&#233;m eram realizados: a morfologia da placa (lip&#237;dica, fibr&#243;tica e calcificada), os aspectos de vulnerabilidade (capa fibr&#243;tica fina e/ou lagos lip&#237;dicos) e a presen&#231;a de remodelamento arterial (positivo ou negativo). </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio do programa <italic>SPSS</italic><sup>&#174;</sup><italic>for Windows</italic> vers&#227;o 10.0. As diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas entre os dois grupos utilizando-se o teste do qui-quadrado e entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram feitas por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre as medidas do ultra-som intracoronariano e da angiografia quantitativa foram feitas por meio da correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. As probabilidades acumuladas de eventos card&#237;acos maiores foram estimadas pelas curvas de Kaplan-Meier. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox (abordagem multivariada) foi realizada para determinar as vari&#225;veis com valor progn&#243;stico independente para ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De acordo com o crit&#233;rio ultra-sonogr&#225;fico de AML, 75 (43%) pacientes apresentaram les&#245;es n&#227;o importantes e foram mantidos em acompanhamento cl&#237;nico (grupo 1) e em 98 (57%) as les&#245;es foram consideradas graves e tratadas por implante de stents (grupo 2). </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>), apenas a presen&#231;a de angina classe funcional III que foi significativamente maior nos pacientes do grupo 2 quando comparados ao grupo 1 (22% <italic>vs </italic>2%;p=0,03). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0003-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os pacientes de ambos os grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a significante nem quanto ao porcentual de estenose da luz [grupo 1:48% (DP 7%) <italic>vs </italic>grupo 2: 53% (DP 6%); p=0,06], nem no que se refere ao di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo [grupo 1:1,60mm (DP 0,33) <italic>vs </italic>grupo 2: 1,52mm (DP 0,36); p=0,08], n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel diferen&#231;ar por este m&#233;todo a gravidade das les&#245;es entre os dois grupos. </p>
    <p>Os principais resultados ultra-sonogr&#225;ficos no local da les&#227;o-alvo est&#227;o expostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0003-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ao final de 24 meses 19 (11%) pacientes desta casu&#237;stica apresentaram eventos card&#237;acos maiores, assim distribu&#237;dos: grupo 1- 5 (7%) pacientes <italic>vs </italic>grupo 2- 4 (15%) pacientes; p=0,09. No grupo 1 n&#227;o houve &#243;bito, 2 pacientes apresentaram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio decorrente de progress&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo, que j&#225; apresentavam aspectos de vulnerabilidade e 3 necessitaram de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo. J&#225; no grupo 2 ocorreu 1 &#243;bito de causa card&#237;aca decorrente de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, 2 apresentaram infarto n&#227;o-fatal e 11 pacientes necessitaram de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo devido &#224; reestenose angiogr&#225;fica. </p>
    <p>A curva de Kaplan-Meier demonstrou que ao final de 24 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o 91% dos pacientes do grupo 1 estavam livres de eventos card&#237;acos maiores e 83% do grupo 2, e esta queda da curva no 1&#186; ano se deveu em grande parte &#224; necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo por reestenose angiogr&#225;fica, problema este inerente &#224;s endopr&#243;tese coronarianas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0003-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Selecionamos 15 vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas e ultra-sonogr&#225;ficas para a inclus&#227;o no modelo univariado, a saber hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia, tabagismo, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, angina pr&#233;-interna&#231;&#227;o, vaso abordado, local da les&#227;o-alvo, di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da luz, porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o do vaso, placa lip&#237;dica, remodelamento arterial, &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz, porcentagem de obstru&#231;&#227;o da placa e porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz. Quando colocamos em um modelo multivariado de regress&#227;o log&#237;sitca, as principais vari&#225;veis que ditaram independentemente o progn&#243;stico foram: a presen&#231;a de diabetes (OR=3,17; IC95%=2,17-10,49; p=0,006), angina classe funcional III (OR=2,18; IC95%=1,02-8,41; p=0,04) e a avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo ultra-som da gravidade da &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz &gt; 4,0mm<sup>2</sup> (OR=0,59; IC95%=0,39-0,89; p=0,0123). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise quantitativa do angiograma careceu de poder discriminat&#243;rio na defini&#231;&#227;o precisa das les&#245;es moderadas, o que foi somente conseguido ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o ultra-sonogr&#225;fica. Assim, empregando-se o crit&#233;rio ultra-sonogr&#225;fico de &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz <underline>&gt;</underline> 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup>, mais da metade (57%) dos nossos pacientes que exibiam les&#245;es angiograficamente moderadas, eram na verdade portadores de les&#245;es importantes. De qualquer sorte, as informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas por meio do ultra-som intracoronariano s&#227;o puramente anat&#244;micas e, particularmente na vig&#234;ncia de les&#245;es moderadas, existe a necessidade de se saber a repercuss&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica para se decidir a conduta terap&#234;utica mais apropriada, baseada na verifica&#231;&#227;o de isquemia. Assim, imp&#245;e-se o esclarecimento do porqu&#234; escolher-se um crit&#233;rio anat&#244;mico ou morfol&#243;gico para conduzir tais pacientes. </p>
    <p>A literatura recente demonstra que os crit&#233;rios fisiol&#243;gicos de reserva de fluxo coronariano e da fra&#231;&#227;o de reserva de fluxo podem ser usados com seguran&#231;a na decis&#227;o de se intervir ou n&#227;o em pacientes com les&#245;es moderadas, assegurando um bom resultado cl&#237;nico tardio<sup>11-14</sup>. Portanto, os crit&#233;rios funcionais mostraram-se &#250;teis para a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ainda que de dif&#237;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o na rotina. </p>
    <p>Paralelamente, em um estudo retrospectivo por n&#243;s realizado, em que se incluiu 300 pacientes com les&#245;es moderadas, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi indicada, baseada, na grande maioria dos casos, na verifica&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz <underline>&gt;</underline> 4,0mm<sup>2</sup>, demonstrando ser este crit&#233;rio seguro e acompanhado de excelentes resultados tardios, com 8% de eventos card&#237;acos globais, no seguimento 13 meses com sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos igual a 92%<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ora, se os crit&#233;rios anat&#244;micos e funcionais t&#234;m alto grau de concord&#226;ncia e a detec&#231;&#227;o do grau de estenose &#233; muito mais simples e precisa com o uso da ultra-sonografia, este passou a ser o m&#233;todo escolhido em nosso Servi&#231;o para a conduta de les&#245;es de dif&#237;cil decis&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados confirmam o acerto desta op&#231;&#227;o. Na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o prospectiva, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se optou por revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, quando a &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz era &gt; que 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup> (grupo 1). Esta estrat&#233;gia foi segura, pois apenas 5 (7%) pacientes do grupo evolu&#237;ram com eventos card&#237;acos maiores, num per&#237;odo mais longo de acompanhamento (24 meses). Por outro lado, tamb&#233;m os pacientes que apresentaram &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz &lt; do que 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup> (grupo 2) tiveram evolu&#231;&#227;o segura, com 14 (15%) eventos card&#237;acos ao final de dois anos, considerando ser este um grupo de maior risco e todo ele submetido ao implante de stents coronarianos. A sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos foi de 82% em dois anos, compar&#225;vel &#224; dos pacientes em que se implantou stents no estudo BENESTENT II<sup>16</sup> (sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos igual a 84,3%) e, mais contemporaneamente superior ao grupo controle do estudo RAVEL<sup>17</sup> (sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos igual a 70,9%). Ressalte-se ainda, que a maioria dos eventos da nossa casu&#237;stica (9/14 igual a 64%) foi devido &#224; reestenose e &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo. Na fase atual, em que a cardiologia intervencionista entra na era dos stents com elui&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos, na qual a reestenose foi controlada drasticamente, a perspectiva desses pacientes dever&#225; ser muito mais favor&#225;vel, com uma sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos provavelmente superior a 90%<sup> 18,19</sup>. </p>
    <p>As diretrizes atuais recomendam que as interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas devam ser realizadas, precedidas pela evid&#234;ncia objetiva de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Entretanto, muitas vezes isto n&#227;o ocorre, em fun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplas raz&#245;es. Nos casos em que a angiografia coronariana mostrar uma les&#227;o coronariana moderada, e se n&#227;o se dispuser de avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva do seu significado funcional, &#233; essencial, para a tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, explora&#231;&#227;o adicional de sua gravidade ou repercuss&#227;o. Recomendamos, para o perfil de pacientes inclu&#237;dos nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o, o uso do crit&#233;rio ultra-sonogr&#225;fico, com a avalia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz, tendo como valor de corte 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup>, que tem assegurado a esses pacientes, ap&#243;s a escolha de tratamento apropriado, um progn&#243;stico favor&#225;vel a longo prazo. Adicionalmente, se o portador de les&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria exibir sintomas e/ou for diab&#233;tico, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais rigorosa deve ser programada, al&#233;m de um controle tardio mais cuidadoso. </p>
    <p>Concluindo, a estrat&#233;gia de decis&#227;o de tratamento, empregando-se o crit&#233;rio ultra-sonogr&#225;fico de &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz, tendo como valor de corte 4, 0 mm<sup>2</sup>, em pacientes com les&#245;es moderadas pela angiografia coronariana deve ser: assegurar baixas taxas de eventos card&#237;acos maiores em ambos os grupos no seguimento de 24 meses, garantindo reduzidas taxas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, tendo como vari&#225;veis preditoras de eventos card&#237;acos maiores, diabetes mellitus, angina classe funcional III e a &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz ao ultra-som intracoron&#225;rio. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Andrea Claudia Le&#227;o de Sousa Abizaid </p>
        <p> Rua Dom Paulo Pedrosa, 673, ap. 72B </p>
        <p> Cep 05687-001 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo &#150; SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="diretoriaidpc@uol.com.br">diretoriaidpc@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 10/06/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 03/08/2004</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The use of intravascular ultrasound in deciding on the treatment of moderate coronary lesions</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ultrasound criterion of minimum luminal area (MLA) with a cutoff value of 4.0 mm&#178; in an attempt to differentiate the lesions that should be treated from those that should not. METHODS: The study comprised 173 consecutive patients with moderate angiographic lesions (percentage of stenosis between 40 and 70) who underwent ultrasound imaging. They were divided into 2 groups as follows: group 1 or clinical group (MLA &gt; 4.0 mm&#178;); and group 2 or revascularization group (MLA &lt; 4.0 mm&#178;). The patients were followed up to determine the rate of major cardiac events (MCE) in 2 years, the need for revascularization of the target lesion, and to identify the clinical, angiographic, and ultrasound predictors of events. RESULTS: Seventy-five (43%) patients had MLA &gt; 4.0 mm&#178; and were clinically treated; 98 (57%) patients had MLA &lt; 4.0 mm&#178; and were treated with coronary stents. On quantitative coronary angiography, no significant difference was observed between the percentage of vessel stenosis [group 1: 48% vs group 2: 53%; P=0.06]. By the other hard ultrasound measurements, as MLA was significantly greater in group 1 compared with that in group 2 [4.54 mm&#178; vs 2.45 mm&#178;; P &lt; 0.001)]. The clinical impact of the decision was favorable, and no difference was observed in regard to the occurrence of major cardiac events: [group 1: 5 (7%) vs group 2: 14 (15%); P = 0.09]. The need for revascularization of the target lesion also did not differ (group 1: 3 (4%) vs group 2: 11 (12%); P = 0.07). The predictive variables for MCE were diabetes, functional class III (FC III) angina before hospitalization, and MLA assessed on ultrasound. CONCLUSION: This strategy for deciding on appropriate treatment guarantees low rates of MCE in both groups in the 24-month follow-up, with reduced revascularization rates. The predictive variables of major cardiac events were as follows: diabetes mellitus, FC III angina, and MLA on intravascular ultrasound.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>intravascular ultrasound</kwd>
        <kwd>moderate coronary lesion</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of intravascular ultrasound in deciding on the treatment of moderate coronary lesions</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Andrea Claudia Le&#227;o de Sousa Abizaid; Leopoldo Soares Piegas; Alexandre Antonio Cunha Abizaid; Luiz Fernando Leite Tanajura; Aurea Jacob Chaves; Marinella Patrizia Centemero; Ana Cristina C. Seixas; Luiz Alberto Piva Mattos; Ibraim Pinto; Amanda Guerra Morais Rego Sousa; J. Eduardo Morais Rego Sousa</bold>
      </p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To investigate the ultrasound criterion of minimum luminal area (MLA) with a cutoff value of 4.0 mm<sup>2 </sup>in an attempt to differentiate the lesions that should be treated from those that should not.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The study comprised 173 consecutive patients with moderate angiographic lesions (percentage of stenosis between 40 and 70) who underwent ultrasound imaging. They were divided into 2 groups as follows: group 1 or clinical group (MLA <underline>&gt;</underline> 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup>); and group 2 or revascularization group (MLA &lt; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup>). The patients were followed up to determine the rate of major cardiac events (MCE) in 2 years, the need for revascularization of the target lesion, and to identify the clinical, angiographic, and ultrasound predictors of events.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Seventy-five (43%) patients had MLA <underline>&gt;</underline> 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup> and were clinically treated; 98 (57%) patients had MLA &lt; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup> and were treated with coronary stents. On quantitative coronary angiography, no significant difference was observed between the percentage of vessel stenosis [group 1: 48% vs group 2: 53%; P=0.06]. By the other hard ultrasound measurements, as MLA was significantly greater in group 1 compared with that in group 2 [4.54 mm<sup>2</sup> vs 2.45 mm<sup>2</sup>; P &lt; 0.001)]. The clinical impact of the decision was favorable, and no difference was observed in regard to the occurrence of major cardiac events: [group 1: 5 (7%) vs group 2: 14 (15%); P = 0.09]. The need for revascularization of the target lesion also did not differ (group 1: 3 (4%) vs group 2: 11 (12%); P = 0.07). The predictive variables for MCE were diabetes, functional class III (FC III) angina before hospitalization, and MLA assessed on ultrasound.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>This strategy for deciding on appropriate treatment guarantees low rates of MCE in both groups in the 24-month follow-up, with reduced revascularization rates. The predictive variables of major cardiac events were as follows: diabetes mellitus, FC III angina, and MLA on intravascular ultrasound. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> intravascular ultrasound, moderate coronary lesion, coronary artery disease</p>
      <p> Individuals with moderate angiographic lesions (vascular lumen obstruction between 40 and 70%) account for a significant number of patients in our daily practice. However, the choice of a criterion that may differentiate the patients who should from those who should not undergo coronary revascularization procedures is yet to be established. </p>
      <p>In that subgroup of patients, anginal symptoms are not discriminatory, because they may or may not be present. In some situations, noninvasive functional tests may be normal or inconclusive, underestimating the functional meaning of those lesions <sup>1-3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Coronary angiography has become the most used procedure in the field of invasive cardiology. However, despite the qualities that made it universally accepted, the technique has some limitations: 1) angiography shows the lumen as a simple planar silhouette, being, therefore, also called a luminogram <sup>4</sup>; 2) we should consider the phenomenon of positive arterial remodeling, which is nothing more than vessel enlargement in an attempt to preserve the lumen in the presence of a great amount of atherosclerotic plaque <sup>5</sup>; and 3) the ultrasound has already shown that, most of the time, the disease is diffuse, without a completely disease-free segment <sup>6</sup>. Therefore, those 3 factors cited limit the applicability of the method in that subgroup of patients. </p>
      <p>Intravascular ultrasound is also an invasive modality, based on acquisition of tomographic images, from the interior of the coronary artery, by using a catheter that has a single transducer in its extremity. That method may provide 2-dimensional tomographic assessments of the coronary arteries in vivo, allowing the identification of the components of the atherosclerotic plaques and of the vascular wall, in addition to the highly accurate measurement of the arterial lumen <sup>7-9</sup>. </p>
      <p>Currently, one of the major indications for its use is the assessment of moderate angiographic lesions. Therefore, the choice of a criterion that may differentiate those lesions from the prognostic point of view is required. </p>
      <p>We assessed the use of the ultrasound criterion of minimum luminal area (MLA) &gt; 4.0, which showed a linear relation with the coronary flow reserve &gt; 2.0, ie, not causing ischemia <sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>Therefore, we wanted to test the hypothesis that the use of intravascular ultrasound, using the cutoff value of the minimum luminal area, in patients with moderate lesions, according to coronary angiography, is an adequate assessment for differentiating patients who should (MLA &lt; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup>) or should not (MLA <underline>&gt;</underline> 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup>) undergo treatment. This assures that those cases will evolve with low rates of major cardiac events during late clinical follow-up. </p>
      <p>Therefore, the primary objectives of this study were as follows: 1) to detect the rates of major cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction, and the need for revascularization of the target lesion) in a 2-year follow-up; 2) to detect the rates of revascularization of the target lesion during the same observation period; and 3) to identify the prognostic clinical, angiographic, and ultrasound variables for cardiac events in the follow-up. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From August 2000 to March 2001, 173 patients were prospectively and consecutively included in the study to undergo intravascular ultrasound in the Section of Coronary Angioplasty of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. They had angiographically moderate lesions, ie, luminal obstruction between 40 and 70% on visual evaluation. </p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: presence of typical or atypical precordial pain or confirmation of silent ischemia, or both; angiographic evidence of single-vessel coronary disease; target vessel with a reference diameter &gt; 3.0 mm, primary target lesion located in the natural coronary web; and coronary anatomy favorable to the passage of the catheter of intravascular ultrasound through the lesion to be investigated. </p>
      <p>All ultrasound examinations were performed with the Clear View device (Boston Scientific, USA). The catheter was placed inside the coronary artery at least 10 mm distally from the target lesion, and automate traction was initiated at the constant velocity of 0.5 mm/s, which allowed a careful scanning of the entire segment to be studied, identifying the point of minimum luminal area. Once the minimum luminal area was measured, the cutoff value of 4.0 mm<sup>2 </sup>was used for decision making, and the patients were then assigned to the 2 groups. </p>
      <p>Patients with a minimum luminal area <underline>&gt;</underline> 4.0 were assigned to group 1 and clinically followed up. Those in group 2 had a minimum luminal area &lt; 4.0 and had to undergo coronary revascularization. Major cardiac events were computed over 24 months. </p>
      <p>Other quantitative ultrasound data were assessed: the area of the external elastic membrane (EEM), the area of the plaque plus the media layer (area of the external elastic membrane &#8211; minimum luminal area), the maximum and minimum diameters, the percentage of obstruction of the plaque (ratio between the area of the plaque plus the media layer and the area of the EEM multiplied by 100), and the percentage of obstruction of the MLA (difference between the areas of the reference lumen and the MLA multiplied by 100 and divided by the area of the reference lumen). </p>
      <p>The following qualitative ultrasound data were also assessed: the morphology of the plaque (lipid, fibrotic, and calcified), the aspects of vulnerability (thin fibrous cap or lipid deposits, or both), and the presence of arterial remodeling (positive or negative). </p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows, version 10.0. The categorical variables were compared between the 2 groups by using the chi-square test, and the continuous variables were compared using the Student <italic>t</italic> test. The correlations between the measurements of intravascular ultrasound and quantitative angiography were performed by using the Pearson correlation. The accumulated probabilities of major cardiac events were estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier curves. The Cox regression analysis (multivariate approach) was performed to determine the variables with independent prognostic value for the occurrence of cardiac events. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>According to the ultrasound criterion of MLA, 75 (43%) patients had nonimportant lesions and were clinically followed up (group 1), and 98 (57%) patients had severe lesions treated with stent implantation (group 2). </p>
      <p>No statistically significant difference in regard to the clinical characteristics was observed between the 2 groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>), only the presence of functional class III angina was significantly greater in group 2 patients than in group 1 patients (22% vs 2%; P = 0.03). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0003-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Patients in both groups had significant differences neither in the percentage of luminal stenosis [group 1: 48% (SD 7%) vs group 2: 53% (SD 6%); P = 0.06], nor in the minimum luminal diameter [group 1: 1.60 mm (SD 0.33) vs group 2: 1.52 mm (SD 0.36); P = 0.08]. This method did not allow differentiating the severity of the lesions between both groups. </p>
      <p>The major ultrasound results in the site of the target lesion are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0003-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>By the end of 24 months, 19 (11%) patients of our case series had major cardiac events as follows: 5 (7%) patients in group 1 and 4 (15%) patients in group 2; P = 0.09. The results in group 1 were as follows: no patient died; 2 patients had acute myocardial infarction due to progression of the target lesion, which already had aspects of vulnerability; and 3 patients required revascularization of the target lesion. On the other hand, the results in group 2 were as follows: 1 patient died due to a cardiac cause (acute myocardial infarction); 2 had nonfatal infarction; and 11 patients required new revascularization of the target lesion due to angiographic restenosis. </p>
      <p>The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that by the end of 24 months of evolution, 91% of the group 1 patients were free of major cardiac events, and, in 83% of the group 2 patients that decrease in the curve in the first year was mainly due to the need for new revascularization of the target lesion because of angiographic restenosis, a problem inherent to the coronary endoprosthesis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-spe-0003-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Fifteen clinical, angiographic, and ultrasound variables were chosen for inclusion in the univariate model, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, previous myocardial infarction, angina before hospitalization, vessel approached, site of the target lesion, minimum luminal diameter, percentage of vessel obstruction, lipid plaque, arterial remodeling, minimum luminal area, percentage of plaque obstruction, and percentage of obstruction of the minimum luminal area. When a multivariate model of logistic regression was used, the major variables independently responsible for the prognosis were as follows: presence of diabetes (OR = 3.17; 95% CI = 2.17-10.49; P = 0.006), functional class III angina (OR = 2.18; 95% CI = 1.02-8.41; P = 0.04), and ultrasound assessment of the severity of the minimum luminal area &gt; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup> (OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.39-0.89; P = 0.0123). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The quantitative analysis of the angiogram lacked discriminatory power to accurately define moderate lesions, which was only obtained after ultrasound assessment. Therefore, by using the ultrasound criterion of minimum luminal area <underline>&gt;</underline> 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup>, more than half (57%) of our patients with angiographically depicted moderate lesions had, in fact, significant lesions. At any rate, the information obtained by using intravascular ultrasound is purely anatomical and, particularly in the presence of moderate lesions, the pathophysiological repercussion needs to be known so that the most appropriate therapeutic approach may be chosen, based on the presence of ischemia. Therefore, the reason for choosing an anatomical or morphological criterion to manage those patients has to be clarified. </p>
      <p>The recent literature has shown that the physiological criteria of coronary flow reserve and flow reserve fraction may be safely used in deciding whether intervening or not in patients with moderate lesions, assuring a good late clinical result <sup>11-14</sup>. Therefore, the functional criteria proved to be useful for the clinical decision making process, although they are of difficult application in daily routine. </p>
      <p>In parallel, in a retrospective study including 300 patients with moderate lesions, revascularization was not indicated, based, mostly, on the verification of minimum luminal area <underline>&gt;</underline> 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup>. This demonstrates that that criterion is safe and has excellent late results, with 8% of overall cardiac events in the 13-month follow-up with an event-free survival of 92% <sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>Considering that the anatomical and functional criteria have a high degree of concordance and that the detection of the degree of stenosis is much simpler and accurate with the use of ultrasonography, the latter became the method chosen in our service for managing lesions that were of concern. </p>
      <p>Our results corroborate the correctness of that option. In the present prospective study, revascularization was also not chosen when the minimum luminal area was greater than 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup> (group 1). That strategy was safe, because only 5 (7%) patients in the group evolved with major cardiac events in a longer follow-up (24 months). On the other hand, patients with minimum luminal area &lt; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup> (group 2) had a safe evolution, with 14 (15%) cardiac events by the end of 2 years, considering that a group at greater risk, in which all patients had undergone implantation of coronary stents. Event-free survival was 82% in 2 years, comparable to that of patients undergoing stent implantation in the BENESTENT II study <sup>16</sup> (event-free survival of 84.3%), and, more recently, greater than that in the control group of the RAVEL study <sup>17</sup> (event-free survival of 70.9%). It is worth noting that most events in our case series (9/14 equal to 64%) were due to restenosis and revascularization of the target lesion. Currently, when interventional cardiology enters the era of drug-eluting stents, in which restenosis has been drastically controlled, the perspective of those patients is much more favorable, with an event-free survival probably greater than 90% <sup>18,19</sup>. </p>
      <p>The current guidelines recommend that percutaneous coronary interventions should be performed preceded by the objective evidence of myocardial ischemia. However, sometimes this does not occur due to multiple reasons. In the cases in which coronary angiography shows a moderate coronary lesion, and a noninvasive assessment of its functional meaning is not available, additional exploration of its severity or repercussion is essential for clinical decision making. We recommend, for the profile of patients included in this investigation, the use of the ultrasound criterion with assessment of the minimum luminal area, with a cutoff value of 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup>, which has guaranteed these patients, after the choice of appropriate treatment, a favorable long-term prognosis. In addition, if the patient with an intermediate lesion has symptoms or is diabetic, or both, a more strict assessment should be programmed, as well as a more careful late control. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the strategy for deciding on treatment by using the ultrasound criterion of minimum luminal area, with a cutoff value of 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup>, in patients with moderate lesions on coronary angiography should guarantee low rates of major cardiac events in both groups in a 24-month follow-up, with reduced revascularization rates, having the following predictive variables of major cardiac events: diabetes mellitus, functional class III angina, and minimum luminal area on intravascular ultrasound. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Andrea Claudia Le&#227;o de Sousa Abizaid</p>
          <p> Rua Dom Paulo Pedrosa, 673/72B </p>
          <p> Cep 05687-001 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="diretoriaidpc@uol.com.br">diretoriaidpc@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 06/10/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 08/03/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
