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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jQBM5HB8mqTT7QQ4kQpsxGf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001800009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001800009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aus&#234;ncia de efeito do captopril no metabolismo de uma emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica artificial semelhante aos quilom&#237;crons em pacientes hipertensos e hipercolesterol&#234;micos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Renato J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diament</surname>
            <given-names>Jayme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Am&#226;ncio</surname>
            <given-names>Ros&#226;ngela F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forti</surname>
            <given-names>Neusa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maranh&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Raul C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">InCor</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>508</fpage>
      <lpage>511</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do captopril, sobre o metabolismo dos quilom&#237;crons e de seus remanescentes e as poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es nas concentra&#231;&#245;es dos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos em hipertensos e hipercolesterol&#234;micos. M&#201;TODOS: O metabolismo dos quilom&#237;crons foi testado pelo m&#233;todo da emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica artificial de quilom&#237;crons marcada com 3H-oleato de colesterol, foi injetada intravenosamente em 10 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial leve-moderada antes e ap&#243;s 45 dias de tratamento com captopril (50 mg/dia). Ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o, foram coletadas amostras de sangue durante 60min em intervalos de tempo pr&#233;-estabelecidos para determinar a curva de decaimento e a taxa fracional de remo&#231;&#227;o (TFR em min-1), bem como o tempo de resid&#234;ncia no plasma, da emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica artificial, por an&#225;lise compartimental. As concentra&#231;&#245;es dos l&#237;pides do plasma tamb&#233;m foram avaliadas antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento. RESULTADOS: A taxa fracional de remo&#231;&#227;o (em min-1) da emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento com captopril (0,012&#177;0,003 e 0,011&#177;0,003, respectivamente; p=0,85, n.s.) ou o tempo de perman&#234;ncia da emuls&#227;o no plasma (83,3&#177;20,8 e 90,9&#177; 22,5 min, n.s.) n&#227;o se alteraram, mas os n&#237;veis de colesterol total e de LDL-c reduziram-se em 7% e 10% respectivamente (p=0,02). As concentra&#231;&#245;es de HDL-c, triglic&#233;rides, Lp(a) e apolipoprote&#237;nas AI e B n&#227;o se modificaram. CONCLUS&#195;O: O tratamento com captopril, avaliado pelo m&#233;todo da emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica artificial, n&#227;o provoca altera&#231;&#245;es delet&#233;rias no metabolismo dos quilom&#237;crons e seus remanescentes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>captopril</kwd>
        <kwd>quilom&#237;crons</kwd>
        <kwd>lipoprote&#237;nas</kwd>
        <kwd>metabolismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aus&#234;ncia de efeito do captopril no metabolismo de uma emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica artificial semelhante aos quilom&#237;crons em pacientes hipertensos e hipercolesterol&#234;micos</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Renato J. Alves; Jayme Diament; Ros&#226;ngela F. Am&#226;ncio; Neusa Forti; Raul C. Maranh&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p>Laborat&#243;rio de Metabolismo de L&#237;pides do InCor da Faculdade de Medicina da USP e Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas da USP. </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar o efeito do captopril, sobre o metabolismo dos quilom&#237;crons e de seus remanescentes e as poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es nas concentra&#231;&#245;es dos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos em hipertensos e hipercolesterol&#234;micos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>O metabolismo dos quilom&#237;crons foi testado pelo m&#233;todo da emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica artificial de quilom&#237;crons marcada com 3H-oleato de colesterol, foi injetada intravenosamente em 10 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial leve-moderada antes e ap&#243;s 45 dias de tratamento com captopril (50 mg/dia). Ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o, foram coletadas amostras de sangue durante 60min em intervalos de tempo pr&#233;-estabelecidos para determinar a curva de decaimento e a taxa fracional de remo&#231;&#227;o (TFR em min-1), bem como o tempo de resid&#234;ncia no plasma, da emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica artificial, por an&#225;lise compartimental. As concentra&#231;&#245;es dos l&#237;pides do plasma tamb&#233;m foram avaliadas antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A taxa fracional de remo&#231;&#227;o (em min-1) da emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento com captopril (0,012&#177;0,003 e 0,011&#177;0,003, respectivamente; p=0,85, n.s.) ou o tempo de perman&#234;ncia da emuls&#227;o no plasma (83,3&#177;20,8 e 90,9&#177; 22,5 min, n.s.) n&#227;o se alteraram, mas os n&#237;veis de colesterol total e de LDL-c reduziram-se em 7% e 10% respectivamente (p=0,02). As concentra&#231;&#245;es de HDL-c, triglic&#233;rides, Lp(a) e apolipoprote&#237;nas AI e B n&#227;o se modificaram. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O tratamento com captopril, avaliado pelo m&#233;todo da emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica artificial, n&#227;o provoca altera&#231;&#245;es delet&#233;rias no metabolismo dos quilom&#237;crons e seus remanescentes. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras chave: </bold>captopril, quilom&#237;crons, lipoprote&#237;nas, metabolismo</p>
    <p>O tratamento com alguns agentes anti-hipertensivos pode provocar altera&#231;&#245;es indesej&#225;veis no perfil lip&#237;dico, atenuando seus efeitos ben&#233;ficos anti-aterog&#234;nicos na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. Os efeitos dos anti-hipertensivos no perfil lip&#237;dico variam tanto na classe farmacol&#243;gica, quanto no f&#225;rmaco especificamente. Diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos, como a hidroclorotiazida e a clortalidona, e beta-bloqueadores n&#227;o cardiosseletivos e sem atividade simpaticomim&#233;tica intr&#237;nseca, como o propranolol, s&#227;o os principais agentes delet&#233;rios ao perfil lip&#237;dico<sup>1,2</sup>. Entre as altera&#231;&#245;es causadas por esses agentes est&#227;o o aumento nos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides e redu&#231;&#227;o de HDL-c. Por outro lado, inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (ECA), como o captopril, parecem ter efeito neutro no perfil lip&#237;dico, ou mesmo, melhor&#225;-lo em hipertensos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, por meio de redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de LDL-c e de colesterol total<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os quilom&#237;crons s&#227;o as lipoprote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas respons&#225;veis pelo transporte dos l&#237;pides da dieta absorvidos pelo intestino. Possuem a mesma via metab&#243;lica das VLDL produzidas pelo f&#237;gado. Semelhante &#224;s VLDL, os quilom&#237;crons s&#227;o submetidos &#224; a&#231;&#227;o da enzima lipase lipoprot&#233;ica na parede dos capilares. Esta enzima &#233; estimulada pela apolipoprote&#237;na (apo) CII, uma das apos presente na superf&#237;cie dos quilom&#237;crons. Os triglic&#233;rides das part&#237;culas de quilom&#237;crons sofrem hidr&#243;lise pela lipase lipoproteica, transformando-se em &#225;cidos graxos e glicerol, que ser&#227;o captados pelos tecidos muscular e adiposo, onde ser&#227;o armazenados ap&#243;s reesterifica&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s sofrer processo de lip&#243;lise, os quilom&#237;crons d&#227;o origem a part&#237;culas menores, os remanescentes de quilom&#237;crons. Estas part&#237;culas s&#227;o seq&#252;estradas no espa&#231;o de Disse e captadas por c&#233;lulas hep&#225;ticas, atrav&#233;s de receptores espec&#237;ficos, entre os quais os receptores de LDL e a prote&#237;na relacionada ao receptor de LDL (LRP)4. A apo E funciona como o principal ligante dos remanescentes de quilom&#237;crons aos receptores hep&#225;ticos<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os remanescentes de quilom&#237;crons s&#227;o considerados lipoprote&#237;nas aterog&#234;nicas e sua remo&#231;&#227;o mais lenta est&#225; diretamente relacionada com a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>6</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o deste metabolismo &#233; importante para o completo entendimento do metabolismo lip&#237;dico em hipertensos em uso de um determinado agente farmacol&#243;gico. Al&#233;m disso, os efeitos dos anti-hipertensivos no metabolismo dos quilom&#237;crons t&#234;m sido raramente investigados, devido dificuldade metodol&#243;gica. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, os efeitos do captopril, na remo&#231;&#227;o dos remanescentes de quilom&#237;crons da circula&#231;&#227;o, foram avaliados em um grupo de portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial leve-moderada e concomitante hipercolesterolemia, condi&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica muito comum; nesta, n&#227;o s&#243; o controle da press&#227;o arterial &#233; importante para reduzir o risco ateroscler&#243;tico, mas tamb&#233;m o controle da hipercolesterolemia e o aparecimento de outras condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nicas, como as altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo das lipoprote&#237;nas ricas em triglic&#233;rides e reten&#231;&#227;o dos remanescentes de quilom&#237;crons. O metabolismo intravascular dos quilom&#237;crons foi avaliado pela remo&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de uma emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica artificial rica em triglic&#233;rides, que simula o comportamento intravascular dos quilom&#237;crons. A emuls&#227;o, marcada com oleato de colesterol radioativo (3H-CO) e injetada intravenosamente ap&#243;s 12h de jejum, reflete a cin&#233;tica plasm&#225;tica dos remanescentes de quilom&#237;crons<sup>6</sup>, m&#233;todo que facilita o estudo metab&#243;lico destas lipoprote&#237;nas em seres humanos, ultrapassando o componente gastrointestinal e n&#227;o sendo afetado pela variabilidade individual da absor&#231;&#227;o intestinal. Esta emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica artificial tem sido usada para revelar dist&#250;rbios do metabolismo dos quilom&#237;crons em diversas doen&#231;as<sup>7,8,9</sup> e investigar efeitos de drogas hipolipemiantes neste metabolismo<sup>10,11</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 10 indiv&#237;duos (8 mulheres) com hipertens&#227;o arterial leve-moderada, idade 60,7 &#177; 2,2 anos, colesterolemia &gt; 240 mg/dL, triglic&#233;rides &lt; 200 mg/dL e glicemia de jejum &lt; 110 mg/dL. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela I</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes. O tratamento anti-hipertensivo foi interrompido 30 dias antes do estudo e o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial baseou-se no <italic>VI Joint National Committee</italic><sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0508-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o eram: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; diabetes mellitus; mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa; alcoolismo; disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, hep&#225;tica ou tireoideana; doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria aguda e neoplasia. Nenhum paciente recebeu terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal ou terapia hipolipemiante nos 6 meses que precederam o estudo. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes submeteram-se ao tratamento com captopril por 45 dias, na posologia de 25 mg em duas tomadas di&#225;rias (50 mg/dia). A cin&#233;tica plasm&#225;tica da emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica e a determina&#231;&#227;o dos l&#237;pides e apolipoprote&#237;nas do plasma foram realizados antes e ap&#243;s a terap&#234;utica com captopril. </p>
    <p>O protocolo foi aprovado pela comiss&#227;o cient&#237;fica e de &#233;tica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Facildade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e um consentimento escrito foi obtido de todos os participantes do estudo. </p>
    <p>Colesterol total e triglic&#233;rides foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico enzim&#225;tico (CHOD-PAP), Boeringher e Abbott respectivamente. Apolipoprote&#237;nas AI e B por imunodifus&#227;o radial (Boeringher) e Lp(a) por imunoturbidimetria. </p>
    <p> O metabolismo dos quilom&#237;crons foi avaliado pelo m&#233;todo da emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica artificial marcada com 3H-oleato de colesterol. O <italic>clearance</italic> do oleato de colesterol reflete a remo&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica das part&#237;culas da emuls&#227;o marcadas com o radiois&#243;topo, enquanto o "clearance" da triole&#237;na reflete o processo lipol&#237;tico. </p>
    <p>A emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica foi preparada por irradia&#231;&#227;o ultrass&#244;nica da mistura de l&#237;pides composta por 69% de triole&#237;na, 6% de oleato de colesterol, 23% de fosfol&#237;pides e 2% de colesterol livre em meio aquoso, com adi&#231;&#227;o de 3H-oleato de colesterol, seguido por ultracentrifuga&#231;&#227;o em gradiente de densidade salina, como descrito previamente<sup>13</sup>. Ap&#243;s, a emuls&#227;o foi esterilizada atrav&#233;s da passagem por um filtro de 0,2 mm. Cerca de 3 a 5 mg da emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica em um volume de aproximadamente 100 a 200 mL, contendo 4mci de oleato de colesterol, marcada com tr&#237;cio (3H-CO), foi injetada intravenosamente em bolus e amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos intervalos de tempo pr&#233;-estabelecidos. </p>
    <p>Al&#237;quotas de 1,0 mL de plasma foram pipetadas em frascos de cintila&#231;&#227;o. Acrescentou-se a esses frascos, 7,0 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o cintiladora PPO/POPOP/tritonX-100/tolueno (0,5g: 0,5g: 333 mL:/ 667mL) para a determina&#231;&#227;o da radioatividade presente nas amostras, utilizando-se um contador Beta (Packard, modelo 1660 TR, EUA). </p>
    <p> Amostras de sangue foram colhidas durante 60min, com intervalos de tempo pr&#233;-estabelecidos de 2,4,6,10,15,20,30,45 e 60min. A curva de decaimento plasm&#225;tico da radioatividade residual da emuls&#227;o foi determinada antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento com captopril, em fun&#231;&#227;o do tempo. A taxa fracional de remo&#231;&#227;o do &#233;ster de colesterol (TFR-CE), em min-1, que representa a fra&#231;&#227;o da part&#237;cula que &#233; removida do compartimento plasm&#225;tico, foi calculada por an&#225;lise compartimental, com aux&#237;lio de um programa computacional (AnaComp 4.1) desenvolvido para an&#225;lise da cin&#233;tica de emuls&#245;es artificiais<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p> A cin&#233;tica foi expressa tanto em TFR como em tempos de resid&#234;ncia no plasma, calculados por meio de 1/TFR. No modelo utilizado, demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>, foi avaliada a cin&#233;tica plasm&#225;tica dos componentes lip&#237;dicos radioativos. A partir desse modelo e com base no m&#233;todo dos m&#237;nimos quadrados n&#227;o linear, foram calculadas as TFR(K) do l&#237;pide marcado entre os compartimentos. Nesta figura, o compartimento n&#250;mero 1 representa a emuls&#227;o marcada com 3H-CE, introduzida no espa&#231;o intravascular; o K1,0 representa a fra&#231;&#227;o da emuls&#227;o que &#233; retirada do compartimento plasm&#225;tico por via n&#227;o espec&#237;fica; o K1,2 a fra&#231;&#227;o da emuls&#227;o que sofre a&#231;&#227;o da enzima lipase lipoprot&#233;ica, se transformando no remanescente de quilom&#237;cron, o qual &#233; representado pelo compartimento 2; o K2,0 a fra&#231;&#227;o do remanescente de quilom&#237;cron que &#233; removida do compartimento plasm&#225;tico, principalmente por capta&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0508-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A curva experimental do decaimento plasm&#225;tico da radioatividade do 3H-oleato de colesterol foi obtida colocando-se os valores brutos e percentuais da radioatividade residual plasm&#225;tica em um gr&#225;fico em fun&#231;&#227;o do tempo, por meio dos intervalos pr&#233;-estabelecidos acima. O resultado mostrou aspecto biexponencial da curva, que se caracteriza por queda r&#225;pida da radioatividade residual, o que representa a remo&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida das part&#237;culas. Ap&#243;s essa queda r&#225;pida, segue-se um decaimento plasm&#225;tico mais lento. Por fim, h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia a uma forma de plat&#244; da curva, ou at&#233; discreta eleva&#231;&#227;o, indicando que os componentes radioativos reciclam incorporados nas VLDL recentemente sintetizadas no f&#237;gado. </p>
    <p>O teste de Wilcoxon foi usado para compara&#231;&#227;o da TFR-CE, press&#227;o arterial e valores dos l&#237;pides do plasma antes e ap&#243;s a terap&#234;utica com captopril. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados significantes, adotando-se um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref> mostra que o tratamento com captopril reduziu os n&#237;veis de colesterol total e LDL-c em 7% e 10% respectivamente (p=0,02). Contudo, esta terap&#234;utica n&#227;o modificou os valores de HDL-c, triglic&#233;rides, Lp(a) e apolipoprote&#237;nas AI e B. </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref> exibe as curvas de decaimento plasm&#225;tico da radioatividade da emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica, obtidas antes e ap&#243;s do tratamento com captopril. N&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a nas duas curvas. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0508-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A TFR-CE e os tempos de resid&#234;ncia no plasma, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>, n&#227;o se alteraram ap&#243;s o tratamento (p=0,85). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; um dos mais importantes fatores de risco para a aterosclerose e a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, e seu tratamento tem se mostrado ben&#233;fico na preven&#231;&#227;o destas patologias. Como a dislipidemia est&#225; freq&#252;entemente associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial e tamb&#233;m &#233; um forte preditor de risco para a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, &#233; v&#225;lido assumirmos que f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos n&#227;o devam trazer efeitos indesej&#225;veis ao perfil lip&#237;dico. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, utilizando-se o teste da emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica artificial, demonstramos que o tratamento com um inibidor da ECA (captopril), em pacientes hipertensos e hipercolesterol&#234;micos e, portanto, com maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; aterosclerose, n&#227;o provoca reten&#231;&#227;o dos remanescentes de quilom&#237;crons (part&#237;culas aterog&#234;nicas) na circula&#231;&#227;o. Semelhante aos quilom&#237;crons secretados na linfa pelo intestino, o metabolismo da emuls&#227;o consiste de duas etapas: 1) lip&#243;lise pela enzima l&#237;pase lipoproteica; 2) remo&#231;&#227;o dos remanescentes de quilom&#237;crons pelo f&#237;gado. O colesterol esterificado da emuls&#227;o, que reproduz a cin&#233;tica plasm&#225;tica das part&#237;culas da emuls&#227;o, permanece no interior da part&#237;cula no compartimento plasm&#225;tico<sup>15</sup>, enquanto os triglic&#233;rides s&#227;o continuamente removidos das part&#237;culas da emuls&#227;o por a&#231;&#227;o da lipase lipoproteica, refletindo o processo lipol&#237;tico<sup>16</sup>. Neste trabalho, devido &#224; marca&#231;&#227;o radioativa ter sido feita apenas no &#233;ster de colesterol da emuls&#227;o, mas n&#227;o nos triglic&#233;rides, o processo lipol&#237;tico n&#227;o foi estudado. Por&#233;m, a dupla marca&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o seria necess&#225;ria: quando a lip&#243;lise est&#225; diminu&#237;da, as part&#237;culas da emuls&#227;o, semelhante aos quilom&#237;crons da linfa, s&#227;o removidas mais lentamente. Um eficiente processo de lip&#243;lise &#233; necess&#225;rio para uma eficaz remo&#231;&#227;o do plasma<sup>10,15,16</sup>. Como n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre a cin&#233;tica plasm&#225;tica do &#233;ster de colesterol da emuls&#227;o, podemos assumir que a lip&#243;lise tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se alterou com o tratamento. </p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que em pacientes normolipid&#234;micos com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, a remo&#231;&#227;o dos quilom&#237;crons do plasma est&#225; atenuada<sup>6,17,18</sup>. O papel dos remanescentes de quilom&#237;crons na aterog&#234;nese tem sido investigado<sup>19</sup> e a lipemia p&#243;s-prandial foi associada com a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em humanos, atrav&#233;s do teste de sobrecarga oral de gordura. Simpson e cols.<sup>20</sup>, Groot e cols.<sup>17</sup> e Patsch e cols.<sup>21</sup> registraram aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides p&#243;s-prandial e/ou vitamina A em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Simons e cols.<sup>18</sup> registraram eleva&#231;&#227;o de apoB48 em coronariopatas. Retinil &#233;ster e apoB48 (forma de apoB encontrada nos quilom&#237;crons) s&#227;o usados como marcadores de quilom&#237;crons na circula&#231;&#227;o. Maranh&#227;o e cols.<sup>6</sup>, utilizando a mesma emuls&#227;o lip&#237;dica empregada neste estudo para avaliar o metabolismo de quilom&#237;crons, encontraram remo&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da da circula&#231;&#227;o de ambos, &#233;ster de colesterol e triglic&#233;rides, indicando que tanto a lip&#243;lise quanto a remo&#231;&#227;o dos remanescentes est&#227;o diminu&#237;das nos pacientes que desenvolvem a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. </p>
    <p>Previamente, Iaina e cols.<sup>22</sup> demonstraram que a &#225;rea sob a curva da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica p&#243;s-prandial do retinil &#233;ster, usado como marcador dos remanescentes de quilom&#237;crons, foi reduzido ap&#243;s 25 a 75 mg/dia de captopril durante 3 meses. Esse achado sugere que a reten&#231;&#227;o de remanescentes de quilom&#237;crons no plasma diminuiu ap&#243;s o tratamento com captopril. Esse efeito &#233; possivelmente anti-aterog&#234;nico, como sugerido pela associa&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e remo&#231;&#227;o reduzida de remanescentes <sup>6,17,19</sup>. Em nosso estudo, embora o uso de captopril n&#227;o promovesse remo&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida dos remanescentes de quilom&#237;crons, a observa&#231;&#227;o de que a droga n&#227;o altera a cin&#233;tica dos remanescentes evidencia a seguran&#231;a deste f&#225;rmaco em rela&#231;&#227;o ao metabolismo de quilom&#237;crons. Adicionalmente, e como em outros estudos, esta terap&#234;utica resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de LDL-c, efeito anti-aterog&#234;nico muito bem documentado. O fato do captopril n&#227;o alterar os valores de triglic&#233;rides, HDL-c e Lp(a) tamb&#233;m evidencia que este agente n&#227;o &#233; delet&#233;rio ao perfil lip&#237;dico. </p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as encontradas entre nossos resultados e aqueles por Iaina e cols.<sup>22</sup> podem ser atribu&#237;dos ao fato dos pacientes deste estudo serem hipercolesterol&#234;micos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. Naquele estudo, os indiv&#237;duos supostamente apresentavam resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, como sugerido pelos n&#237;veis de glicose do plasma, que melhorou com o tratamento com captopril. Em nosso estudo, pacientes com glicemia em jejum <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 mg/dL eram exclu&#237;dos. </p>
    <p>Os prov&#225;veis mecanismos implicados na apresenta&#231;&#227;o destes resultados residem, primeiramente, no fato dos receptores de LDL, que se mostram defeituosos em presen&#231;a de hipercolesterolemia, tamb&#233;m serem os respons&#225;veis pela remo&#231;&#227;o dos remanescentes de quilom&#237;crons da circula&#231;&#227;o. Em segundo lugar, a a&#231;&#227;o da enzima enzima lipase lipoprot&#233;ica, resultando na gera&#231;&#227;o dos remanescentes, tamb&#233;m influencia a remo&#231;&#227;o dos quilom&#237;crons, e sua fun&#231;&#227;o &#233; dependente dos n&#237;veis de insulina<sup>23,24</sup>. Naquele estudo, a queda da resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, alcan&#231;ada pelo uso de captopril, poderia ter ocasionado a melhora na depura&#231;&#227;o do retinil palmitato. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, neste trabalho, o captopril, na posologia de 50 mg/dia, administrado a pacientes hipertensos e hipercolesterol&#234;micos, n&#227;o alterou o metabolismo dos quilom&#237;crons e seus remanescentes nem provocou altera&#231;&#245;es prejudiciais nos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos e apolipoprote&#237;nas AI e B. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Raul C. Maranh&#227;o </p>
        <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do HC-FMUSP </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> Cep 05423-000 S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ramarans@usp.br">ramarans@usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em: 07/08/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em: 05/05/2004</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Lack of effect of captopril on the metabolism of an artificial lipid emulsion similar to chylomicrons in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, on the metabolism of chylomicrons and their remnants and the possible alterations in the concentrations of plasma lipids caused by the drug in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic individuals. METHODS: The metabolism of chylomicrons was tested with the method of artificial lipid emulsion of chylomicrons labeled with &#179;H-cholesteryl oleate. The emulsion was injected intravenously in 10 patients with mild-moderate arterial hypertension before and 45 days after treatment with captopril (50 mg/day). After injection, blood samples were collected during 60 minutes at pre-established time intervals for determining the decay curve, the fractional catabolic rate (FCR in min-1), and the plasma residence time of the artificial lipid emulsion by analyzing different compartments. The plasma concentrations of the lipids were also assessed before and after treatment. RESULTS: The fractional catabolic rate (min-1) of the lipid emulsion before and after treatment with captopril (0.012&#177;0.003 and 0.011&#177;0.003, respectively; p=0.85, n.s.) and the plasma residence time of the emulsion (83.3&#177;20.8 and 90.9&#177;22.5 min, n.s.) did not change, but the total cholesterol and LDL-C levels decreased by 7% and 10%, respectively (p=0.02). The concentrations of HDL-C, triglycerides, Lp(a), and apolipoproteins AI and B did not change. CONCLUSION: Treatment with captopril, evaluated with the artificial lipid emulsion method, does not cause deleterious changes in the metabolism of chylomicrons and their remnants.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>captopril</kwd>
        <kwd>chylomicrons</kwd>
        <kwd>lipoproteins</kwd>
        <kwd>metabolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Lack of effect of captopril on the metabolism of an artificial lipid emulsion similar to chylomicrons in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic patients</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Renato J. Alves; Jayme Diament; Ros&#226;ngela F. Am&#226;ncio; Neusa Forti; Raul C. Maranh&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
      <p>Laborat&#243;rio de Metabolismo de L&#237;pides do InCor of the Faculdade de Medicina da USP and Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas da USP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the effect of captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, on the metabolism of chylomicrons and their remnants and the possible alterations in the concentrations of plasma lipids caused by the drug in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic individuals.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The metabolism of chylomicrons was tested with the method of artificial lipid emulsion of chylomicrons labeled with <sup>3</sup>H-cholesteryl oleate. The emulsion was injected intravenously in 10 patients with mild-moderate arterial hypertension before and 45 days after treatment with captopril (50 mg/day). After injection, blood samples were collected during 60 minutes at pre-established time intervals for determining the decay curve, the fractional catabolic rate (FCR in min<sup>-1</sup>), and the plasma residence time of the artificial lipid emulsion by analyzing different compartments. The plasma concentrations of the lipids were also assessed before and after treatment.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The fractional catabolic rate (min<sup>-1</sup>) of the lipid emulsion before and after treatment with captopril (0.012&#177;0.003 and 0.011&#177;0.003, respectively; p=0.85, n.s.) and the plasma residence time of the emulsion (83.3&#177;20.8 and 90.9&#177;22.5 min, n.s.) did not change, but the total cholesterol and LDL-C levels decreased by 7% and 10%, respectively (p=0.02). The concentrations of HDL-C, triglycerides, Lp(a), and apolipoproteins AI and B did not change.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Treatment with captopril, evaluated with the artificial lipid emulsion method, does not cause deleterious changes in the metabolism of chylomicrons and their remnants. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>captopril, chylomicrons, lipoproteins, metabolism</p>
      <p>Treatment with some antihypertensive agents may cause unwanted changes in the lipid profile, attenuating their beneficial antiatherogenic effects of blood pressure reduction. The effects of antihypertensive drugs on lipid profile vary with both the pharmacological class and the drug specifically. Thiazide diuretics, such as hydrochlorothiazide and chlortalidone, and noncardioselective beta-blockers without sympathomimetic activity, such as propranolol, are major deleterious agents to the lipid profile <sup>1,2</sup>. The increase in triglyceride levels and a reduction in HDL-C are 2 alterations caused by those agents. On the other hand, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, such as captopril, seem to have a neutral effect on lipid profile, or even, to improve it in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic individuals due to a reduction in the LDL-C and total cholesterol levels <sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Chylomicrons are the plasma lipoproteins responsible for the transportation of dietary lipids absorbed through the intestine. They have the same metabolic pathway of the VLDL produced by the liver. Similarly to VLDL, chylomicrons undergo lipoprotein lipase activity in capillary walls. That enzyme is stimulated by the apolipoprotein (apo) CII, one of the apos present on the surface of chylomicrons. The triglycerides of the chylomicron particles undergo hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase, transforming into fatty acids and glycerol, which are absorbed by muscle and fatty tissues, where they are stored after re-esterification. </p>
      <p>After lipolysis, the chylomicrons become smaller particles, the remnants of chylomicrons. These particles are sequestered in the Disse space and absorbed by liver cells, through specific receptors, among which are the LDL receptors and the LDL-receptor-related protein (LRP) <sup>4</sup>. ApoE functions as the major ligand of the chylomicron remnants to liver receptors <sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>The chylomicron remnants are considered atherogenic lipoproteins and their slower removal is directly related to coronary artery disease <sup>6</sup>. Assessment of that metabolism is important for the complete understanding of the lipid metabolism in hypertensive individuals using a certain pharmacological agent. In addition, the effects of antihypertensive drugs on chylomicron metabolism have been only rarely investigated due to methodological difficulty. </p>
      <p>In this study, the effects of captopril on the removal of chylomicron remnants from the circulation were evaluated in a group of individuals with mild-moderate arterial hypertension and concomitant hypercholesterolemia. That is a very common pathological condition, in which not only blood pressure control is important to reduce the atherosclerotic risk, but also hypercholesterolemia control and appearance of other pro-atherogenic conditions, such as alterations in the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and retention of chylomicron remnants. The intravascular metabolism of chylomicrons was assessed through the plasma removal of an artificial triglyceride-rich lipid emulsion, which simulates the intravascular behavior of chylomicrons. The emulsion, labeled with radioactive cholesteryl oleate (<sup>3</sup>H-CO) and intravenously injected after a 12-hour fast, reflects the plasma kinetics of the chylomicron remnants <sup>6</sup>. The method facilitates the metabolic study of those lipoproteins in human beings, overcoming the gastrointestinal component and not being affected by the individual variability of intestinal absorption. That artificial lipid emulsion has been used to evidence disorders in the metabolism of chylomicrons in several diseases <sup>7-9</sup> and to investigate the effects of lipid-lowering drugs on that metabolism <sup>10,11</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study comprised 10 individuals (8 females) with mild-moderate arterial hypertension, aged 60.7 &#177; 2.2 years, cholesterolemia &gt; 240 mg/dL, triglycerides &lt; 200 mg/dL, and fasting glycemia &lt; 110 mg/dL. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> shows the characteristics of the patients. The antihypertensive treatment was interrupted 30 days before the study, and the diagnosis of arterial hypertension was based on the VI report of the Joint National Committee <sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0508-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: coronary heart disease; diabetes mellitus; premenopausal women; alcoholism; renal, hepatic or thyroid dysfunction; acute inflammatory disease; and neoplasia. No patient received hormone replacement therapy or lipid-lowering therapy in the 6 months preceding the study. </p>
      <p>The patients underwent treatment with captopril for 45 days, at the dosage of 25 mg, twice a day (50 mg/day). The plasma kinetics of the lipid emulsion and the determination of the plasma levels of lipids and apolipoproteins were performed before and after therapy with captopril. </p>
      <p>The study protocol was approved by the scientific committee on ethics of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the medical school of the University of S&#227;o Paulo, and all patients provided written informed consent. </p>
      <p>Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined through the enzyme colorimetric method (CHOD-PAP), Boeringher and Abbott, respectively. Apolipoproteins AI and B were measured by radial immunodiffusion (Boeringher), and Lp(a) by immunoturbidimetry. </p>
      <p>The metabolism of chylomicrons was assessed by using the method of artificial lipid emulsion labeled with <sup>3</sup>H-cholesteryl oleate. The clearance of cholesteryl oleate reflects the plasma removal of the emulsion particles labeled with radionuclide, while the triolein clearance reflects the lipolytic process. </p>
      <p>The lipid emulsion was prepared with ultrasound radiation of the lipid mixture composed by triolein, 69%; cholesteryl oleate, 6%; phospholipids, 23%; and free cholesterol, 2%, in an aqueous medium with the addition of <sup>3</sup>H-cholesteryl oleate, and followed by ultracentrifugation in a saline-density gradient, as previously described <sup>13</sup>. Then, the emulsion was sterilized by passage through a 0.2-mm filter. Approximately 3 to 5 mg of the lipid emulsion in an approximate volume of 100 to 200 mL, containing 4mci of tritium-labeled cholesteryl oleate (<sup>3</sup>H-CO), was intravenously injected in bolus. Blood samples were collected at pre-established time intervals. </p>
      <p>Aliquots of 1.0 mL of plasma were pipeted in scintillation tubes. Then, 7.0 mL of the PPO/POPOP/tritonX-100/toluen scintillation solution (0.5g: 0.5g: 333 mL:/ 667 mL) were added to determine the radioactivity present in the samples by using a Beta counter (Packard, model 1660 TR, USA). </p>
      <p>Blood samples were collected for 60 minutes at pre-established time intervals of 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. The plasma decay curve of residual radioactivity of the emulsion was determined before and after treatment with captopril as a function of time. The fractional catabolic rate of the cholesteryl ester (FCR-CE), in min<sup>-1</sup>, representing the fraction of the particle that is extracted from the plasma compartment, was calculated through analysis of the compartments with the aid of a computer program (AnaComp 4.1) developed for analyzing the kinetics of artificial emulsions<sup> 14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The kinetics was expressed in FCR and in plasma residence times, calculated as 1/FCR. In the model used, shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>, the plasma kinetics of the radioactive lipid components was assessed. From that model and based on the method of the nonlinear minimum square, the FCR(K) of the labeled lipid was calculated between the compartments. In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>, compartment number 1 represents the emulsion labeled with <sup>3</sup>H-CO introduced into the intravascular space; K1.0 represents the fraction of the emulsion that is extracted from the plasma compartment through a nonspecific pathway; K1.2 represents the fraction of the emulsion that undergoes lipoprotein lipase activity, transforming into the chylomicron remnant, which is represented by compartment 2; K2.0 represents the fraction of the chylomicron remnant that is extracted from the plasma compartment, mainly through hepatic uptake. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0508-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The experimental decay curve of plasma radioactivity of cholesteryl oleate (<sup>3</sup>H-CO) was obtained by plotting the raw and percentage values of the residual plasma radioactivity in a graph as a function of time, at the above pre-established time intervals. The result showed the double exponential aspect of the curve that is characterized by a rapid drop in residual radioactivity, representing the fast removal of the particles. After this fast drop, slower plasma decay follows. Finally, a trend towards a plateau occurs, or even mild elevation, indicating that the radioactive components recycle becoming incorporated into the VLDL recently synthesized in the liver. </p>
      <p>The Wilcoxon test was used to compare FCR-CE, blood pressure and plasma lipid levels before and after therapy with captopril. Values P&lt;0.05 were considered significant, adopting the 95% confidence interval. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> shows that the treatment with captopril reduced the total cholesterol and LDL-C levels by 7% and 10%, respectively (P=0.02). However, this therapy did not change the levels of HDL-C, triglycerides, Lp(a), and apolipoproteins AI and B. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> depicts the decay curves of plasma radioactivity of the lipid emulsion obtained before and after treatment with captopril. No difference was observed between the 2 curves. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0508-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The plasma residence times and FCR-CE shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref> did not change after treatment (P=0.85). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension is one of the major risk factors for atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, and its treatment has proved to be beneficial for preventing those pathologies. Because dyslipidemia has been frequently associated with arterial hypertension, being also a strong risk predictor of coronary artery disease, one could assume that antihypertensive drugs should not have unwanted effects on lipid profile. </p>
      <p>This study, using the artificial lipid emulsion test, showed that treatment with an ACE inhibitor (captopril) in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic patients, and, therefore, with a greater predisposition to atherosclerosis, does not cause retention of chylomicron remnants (atherogenic particles) into the bloodstream. Similarly to the chylomicron secretion in the lymph by the intestine, the emulsion metabolism consists of 2 stages: 1) lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase; 2) removal of chylomicron remnants by the liver. The esterified cholesterol of the emulsion, which reproduces the plasma kinetics of the emulsion particles, remains inside the particle in the plasma compartment <sup>15</sup>, while the triglycerides are continuously removed from the emulsion particles by the lipoprotein lipase activity, reflecting the lipolytic process <sup>16</sup>. In this study, because the radioactive labeling was performed only on the cholesterol ester of the emulsion, but not on the triglycerides, the lipolytic process was not studied. However, double labeling would not be necessary. When lipolysis is reduced, the emulsion particles, similarly to chylomicrons in the lymph, are more slowly removed. An efficient process of lipolysis is required for an effective removal from the plasma <sup>10,15,16</sup>. As no difference was observed in the plasma kinetics of the cholesterol ester in the emulsion, one may assume that lipolysis did not also change with treatment. </p>
      <p>It is worth stressing that in normolipidemic patients with coronary artery disease, chylomicron removal from the plasma is attenuated <sup>6,17,18</sup>. The role played by chylomicron remnants in atherogenesis has been investigated <sup>19 </sup>and postprandial lipemia has been associated with coronary artery disease in humans through the oral fat overload test. Simpson et al <sup>20</sup>, Groot et al <sup>17</sup>, and Patsch et al <sup>21</sup> reported an increase in the postprandial concentration of triglycerides or vitamin A, or both, in patients with coronary artery disease. Simons et al <sup>18</sup> reported an elevation in apoB48 in patients with coronary artery disease. Retinyl ester and apoB48 (apoB form found in chylomicrons) are used as markers of chylomicrons in the bloodstream. Maranh&#227;o et al <sup>6</sup>, using the same lipid emulsion used in this study for assessing the metabolism of chylomicrons, found a decreased removal of cholesteryl ester and triglycerides from the bloodstream, indicating that both lipolysis and removal of the remnants are decreased in patients who develop coronary artery disease. </p>
      <p>Previously, Iaina et al <sup>22</sup> reported that the area under the curve of postprandial plasma concentration of retinyl ester, used as a marker of chylomicron remnants, was reduced after 25 to 75 mg/day of captopril for 3 months. This finding suggests that the retention of chylomicron remnants in plasma decreases after treatment with captopril. This effect may be antiatherogenic, as suggested by the association between coronary artery disease and reduced removal of remnants in the literature <sup>6,17,19</sup>. Although the use of captopril did not cause faster removal of chylomicron remnants in our study, the result that the drug does not change the kinetics of the remnants evidences the safety of the drug in regard to the chylomicron metabolism. In addition, and as in other studies, that therapy resulted in a reduction of the LDL-C levels, which is a very well-documented antiatherogenic effect. The fact that captopril does not alter the levels of triglycerides, HDL-C, and Lp(a) also evidences that that agent is not deleterious to the lipid profile. </p>
      <p>The differences found between our results and those by Iaina et al <sup>22</sup> may be attributed to the fact that this study's patients are hypercholesterolemic and nondiabetic. In the study by Iaina et al <sup>22</sup>, the individuals might have insulin resistance, as suggested by the glucose plasma levels, which improved with treatment with captopril. In our study, the patients with fasting glycemia <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 mg/dL were excluded. </p>
      <p>The mechanisms that may be implicated in these results reside primarily in the fact that the LDL receptors, which proved to be defective in the presence of hypercholesterolemia, are also responsible for the removal of chylomicron remnants from the circulation. Secondly, the action of lipoprotein lipase, resulting in the generation of remnants, also influences chylomicron removal, and its function depends on the insulin levels <sup>23,24</sup>. In the above-cited study, the decrease in insulin resistance achieved with captopril use, could have caused the improvement in the clearance of retinyl palmitate. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the treatment with captopril at the dosage of 50 mg/day administered to hypertensive hypercholesterolemic patients neither changed the metabolism of chylomicrons and their remnants nor caused deleterious changes in plasma lipids and apolipoproteins AI and B. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Raul C. Maranh&#227;o </p>
          <p> InCor </p>
          <p> Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
          <p> Cep 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ramarans@usp.br">ramarans@usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 08/07/2003 </p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 05/05/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
