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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YTD5mRJ44m64NwQT6bxr9Gb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001800008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001800008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Origem an&#244;mala de uma art&#233;ria pulmonar da aorta ascendente: resolu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar com a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Manuel Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>498</fpage>
      <lpage>502</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Enfatizar a possibilidade diagn&#243;stica da origem an&#244;mala de uma art&#233;ria pulmonar da aorta ascendente, em lactentes com quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca clinicamente intrat&#225;vel e sem defeito estrutural intracard&#237;aco. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo retrospectivo em quatro lactentes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca intrat&#225;vel, submetidos a estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico bidimensional com cortes subcostal, supraesternal e paraesternal, e a estudo hemodin&#226;mico e angiocardiogr&#225;fico na proje&#231;&#227;o &#226;ntero-posterior. RESULTADOS: Tr&#234;s dos quatro lactentes tinham a art&#233;ria pulmonar direita originando-se da aorta ascendente, como diagn&#243;stico principal. No quarto paciente a art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda originava-se da aorta ascendente associada &#224; ampla comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular. Os lactentes tinham press&#227;o em ambas art&#233;rias pulmonares em n&#237;vel sist&#234;mico. Todos foram submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico que consistiu na transloca&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar an&#244;mala da aorta. N&#227;o houve &#243;bitos card&#237;acos imediatos ou tardios. CONCLUS&#195;O: Uma vez estabelecido o diagn&#243;stico de origem an&#244;mala de art&#233;ria pulmonar da aorta ascendente, na forma isolada, a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica dever&#225; ser prontamente realizada, n&#227;o s&#243; pelo desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar, como pelos excelentes resultados cir&#250;rgicos atualmente obtidos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>art&#233;ria pulmonar an&#244;mala</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar obstrutiva</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatia cong&#234;nita acian&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>hiperfluxo sist&#234;mico pulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Origem an&#244;mala de uma art&#233;ria pulmonar da aorta ascendente. Resolu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar com a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos; Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
    <p>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Enfatizar a possibilidade diagn&#243;stica da origem an&#244;mala de uma art&#233;ria pulmonar da aorta ascendente, em lactentes com quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca clinicamente intrat&#225;vel e sem defeito estrutural intracard&#237;aco. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo retrospectivo em quatro lactentes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca intrat&#225;vel, submetidos a estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico bidimensional com cortes subcostal, supraesternal e paraesternal, e a estudo hemodin&#226;mico e angiocardiogr&#225;fico na proje&#231;&#227;o &#226;ntero-posterior. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Tr&#234;s dos quatro lactentes tinham a art&#233;ria pulmonar direita originando-se da aorta ascendente, como diagn&#243;stico principal. No quarto paciente a art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda originava-se da aorta ascendente associada &#224; ampla comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular. Os lactentes tinham press&#227;o em ambas art&#233;rias pulmonares em n&#237;vel sist&#234;mico. Todos foram submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico que consistiu na transloca&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar an&#244;mala da aorta. N&#227;o houve &#243;bitos card&#237;acos imediatos ou tardios. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Uma vez estabelecido o diagn&#243;stico de origem an&#244;mala de art&#233;ria pulmonar da aorta ascendente, na forma isolada, a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica dever&#225; ser prontamente realizada, n&#227;o s&#243; pelo desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar, como pelos excelentes resultados cir&#250;rgicos atualmente obtidos. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>art&#233;ria pulmonar an&#244;mala, doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar obstrutiva, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita acian&#243;tica, hiperfluxo sist&#234;mico pulmonar</p>
    <p>A origem de uma art&#233;ria pulmonar da aorta ascendente &#233; uma malforma&#231;&#227;o rara e freq&#252;entemente fatal sem corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica precoce. Sua primeira descri&#231;&#227;o se deve a Fraentzel em 1868 <sup>1</sup>. A origem da art&#233;ria pulmonar direita ou, menos freq&#252;entemente, da art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda ocorre na presen&#231;a de v&#225;lvulas a&#243;rtica e pulmonar separadas e devem ser diferenciadas do <italic>truncus arteriosus</italic> nos quais as art&#233;rias pulmonares se originam da aorta ascendente, por&#233;m em presen&#231;a de uma v&#225;lvula semilunar comum. </p>
    <p>A origem de uma art&#233;ria pulmonar da aorta ascendente &#233; respons&#225;vel por um grande <italic>shunt</italic> esquerdo-direito ao n&#237;vel sist&#234;mico pulmonar. </p>
    <p>O pulm&#227;o contralateral recebe todo o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, al&#233;m do eventual fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo de anomalias associadas, como o <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic>, janela a&#243;rtico pulmonar, comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial e comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, que podem ocorrer em, aproximadamente, 40% dos casos<sup>2-4</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica costuma ocorrer no lactente e, mais raramente, no rec&#233;m nascido por apresentar resist&#234;ncia pulmonar elevada, na forma de desconforto respirat&#243;rio ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva <sup>5-10</sup>. O diagn&#243;stico poder&#225; ser feito pelo ecocardiograma 2D com Doppler<sup>11,12</sup>. Informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais s&#227;o obtidas pelo cateterismo card&#237;aco e pela cineangiocardiografia <sup>5</sup>. Sem a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, no primeiro ano de vida, poder&#225; haver desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar em ambos os pulm&#245;es, independentemente da origem an&#244;mala direita ou esquerda da art&#233;ria pulmonar. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0498-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo retrospectivo de quatro portadores de origem an&#244;mala de uma art&#233;ria pulmonar da aorta ascendente. A idade variou de 2 a 6 meses e tr&#234;s eram do sexo masculino. Na apresenta&#231;&#227;o, todos se encontravam em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, clinicamente intrat&#225;vel, e acian&#243;ticos. Todos foram submetidos ao estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico bidimensional e color Doppler. Os cortes mais freq&#252;entemente utilizados, foram: supraesternal, subcostal alongado e o paraesternal transversal. No estudo hemodin&#226;mico procurou-se determinar as press&#245;es em ambas as art&#233;rias pulmonares e na aorta. No estudo angiogr&#225;fico realizou-se inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste no ventr&#237;culo direito em &#226;ntero-posterior, bem como no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e na aorta, tamb&#233;m na mesma incid&#234;ncia. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a determina&#231;&#227;o das resist&#234;ncias das art&#233;rias pulmonares nem da aorta por problemas t&#233;cnicos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos quatro pacientes, tr&#234;s tiveram o diagn&#243;stico de origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria pulmonar direita da aorta ascendente, feito somente pelo estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). O estudo angiogr&#225;fico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>) confirmou a anomalia principal e, em dois pacientes, a anomalia secund&#225;ria era uma pequena comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial e no outro paciente, um <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> persistente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab.II</xref>). A origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda da aorta ascendente foi diagnosticada atrav&#233;s de estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>) e teve seu diagn&#243;stico confirmado pelo estudo cineangiocardiogr&#225;fico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). Este paciente apresentava, como anomalia secund&#225;ria, a presen&#231;a de uma ampla comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular. A avalia&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica realizada nos quatro pacientes evidenciou press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica na art&#233;ria pulmonar an&#244;mala bem como na contra-lateral (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0498-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0498-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0498-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0498-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0498-00008-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0498-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em nenhum dos quatro pacientes foi observado, ao estudo angiogr&#225;fico ou press&#243;rico, a presen&#231;a de estenoses na origem ou no trajeto da art&#233;ria pulmonar an&#244;mala, bem como na contra-lateral. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico corretivo, utilizando a transloca&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar an&#244;mala da aorta. </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica utilizada consistiu no estabelecimento de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, pin&#231;amento da aorta e infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o cristal&#243;ide de cardioplegia gelada. A seguir, a art&#233;ria pulmonar an&#244;mala era seccionada junto &#224; aorta e estabelecida uma anastomose t&#233;rmino-lateral entre a art&#233;ria pulmonar an&#244;mala e o tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar. No paciente com origem an&#244;mala de uma art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda da aorta ascendente, a comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (18mm) foi corrigida com <italic>patch</italic> de peric&#225;rdio bovino. N&#227;o houve &#243;bito imediato ou tardio, com exce&#231;&#227;o da paciente n&#250;mero 1 em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de acidente dois anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a transloca&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar an&#244;mala houve em todos os pacientes normaliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o em ambas as art&#233;rias pulmonares. O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, excluiu a presen&#231;a de estenoses no local da anastomose. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A origem an&#244;mala de uma art&#233;ria pulmonar da aorta ascendente &#233; entidade definida e bem reconhecida <sup>7</sup>. &#201; uma malforma&#231;&#227;o completamente distinta daquelas em que as art&#233;rias pulmonares se originam da aorta via <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> ou s&#227;o supridas atrav&#233;s de colaterais entre as art&#233;rias sist&#234;micas e pulmonares <sup>13</sup>. A morfologia da art&#233;ria pulmonar an&#244;mala &#233; constante. Ela se origina na parede da aorta ascendente, 5-30mm acima da jun&#231;&#227;o ventr&#237;culo-arterial <sup>14</sup>. Kutsche e Van Mierop <sup>3</sup>, em estudo multi-institucional sobre a patog&#234;nese e anomalias associadas de 108 casos, descrevem que raramente a art&#233;ria pulmonar direita se origina na por&#231;&#227;o lateral da aorta ascendente justa proximal ao tronco braquiocef&#225;lico direito. A incid&#234;ncia da origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria pulmonar direita n&#227;o s&#243; &#233; mais freq&#252;ente, como tamb&#233;m n&#227;o est&#225; patogenicamente relacionada &#224; origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda. Tamb&#233;m a origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria pulmonar direita que se origina pr&#243;ximo ao tronco braquiocef&#225;lico direito &#233; patogenicamente distinta do tipo que se origina pr&#243;xima &#224; valva a&#243;rtica <sup>3</sup>. Acreditam os autores que a origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda da aorta ascendente seja patogenicamente uma anomalia do arco a&#243;rtico, j&#225; que em todos os casos por eles estudados estavam associados &#224; tetralogia de Fallot, anomalias do arco a&#243;rtico ou ambas as situa&#231;&#245;es. No nosso &#250;nico caso (paciente n&#186; 2) a &#250;nica malforma&#231;&#227;o associada foi uma comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular. Exceto nos pacientes que apresentam a tetralogia de Fallot, como defeito associado, o tamanho da art&#233;ria an&#244;mala e da art&#233;ria pulmonar contralateral &#233; igual. </p>
    <p> A primeira corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica com sucesso foi realizada por Armer e cols. em 1961, utilizando um <italic>graft</italic> de dacron colocado entre a art&#233;ria pulmonar direita e o tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar <sup>15</sup>. Kirkpatrick e cols. realizaram a primeira corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica com a transloca&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar direita para o tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar <sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico pode ser feito pela ecocardiografia bidimensional<sup>11,12</sup>, atrav&#233;s de cortes supraesternais quando existe um vaso originando-se, posteriormente da aorta ascendente. Nesses casos deve-se excluir a possibilidade de janela aorto-pulmonar e <italic>truncus arteriosus</italic>. Sendo assim, &#233; necess&#225;rio que n&#227;o exista a bifurca&#231;&#227;o normal do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar. Em situa&#231;&#245;es nas quais a art&#233;ria pulmonar an&#244;mala se origina da face lateral da aorta ascendente, os cortes subcostais permitem o diagn&#243;stico com bastante seguran&#231;a <sup>16</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, uma an&#225;lise cuidadosa da fisiopatologia do pulm&#227;o direito, do esquerdo e do ventr&#237;culo direito torna-se necess&#225;ria. Quando a origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria pulmonar direita ou esquerda n&#227;o est&#225; associada a defeitos intracard&#237;acos, existir&#227;o dois circuitos pulmonares separados, n&#227;o paralelos, com fluxo e resist&#234;ncia independentes<sup>17</sup>. Considerando, inicialmente, o pulm&#227;o direito, existir&#227;o press&#245;es sist&#234;micas na art&#233;ria pulmonar direita e um fluxo que depender&#225; da resist&#234;ncia do sistema vascular pulmonar direito com elevada press&#227;o. No pulm&#227;o esquerdo, o fluxo pulmonar ser&#225; igual ao do retorno venoso sist&#234;mico. Varia&#231;&#245;es na resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar esquerda ser&#227;o transmitidas ao ventr&#237;culo direito e, consequentemente, ao d&#233;bito card&#237;aco total. As raz&#245;es para justificar a eleva&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar esquerda n&#227;o s&#227;o claramente entendidas; n&#227;o parecem decorrer do aumento isolado do fluxo pulmonar, j&#225; que em pacientes com aus&#234;ncia cong&#234;nita de um pulm&#227;o e que tamb&#233;m t&#234;m um ventr&#237;culo direito manuseando todo o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco n&#227;o se observam maiores eleva&#231;&#245;es da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar em seu &#250;nico pulm&#227;o <sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>Com exce&#231;&#227;o do fluxo, outros fatores que poder&#227;o modificar a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar seriam: 1) anatomia arterial pulmonar, como di&#226;metro, n&#250;mero e distribui&#231;&#227;o de seus vasos; 2) tonus vascular e 3) reologia sang&#252;&#237;nea. Nos nossos pacientes n&#227;o existiam evid&#234;ncias de elementos sang&#252;&#237;neos anormais que poderiam afetar as caracter&#237;sticas de fluxo normal. Tamb&#233;m as obstru&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas foram afastadas pela determina&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o capilar pulmonar encunhada. </p>
    <p>A t&#237;tulo de especula&#231;&#227;o, &#233; poss&#237;vel que os eventos fisiopatol&#243;gicos no pulm&#227;o direito tenham sido produzidos por reflexos neurovasculares e/ou mediadores vasoativos humorais &#150; resist&#234;ncia excessiva no pulm&#227;o esquerdo. Essas indaga&#231;&#245;es justificariam a queda de press&#227;o na art&#233;ria pulmonar (independentemente se a art&#233;ria pulmonar an&#244;mala fosse direita ou esquerda), imediatamente ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Assim, o retorno imediato da press&#227;o arterial na art&#233;ria pulmonar favoreceria um mecanismo reflexo, muito embora um fator humoral n&#227;o possa ser afastado. N&#227;o obstante todas essas considera&#231;&#245;es, o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar parece ser o fator cr&#237;tico no desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar, j&#225; que os pacientes que apresentam tetralogia de Fallot como defeito associado evidenciam somente altera&#231;&#245;es unilaterais. </p>
    <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar nos trouxe alguma dificuldade no diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico no paciente com origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda da aorta ascendente, j&#225; que o paciente apresentava tamb&#233;m como defeito associado, uma ampla comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular. Entretanto, com o estudo angiocardiogr&#225;fico ele foi estabelecido. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da bi&#243;psia pulmonar n&#227;o trouxe maiores informa&#231;&#245;es na diferencia&#231;&#227;o vascular pulmonar entre o pulm&#227;o anormalmente perfundido e o contralateral<sup>5,19</sup>. Entretanto outros investigadores encontraram maiores altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares no pulm&#227;o contralateral <sup>20,21</sup>. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es foram atribu&#237;das ao elevado fluxo de sangue totalmente oxigenado no pulm&#227;o anormalmente perfundido. </p>
    <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica precoce, preferencialmente antes dos 12 meses de vida, &#233; muito importante no sentido de impedir o poss&#237;vel desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar irrevers&#237;vel<sup>22</sup>. Nos pacientes nos quais a origem an&#244;mala &#233; um achado isolado, a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica deveria ser considerada t&#227;o logo estabelecido o diagn&#243;stico, preferencialmente antes dos seis meses (em decorr&#234;ncia do poss&#237;vel desenvolvimento precoce da doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar). A corre&#231;&#227;o poder&#225; ser realizada com ou sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea dependendo das dificuldades t&#233;cnicas encontradas durante o procedimento<sup>13,14</sup>. Em pacientes com tetralogia de Fallot como defeito associado, o risco cir&#250;rgico &#233; maior, muito embora a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica com sucesso j&#225; venha sendo relatada<sup>23,24</sup>. A hipoplasia da art&#233;ria pulmonar conectada ao ventr&#237;culo direito protegeria o pulm&#227;o da doen&#231;a vascular hipertensiva, o mesmo n&#227;o ocorrendo no pulm&#227;o anormalmente perfundido. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, os resultados da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica nestes &#250;ltimos anos t&#234;m sido animadores, com exce&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas. Nos nossos pacientes n&#227;o houve mortalidade operat&#243;ria nem tardia. O tratamento paliativo, como por exemplo, a bandagem da art&#233;ria pulmonar, liga&#231;&#227;o de um <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> associado e <italic>shunt</italic> aorto-pulmonar aumentar&#225; a mortalidade, substancialmente.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dr. Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos </p>
        <p> R. Bulh&#245;es de Carvalho, 245/301 </p>
        <p> Cep 22081-000 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vitoraze@cardiol.com">vitoraze@cardiol.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o: 21/09/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em: 24/01/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Anomalous origin of one pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta: surgical repair resolving pulmonary arterial hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To emphasize the diagnostic possibility of the anomalous origin of one pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta in infants with clinically refractory heart failure and no intracardiac structural defect. METHODS: Retrospective study of 4 infants with refractory heart failure undergoing 2-dimensional echocardiographic study with subcostal, suprasternal, and parasternal views, and hemodynamic and angiocardiographic study in the anteroposterior projection. RESULTS: Three of the 4 infants had their right pulmonary artery originating from the ascending aorta as their major diagnosis. In the fourth patient, the left pulmonary artery originated from the ascending aorta in association with a large interventricular septal defect. The pressure level in both pulmonary arteries in all infants was that of the systemic level. All patients underwent surgery, which consisted of translocation of the anomalous pulmonary artery from the aorta. Neither immediate nor late cardiac deaths occurred. CONCLUSION: Once the diagnosis of anomalous origin of the pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta in the isolated form is established, the surgical correction should be immediately performed, not only because of the risk of developing pulmonary vascular disease, but also because of the excellent surgical results currently obtained.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>anomalous pulmonary artery</kwd>
        <kwd>obstructive pulmonary vascular disease</kwd>
        <kwd>acyanotic congenital heart disease</kwd>
        <kwd>increased systemic pulmonary flow</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Anomalous origin of one pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta. Surgical repair resolving pulmonary arterial hypertension</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos; Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil </p>
      <p>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To emphasize the diagnostic possibility of the anomalous origin of one pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta in infants with clinically refractory heart failure and no intracardiac structural defect. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Retrospective study of 4 infants with refractory heart failure undergoing 2-dimensional echocardiographic study with subcostal, suprasternal, and parasternal views, and hemodynamic and angiocardiographic study in the anteroposterior projection. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Three of the 4 infants had their right pulmonary artery originating from the ascending aorta as their major diagnosis. In the fourth patient, the left pulmonary artery originated from the ascending aorta in association with a large interventricular septal defect. The pressure level in both pulmonary arteries in all infants was that of the systemic level. All patients underwent surgery, which consisted of translocation of the anomalous pulmonary artery from the aorta. Neither immediate nor late cardiac deaths occurred. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Once the diagnosis of anomalous origin of the pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta in the isolated form is established, the surgical correction should be immediately performed, not only because of the risk of developing pulmonary vascular disease, but also because of the excellent surgical results currently obtained. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>anomalous pulmonary artery, obstructive pulmonary vascular disease, acyanotic congenital heart disease, increased systemic pulmonary flow</p>
      <p>Pulmonary artery originating from the ascending aorta is a rare, frequently fatal malformation if early surgical repair is not performed. In 1868, Fraentzel <sup>1</sup> reported a case for the first time. The origin of the right, and less frequently of the left, pulmonary artery from the aorta occurs in the presence of separated aortic and pulmonary valves, and should be differentiated from the truncus arteriosus, in which the pulmonary arteries originate from the ascending aorta, but in the presence of a common semilunar valve. </p>
      <p>The origin of the pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta is responsible for a great left-to-right shunt at the systemic-pulmonary level. </p>
      <p>The contralateral lung receives all the cardiac output in addition to the occasional blood flow of the associated anomalies, such as ductus arteriosus, aortopulmonary window, and interatrial and interventricular septal defects, which may occur in approximately 40% of cases <sup>2-4</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). The clinical manifestation usually occurs in the infant, or, more rarely, in the newborn as respiratory distress or congestive heart failure due to increased pulmonary resistance <sup>5-10</sup>. The diagnosis may be established by use of 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography <sup>11,12</sup>. Additional information is provided with cardiac catheterization and cineangiocardiography <sup>5</sup>. Without surgical correction in the first year of life, pulmonary arterial hypertension may develop in both lungs independently of the right or left anomalous origin of the pulmonary artery. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0498-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A retrospective study of 4 infants with anomalous origin of the pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta was carried out. Their age ranged from 2 to 6 months, and 3 were of the male sex. On presentation, all infants were acyanotic in clinically refractory heart failure. All underwent 2-dimensional echocardiography and color-flow Doppler. The most frequently used views were suprasternal, subcostal long-axis, and transverse parasternal. The pressures in the pulmonary arteries and aorta were determined in the hemodynamic study. On angiography, contrast medium was injected into the right and left ventricles and into the aorta in the anteroposterior view. The resistances in the pulmonary arteries and aorta could not be determined due to technical problems. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 4 patients, 3 were diagnosed with anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta by use of only echocardiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). The angiographic study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>) confirmed the major anomaly and diagnosed as a secondary anomaly a small interatrial septal defect in 2 patients, and a persistent ductus arteriosus in the third patient (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). The diagnosis of anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta was established on echocardiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>) and confirmed on cineangiocardiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). This latter patient had a wide interventricular septal defect as a secondary anomaly. Blood pressure assessment in the 4 patients showed systemic levels in the anomalous pulmonary artery, as well as in the contralateral pulmonary artery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0498-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0498-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0498-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0498-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0498-00008-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0498-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Stenoses at the origin or trajectory of the anomalous pulmonary artery, as well as at the contralateral pulmonary artery, were observed neither on angiography nor on blood pressure study of the 4 patients. All patients underwent surgical correction, performed using translocation of the anomalous pulmonary artery from the aorta. </p>
      <p>The surgical technique used consisted of establishing extracorporeal circulation, aortic clamping, and infusion of the solution for cold crystalloid cardioplegia. Then, the anomalous pulmonary artery was sectioned close to the aorta, and a terminolateral anastomosis was established between the anomalous pulmonary artery and the pulmonary trunk. In the patient with the anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta, the interventricular septal defect (18 mm) was repaired with a patch of bovine pericardium. Except for patient number one, who died due to an accident 2 years after surgery, no other immediate or late deaths occurred. </p>
      <p>After translocation of the anomalous pulmonary artery, pressure in both pulmonary arteries in all patients became normal. The postoperative echocardiographic study ruled out the presence of stenoses at the site of anastomosis. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The anomalous origin of one pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta is a defined and well-known entity<sup> 7</sup>. It is a malformation completely different from those in which the pulmonary arteries originate from the aorta via ductus arteriosus or are supplied through the collaterals between the systemic and pulmonary arteries<sup> 13</sup>. The morphology of the anomalous pulmonary artery is constant: it originates from the wall of the ascending aorta, 5-30 mm above the ventriculoarterial junction <sup>14</sup>. Kutsche and Van Mierop <sup>3</sup>, in a multicenter study about the pathogenesis and associated anomalies in 108 cases, reported that the right pulmonary artery rarely originates from the lateral portion of the ascending aorta juxtaproximal to the right brachiocephalic trunk. The incidence of the anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery is not only more frequent, but also is not pathogenically related to the anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery. Yet, the anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery close to the right brachiocephalic trunk is pathogenically different from the type originating close to the aortic valve <sup>3</sup>. In regard to pathogenesis, some authors believe that the anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta is an anomaly of the aortic arch, because, in all cases studied, tetralogy of Fallot or anomalies of the aortic arch, or both, were associated. In our only case (patient number 2), the only associated malformation was interventricular septal defect. Except for the patients with tetralogy of Fallot as an associated defect, the size of the anomalous artery and of the contralateral pulmonary artery is the same. </p>
      <p>The first successful surgical correction was performed by Armer et al <sup>15</sup> in 1961 using a Dacron graft placed between the right pulmonary artery and the pulmonary trunk <sup>15</sup>. Kirkpatrick et al <sup>6</sup> performed the first anatomical correction with translocation of the right pulmonary artery to the pulmonary trunk <sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p> The diagnosis may be established on suprasternal views of 2-dimensional echocardiography <sup>11,12</sup> when a vessel originates posteriorly from the ascending aorta. In these cases, the possibilities of aortopulmonary window and truncus arteriosus should be ruled out. Thus, lack of the normal bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk is required. In situations in which the anomalous pulmonary artery originates from the lateral face of the ascending aorta, the subcostal views allow the diagnosis to be made very safely <sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the preoperative assessment, a careful analysis of the physiopathology of the right and left lung, and of the right ventricle is necessary. When the anomalous origin of the right or left pulmonary artery is not associated with intracardiac defects, 2 separate nonparallel pulmonary circuits with independent flow and resistance exist <sup>17</sup>. Considering, initially, the right lung, the right pulmonary artery will have systemic blood pressure levels and a flow that will depend on the resistance of the right pulmonary vascular system with elevated pressure. In the left lung, the pulmonary flow will be equal to that of the systemic venous return. Variations in left pulmonary vascular resistance will be transmitted to the right ventricle, and, consequently, to the total cardiac output. The reasons for the elevation in left pulmonary vascular resistance are not yet well understood; it seems not to result from an isolated increase in pulmonary flow, because in patients with congenital absence of one lung and who also have one right ventricle managing the entire cardiac output, no major elevation in pulmonary vascular resistance is observed in their single lung <sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>Except for the flow, the following factors can modify pulmonary vascular resistance: 1) pulmonary arterial anatomy, such as diameter, number and distribution of the vessels; 2) vascular tonus; and 3) blood rheology. Our patients had no evidence of abnormal blood elements that could affect the characteristics of normal flow. The anatomical obstructions were also ruled out by measuring pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. </p>
      <p> Just for speculation, the physiopathological events in the right lung may have been produced by neurovascular reflexes or humoral vasoactive mediators, or both &#150;excessive resistance in the left lung. These questions could justify the drop in pulmonary artery pressure (regardless of whether the anomalous pulmonary artery is right or left) immediately after surgical correction. Therefore, the immediate drop in pulmonary artery pressure favors a reflex mechanism, although a humoral factor cannot be ruled out. Despite all these considerations, the pulmonary blood flow seems to be the critical factor in the development of pulmonary vascular disease, because patients with tetralogy of Fallot as an associated defect show only unilateral alterations. </p>
      <p>The elevation in pulmonary vascular resistance caused some difficulty in the echocardiographic diagnosis of the patient with anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta, because the patient also had an associated wide interventricular septal defect. However, the angiocardiographic study established the diagnosis. The pulmonary biopsy did not provide further information about the vascular differentiation between the abnormally perfused and the contralateral lungs <sup>5,19</sup>. However, other investigators reported greater vascular changes in the contralateral lung <sup>20,21</sup>. These alterations were attributed to the increased totally oxygenated blood flow in the abnormally perfused lung. </p>
      <p>Early surgical intervention, preferentially before 12 months of age, is very important to prevent the development of irreversible pulmonary vascular disease <sup>22</sup>. In patients in whom the anomalous origin is an isolated finding, surgical correction should be considered as soon as the diagnosis is established, preferentially within the first 6 months of life, due to the possibility of the early development of pulmonary vascular disease. The surgical correction may be performed with or without extracorporeal circulation, depending on the technical difficulties found during the procedure <sup>13,14</sup>. In patients with associated tetralogy of Fallot, the surgical risk is greater; however, successful surgical repair has been reported in those patients <sup>23,24</sup>. Hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery connected to the right ventricle can protect the lung from hypertensive vascular disease, which does not occur in the abnormally perfused lung. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the results of the surgical correction in the past years have been positive, except in patients with associated cardiac malformations. In our case series, no death was observed during surgery or later. The palliative treatment, such as pulmonary artery banding, and ligation of the associated ductus arteriosus and aortopulmonary shunt, increases mortality substantially.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos </p>
          <p> Rua Bulh&#245;es de Carvalho, 245/301</p>
          <p> Cep 22081-000 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="vitoraze@cardiol.com">vitoraze@cardiol.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 09/21/2003 </p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 01/24/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
