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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6X7PJZShDd4rhjvGrfhszkL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001800007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001800007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da lipoprote&#237;na LDL-oxidada sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a motilidade espont&#226;nea in vitro de c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Hermes Toros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdalla</surname>
            <given-names>Dulcin&#233;ia Saes Parra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Leme da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gagliardi</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Ricardo de Toledo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>488</fpage>
      <lpage>492</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos de baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL oxidada (LDL-ox) sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a motilidade espont&#226;nea de c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas (CEACH) em cultura. M&#201;TODOS: Culturas de CEACH foram tratadas com baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL nativa (LDLn), isolada de plasma humano, e com LDL minimamente oxidada por diferentes m&#233;todos qu&#237;micos, e os efeitos, comparados entre si. RESULTADOS: LDLn n&#227;o apresentou efeitos delet&#233;rios sobre o endot&#233;lio em prolifera&#231;&#227;o e na motilidade in vitro de CEACH, por&#233;m na mais alta concentra&#231;&#227;o e por tempo mais prolongado inibiu a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular. As LDL-ox, quimicamente, pela espermina nonoato (ENO) e 3-morfolinosidnonimina (SIN-1) expressaram efeitos inibit&#243;rios significativos sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a motilidade in vitro de CEACH proporcionais &#224;s maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es e graus de oxida&#231;&#227;o das LDL. CONCLUS&#195;O: LDL-ox apresenta efeito citot&#243;xico, inibindo a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a motilidade espont&#226;nea de c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas em cultura, proporcionalmente &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o e ao grau de oxida&#231;&#227;o da LDL, enquanto, LDL nativa &#233; relativamente in&#243;cua.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>LDL-oxidada</kwd>
        <kwd>c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cardiovascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Efeitos da lipoprote&#237;na LDL-oxidada sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a motilidade espont&#226;nea <italic><bold>in vitro</bold></italic> de c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hermes Toros Xavier; Dulcin&#233;ia Saes Parra Abdalla; Tania Leme da Rocha Martinez; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires; Antonio Ricardo de Toledo Gagliardi</bold>
    </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da USP e Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas da USP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Investigar os efeitos de baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL oxidada (LDL-ox) sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a motilidade espont&#226;nea de c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas (CEACH) em cultura. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Culturas de CEACH foram tratadas com baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL nativa (LDLn), isolada de plasma humano, e com LDL minimamente oxidada por diferentes m&#233;todos qu&#237;micos, e os efeitos, comparados entre si. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>LDLn n&#227;o apresentou efeitos delet&#233;rios sobre o endot&#233;lio em prolifera&#231;&#227;o e na motilidade in vitro de CEACH, por&#233;m na mais alta concentra&#231;&#227;o e por tempo mais prolongado inibiu a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular. As LDL-ox, quimicamente, pela espermina nonoato (ENO) e 3-morfolinosidnonimina (SIN-1) expressaram efeitos inibit&#243;rios significativos sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a motilidade in vitro de CEACH proporcionais &#224;s maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es e graus de oxida&#231;&#227;o das LDL. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>LDL-ox apresenta efeito citot&#243;xico, inibindo a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a motilidade espont&#226;nea de c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas em cultura, proporcionalmente &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o e ao grau de oxida&#231;&#227;o da LDL, enquanto, LDL nativa &#233; relativamente in&#243;cua. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>LDL-oxidada, c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas, doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) s&#227;o considerados um dos principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cardiovascular. A hip&#243;tese da resposta &#224; inj&#250;ria da aterosclerose prop&#245;e que o primeiro passo na aterog&#234;nese &#233; a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial induzida pela a&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco, em especial, pela exposi&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio vascular &#224; LDL oxidada (LDL-ox)<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudos preliminares revelaram que prepara&#231;&#245;es de LDL humana isolada exercem efeitos t&#243;xicos sobre c&#233;lulas endoteliais em cultura<sup>2-4</sup>. As LDL nativas (LDLn) sofrem altera&#231;&#245;es qu&#237;micas relacionadas com a peroxida&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos polinsaturados, constituintes da lipoprote&#237;na, que resultam em um grande aumento na sua susceptibilidade &#224; fagocitose e &#224; degrada&#231;&#227;o por macr&#243;fagos<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foi demonstrado <italic>in vitro</italic> que os principais tipos de c&#233;lulas da parede vascular, as c&#233;lulas endoteliais, as c&#233;lulas musculares lisas e os macr&#243;fagos s&#227;o capazes de oxidar a LDL nativa<sup>6</sup>. A LDL oxidada inibi a migra&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas endoteliais, mecanismo essencial nos processos de restabelecimento da integridade vascular ap&#243;s dano na angiog&#234;nese, de forma proporcional &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o e ao grau de oxida&#231;&#227;o da LDL, mediado pela forma&#231;&#227;o dos hidroper&#243;xidos lip&#237;dicos<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudos recentes demonstraram que os componentes lip&#237;dicos da LDL-ox<sup>8,9 </sup>causariam um aumento parodoxal na produ&#231;&#227;o do fator de crescimento do endot&#233;lio vascular (VEGF) por c&#233;lulas endoteliais em cultura, um prov&#225;vel mecanismo protetor frente &#224; agress&#227;o celular. Foi observado um duplo efeito da LDL-ox, induzindo prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular em baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es (5 a 10 mg/mL) e apoptose em concentra&#231;&#245;es acima de 50 mg/mL<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>As c&#233;lulas endoteliais constituem uma popula&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea. C&#233;lulas endoteliais oriundas de diversos leitos vasculares expressam ant&#237;genos de superf&#237;cie caracter&#237;sticos, transportadores intracelulares espec&#237;ficos e regula&#231;&#227;o de enzimas intracelulares diferentes <sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Considerando a import&#226;ncia da heterogeneidade da c&#233;lula endotelial, os dados contradit&#243;rios da literatura e visando contribuir para um melhor entendimento dos processos b&#225;sicos que envolvem a intera&#231;&#227;o LDL-ox e c&#233;lula endotelial, realizamos o primeiro estudo sistematizado utilizando c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas (CEACH) em cultura, cujo papel na aterog&#234;nese coron&#225;ria &#233; primordial. </p>
    <p>Investigamos e descrevemos os efeitos de baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es das lipoprote&#237;nas LDLn e LDL-ox quimicamente por diferentes m&#233;todos e tempos de oxida&#231;&#227;o sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e a motilidade espont&#226;nea <italic>in vitro</italic>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Utilizamos a linhagem celular de c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas obtidas atrav&#233;s da CLONETICS (<italic>BioWhittaker Inc., Walkersville, MD/USA</italic>). O meio de cultura utilizado foi MCDB-131 (GIBCO) adicionado de 10 ng/ml EGF (INTERGEN), 1,0 mg/mL hidrocortisona (SIGMA), 50 mg/mL de anfotericina B (GIBCO), 100 U/mL de penicilina e de estreptomicina (GIBCO) e 10% de soro fetal bovino (SFB) (GIBCO) adicionado de L-glutamina 1 mM (GIBCO). Os experimentos foram realizados em meio contendo 5% de SFB. </p>
    <p>A contagem de c&#233;lulas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o e migra&#231;&#227;o celular foi feita sob microscopia direta (Nikon-TMS) com aumento de 100 vezes e realizada em tr&#234;s campos microsc&#243;picos distintos representativos para cada placa e calculada a m&#233;dia de c&#233;lulas visualizadas. </p>
    <p>O ensaio de migra&#231;&#227;o celular foi realizado de acordo com o modelo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vitro</italic>, estabelecido por Burk<sup>12</sup>. Em resumo, as c&#233;lulas endoteliais foram cultivadas em placas de cultura de 60 mm (FALCON) em 5 ml de meio de cultura e 10% SFB. Dois dias ap&#243;s a cultura se tornar totalmente confluente, realizamos uma les&#227;o na camada confluente unicelular com o aux&#237;lio de uma l&#226;mina de barbear r&#237;gida, pressionada contra o assoalho da placa de cultura, cortando a camada de c&#233;lulas e marcando a placa. A l&#226;mina foi ent&#227;o movida cuidadosamente para um lado removendo parte da camada unicelular. As c&#233;lulas foram lavadas por duas vezes com PBS para a remo&#231;&#227;o de material celular deslocado, adicionado meio de cultura experimental (5% SFB) suplementado de concentra&#231;&#245;es vari&#225;veis de LDLn e LDL-ox. Quatro placas foram utilizadas como controle ou experimentais, para cada ponto do experimento. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s 24h de incuba&#231;&#227;o, contamos o n&#250;mero de n&#250;cleos celulares que cruzaram a linha demarcada na placa, em tr&#234;s campos microsc&#243;picos distintos representativos para cada placa e calculamos a m&#233;dia de c&#233;lulas que ultrapassaram a linha demarcada. </p>
    <p>A purifica&#231;&#227;o da LDLn foi feita a partir do plasma humano utilizando-se o m&#233;todo descrito por Sevanian e cols<sup>13</sup>. A LDLn foi armazenada em temperatura inferior a -70&#186;C at&#233; o momento da sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>As amostras de LDL (0,5 mg/ml de prote&#237;na) foram submetidas &#224; oxida&#231;&#227;o com 1,0 mM de 3-morfolinosidnonimina (SIN-1) ou 1,0 mM de esperminanonoato (ENO) (SIGMA). As amostras foram incubadas em banho-maria (37&#186;C) sob agita&#231;&#227;o constante nos tempos 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, e 60min. A rea&#231;&#227;o foi bloqueada com 100 mM de &#225;cido dietileno tetraminopentac&#233;tico, 100 mM de butilhidroxitolueno, 125 unidades/ml de super&#243;xido dismutase e 125 unidades/ml de catalase. Todas as amostras foram mantidas em freezer a -20&#186;C at&#233; o momento dos experimentos<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, para a compara&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es foi utilizado o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis, considerado o mais eficiente para amostras independentes e para as compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas foi utilizado o teste de Dunn<sup>15</sup>. Foram utilizados testes n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos porque a suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade dos dados foi rejeitada. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado para os testes foi de 5%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> mostra o efeito das prepara&#231;&#245;es de LDLn sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular em culturas parcialmente confluentes (60%) de c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas. Ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o por 72h &#224; concentra&#231;&#245;es vari&#225;veis de lipoprote&#237;nas, as culturas foram lavadas por 2 vezes com PBS (GIBCO) e coradas pelo m&#233;todo de GIEMSA. A contagem de c&#233;lulas foi feita sob microscopia (NIKON-TMS) com aumento de 100 vezes e realizada em tr&#234;s campos microsc&#243;picos distintos representativos para cada placa e calculada a m&#233;dia do n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Observamos um efeito inibit&#243;rio da LDLn sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular na concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima utilizada, o que pode ser explicado pelo maior tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o e &#224; oxida&#231;&#227;o da LDL pelas pr&#243;prias c&#233;lulas endoteliais em cultura. </p>
    <p>Nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref> mostramos os efeitos da LDL-ox pelo sistema da ENO por 1 e 10min, respectivamente, sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular, observando em ambos um efeito inibit&#243;rio proporcional ao tempo de oxida&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">figuras 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">5</xref> mostram os importantes efeitos inibit&#243;rios da LDL-ox pelo sistema SIN-1 por tempos de oxida&#231;&#227;o de 1 e 10min, sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular. </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p> Em resumo, os resultados do tratamento de culturas endoteliais parcialmente confluentes, por 72h, com LDLn e LDL-ox pelos sistemas qu&#237;micos da ENO e SIN-1 sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular, mostraram que: a LDL oxidada pela ENO e pela SIN-1 exerceram efeito inibit&#243;rio na prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular proporcional ao tempo de oxida&#231;&#227;o e &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o de LDL-ox; a LDL oxidada pela SIN-1 apresentou efeito t&#243;xico mais intenso que os outros tratamentos; a LDLn apresentou efeito inibit&#243;rio somente na maior concentra&#231;&#227;o estudada. </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">figura 6</xref> mostra o efeito das prepara&#231;&#245;es de LDLn sobre a motilidade espont&#226;nea de c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas pelo ensaio de migra&#231;&#227;o celular realizado pela t&#233;cnica de Burk. Observamos que a LDLn n&#227;o apresentou nenhum efeito inibit&#243;rio sobre a migra&#231;&#227;o celular. </p>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07">figuras 7</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig08">8</xref> mostram os efeitos da LDL oxidada pela SIN-1 para os tempos de oxida&#231;&#227;o de 1 e 10min, onde observamos efeitos diretamente relacionados &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o e ao tempo de oxida&#231;&#227;o da LDL. </p>
    <fig id="fig07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig08">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig09">figura 9</xref> mostra microfotografia representativa do experimento de motilidade celular. Observa-se nitidamente um n&#250;mero muito menor de n&#250;cleos celulares que atravessaram a linha demarcada no campo tratado (B) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao controle (A), demonstrando a migra&#231;&#227;o celular inibida.</p>
    <fig id="fig09">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em resumo, os resultados do tratamento de culturas endoteliais com LDLn e LDL-ox pelo sistema SIN-1, por 24 horas, na avalia&#231;&#227;o da motilidade celular, pela t&#233;cnica de Burk, mostraram que: a LDLn n&#227;o apresentou efeito inibit&#243;rio na migra&#231;&#227;o celular; a LDL-ox pela SIN-1 inibiu a migra&#231;&#227;o celular; e o efeito observado foi proporcional ao tempo de oxida&#231;&#227;o e &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o de LDL- ox. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Recentemente, estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que os produtos de oxida&#231;&#227;o do colesterol, gerados pela modifica&#231;&#227;o oxidativa da LDL, os hidroper&#243;xidos de colesterol, conferem citotoxicidade &#224; part&#237;cula e s&#227;o relevantes para a patog&#234;nese e progress&#227;o da aterosclerose tendo sido identificados em placas de ateroma e em plasma humano<sup>16,17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os mecanismos moleculares que iniciam a oxida&#231;&#227;o da LDL <italic>in vivo </italic>ainda s&#227;o desconhecidos, no entanto, sabemos que algumas subst&#226;ncias, como o peroxinitrito, participam efetivamente do processo de modifica&#231;&#227;o da LDL, a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica<sup>18</sup>. Utilizamos o m&#233;todo de oxida&#231;&#227;o qu&#237;mica da LDL por dois sistemas, SIN-1 e ENO. A SIN-1 &#233; reconhecida como geradora de peroxinitrito e sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o nos experimentos pode ser justificada porque esse processo ocorre em fluxo lento e de forma constante, o que seria mais semelhante &#224; via de forma&#231;&#227;o do peroxinitrito em situa&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas. A SIN-1 tem alto grau de oxida&#231;&#227;o, pois oxida tanto a por&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;ica quanto a lip&#237;dica da LDL<sup>19,20</sup>. A ENO, geradora de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, atua promovendo oxida&#231;&#227;o apenas do conte&#250;do lip&#237;dico da LDL, com baixo grau de oxida&#231;&#227;o. Assim, a gera&#231;&#227;o de produtos de oxida&#231;&#227;o pelos dois sistemas produz uma LDL com diferentes graus de oxida&#231;&#227;o e em diferentes s&#237;tios da mol&#233;cula<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-ox comumente utilizadas em experimentos (25 a 100 mg/mL) s&#227;o consideravelmente mais elevadas do que os n&#237;veis de LDL-ox encontrados no plasma humano (0,1 mg/mL)<sup>21,22</sup>. Devemos considerar, por&#233;m, que nas les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas a LDL-ox est&#225; localizada e concentrada no espa&#231;o subendotelial, porque &#233; retida na matriz extracelular durante a forma&#231;&#227;o da placa de ateroma. Assim, grandes quantidades de LDL-ox, em concentra&#231;&#245;es muito maiores que as plasm&#225;ticas, est&#227;o acumuladas nessa regi&#227;o. A LDL retida nesse microambiente, ideal para oxida&#231;&#227;o, &#233; mais intensamente oxidada apresentando caracter&#237;sticas similares &#224;s LDL oxidadas pelos diversos sistemas utilizados nos estudos experimentais<sup>23</sup>. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, optamos por utilizar baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es (1 a 8 mg/mL) de LDL procurando agregar maior relev&#226;ncia aos nossos resultados em fun&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es estudadas encontrarem-se mais pr&#243;ximas da situa&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica real e assim, investigarmos os seus efeitos biol&#243;gicos sobre as culturas celulares. </p>
    <p>Dados de experimenta&#231;&#227;o obtidos com c&#233;lulas endoteliais provenientes de um determinado &#243;rg&#227;o, n&#227;o devem ser extrapolados automaticamente para outros sistemas, em decorr&#234;ncia da heterogeneidade dessa linhagem celular. Parte consider&#225;vel das informa&#231;&#245;es existentes na literatura sobre os complexos mecanismos envolvidos na aterosclerose e na angiog&#234;nese humana foi obtida com c&#233;lulas endoteliais de cord&#227;o umbilical, o que mereceria, portanto, uma certa cautela na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados: o endot&#233;lio do cord&#227;o umbilical convive com alt&#237;ssimas concentra&#231;&#245;es de horm&#244;nios ester&#243;ides e baixo regime press&#243;rico, diferentemente do leito endotelial que participa do processo ateroscler&#243;tico coronariano<sup>11</sup>. Por esse motivo, optamos pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o em nosso trabalho da linhagem de c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas. </p>
    <p>Culturas de c&#233;lulas endoteliais totalmente confluentes podem servir de modelo para estudos <italic>in vitro</italic> do endot&#233;lio vascular, j&#225; que as propriedades b&#225;sicas da c&#233;lula endotelial s&#227;o preservadas. As c&#233;lulas em cultura parcialmente confluente (60%) est&#227;o em prolifera&#231;&#227;o e nessa fase s&#227;o muito mais sens&#237;veis a agentes agressores do que no estado de plena integridade da conflu&#234;ncia total. </p>
    <p>Em nossos experimentos, observamos que LDL-ox inibiu a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a motilidade <italic>in vitro </italic>de c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas, efeitos estes, diretamente relacionados &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o e ao grau de oxida&#231;&#227;o da lipoprote&#237;na. Nossos resultados podem sugerir a ocorr&#234;ncia de efeitos similares das LDL-ox presentes nas paredes vasculares, nas placas ateroscler&#243;ticas e mesmo circulantes no plasma, refor&#231;ando dados da literatura que indicam a participa&#231;&#227;o da LDL-ox em eventos cardiovasculares<sup>24,25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Recentemente, foi demonstrado pela primeira vez que n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de LDL-ox se relacionam diretamente com a instabilidade da placa em les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas. Os n&#237;veis de LDL-ox foram dosados em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, angina inst&#225;vel, angina est&#225;vel e controles, revelando uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a gravidade da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de LDL-ox eram quatro vezes mais elevados nos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio quando comparados aos controles, sugerindo que LDL-ox circulante pode se constituir em um marcador de gravidade em eventos cardiovasculares<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Considerando os nossos resultados, com a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que LDL-ox, em concentra&#231;&#245;es semelhantes &#224;s encontradas na fase aguda de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas, inibe a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a motilidade de c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias humanas <italic>in vitro</italic>, podemos sugerir que n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-ox, por sua citotoxidade, possam interferir negativamente n&#227;o somente na instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica bem como no restabelecimento da integridade vascular p&#243;s-inj&#250;ria, piorando o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes. </p>
    <p> Conclu&#237;mos, ent&#227;o, que os efeitos da LDL-ox sobre o endot&#233;lio coronariano em cultura, inibindo a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a motilidade celular, mecanismos capitais na reendoteliza&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas lesadas da parede e no processo de angiog&#234;nese vascular, s&#227;o proporcionais &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o e ao grau de oxida&#231;&#227;o da LDL e poder&#237;amos ainda, inferir que interven&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que controlem e preservem a integridade dessas vari&#225;veis devam ser perseguidas para minimizar os efeitos delet&#233;rios e mudar a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. </p>
    <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o de nossos dados, por&#233;m deve ser feita &#224; luz das limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes da experimenta&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vitro</italic> que &#233; muito valiosa no esclarecimento de mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos, por&#233;m n&#227;o devem ser diretamente extrapolados para a situa&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vivo </italic>onde atuam um sem n&#250;mero de outros fatores n&#227;o controlados. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Hermes Toros Xavier </p>
        <p> Av. Bartolomeu de Gusm&#227;o, 178/73 </p>
        <p> Cep 11030-500 - Santos, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="htxavier@cardiol.br">htxavier@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em: 11/06/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em: 14/04/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of oxidized LDL on in vitro proliferation and spontaneous motility of human coronary artery endothelial cells</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of low concentrations of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) on the proliferation and spontaneous motility of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) in culture. METHODS: Cultures of HCAEC were treated with low concentrations of native LDL (nLDL) isolated from human plasma and with LDL minimally oxidized through different chemical methods; the effects were compared. RESULTS: Native LDL had no deleterious effects on in vitro proliferation and motility of HCAEC; however, at its highest concentration and for a longer exposure, nLDL inhibited cell proliferation. The LDL chemically oxidized by spermine nonoate (SNO) and 3-morpholinylsydnonimine (SYN-1) had significant inhibiting effects on in vitro proliferation and motility of HCAEC, which were proportional to the greatest concentrations and degrees of oxidation of LDL. CONCLUSION: OxLDL has a cytotoxic effect, inhibiting the proliferation and spontaneous motility of HCAEC in culture. This effect is proportional to the concentration and degree of oxidation of LDL; native LDL is relatively innocuous.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>oxidized LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery endothelial cells</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Effects of oxidized LDL on in vitro proliferation and spontaneous motility of human coronary artery endothelial cells</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hermes Toros Xavier; Dulcin&#233;ia Saes Parra Abdalla; Tania Leme da Rocha Martinez; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires; Antonio Ricardo de Toledo Gagliardi</bold>
      </p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da USP and Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas da USP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To investigate the effects of low concentrations of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) on the proliferation and spontaneous motility of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) in culture.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Cultures of HCAEC were treated with low concentrations of native LDL (nLDL) isolated from human plasma and with LDL minimally oxidized through different chemical methods; the effects were compared. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Native LDL had no deleterious effects on in vitro proliferation and motility of HCAEC; however, at its highest concentration and for a longer exposure, nLDL inhibited cell proliferation. The LDL chemically oxidized by spermine nonoate (SNO) and 3-morpholinylsydnonimine (SYN-1) had significant inhibiting effects on in vitro proliferation and motility of HCAEC, which were proportional to the greatest concentrations and degrees of oxidation of LDL. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> OxLDL has a cytotoxic effect, inhibiting the proliferation and spontaneous motility of HCAEC in culture. This effect is proportional to the concentration and degree of oxidation of LDL; native LDL is relatively innocuous. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>oxidized LDL, coronary artery endothelial cells, cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease</p>
      <p>High plasmatic levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are considered one of the major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease. The hypothesis of response to injury to explain atherosclerosis proposes that the first step in atherogenesis is endothelial dysfunction induced by the action of risk factors, especially the exposure of the vascular endothelium to oxidized LDL (oxLDL) <sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Preliminary studies revealed that preparations of isolated human LDL have toxic effects on endothelial cells in culture <sup>2-4</sup>. Native LDL (nLDL) undergoes chemical alterations related to peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, components of the lipoprotein, which result in a great increase in its susceptibility to phagocytosis and break down by macrophages <sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>The major types of vascular wall cells, the endothelial cells, the smooth muscle cells, and the macrophages were shown in vitro to be able to oxidize native LDL<sup>6</sup>. Oxidized LDL inhibits endothelial cell migration, which is an essential mechanism in the processes of reestablishing vascular integrity after injury and angiogenesis, proportionally to the concentration and degree of oxidation of LDL, mediated by the formation of lipid hydroperoxides<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Recent studies have shown that the lipid components of oxLDL <sup>8,9 </sup>can cause a paradoxical increase in the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by endothelial cells in culture, which may be a protective mechanism in face of cellular injury. OxLDL was observed to have a double effect on cell cycle: to induce cell proliferation at low concentrations (5 to 10 mg/mL), and apoptosis at concentrations above 50 mg/mL <sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>The endothelial cells constitute a heterogeneous population. Endothelial cells originating from different vascular beds express characteristic surface antigens, specific intracellular transporters, and regulation of different intracellular enzymes <sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>Considering the importance of endothelial cell heterogeneity and the contradictory data in the literature, and aiming at contributing to a better understanding of the basic processes involved in the interaction between oxLDL and endothelial cell, we carried out the first systematized study using human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) in culture, whose role in coronary atherogenesis is primordial. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at investigating and describing the effects of low concentrations of nLDL and LDL chemically oxidized through different methods and oxidation times on in vitro cell proliferation and spontaneous motility. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was performed with the cell line of human coronary artery endothelial cells obtained through CLONETICS (BioWhittaker Inc., Walkersville, MD, USA). The culture medium used was MCDB-131 (GIBCO) with the addition of the following: EGF (INTERGEN), 10 mg/mL; hydrocortisone (SIGMA), 1.0 mg/mL; amphotericin B (GIBCO), 50 mg/mL; penicillin, 100 U/mL; streptomycin (GIBCO), 100 U/mL; and 10% fetal calf serum (GIBCO) with 1 mM L-glutamine (GIBCO). The experiments were performed in culture media with 5% fetal calf serum. </p>
      <p>Cell count for assessing cell proliferation and migration was performed under direct microscopy (Nikon-TMS) with a 100X magnification in 3 different representative microscopic fields in each culture plate. The mean of the visualized cells was calculated. </p>
      <p>The assay of cell migration was performed according to the model of in vitro healing established by Burk <sup>12</sup>. Briefly, the endothelial cells were cultivated in 60-mm culture plates (FALCON) with 5 mL of culture medium and 10% fetal calf serum. Two days after the culture became totally confluent, we created a lesion in the unicellular confluent layer with the aid of a razor blade pressed against the floor of the culture plate, cutting the cell layer and marking the plate. The razor blade was then carefully moved to the side, removing part of the unicellular layer. The cells were twice washed with PBS for removing the cell material pushed aside. Experimental culture medium (5% fetal calf serum) supplemented with variable concentrations of nLDL and oxLDL was added. Four culture plates were used as control or experimental, for each phase of the experiment. </p>
      <p>After 24 hours of incubation, the number of cell nuclei that crossed the line demarcated in the culture plate was counted, in 3 distinct microscopic fields representative of each culture plate. The mean number of cells that surpassed the demarcated line was calculated. </p>
      <p>nLDL was extracted from human plasma and purified according to the method reported by Sevanian et al <sup>13</sup>. nLDL was stored at a temperature lower than -70&#186;C until its use. </p>
      <p>The LDL samples (0.5 mg/mL of protein) underwent oxidation with 1.0 mM of 3-morpholinylsydnonimine (SYN-1) or 1.0 mM of spermine nonoate (SNO) (SIGMA). The samples were incubated in a hot-water bath (37&#186;C) under constant agitation at the following times: 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 minutes. The reaction was blocked with 100 mM of diethylene tetramine pentacetic acid, 100 mM of butylhydroxytoluene, 125 units/mL of superoxide dismutase, and 125 units/mL of catalase. All samples were maintained in the freezer at -20&#186;C until the time of the experiments <sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>In statistical analysis, for comparing the concentrations, the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test was used, because it is considered the most efficient test for independent samples, and the Dunn test was used for multiple comparisons <sup>15</sup>. Nonparametric tests were used because the supposition of data normality was rejected. The significance level adopted for the tests was 5%. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the effect of nLDL preparations on cell proliferation in partially confluent (60%) cultures of human coronary artery endothelial cells. After 72 hours of exposure to varied concentrations of lipoproteins, the cultures were washed twice with PBS (GIBCO) and stained according to the Giemsa method. Cell count was performed under microscopy (NIKON-TMS) with a 100X magnification in 3 different representative microscopic fields for each culture plate, and the mean number of cells was calculated. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>An inhibiting effect of nLDL was observed on cell proliferation at the maximum concentration used, which may be attributed to the longest exposure and oxLDL by the endothelial cells in culture. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref> depict the effects of LDL oxidation by the SNO system for 1 and 10 minutes, respectively, on cell proliferation. An inhibitory effect proportional to the duration of oxidation is observed in both figures. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figures 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">5</xref> show the important inhibitory effects of oxLDL by the SYN-1 system for 1 and 10 minutes on cell proliferation. </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Briefly, the results of the treatment of partially confluent endothelial cell cultures for 72 hours with nLDL and oxLDL by the SNO and SYN-1 chemical systems on cell proliferation were as follows: oxLDL by SNO and SYN-1 had an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation proportional to the duration of oxidation and to the concentration of oxLDL; LDL oxidized by SYN-1 had a more intense toxic effect than the other treatments did; nLDL had an inhibitory effect only at the greatest concentration studied. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">Figure 6</xref> shows the effect of the nLDL preparations on the spontaneous motility of human coronary artery endothelial cells according to the cell migration assay performed using the Burk technique. No inhibitory effect of nLDL on cell migration was observed. </p>
      <fig id="fig06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07-body2">Figures 7</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig08-body2">8</xref> show the effects of oxLDL by SYN-1 for 1 and 10 minutes, respectively. The effects were directly related to the concentration and duration of oxLDL. </p>
      <fig id="fig07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig08-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig09-body2">Figure 9</xref> is a microphotography representing the experiment of cell motility. A clearly smaller number of cell nuclei crossed the demarcated line in the treated field (B) as compared with that in the control field (A). This shows inhibition of cell migration. </p>
      <fig id="fig09-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0488-00007-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Briefly, the effects of the treatment of endothelial cell cultures with native and SYN-1 system oxLDL for 24 hours on cell motility, according to the Burk technique, were as follows: nLDL had no inhibitory effect on cell migration; SYN-1 oxLDL inhibited cell migration; the effect observed was proportional to the duration of oxidation and the concentration of oxLDL. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Recent studies have shown that the products of cholesterol oxidation generated by the oxidative modification of LDL, the cholesterol hydroperoxides, provide cytotoxicity to the particle, are relevant to the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis, and have been identified in atheroma plaques and human plasma <sup>16,17</sup>. </p>
      <p>The molecular mechanisms that initiate in vivo oxidation of LDL are yet to be identified; however, some chemical substances, such as peroxynitrite, participate effectively in the process of LDL modification, the lipid peroxidation <sup>18</sup>. The method of LDL chemical oxidation through 2 systems, SYN-1 and SNO, was used. SYN-1 is known as a generator of peroxynitrite, and its use in the experiments may be justified because the process is slow and constant, and, therefore, more similar to the path of peroxynitrite formation in physiological situations. SYN-1 has a high capacity of oxidation, because it oxidizes both the protein and lipid portions of LDL <sup>19,20</sup>. On the other hand, SNO, generator of nitric oxide, has a low oxidation capacity, because it oxidizes only the lipid portion of LDL. Therefore, the generation of products of oxidation by the 2 systems produces an LDL particle with different degrees of oxidation in different sites of the molecule <sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The concentrations of oxLDL commonly used in the experiments (25 to 100 mg/mL) are considerably more elevated than the levels of oxLDL found in the human plasma (0.1 mg/mL) <sup>21,22</sup>. It is worth nothing, however, that, in atherosclerotic lesions, oxLDL is located and concentrated in the subendothelial space, because it is retained in the extracellular matrix during the formation of the atheroma plaque. Therefore, large quantities of oxLDL, in much higher concentrations than the plasmatic ones, accumulate in that region. The LDL retained in that microenvironment, ideal for oxidation, is more intensely oxidized and has characteristics similar to those of LDL oxidized by the different systems used in experimental studies <sup>23</sup>. </p>
      <p>In this study, we chose to use low concentrations (1 to 8 mg/mL) of LDL aiming at obtaining values closer to those of the real physiological situation, and, therefore, at investigating the biological effects of LDL on cell cultures. </p>
      <p>Experimental data obtained with endothelial cells originating from a certain organ should not be automatically extrapolated to other systems, due to the heterogeneity of that cell line. A considerable part of the information in the literature about the complex mechanisms involved in human atherosclerosis and angiogenesis was obtained with endothelial cells of the umbilical cord, which would, therefore, require certain care in interpreting the results. The endothelium of the umbilical cord is submitted to extremely high concentrations of the steroid hormones and low pressure regimen, differently from the endothelial bed that participates in the coronary atherosclerotic process<sup> 11</sup>. Thus, in our study, we chose to use the human coronary artery endothelial cell line. </p>
      <p>Totally confluent endothelial cell cultures may serve as a model for in vitro studies of the vascular endothelium, because the basic properties of the endothelial cell are preserved. The cells in partially confluent culture (60%) are proliferating, and in that phase they are much more sensitive to adverse agents than in the state of plain integrity of total confluence. </p>
      <p>In our experiments, oxLDL inhibited in vitro proliferation and motility of human coronary artery endothelial cells, effects directly related to the concentration and degree of oxidation of the lipoprotein. Our results may suggest the occurrence of similar effects of the oxLDL present in vascular walls, atherosclerotic plaques, and even circulating in the plasma, reinforcing the data in the literature that indicate the participation of oxLDL in cardiovascular events <sup>24,25</sup>. </p>
      <p>Recently, elevated oxLDL plasma levels were shown for the first time to directly relate to plaque instability in atherosclerotic lesions of human coronary arteries. OxLDL levels were measured in patients with acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stable angina, and controls, revealing a positive correlation with the severity of acute coronary syndrome. The serum levels of oxLDL were 4 times more elevated in patients with acute myocardial infarction when compared with those of controls, suggesting that circulating oxLDL may be a marker of severity in cardiovascular events <sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>Our results indicate that oxLDL concentrations similar to those found in the acute phase of coronary syndromes inhibit the <italic>in vitro</italic> proliferation and motility of human coronary artery endothelial cells. Considering that, one may suggest that elevated levels of oxLDL, due to its cytotoxicity, may negatively interfere not only with instability of the atherosclerotic plaque, but also with the reestablishment of the postinjury vascular integrity, worsening the prognosis of the patients. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the effects of oxLDL on the coronary endothelial cells in culture, inhibiting cell proliferation and motility, capital mechanisms in reendothelization of the injured areas of the wall and in the process of vascular angiogenesis, are proportional to the concentration and degree of oxidation of LDL. One could thus infer that clinical interventions to control and preserve the integrity of these variables should be pursued to minimize the deleterious effects and change the natural history of coronary artery disease. </p>
      <p>Our data, however, should be interpreted considering the limitations inherent to in vitro experimentation, which is very valuable in clarifying pathophysiological mechanisms. Nevertheless, our results should not be directly extrapolated to the in vivo situation, upon which innumerous other noncontrolled factors act.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Hermes Toros Xavier</p>
          <p> Av. Bartolomeu de Gusm&#227;o, 178/73 </p>
          <p> Cep 11030-500 - Santos, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="htxavier@cardiol.br">htxavier@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 06/11/2003 </p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 04/14/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
