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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NfDZqdFgXrSjsFQq5WLbqWs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001800005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001800005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo do encurtamento global do &#225;trio esquerdo em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Satler</surname>
            <given-names>Fab&#237;ola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luchese</surname>
            <given-names>Stelamaris</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piccoli Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manica</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scheid</surname>
            <given-names>Marlui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcantonio</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hatem</surname>
            <given-names>Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do RS </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>470</fpage>
      <lpage>472</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Testar a hip&#243;tese de que a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento atrial esquerda seja menor nos fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas do que em fetos de m&#227;es sem doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas. M&#201;TODOS: Foram examinados, por ecocardiografia, 42 fetos de m&#227;es com diabetes pr&#233;vio ou gestacional e 39 fetos normais de m&#227;es sem doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica (controles), com idades gestacionais a partir da 25&#170; semana at&#233; o termo. A fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento atrial esquerda foi obtida pelo quociente di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) - di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo AE/di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo AE. Os dados foram comparados pelo teste t de Student, com um alfa cr&#237;tico de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os filhos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento atrial esquerda m&#233;dia de 0,39 &#177; 0,15 e os fetos do grupo controle de 0,51 &#177; 0,11. Esta diferen&#231;a foi significativa, com p &lt; 0,001. CONCLUS&#195;O: A din&#226;mica atrial esquerda, com diminui&#231;&#227;o do seu encurtamento global, est&#225; acentuada nos filhos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas. Especulamos que este par&#226;metro possa ser &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda fetal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>ecocardiografia fetal</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal</kwd>
        <kwd>fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento global do &#225;trio esquerdo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo do encurtamento global do &#225;trio esquerdo em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo Zielinsky; Fab&#237;ola Satler; Stelamaris Luchese; Luiz Henrique Nicoloso; Antonio L. Piccoli Jr; Eduardo I. Gus; Jo&#227;o Luiz Manica; Marlui Scheid; Silvana Marcantonio; Domingos Hatem</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Porto Alegre, RS </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do RS/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Testar a hip&#243;tese de que a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento atrial esquerda seja menor nos fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas do que em fetos de m&#227;es sem doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram examinados, por ecocardiografia, 42 fetos de m&#227;es com diabetes pr&#233;vio ou gestacional e 39 fetos normais de m&#227;es sem doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica (controles), com idades gestacionais a partir da 25&#170; semana at&#233; o termo. A fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento atrial esquerda foi obtida pelo quociente di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) &#150; di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo AE/di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo AE. Os dados foram comparados pelo teste t de Student, com um alfa cr&#237;tico de 0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Os filhos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento atrial esquerda m&#233;dia de 0,39 &#177; 0,15 e os fetos do grupo controle de 0,51 &#177; 0,11. Esta diferen&#231;a foi significativa, com p &lt; 0,001. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A din&#226;mica atrial esquerda, com diminui&#231;&#227;o do seu encurtamento global, est&#225; acentuada nos filhos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas. Especulamos que este par&#226;metro possa ser &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda fetal. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>ecocardiografia fetal, fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal, fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento global do &#225;trio esquerdo</p>
    <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es no relaxamento, enchimento e complac&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo s&#227;o comuns em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas. Estudos sugerem que o perfil ecocardiogr&#225;fico unidimensional do &#225;trio esquerdo pode ser usado como indicador de anormalidades da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sendo a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento atrial esquerda proporcional &#224; complac&#234;ncia e inversamente proporcional &#224; constante de rigidez do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A utilidade do encurtamento atrial como par&#226;metro de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal ainda n&#227;o foi demonstrada. </p>
    <p>O diabetes na gesta&#231;&#227;o apresenta incid&#234;ncia de 3,5%, causando elevada morbimortalidade, tanto para a gestante como para o feto. As anomalias cong&#234;nitas maiores afetam de 4 a 12% dos rec&#233;m-nascidos de m&#227;es com diabetes cl&#237;nico, representando uma incid&#234;ncia de malforma&#231;&#245;es, aproximadamente, 5 vezes maior do que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. O cora&#231;&#227;o fetal &#233; um dos &#243;rg&#227;os mais atingidos, sendo 40 a 50% dos defeitos cong&#234;nitos localizados no sistema cardiovascular<sup>1,2</sup>. Becerra e cols referiram um risco absoluto para grandes malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas de 8,5 por 100 nascidos vivos em filhos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>J&#225; foi amplamente demostrada a maior tend&#234;ncia ao aparecimento de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica desproporcional, especialmente do septo interventricular, em filhos de m&#227;es com diabetes<sup>4</sup>. O advento da ecocardiografia fetal proporcionou a possibilidade de estudar a doen&#231;a no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-natal, sendo esta denominada hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica fetal<sup>5,6</sup>. As diversas s&#233;ries estudadas indicam que a preval&#234;ncia dessa altera&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica em filhos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas &#233; em torno de 30%. H&#225; relatos de hipertrofia septal em idade t&#227;o precoce quanto 21 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o, mas a preval&#234;ncia &#233; maior no 3&#186; trimestre<sup>7,8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Desse modo, sugere-se que o ecocardiograma fetal deve ser realizado em todas as gesta&#231;&#245;es complicadas pelo diabetes mellitus, uma vez que a hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica fetal &#233; uma afec&#231;&#227;o freq&#252;ente, facilmente detect&#225;vel pelo exame, e uma etiologia potencial para a hidropsia n&#227;o imune. A hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica fetal se caracteriza por medidas do septo interventricular no final da di&#225;stole superiores a 2 desvios padr&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade gestacional ou maiores que 5mm, uma vez que este valor &#233; superior a 2 desvios padr&#227;o at&#233; o final da gesta&#231;&#227;o<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ao ecocardiograma, pode haver hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica envolvendo a parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o direito, mas a hipertrofia septal costuma ser mais acentuada. A presen&#231;a de gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo revela as formas obstrutivas da doen&#231;a. Altera&#231;&#245;es na complac&#234;ncia e no relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico provocam um padr&#227;o de enchimento diast&#243;lico alterado, com eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o intraventricular que se transmite retrogradamente ao &#225;trio esquerdo e &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que o deslocamento linear do <italic>septum primum</italic> est&#225; aumentado durante a respira&#231;&#227;o fetal<sup>10</sup> e diminu&#237;do em fetos com hipertrofia septal de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas<sup>11</sup>. Esses achados sugerem que a press&#227;o atrial esquerda dependa da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p>Alguns autores mostraram que o perfil unidimensional (modo-M) do &#225;trio esquerdo pode ser usado como indicador de anormalidades da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>12,13</sup>. Briguori e cols<sup>14</sup> estudaram a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em adultos com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e sugeriram que a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do &#225;trio esquerdo seria proporcional &#224; complac&#234;ncia e inversamente proporcional &#224; constante de rigidez do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram encontrados estudos que avaliem a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal atrav&#233;s do perfil unidimensional do &#225;trio esquerdo. S&#227;o poucos os estudos realizados para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas. Especulamos que a avalia&#231;&#227;o do encurtamento atrial esquerdo possa representar uma alternativa para avaliar fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a hip&#243;tese de que o encurtamento atrial esquerdo possa ser menor em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas do que em fetos normais de m&#227;es sem diabetes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram examinadas gestantes com idade gestacional entre 25 semanas at&#233; o termo, encaminhadas &#224; Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal da Institui&#231;&#227;o por diversos servi&#231;os de obstetr&#237;cia da capital. </p>
    <p>Foram examinados fetos com idade gestacional entre 25 semanas at&#233; o termo, cujas m&#227;es apresentavam diabetes pr&#233;vio ou gestacional. A amostra continha 42 fetos, examinados de forma seq&#252;encial e n&#227;o intencional. O grupo controle foi composto de fetos normais, em n&#250;mero de 39, entre 25 semanas at&#233; o termo, cujas m&#227;es n&#227;o apresentavam diabetes, examinados tamb&#233;m de forma seq&#252;encial e n&#227;o intencional. </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo fetos com idades gestacionais inferiores a 25 semanas, fetos portadores de qualquer outra malforma&#231;&#227;o cong&#234;nita ou cujas m&#227;es apresentassem doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica que n&#227;o o diabetes mellitus. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de diabetes gestacional ou pr&#233;vio foi feito de acordo com os preceitos propostos por O'Sullivan e Mahan <sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>O equipamento utilizado foi um ecocardi&#243;grafo marca Acuson, modelo ASPEN com um transdutor curvo de 4 a 7 MHz ou um transdutor <italic>phased array</italic> e 2,25 a 4 MHz, com capacidade de produzir imagens bidimensionais e por modo M, Doppler e mapeamento em cores. </p>
    <p>Os fetos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo quando as imagens obtidas eram consideradas de qualidade adequada e quando era afastada outra anomalia card&#237;aca al&#233;m da hipertrofia septal. Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos fetais foram abrangentes, seguindo a abordagem seq&#252;encial segmentar<sup>8,9,16</sup> iniciando-se na regi&#227;o umbilical materna e procurando como referenciais anat&#244;micos a espinha dorsal, o f&#237;gado e o <italic>septum primum</italic> fetais. Foi feita, ent&#227;o, a determina&#231;&#227;o do <italic>situs</italic> atrial, da posi&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o no t&#243;rax, do tipo e modo das conex&#245;es atrioventricular e ventr&#237;culo-arterial, do arco a&#243;rtico e de eventuais defeitos associados. O ecocardiograma unidimensional do &#225;trio esquerdo foi obtido em corte longitudinal, orientado pela imagem bidimensional, obtendo-se simultaneamente o registro da valva a&#243;rtica e do &#225;trio esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). A an&#225;lise de fluxos foi feita com Doppler puls&#225;til e mapeamento em cores. A fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do &#225;trio esquerdo foi obtida atrav&#233;s do quociente: </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0470-00005-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0470-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Todos os ecocardiogramas fetais foram gravados em fitas magn&#233;ticas. </p>
    <p>Os resultados foram comparados pelo teste "t" bicaudal de Student para amostras independentes. O n&#237;vel discriminativo de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica convencionado foi de 0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade gestacional (IG) m&#233;dia dos fetos de m&#227;es com diabetes pr&#233;vio ou gestacional (casos) foi de 31,4 semanas e dos fetos de m&#227;es sem doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica (controles) foi de 30,3 &#177; 2,35 semanas. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre as IG nos dois grupos (p = 0,06). </p>
    <p>O gr&#225;fico mostra as fra&#231;&#245;es de encurtamento global do &#225;trio esquerdo dos 42 fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas e dos 39 fetos do grupo controle. As m&#233;dias obtidas foram, respectivamente, 0,39 &#177; 0,15 (0,12-0,67) e 0,51 &#177; 0,11 (0,07-0,68) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0470-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Foi encontrada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos, com p &lt; 0,001. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O conhecimento da din&#226;mica cardiocirculat&#243;ria fetal tem sido ampliado ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos, com a constante agrega&#231;&#227;o de novos conceitos. A Doppler-ecocardiografia &#233; um m&#233;todo adequado para estudar, de forma n&#227;o invasiva, a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal<sup>17-19</sup>. Durante a vida intra-uterina, as circula&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;mica e pulmonar funcionam em paralelo. Classicamente, avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica implicava at&#233; recentemente em estudar fluxo mitral e fluxo tric&#250;spide<sup>20</sup>. O perfil de enchimento ventricular atrav&#233;s das valvas atrioventriculares evidencia uma velocidade diast&#243;lica mais elevada na fase de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (onda A) do que na fase de enchimento r&#225;pido no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole (onda E)<sup>21</sup>. &#192; medida que a idade gestacional aumenta, a tend&#234;ncia desta rela&#231;&#227;o (raz&#227;o E/A) &#233; tamb&#233;m aumentar, uma vez que o enchimento r&#225;pido passivo (onda E) tende a ser predominante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (onda A), o que se confirma, posteriormente, na vida extra-uterina<sup>22,23</sup>. Estudos que compararam o padr&#227;o de evolu&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o E/A ao longo das gesta&#231;&#245;es de diab&#233;ticas e de controles detectaram que esta raz&#227;o permanece sempre inferior nos fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas, em rela&#231;&#227;o a seus controles, tanto ao n&#237;vel da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide como da mitral. Assim, a fra&#231;&#227;o de enchimento ventricular ativo (contra&#231;&#227;o atrial), permaneceu anormalmente elevada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao enchimento passivo durante toda a gesta&#231;&#227;o, o que pode ocorrer por uma altera&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia ventricular <sup>22-24</sup>. Embora os fatores determinantes do perfil de velocidade atrav&#233;s das valvas atrioventriculares sejam basicamente os mesmos, que determinam o enchimento diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo<sup>20</sup>, &#233; preciso lembrar que o Doppler mede velocidade e que, a partir dessa medida, estima-se gradiente de press&#227;o. O desempenho ventricular durante a di&#225;stole &#233;, fundamentalmente, o resultado das rela&#231;&#245;es entre press&#227;o e volume<sup> 25</sup>, medidas que o m&#233;todo n&#227;o nos fornece diretamente<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Por esta raz&#227;o, t&#234;m sido pesquisados novos par&#226;metros para completar a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal. A demostra&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de que a mobilidade do <italic>septum primum</italic> est&#225; diminu&#237;da na presen&#231;a de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas <sup>11</sup> corroborou a id&#233;ia de que a press&#227;o atrial esquerda est&#225; relacionada com os volumes diast&#243;licos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Por isso, pareceu-nos l&#243;gica a especula&#231;&#227;o de que a din&#226;mica do &#225;trio esquerdo, especialmente a sua movimenta&#231;&#227;o parietal, poderia estar diminu&#237;da na presen&#231;a de uma altera&#231;&#227;o na complac&#234;ncia e/ou do relaxamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O estudo de Briguori e cols<sup>14</sup>, realizado em adultos, sugeriu que a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pudesse ser melhor avaliada atrav&#233;s da movimenta&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda do que pelos fluxos atrioventriculares em pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. Assim, este estudo foi idealizado para avaliar o comportamento do encurtamento atrial esquerdo em fetos de m&#227;es com diabetes mellitus, nos quais a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica est&#225; alterada em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fetos normais. </p>
    <p>Foi demostrado que existe altera&#231;&#227;o no encurtamento global do &#225;trio esquerdo em fetos de m&#227;es com diabetes pr&#233;vio ou gestacional. Este achado sugere que este par&#226;metro possa ser utilizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda fetal. Esta informa&#231;&#227;o representaria um avan&#231;o no conhecimento da fisiologia cardiocirculat&#243;ria fetal, podendo refletir no manejo perinatal dos fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Paulo Zielinsky </p>
        <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 </p>
        <p> Cep 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="zielinsky.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">zielinsky.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para a Publica&#231;&#227;o em: 03/09/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em: 26/12/2003</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Study of global left atrial shortening in fetuses of diabetic mothers</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that left atrial shortening fraction is lower in fetuses of diabetic mothers than in fetuses of mothers with no systemic disease. METHODS: Forty-two fetuses of mothers with previous diabetes or gestational diabetes and 39 healthy fetuses of mothers with no systemic disease (controls) underwent echocardiographic examination. Their gestational ages ranged from 25 weeks to term. The left atrial shortening fraction was obtained with the following formula: (left atrial maximum diameter - left atrial minimum diameter)/left atrial maximum diameter. Data were compared using the Student t test, with an alpha level of 0.05. RESULTS: Mean left atrial shortening fractions in fetuses of diabetic mothers and in those in the control group were 0.39&#177;0.15 and 0.51&#177;0.11, respectively. This difference was significant with P &lt; 0.001. CONCLUSION: Left atrial dynamics, with a reduction in global left atrial shortening, is increased in fetuses of diabetic mothers. We speculate that this parameter may be useful in assessing fetal left ventricular diastolic function.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>fetal echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>fetal diastolic function</kwd>
        <kwd>global left atrial shortening fraction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Study of global left atrial shortening in fetuses of diabetic mothers</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo Zielinsky; Fab&#237;ola Satler; Stelamaris Luchese; Luiz Henrique Nicoloso; Antonio L. Piccoli Jr; Eduardo I. Gus; Jo&#227;o Luiz Manica; Marlui Scheid; Silvana Marcantonio; Domingos Hatem</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do RS/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To test the hypothesis that left atrial shortening fraction is lower in fetuses of diabetic mothers than in fetuses of mothers with no systemic disease. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Forty-two fetuses of mothers with previous diabetes or gestational diabetes and 39 healthy fetuses of mothers with no systemic disease (controls) underwent echocardiographic examination. Their gestational ages ranged from 25 weeks to term. The left atrial shortening fraction was obtained with the following formula: (left atrial maximum diameter - left atrial minimum diameter)/left atrial maximum diameter. Data were compared using the Student t test, with an alpha level of 0.05. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Mean left atrial shortening fractions in fetuses of diabetic mothers and in those in the control group were 0.39&#177;0.15 and 0.51&#177;0.11, respectively. This difference was significant with P &lt; 0.001. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Left atrial dynamics, with a reduction in global left atrial shortening, is increased in fetuses of diabetic mothers. We speculate that this parameter may be useful in assessing fetal left ventricular diastolic function. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>fetal echocardiography, fetal diastolic function, global left atrial shortening fraction</p>
      <p>Alterations in left ventricular relaxation, filling, and compliance are common in fetuses of diabetic mothers. Some studies have suggested that the unidimensional echocardiographic profile of the left atrium may be used as an indicator of abnormalities in left ventricular diastolic function, and that left atrial shortening fraction is proportional to compliance and inversely proportional to left ventricular stiffness constant. The usefulness of atrial shortening as a parameter for assessing fetal diastolic function has not yet been demonstrated. </p>
      <p>Gestational diabetes has an incidence of 3.5%, accounting for high morbidity and mortality both for the fetus and mother. Major congenital anomalies affect 4 to 12% of newborn infants of women with clinical diabetes, representing an incidence of malformations approximately 5 times higher than that in the general population. The fetal heart is one of the most affected organs, and 40 to 50% of the congenital defects are located in the cardiovascular system <sup>1,2</sup>. Becerra et al <sup>3 </sup>have reported an absolute risk for major cardiac malformations of 8.5 per 100 live-born infants of diabetic mothers. </p>
      <p>The increased tendency towards the appearance of disproportional myocardial hypertrophy, especially of the interventricular septum, has already been demonstrated in children of diabetic mothers<sup> 4</sup>. The appearance of fetal echocardiography has provided the opportunity to study the disease in the prenatal period, when it is called fetal myocardial hypertrophy <sup>5,6</sup>. Several case series studied have reported an approximate 30% prevalence of that anatomical change in children of diabetic mothers. Septal hypertrophy has been reported as early as 21 weeks of gestational age, but the prevalence is greater in the third trimester <sup>7,8</sup>. </p>
      <p>Thus, fetal echocardiography should be performed in all pregnancies complicated with diabetes mellitus, because fetal myocardial hypertrophy is frequent, easily detected on examination, and is a potential cause for nonimmune hydrops. Fetal myocardial hypertrophy is characterized by interventricular septum dimensions at the end of diastole greater than 2 standard deviations according to gestational age or greater than 5mm, as this value is greater than 2 standard deviations until the end of pregnancy <sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Myocardial hypertrophy involving the right ventricle and left ventricular posterior wall may occur, but septal hypertrophy is usually more marked. The presence of a gradient in the left ventricular outflow tract reveals the obstructive forms of the disease. The changes in myocardial compliance and relaxation cause an altered pattern of diastolic filling, with an elevation in intraventricular pressure, which is retrogradely transmitted to the left atrium and pulmonary circulation <sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p> Previous studies <sup>10,11</sup> have shown that the linear motion of the septum primum is increased during fetal breathing <sup>10</sup> and decreased in fetuses with septal hypertrophy of diabetic mothers <sup>11</sup>. These findings suggest that the left atrial pressure depends on left ventricular diastolic function. </p>
      <p>Some authors have shown that the unidimensional left atrial profile (M mode) may be used as an indicator of abnormalities in left ventricular diastolic function <sup>12,13</sup>. Briguori et al <sup>14</sup>, studying diastolic function in adults with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, suggested that the left atrial shortening fraction was proportional to compliance and inversely proportional to the left ventricular stiffness constant. </p>
      <p>No study assessing the fetal diastolic function through the unidimensional left atrial profile was found. Studies assessing diastolic function in fetuses of diabetic mothers are scarce. We speculate that the assessment of left atrial shortening may represent an alternative for evaluating diastolic function in fetuses of diabetic mothers. Therefore, this study aimed at testing the hypothesis that left atrial shortening may be lower in fetuses of diabetic mothers than in healthy fetuses of nondiabetic mothers. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study examined pregnant women with gestational ages ranging from 25 weeks to term, who were referred to the Fetal Cardiology Unit of our institution from different obstetrical services in Porto Alegre. </p>
      <p>Forty-two fetuses with gestational ages ranging from 25 weeks to term, whose mothers had previous or gestational diabetes, were examined in a sequential, random manner. The control group comprised 39 healthy fetuses with gestational ages ranging from 25 weeks to term, whose mothers did not have diabetes. Those fetuses were also examined in a sequential, random manner. </p>
      <p>The following fetuses were excluded from the study: those with gestational ages below 25 weeks; those with any other congenital malformation; those whose mothers had any systemic disease other than diabetes mellitus. </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of gestational or previous diabetes was performed according to the criteria recommended by O'Sullivan and Mahan <sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>The equipment used was an ASPEN model Acuson echocardiography device with a 4 to 7-MHz curve transducer or a 2.25 to 4-MHz phased array transducer with the ability to produce 2-dimensional, M-mode, Doppler, and color mapping images. </p>
      <p>The fetuses were included in the study when the images obtained were considered of appropriate quality and when a cardiac anomaly other than septal hypertrophy was ruled out. The fetal echocardiographic examinations were comprehensive and followed the segmentary sequential approach <sup>8,9</sup>, beginning in the maternal umbilical region, and searched the following fetal anatomical references: vertebral column, liver, and the septum primum. Then, the following parameters were determined: atrial situs; position of the heart in the thorax; and type and mode of the atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections, aortic arch, and occasionally associated defects. Unidimensional left atrial echocardiography was performed in the longitudinal view, oriented by 2-dimensional image, and simultaneous recording of the aortic valve and left atrium was obtained (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). The left atrial shortening fraction was calculated with the following formula:</p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0470-00005-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0470-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>All fetal echocardiograms were recorded on magnetic tapes. </p>
      <p>Data were compared using 2-tailed Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples. The statistical significance level adopted was 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mean gestational age of fetuses from mothers with previous or gestational diabetes (cases) was 31.4 weeks, and that of fetuses of mothers with no systemic disease (controls) was 30.3 &#177; 2.35 weeks. No significant difference in the gestational ages was observed between groups (P = 0.06). </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows left atrial shortening fractions of the 42 fetuses of diabetic mothers, whose mean was 0.39&#177;0.15 (0.12-0.67), and left atrial shortening fractions of the fetuses in the control group, whose mean was 0.51&#177;0.11 (0.07-0.68). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0470-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A statistically significant difference was found between groups, with P &lt; 0.001. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The knowledge of the fetal cardiocirculatory dynamics has been expanded over the past years with the constant aggregation of new concepts. Doppler echocardiography is an adequate noninvasive method for studying fetal diastolic function <sup>17-19</sup>. During intrauterine life, the systemic and pulmonary circulations work in parallel. Classically and until recently, the assessment of diastolic function only used the study of mitral and tricuspid flows <sup>20</sup>. The profile of ventricular filling through the atrioventricular valves shows a more elevated diastolic velocity in the phase of atrial contraction (A wave) than that in the phase of rapid filling at the beginning of diastole (E wave) <sup>21</sup>. As the gestational age increases, the E/A ratio also tends to increase, because the passive rapid filling (E wave) tends to predominate over the atrial contraction (A wave), which is later confirmed in extrauterine life <sup>22,23</sup>. Studies comparing the evolutional pattern of the E/A ratio throughout pregnancies of diabetic women and controls have reported that that ratio always remains lower in fetuses of diabetic mothers at the level of tricuspid and mitral valves. Thus, the active ventricular filling fraction (atrial contraction) remains abnormally elevated as compared with the passive ventricular filling during the entire pregnancy, which may occur due to a change in ventricular compliance <sup>22-24</sup>. Although the factors determining the velocity profile through the atrioventricular valves, which determine diastolic ventricular filling <sup>20</sup>, are basically the same, it is worth nothing that Doppler measures velocity, and that, based on that measure, the pressure gradient is calculated. Ventricular performance during diastole is fundamentally the result of the relations between pressure and volume<sup> 25</sup>, measurements that the method does not directly provide <sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>Due to this, new parameters have been evaluated for completing fetal diastolic function assessment. The previous demonstration that the motion of the septum primum is decreased in the presence of myocardial hypertrophy in fetuses of diabetic mothers <sup>11</sup> confirmed the idea that left atrial pressure relates to left ventricular diastolic volumes. Therefore, we found it logical to speculate that left atrial dynamics, especially its parietal motion, could be decreased in the presence of an alteration in left ventricular compliance or relaxation, or both. The study by Briguori et al <sup>14</sup> in adults suggested that left ventricular diastolic function could be better assessed through left atrial motion than through atrioventricular flows in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Thus, our study was designed to assess the behavior of left atrial shortening in fetuses of women with diabetes mellitus, whose diastolic function is altered as compared with that in healthy fetuses. </p>
      <p>This study showed the existence of an alteration in global left atrial shortening in fetuses of women with previous or gestational diabetes. This finding suggests that this parameter may be used for assessing fetal left ventricular diastolic function. This information could represent an advance in understanding fetal cardiocirculatory physiology and affect the perinatal management of fetuses of diabetic women.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Paulo Zielinsky </p>
          <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do RS </p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 </p>
          <p> Cep 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="zielinsky.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">zielinsky.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 09/03/2003 </p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 12/26/2003 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
