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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TPdvFFqWNqvysKPjYD7856t</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001800004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001800004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Varia&#231;&#245;es de par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de acordo com a idade atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia com Doppler tissular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedone</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hatem</surname>
            <given-names>Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Haertel</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feier</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pandolfo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do RS </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>461</fpage>
      <lpage>465</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as velocidades diast&#243;licas do Doppler tissular com a idade em amostra de adultos saud&#225;veis, e correlacionar a idade com as velocidades do fluxo transmitral e de veias pulmonares. M&#201;TODOS: Estudados, atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia, 51 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, com idades entre 21 e 69 anos e registradas as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas diast&#243;licas ao Doppler tissular e determinadas as velocidades dos fluxos transmitral e venoso pulmonar. RESULTADOS: As velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas diast&#243;licas iniciais septal basal e lateral basal apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com a idade, com r = - 0,40 (p = 0,004) e r = - 0,60 (p = 0,0001) respectivamente. As velocidades atriog&#234;nicas do Doppler tissular foram diretamente correlacionadas com a idade, sendo no segmento septal basal r = 0,56 (p = 0,0001) e no segmento lateral basal r = 0,50 (p = 0,0001). As velocidades do fluxo transmitral e do fluxo venoso pulmonar tamb&#233;m mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o com a idade. CONCLUS&#195;O: Existe correla&#231;&#227;o entre a idade e as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas diast&#243;licas do Doppler tissular e com as velocidades do fluxo transmitral e fluxo venoso pulmonar, demonstrando em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis uma varia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da idade.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doppler tissular</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Varia&#231;&#245;es de par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de acordo com a idade atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia com Doppler tissular</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#225;rcia Duarte Pedone; Iran Castro; Domingos Hatem; Jos&#233; Carlos Haertel; Fl&#225;via Feier; Fernando Pandolfo</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Porto Alegre, RS </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do RS / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as velocidades diast&#243;licas do Doppler tissular com a idade em amostra de adultos saud&#225;veis, e correlacionar a idade com as velocidades do fluxo transmitral e de veias pulmonares. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudados, atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia, 51 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, com idades entre 21 e 69 anos e registradas as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas diast&#243;licas ao Doppler tissular e determinadas as velocidades dos fluxos transmitral e venoso pulmonar. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>As velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas diast&#243;licas iniciais septal basal e lateral basal apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com a idade, com r = - 0,40 (p = 0,004) e r = - 0,60 (p = 0,0001) respectivamente. As velocidades atriog&#234;nicas do Doppler tissular foram diretamente correlacionadas com a idade, sendo no segmento septal basal r = 0,56 (p = 0,0001) e no segmento lateral basal r = 0,50 (p = 0,0001). As velocidades do fluxo transmitral e do fluxo venoso pulmonar tamb&#233;m mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o com a idade. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Existe correla&#231;&#227;o entre a idade e as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas diast&#243;licas do Doppler tissular e com as velocidades do fluxo transmitral e fluxo venoso pulmonar, demonstrando em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis uma varia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da idade. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>ecocardiografia, Doppler tissular, fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda</p>
    <p>A compreens&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo tem despertado interesse em pesquisas m&#233;dicas, visto que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva constitui grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, estando associada &#224; marcada morbimortalidade. Significativa propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes (50%) <sup>1</sup> com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva apresenta fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada. Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica t&#234;m risco de mortalidade cinco a oito vezes maior do que a popula&#231;&#227;o normal <sup>2. </sup></p>
    <p>Entre os m&#233;todos para diagn&#243;stico da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, a ecocardiografia com Doppler tem evolu&#237;do bastante nos &#250;ltimos anos. As t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas convencionais (Doppler transmitral e Doppler de veias pulmonares), freq&#252;entemente utilizadas, embora de grande utilidade, cont&#234;m falhas e limita&#231;&#245;es. Por&#233;m o Doppler tissular, com capacidade para medir as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas e por n&#227;o sofrer altera&#231;&#245;es significativas com mudan&#231;as de pr&#233;-carga, vem desempenhando importante papel na determina&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica <sup>3-9</sup>. </p>
    <p>A distin&#231;&#227;o entre fisiologia normal e processos patol&#243;gicos pressup&#245;e um adequado conhecimento do padr&#227;o de normalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o a ser estudada. Sabemos que a complac&#234;ncia e o relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico se alteram com a idade e diferentes padr&#245;es de enchimento diast&#243;lico s&#227;o esperados para distintos grupos et&#225;rios. Muitos estudos sobre fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica, no entanto, t&#234;m utilizado como grupo controle apenas indiv&#237;duos jovens <sup>10</sup>. Desta forma, a an&#225;lise das varia&#231;&#245;es das velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas diast&#243;licas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, de acordo com a idade, pelo Doppler tissular, contribuir&#225; para um melhor entendimento e avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. </p>
    <p>O objetivo principal deste estudo foi determinar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as velocidades diast&#243;licas mioc&#225;rdicas regionais pelo Doppler tissular e a idade em uma amostra de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e o secund&#225;rio, demonstrar as correla&#231;&#245;es da idade com as velocidades do Doppler convencional (fluxo do Doppler transmitral e de veias pulmonares). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 51 volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis ativos, com idades entre 21 e 69 anos, sendo 23 homens e 28 mulheres. Todos os integrantes possu&#237;am freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial normais. Nenhum referia tabagismo, uso de medica&#231;&#227;o, hist&#243;ria de diabetes mellitus ou de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Todos apresentavam eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico normais. Nenhum era atleta. </p>
    <p>Todos assinaram um termo de consentimento informado, o qual foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o onde foi realizado o estudo. </p>
    <p>Todos os participantes se submeteram ao estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico completo, com an&#225;lise focada de par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p>Os exames foram realizados no Servi&#231;o de Ecocardiografia da Institui&#231;&#227;o, sendo utilizado equipamento de ecocardiografia HP Sonus 2500, equipado com transdutor multifreq&#252;encial e com disponibilidade de Doppler tissular nativo. Todas as imagens foram obtidas pelo mesmo observador, com tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico concomitante, tendo os exames sido analisados durante a execu&#231;&#227;o, gravados em fita VHS e, posteriormente, reavaliados por um segundo observador. </p>
    <p>Foram registradas, de todos os integrantes, as medidas das dimens&#245;es das cavidades card&#237;acas obtidas pelo modo-M, adotando-se os crit&#233;rios normatizados pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>11.</sup></p>
    <p>Foram registradas as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas diast&#243;licas pelo Doppler tissular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>), obtidas no anel mitral, nos segmentos septal basal e lateral basal <sup>12 </sup>do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pelo corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras. Em cada segmento foram determinadas as velocidades diast&#243;lica inicial (E') e atriog&#234;nica (A') (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>). Cada valor registrado foi resultante da m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica de 8 a 10 complexos. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Foi realizada medida de velocidade do fluxo transmitral a partir do corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras, com volume amostra posicionado na extremidade dos folhetos da valva mitral. As velocidades diast&#243;lica inicial (onda E), atriog&#234;nica (onda A) e o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o (TD) foram registradas e as velocidades do fluxo venoso pulmonar foram determinadas no mesmo corte ecocardiogr&#225;fico, com volume amostra posicionado a 1 cm abaixo do orif&#237;cio da veia pulmonar superior direita no &#225;trio esquerdo. As velocidades sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e do fluxo venoso pulmonar atrial reverso (PVa) foram registradas <sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas sob a forma de m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o. </p>
    <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi adotada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre idade e as vari&#225;veis diast&#243;licas. Diagramas de dispers&#227;o foram utilizados para demonstrar graficamente essas rela&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>A idade foi categorizada em dois grupos (&lt; 40 anos e &gt; 40 anos) e as medidas diast&#243;licas comparadas atrav&#233;s do teste t de Student para amostras independentes. </p>
    <p>Utilizou-se o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 8.0 para an&#225;lise dos dados. </p>
    <p>O alfa cr&#237;tico considerado nestas compara&#231;&#245;es foi de 0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As m&#233;dias e os respectivos desvios padr&#227;o das velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas diast&#243;licas obtidas nos segmentos septal basal e lateral basal encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>, juntamente com as velocidades do influxo mitral e fluxo venoso pulmonar. Os dados foram divididos em dois grupos (acima e abaixo dos 40 anos). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Observou-se que as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas diast&#243;licas est&#227;o correlacionadas com a idade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2a">fig. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3a">3</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig2a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig2b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig3a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig3b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>As velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas diast&#243;licas iniciais septal basal e lateral basal foram inversamente correlacionadas com a idade: r = -0,40 (p = 0,004) no segmento septal basal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2a">fig.2-A</xref>) e r = -0,60 (p = 0,0001) no lateral basal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2b">fig.2-B</xref>). </p>
    <p>As velocidades atriog&#234;nicas foram diretamente correlacionadas com a idade, tendo sido encontrado, no segmento septal basal, r = 0,56 (p= 0,0001), demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3a">figura 3-A</xref> e, no segmento lateral basal, r = 0,50 (p = 0,0001), indicado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3b">figura 3-B</xref>. </p>
    <p>As velocidades do fluxo transmitral tamb&#233;m mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o com a idade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4a">fig. 4</xref>). Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4a">figura 4-A</xref> observa-se correla&#231;&#227;o inversa da idade com a velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial (r= -0,36; p = 0,009) e, na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4b">figura 4-B</xref>, correla&#231;&#227;o direta com a velocidade atriog&#234;nica (r = 0,40; p = 0,004). </p>
    <fig id="fig4a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-e03.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig4b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo venoso pulmonar, verifica-se que a correla&#231;&#227;o do fluxo diast&#243;lico venoso pulmonar foi inversa &#224; idade, sendo r= -0,40; p= 0,004 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5a">fig.5-A</xref>) e que a correla&#231;&#227;o da velocidade sist&#243;lica foi direta, com r= 0,33; p= 0,02. A amplitude da onda A pulmonar reversa tamb&#233;m apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o direta, sendo r= 0,57 com p=0,0001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5b">fig.5-B</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig5a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-e04.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig5b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Doppler tissular tem sido alvo de muitas pesquisas e vem demonstrando, entre outras aplica&#231;&#245;es, utilidade no diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre pericardite constritiva e miocardiopatia restritiva, no acompanhamento de transplante card&#237;aco, na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular segmentar, na diferencia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica entre hipertrofia ventricular patol&#243;gica e fisiol&#243;gica <sup>3,14-16</sup>. O m&#233;todo tamb&#233;m tem sido estudado na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito <sup>17-20.</sup></p>
    <p> Sabemos que, com o avan&#231;ar da idade, ocorre uma gradual diminui&#231;&#227;o da taxa de relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico, bem como do recolhimento el&#225;stico, resultando em um demorado decl&#237;nio da press&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e em um lento enchimento ventricular <sup>21-23.</sup></p>
    <p>Os resultados de nosso estudo demonstraram que as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas diast&#243;licas iniciais est&#227;o inversamente correlacionadas &#224; idade, sendo esse efeito mais evidente no segmento lateral basal. Concomitantemente, observa-se que as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas atriog&#234;nicas aumentam com o passar da idade, tendo, portanto, uma correla&#231;&#227;o direta com a mesma. Julgamos que tais manifesta&#231;&#245;es possam estar refletindo um gradual decl&#237;nio do enchimento diast&#243;lico inicial do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com um aumento compensat&#243;rio da contribui&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;stole atrial para manter um adequado volume de enchimento ventricular. </p>
    <p>Nossos &#237;ndices demonstram correla&#231;&#227;o com magnitude de efeito moderada (avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa do coeficiente de Pearson), que neste contexto tornam-se relevantes,j&#225; que estamos analisando, de forma comparativa, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre dois elementos distintos (idade e velocidades de movimento do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco). </p>
    <p>Como demonstrado previamente na literatura <sup>24-26,</sup> as velocidades do Doppler do fluxo transmitral e do fluxo venoso pulmonar em nosso estudo, tamb&#233;m exibem correla&#231;&#227;o com a idade. A associa&#231;&#227;o mais evidente foi expressa pela correla&#231;&#227;o direta da idade com a velocidade de fluxo venoso pulmonar atrial reverso. </p>
    <p>Dividindo-se os participantes do estudo em dois grupos, acima e abaixo de 40 anos, observa-se que existe diferen&#231;a significativa dos valores absolutos entre os grupos, tanto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas determinadas pelo Doppler tissular, como no que diz respeito &#224;s velocidades do Doppler transmitral e das ondas diast&#243;lica e atrial reversa do fluxo venoso pulmonar. </p>
    <p>Possivelmente, todas essas manifesta&#231;&#245;es estejam relacionadas com as altera&#231;&#245;es do desempenho diast&#243;lico ventricular esquerdo associadas ao processo de envelhecimento natural. </p>
    <p>A raz&#227;o E/E' n&#227;o demonstra diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. A justificativa &#233; de estarmos avaliando, nesta rela&#231;&#227;o, dois par&#226;metros que isoladamente sofrem varia&#231;&#227;o com a idade no mesmo sentido (os dois diminuem com a idade), significando que, como estas velocidades, de forma independente, variam com a idade, sua rela&#231;&#227;o permanece constante. </p>
    <p>Segundo estudo de Ommen cols. <sup>27</sup>, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' exerce papel importante na estimativa das press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular, onde pacientes com E/E' &gt; 15 apresentaram press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular elevadas e aqueles com E/E' &lt; 8 exibiram press&#245;es de enchimento normais ou baixas. </p>
    <p>Assim, este estudo refor&#231;a a utilidade desta rela&#231;&#227;o para a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular, visto que, em indiv&#237;duos normais, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' n&#227;o sofre varia&#231;&#245;es com a idade. </p>
    <p>Possivelmente, os resultados deste estudo seriam amplificados se houvesse um maior n&#250;mero de participantes &gt; 60 anos, estratificando a amostra em faixas et&#225;rias mais estreitas, permitindo o estudo mais detalhado de um grupo com idade mais avan&#231;ada. </p>
    <p>Nossos dados permitem concluir que existe correla&#231;&#227;o entre as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas diast&#243;licas do Doppler tissular e a idade, demonstrando uma varia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com o envelhecimento. </p>
    <p>Os resultados aqui obtidos servem como referencial para a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pelo Doppler tissular e justificam a import&#226;ncia de um estudo de base populacional para uma defini&#231;&#227;o mais precisa dos par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em cada faixa et&#225;ria, melhorando a acur&#225;cia da ecocardiografia no diagn&#243;stico da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Iran Castro </p>
        <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do RS </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 </p>
        <p> Cep 90620-001 - Porto Alegre - RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="iran.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">iran.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em: 03/09/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em: 18/02/2004</p>
  </body>
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          <article-title>Doppler transmitral flow velocity parameters: Relationship between age, body surface area, blood pressure, and gender in normal subjects</article-title>
          <source>Am Noninv Cardiol</source>
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            <year>1987</year>
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              <surname>Davidson</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>25. Masuyama T, Lee JM, Tamai M et al. Pulmonary    venous flow patterns as assessed with transthoracic pulsed Doppler echocardiography    in subjects without cardiac disease. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:1936. </mixed-citation>
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        <mixed-citation>26. Klein AL, Tajik AJ. Doppler assessment of    pulmonary venous flow in healthy subjects and in patients with heart disease.    J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1991; 4: 379. </mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Doppler assessment of pulmonary venous flow in healthy subjects and in patients with heart disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Changes in the parameters of left ventricular diastolic function according to age on tissue Doppler imaging</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between diastolic velocities on tissue Doppler imaging and age in a sample of healthy adults and to correlate age with the velocities of transmitral and pulmonary vein flows. METHODS: Echocardiographic assessment of 51 healthy individuals, whose ages ranged from 21 to 69 years. The diastolic myocardial velocities were recorded on tissue Doppler imaging. The velocities of the transmitral and pulmonary vein flows were also determined. RESULTS: The initial basal septal and basal lateral diastolic myocardial velocities showed an inverse correlation with age [r = - 0.40 (P = 0.004), and r = - 0.60 (P = 0.0001), respectively]. The atriogenic velocities of tissue Doppler imaging correlated directly with age [r = 0.56 (P = 0.0001) in the basal septal segment, and r = 0.50 (P = 0.0001) in the basal lateral segment]. The velocities of transmitral and pulmonary vein flows also correlated with age. CONCLUSION: Age correlates with the tissue Doppler diastolic myocardial velocities and with the velocities of transmitral and pulmonary vein flows. In healthy individuals, the parameters of left ventricular diastolic function vary with the natural evolution of age.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>tissue Doppler imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>left ventricular diastolic function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Changes in the parameters of left ventricular diastolic function according to age on tissue Doppler imaging</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#225;rcia Duarte Pedone; Iran Castro; Domingos Hatem; Jos&#233; Carlos Haertel; Fl&#225;via Feier; Fernando Pandolfo</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do RS / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the correlation between diastolic velocities on tissue Doppler imaging and age in a sample of healthy adults and to correlate age with the velocities of transmitral and pulmonary vein flows. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Echocardiographic assessment of 51 healthy individuals, whose ages ranged from 21 to 69 years. The diastolic myocardial velocities were recorded on tissue Doppler imaging. The velocities of the transmitral and pulmonary vein flows were also determined. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The initial basal septal and basal lateral diastolic myocardial velocities showed an inverse correlation with age [r = - 0.40 </p>
      <p> (P = 0.004), and r = - 0.60 (P = 0.0001), respectively]. The atriogenic velocities of tissue Doppler imaging correlated directly with age [r = 0.56 (P = 0.0001) in the basal septal segment, and r = 0.50 (P = 0.0001) in the basal lateral segment]. The velocities of transmitral and pulmonary vein flows also correlated with age. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Age correlates with the tissue Doppler diastolic myocardial velocities and with the velocities of transmitral and pulmonary vein flows. In healthy individuals, the parameters of left ventricular diastolic function vary with the natural evolution of age. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging, left ventricular diastolic function</p>
      <p>The understanding of left ventricular diastolic function has stimulated medical research, because congestive heart failure is a severe public health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A significant proportion (50%) of patients <sup>1</sup> with congestive heart failure has preserved systolic function. Patients with diastolic heart failure have a mortality risk 5 to 8 times greater than that of the healthy population <sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Of the methods for diagnosing diastolic dysfunction, Doppler echocardiography has evolved greatly in recent years. The often-used conventional echocardiographic techniques (transmitral Doppler and pulmonary vein Doppler), although very useful, have flaws and limitations. However, tissue Doppler, with its capacity for measuring myocardial velocities, and because it does not undergo significant alterations with afterload changes, has played an important role in determining diastolic dysfunction <sup>3-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The distinction between normal physiology and pathological processes presupposes an appropriate knowledge of the normality pattern in the population studied. Myocardial compliance and relaxation are known to change with age, and different patterns of diastolic filling are expected for distinct age groups. However, several studies on diastolic function and diastolic heart failure have used only young individuals as the control group <sup>10</sup>. Thus, the assessment of variations in left ventricular diastolic myocardial velocities in healthy individuals according to age by use of tissue Doppler imaging will contribute to a better understanding and evaluation of the diastolic function. </p>
      <p>The major objective of this study was to determine the correlation between the regional myocardial diastolic velocities on tissue Doppler imaging and age in a sample of healthy individuals. The secondary objective was to demonstrate the correlation of age with the velocities of conventional Doppler (Doppler of the transmitral and pulmonary vein flows). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study assessed 51 healthy, active volunteers (23 men and 28 women), whose ages ranged from 21 to 69 years. All participants had normal heart rate and blood pressure levels. Neither smoking, nor use of medication, nor history of diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular disease was reported. All participants had normal electrocardiograms and transthoracic echocardiograms, and none of them was an athlete. </p>
      <p>All participants signed a written informed consent, which had been approved by the Committee on Ethics at the institution where the study was performed. </p>
      <p> All participants underwent complete transthoracic echocardiographic study with analysis focused on the parameters of left ventricular diastolic function. </p>
      <p>The examinations were performed in the echocardiography laboratory at our institution, with an HP Sonus 2500 echocardiographic device equipped with multifrequency transducer. A native tissue Doppler device was also available. All images were obtained by the same observer with a concomitant electrocardiographic tracing. All examinations were analyzed while being performed, recorded on a VHS tape, later being reassessed by a second observer. </p>
      <p>The dimensions of the cardiac cavities were measured by use of M mode and recorded in all participants. The criteria adopted were those recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>The myocardial diastolic velocities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>) of the mitral ring and of the left ventricular basal septal and basal lateral segments<sup>12 </sup>obtained on the apical 4-chamber view were recorded on tissue Doppler. In each segment, the initial (E') and atriogenic (A') diastolic velocities were determined (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig.1</xref>). Each value recorded resulted from the arithmetic mean of 8 to 10 complexes. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The transmitral flow velocity was measured on the apical 4-chamber view, with a sample volume positioned at the extremity of the mitral valve leaflets. The initial (E wave) and atriogenic (A wave) diastolic velocities, and the time for deceleration (TD) were recorded. The velocities of pulmonary vein flow were determined in the same echocardiographic view, with a sample volume positioned 1 cm below the orifice of the right superior pulmonary vein in the left atrium. The following velocities were recorded: systolic, diastolic, and the reverse atrial pulmonary vein flow (PVa) <sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>The continuous variables were presented as means and standard deviations. </p>
      <p>The Pearson correlation was adopted for assessing the association between age and diastolic variables. Diagrams of dispersion were used for the graphic demonstration of these relations. </p>
      <p>Age was categorized into 2 groups (&lt; 40 years and &gt; 40 years), and the diastolic measures were compared by using the Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples. </p>
      <p>The 8.0 version of the statistical program SPSS was used for data analysis. </p>
      <p>The alpha level adopted for the comparisons was 0.05. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The means and respective standard deviations of the myocardial diastolic velocities obtained in the basal septal and basal lateral segments are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>, as are the velocities of transmitral flow and pulmonary vein flow. Data were divided into 2 groups (above and below 40 years of age). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The myocardial diastolic velocities were observed to correlate with age (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2a-body2">fig. 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3a-body2">3</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig2a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig2b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig3a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig3b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The initial basal septal and basal lateral myocardial diastolic velocities were inversely correlated with age [r = -0.40, P = 0.004, in the basal septal segment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2a-body2">fig. 2-A</xref>), and r = -0.60, P = 0.0001, in the basal lateral segment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2b-body2">fig. 2-B</xref>)]. </p>
      <p>The atriogenic velocities were directly correlated with age [r = 0.56, P = 0.0001, in the basal septal segment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3a-body2">fig. 3-A</xref>), and r = 0.50, P = 0.0001, in the basal lateral segment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3b-body2">fig. 3-B</xref>)]. </p>
      <p>The velocities of transmitral flow also correlated with age (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4a-body2">fig. 4</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4a-body2">Figure 4-A</xref> shows an inverse correlation of age with initial diastolic velocity (r=-0.36; P=0.009), and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4b-body2">figure 4-B</xref> shows a direct correlation of age with atriogenic velocity (r = 0.40; P = 0.004). </p>
      <fig id="fig4a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-e03-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig4b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>When assessing the pulmonary venous flow, an inverse correlation with age was observed [r= -0.40; P= 0.004 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5a-body2">fig.5-A</xref>)], and a direct correlation with systolic velocity was observed (r= 0.33; P= 0.02). The amplitude of the reverse pulmonary A wave also had a direct correlation with age [r= 0.57; P=0.0001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5b-body2">fig.5-B</xref>)]. </p>
      <fig id="fig5a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-e04-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig5b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-06-0461-00004-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Tissue Doppler imaging has been extensively studied and has proved, among other applications, to be useful in the following situations: the differential diagnosis between constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy, in the follow-up of heart transplantation, in assessing the segmentary ventricular function, and in the diagnostic differentiation between pathological and physiological ventricular hypertrophy<sup>3,14-16</sup>. The method has also been studied for assessing left and right ventricular systolic function<sup>17-20.</sup></p>
      <p> As age advances, a gradual reduction in the myocardial relaxation rate occurs, as well as in the elastic shortening, which results in a delayed decline in left ventricular pressure and a delayed ventricular filling <sup>21-23.</sup></p>
      <p>Our results showed that the initial myocardial diastolic velocities are inversely correlated with age, and this effect is more evident in the basal lateral segment. Concomitantly, atriogenic myocardial velocities were observed to increase with age progression, and, therefore, a direct correlation exists between them. We believe that these manifestations may reflect a gradual decline in the left ventricular initial diastolic filling, with a compensatory increase in the contribution of atrial systole to maintain an appropriate ventricular filling volume. </p>
      <p>Our indices show a correlation of moderate magnitude (qualitative assessment by use of the Pearson coefficient), which is relevant in this context, because we are comparing the correlation between 2 distinct elements (age and velocities of cardiac muscle motion). </p>
      <p>As previously reported in the literature <sup>24-26</sup>, the Doppler velocities of the transmitral flow and pulmonary venous flow in our study also correlate with age. The most evident association was expressed by the direct correlation between age and the velocity of reverse atrial pulmonary venous flow. </p>
      <p>Dividing the participants of the study into 2 groups according to age, above and below 40 years, a significant difference in the absolute values is observed between the groups, both in regard to the myocardial velocities determined on tissue Doppler, and in regard to the velocities of transmitral Doppler and the velocities of the diastolic and atrial reverse waves of pulmonary venous flow. </p>
      <p>All these manifestations may be related to alterations in the left ventricular diastolic performance associated with the natural aging process. </p>
      <p>The E/E' ratio showed no difference between the groups. This may be because that ratio assesses 2 parameters that in isolation vary with age in the same direction (both decrease with age), which means that, as those velocities vary independently with age, their ratio remains constant. </p>
      <p>According to the study by Ommen et al <sup>27</sup>, the E/E' ratio plays an important role in estimating the ventricular filling pressures as follows: patients with E/E' &gt; 15 had elevated ventricular filling pressures, and those with E/E' &lt; 8 had normal or low ventricular filling pressures. </p>
      <p>Thus, this study emphasizes the usefulness of that ratio for assessing the ventricular diastolic function, because, in healthy individuals, the E/E' ratio does not vary with age. </p>
      <p>The results of this study could be amplified if the number of participants &gt; 60 years was greater, stratifying the sample in narrower age groups, allowing a more detailed study of a group with more advanced age. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, according to our data, the myocardial diastolic velocities of tissue Doppler and age correlate, which is shown by the variation in the parameters of left ventricular diastolic function with aging. </p>
      <p>Our results serve as a reference for the analysis of the diastolic function by use of tissue Doppler and emphasizes the importance of a population-based study for a more accurate definition of the parameters of diastolic function in each age group, improving the accuracy of echocardiography in the diagnosis of ventricular diastolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Iran Castro </p>
          <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do RS </p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 </p>
          <p> Cep 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="iran.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">iran.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 09/03/2003 </p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 02/18/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
