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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JqqrjfHJK8xtB8ssBY45Nzz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001700010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300510</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001700010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Casos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ncope e bloqueio atrioventricular total relacionado a tromboembolismo pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kuniyoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moulin</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Fab&#237;ola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroz</surname>
            <given-names>Ala&#244;r</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moys&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimed Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>434</fpage>
      <lpage>438</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>S&#237;ncope e bloqueio atrioventricular total relacionado a tromboembolismo pulmonar</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jorge Elias; Ricardo Kuniyoshi; Bruno Moulin; Fab&#237;ola Cunha; Eduardo Castro; Alfredo Nunes; Vitor Barreto; Ala&#244;r Queiroz; Felipe Moys&#233;s </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vit&#243;ria, ES</p>
    <p>Hospital Unimed Cora&#231;&#227;o - Vit&#243;ria </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <italic>Paciente com 68 anos de idade, diab&#233;tico, hipertenso, atendido no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia ap&#243;s quadro s&#250;bito de dor tor&#225;cica associada a s&#237;ncope. Ao exame f&#237;sico apresentava-se em choque, press&#227;o arterial de 70/40 mmHg e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 34 bpm. O eletrocardiograma mostrava bloqueio atrioventricular total com escape idioventricular. Submetido a implante de marcapasso artificial provis&#243;rio que, associado a medidas gerais, permitiu estabiliza&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos. O ecocardiograma mostrava altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar em parede &#237;nfero-septo-apical e disfun&#231;&#227;o importante do ventr&#237;culo direito associado a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, a cineangiocoronariografia aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es coronarianas, que justificassem o quadro cl&#237;nico, e a arteriografia pulmonar tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o bilateral. Realizada terap&#234;utica trombol&#237;tica sist&#234;mica, o paciente desenvolveu fal&#234;ncia ventricular, hipoxemia refrat&#225;ria e &#243;bito. S&#227;o discutidos os poss&#237;veis mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos relacionados a ocorr&#234;ncia de bloqueio atrioventricular no tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o, suas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas bem como a abordagem diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica.</italic>
    </p>
    <p>O tromboembolismo pulmonar &#233; uma entidade de alta preval&#234;ncia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, potencialmente letal, que, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia, pode gerar dificuldades diagn&#243;sticas <sup>1-3</sup>. Quando um tromboembolismo pulmonar se instala e &#233; tratado de maneira adequada, a mortalidade estimada &#233; de 8%, cifra que pode atingir at&#233; 40% quando o diagn&#243;stico &#233; retardado <sup>3</sup>. Em algumas s&#233;ries de aut&#243;psias, o diagn&#243;stico (pr&#233; mortem) de tromboembolismo pulmonar realizou-se em apenas 30% dos casos <sup>3</sup>. Esse fato deve-se &#224; inespecificidade dos sinais e sintomas, assim como &#224; baixa sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica que t&#234;m o exame f&#237;sico e os exames complementares b&#225;sicos, como, radiografia de t&#243;rax, gasometria arterial e eletrocardiograma <sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ncope tem sido descrita em 13 a 23% dos pacientes com tromboembolismo pulmonar <sup>3,4</sup>. Quando presente, a s&#237;ncope &#233;, na sua grande maioria, a manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial do acidente emb&#243;lico, sendo geralmente relatada como decorrente de uma diminui&#231;&#227;o abrupta do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, devido a uma oblitera&#231;&#227;o arterial pulmonar maci&#231;a <sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>J&#225; a ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope e bloqueio atrioventricular total associado ao tromboembolismo pulmonar &#233; muito rara, com poucos casos relatados na literatura <sup>4-8</sup>. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se fator complicador no diagn&#243;stico inicial do tromboembolismo pulmonar, com implica&#231;&#245;es evidentes na evolu&#231;&#227;o da maioria dos casos relatados <sup>5,7</sup>. O objetivo deste artigo &#233; relatar o caso de um paciente com essa forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, discutindo-se os aspectos cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, fisiopatol&#243;gicos, progn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos dessa rara manifesta&#231;&#227;o do tromboembolismo pulmonar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 68 anos, portador de diabetes mellitus e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Restrito ao leito devido a tratamento de les&#227;o ulcerada infectada em membro inferior direito, acompanhado em n&#237;vel domiciliar. Vinha em uso regular de insulina, antidiab&#233;tico oral e inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina. Apresentou epis&#243;dio s&#250;bito de dor tor&#225;cica sucedido de s&#237;ncope. Foi atendido pelo servi&#231;o de remo&#231;&#227;o e encaminhado ao setor de emerg&#234;ncia do Hospital Geral. Apresentava um quadro t&#237;pico de choque, com palidez cut&#226;neo-mucosa, desorienta&#231;&#227;o, taquidispn&#233;ia, press&#227;o arterial 70/40 mmHg e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 34 bpm, bem como aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es significativas da ausculta pulmonar. N&#227;o apresentava sinais e sintomas sugestivos de trombose venosa profunda. O eletrocardiograma mostrava bloqueio atrioventricular total, com ritmo de supl&#234;ncia idioventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>). Foi submetido a implante de marcapasso artificial provis&#243;rio por pun&#231;&#227;o de veia subcl&#225;via direita, o qual permitiu, associado a medidas gerais, uma estabiliza&#231;&#227;o inicial dos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos. A curva de creatinofosfoquinase - fra&#231;&#227;o MB (CKMB) mostrou-se normal. A desidrogenase l&#225;tica (DHL) foi de 518, a glicemia, de 476, e o leucograma, com 12.600 leuc&#243;citos, com desvio &#224; esquerda.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0434-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Foi realizado ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler para estratifica&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica do choque cardiovascular. Os achados relevantes, ao ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler, foram a presen&#231;a de &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo esquerdos com espessura, volume e fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas normais e a presen&#231;a de hipocinesia importante de parede inferior. O ventr&#237;culo direito apresentava-se com aumento de volume e hipocinesia difusa de grau severo. O &#225;trio direito encontrava-se aumentado de volume. Observou-se a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada e press&#227;o estimada de art&#233;ria pulmonar de 64 mmHg. A hip&#243;tese inicial foi de infarto inferior, com comprometimento do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s 6h de evolu&#231;&#227;o, o paciente apresentou piora cl&#237;nica progressiva com necessidade de institui&#231;&#227;o de suporte ventilat&#243;rio, tendo sido encaminhado ao laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica e submetido, inicialmente, a cineangiocoronariografia. Ap&#243;s a comprova&#231;&#227;o da inexist&#234;ncia de les&#245;es obstrutivas coronarianas, que justificassem o quadro cl&#237;nico, optou-se pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma arteriografia pulmonar. O estudo da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar evidenciou art&#233;ria pulmonar direita com falhas de opacifica&#231;&#227;o desde seu tronco at&#233; as art&#233;rias lobares superior e inferior com comprometimento de ramos segmentares e art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda p&#233;rvia, com falha de opacifica&#231;&#227;o em art&#233;ria lobar inferior e seus ramos segmentares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). Os achados cl&#237;nicos e arteriogr&#225;ficos indicaram tratar-se de tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o. Foi realizada tentativa de fragmenta&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica dos trombos com cateter <italic>pigtail</italic> 6F e iniciada terap&#234;utica trombol&#237;tica sist&#234;mica com estreptoquinase, com dose inicial de 250.000 U, durante 30min, e a seguir, 100.000 UI por hora. O paciente evoluiu com piora hemodin&#226;mica progressiva, hipoxemia refrat&#225;ria, culminando em &#243;bito uma hora ap&#243;s o estudo hemodin&#226;mico. A an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos exames de rotina mostrou presen&#231;a de bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo, em eletrocardiograma realizado 6 meses antes do evento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0434-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0434-00010-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de tromboembolismo pulmonar &#233; muitas vezes dif&#237;cil de ser estabelecido <sup>1-2</sup>, uma vez que tem um amplo espectro cl&#237;nico, diferindo consideravelmente na sua dimens&#227;o, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e na presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de doen&#231;as associadas <sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>No caso de tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o, os diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais incluem infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, tamponamento card&#237;aco, dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, insufici&#234;ncia mitral aguda, fal&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, septicemia, hemorragia, arritmia e, ocasionalmente, acidente vascular cerebral <sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A extens&#227;o da oclus&#227;o emb&#243;lica, o estado cardiovascular e pulmonar do paciente pr&#233;vios ao fen&#244;meno emb&#243;lico, bem como os fatores humorais e reflexos s&#227;o os tr&#234;s maiores determinantes da gravidade do comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico do tromboembolismo pulmonar <sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de a ocorr&#234;ncia da s&#237;ncope relacionada a tromboembolismo pulmonar encontrar-se bem estabelecida <sup>8</sup>, a sua presen&#231;a ocasionando dificuldade no seu diagn&#243;stico adequado n&#227;o causa surpresa, se observarmos os dados de literatura que tratam do diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ncope <sup>1,10</sup>. Escurecimento visual e s&#237;ncope podem ser ocasionados pelo tromboembolismo pulmonar, mas muitas outras entidades podem resultar em hipoxemia central ou hipotens&#227;o <sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>De acordo com a literatura, a s&#237;ncope parece estar mais associada ao tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o do que a eventos tromboemb&#243;licos pulmonares de menor repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica <sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope durante o tromboembolismo pulmonar pode resultar de tr&#234;s possibilidades distintas: a primeira seria uma fal&#234;ncia ventricular direita aguda, ocasionada por uma embolia maci&#231;a com conseq&#252;ente redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversa vascular pulmonar e hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar, fal&#234;ncia que desencadearia uma diminui&#231;&#227;o expressiva do enchimento ventricular esquerdo, com concomitante taquicardia, hipotens&#227;o arterial e baixo fluxo cerebral <sup>3,9</sup>, possivelmente, o mecanismo mais prov&#225;vel da s&#237;ncope em vig&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo <sup>1</sup>. Al&#233;m das altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, dist&#250;rbios respirat&#243;rios que incluem broncoconstri&#231;&#227;o, aumento do espa&#231;o morto e diminui&#231;&#227;o do surfactante pulmonar colaboram para o quadro cl&#237;nico dos pacientes<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em alguns casos, a s&#237;ncope progride para parada card&#237;aca, em outros, &#233; breve. Neste ultimo caso, &#233; bem prov&#225;vel que a oclus&#227;o emb&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar central mude para uma oclus&#227;o parcial <sup>1</sup>; a segunda possibilidade seria a s&#237;ncope do tipo reflexa desencadeada pelo tromboembolismo pulmonar <sup>3,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>No tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo, a impacta&#231;&#227;o de um &#234;mbolo em um grande ramo da art&#233;ria pulmonar poderia desencadear um estado hiperadren&#233;rgico, resultando em aumento da contratilidade de um ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com restri&#231;&#227;o do enchimento diast&#243;lico, o que poderia estimular os mecanorreceptores ventriculares (fibras aferentes tipo C) envolvidos no reflexo de Bezold-Jarisch e levar a um aumento da resposta eferente vagal, causando uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, retardo da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular e uma queda do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico, ocasionando vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica e, finalmente, s&#237;ncope <sup>1,4,8</sup>. Nesses casos, seria poss&#237;vel a ocorr&#234;ncia de graus vari&#225;veis de bloqueio atrioventricular, freq&#252;entemente associados a bradicardia sinusal <sup>3,6</sup>. Esse reflexo, entretanto, seria transit&#243;rio, durando n&#227;o mais que os 15min iniciais ap&#243;s a emboliza&#231;&#227;o maci&#231;a pulmonar. O progn&#243;stico, durante esse per&#237;odo, seria dif&#237;cil de ser avaliado, devido &#224; hipotens&#227;o reflexa e &#224; tend&#234;ncia a lise espont&#226;nea do trombo. Se a hipotens&#227;o persistir, &#233; mais prov&#225;vel que ela resulte da oclus&#227;o mec&#226;nica do sistema arterial pulmonar e seja relacionada a um progn&#243;stico extremamente grave <sup>1</sup>. A terceira possibilidade seria o bloqueio atrioventricular total na presen&#231;a de bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo preexistente <sup>3,5,6</sup>. O nosso paciente encontra-se inserido neste subgrupo. Possivelmente, a raridade dessa forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o de tromboembolismo pulmonar colabore de forma significativa no retardo ou mesmo na falta de diagn&#243;stico desta s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica. De fato, Simpson e cols. <sup>5</sup> e Akinboboye e cols. <sup>7</sup> relataram tr&#234;s casos de pacientes com tromboembolismo pulmonar recorrente, com bloqueio atrioventricular total de 2<underline>&#186;</underline> grau e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope. O tratamento nesses pacientes foi voltado apenas para o dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, todos receberam o implante de marcapasso artificial definitivo e faleceram, tendo o diagn&#243;stico de tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o sido obtido na necropsia <sup>5,7</sup>. Sup&#245;e-se que o desenvolvimento de bloqueio de ramo direito agudo, devido &#224; embolia pulmonar, tenha sido respons&#225;vel pelo bloqueio atrioventricular total e a s&#237;ncope nesses indiv&#237;duos <sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; fato que cerca de 60% dos pacientes com tromboembolismo pulmonar e s&#237;ncope apresentam sinais eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de cor pulmonale agudo (padr&#227;o do QRS do tipo S1Q3 no plano frontal de apari&#231;&#227;o abrupta, T negativa e pontiaguda em D3 e/ou bloqueio de ramo direito completo ou incompleto) <sup>4</sup>. Quando analisada de forma isolada, a presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo direito &#233; freq&#252;ente no tromboembolismo pulmonar, sobretudo nos tromboembolismos pulmonares maci&#231;os, sendo o bloqueio de ramo direito observado em 16% a 26% dos casos <sup>4,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os mecanismos aos quais geralmente &#233; atribu&#237;do o bloqueio de ramo direito no tromboembolismo pulmonar s&#227;o isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e dilata&#231;&#227;o significativa do ventr&#237;culo direito <sup>4,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Segundo Wilner e cols., existem poucos elementos que favore&#231;am a primeira hip&#243;tese. De acordo com esses autores, estudos experimentais e cl&#237;nicos favorecem um aumento do fluxo coronariano no tromboembolismo pulmonar <sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A favor da segunda hip&#243;tese encontra-se o fato de que o ramo direito do feixe de His &#233; particularmente exposto, em raz&#227;o de seu trajeto superficial subendoc&#225;rdico sobre a face ventricular direita do septo e, provavelmente, muito sens&#237;vel a uma distens&#227;o brusca das cavidades direitas <sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nielsen e cols. avaliaram as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ocorridas em 87 pacientes acometidos de tromboembolismo pulmonar, correlacionando-as com a extens&#227;o da embolia (<italic>score</italic> cintilogr&#225;fico e angiogr&#225;fico) e observaram que a presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo direito completo e incompleto e a mudan&#231;a de eixo do QRS no plano frontal tiveram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a gravidade do tromboembolismo pulmonar <sup>13</sup>. Outro achado relevante desse estudo foi o fato de que, em 9 dos 11 pacientes submetidos a embolectomia, os quais apresentavam bloqueio de ramo direito completo, o dist&#250;rbio da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular desapareceu nas primeiras 24h do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, confirmando assim a hip&#243;tese de que os dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular podem ser transit&#243;rios na evolu&#231;&#227;o do tromboembolismo pulmonar <sup>4,13</sup>. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o final levou os autores a sugerir que a presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo direito completo n&#227;o apenas seja sugestivo de um processo obstrutivo vascular muito extenso mas tamb&#233;m de uma alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbio hemodin&#226;mico grave, devido a uma instala&#231;&#227;o precoce dos sintomas. Devido indicar uma obstru&#231;&#227;o vascular maci&#231;a e aguda, os autores propuseram a necessidade imediata de angiografia pulmonar, visando avaliar uma poss&#237;vel corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica atrav&#233;s de embolectomia pulmonar <sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Realmente, j&#225; que cerca de 2/3 dos pacientes com tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o morrem na primeira hora, &#233; essencial um pronto diagn&#243;stico e interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica quando da apresenta&#231;&#227;o da embolia pulmonar <sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>De acordo com o estudo prospectivo multic&#234;ntrico <italic>Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis</italic> (PIOPED), o tromboembolismo pulmonar n&#227;o &#233; uma doen&#231;a de diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e a cintilografia de ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o &#233; ocasionalmente &#250;til em combina&#231;&#227;o com a suspeita cl&#237;nica, mas a maioria dos pacientes necessita realizar uma angiografia pulmonar para obter um diagn&#243;stico com maior acur&#225;cia <sup>2</sup>. Entretanto, dada a gravidade dos doentes e a complexidade do exame e poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es, apenas 12% dos pacientes com tromboembolismo pulmonar s&#227;o encaminhados para a angiografia pulmonar <sup>2</sup>. Soma-se a isso o fato que, nos casos de tromboembolismo pulmonar com press&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar &gt;40mmHg, n&#237;veis habitualmente registrados durante o tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o, o risco relativo do procedimento seja maior <sup>14</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, outras t&#233;cnicas (tomografia computadorizada e angiorresson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de t&#243;rax) t&#234;m-se mostrado promissoras na avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica do tromboembolismo pulmonar <sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a angiografia pulmonar seja considerada o teste <italic>gold standard</italic> para o tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo <sup>11</sup> as diretrizes para seu diagn&#243;stico e tratamento, recentemente publicadas pela Sociedade Europ&#233;ia de Cardiologia, preconizam a realiza&#231;&#227;o inicial de proped&#234;utica n&#227;o invasiva (cintilografia ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o, angiorresson&#226;ncia, e tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax com contraste e protocolo espec&#237;fico) ficando reservada a realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiografia pulmonar apenas para os casos em que existe forte suspeita cl&#237;nica e que, pelo menos um dos desses exames mostre-se normal <sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recomenda-se ainda, na suspeita de tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o, a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma, que freq&#252;entemente pode mostrar sinais indiretos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar aguda e sobrecarga ventricular direita se a instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica decorrer de um tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo al&#233;m de auxiliar na realiza&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico diferencial <sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dados de um registro de 1.001 pacientes com tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o mostraram que 93% dos pacientes tinham evid&#234;ncias de sobrecarga ventricular direita ou hipertens&#227;o pulmonar ao ecocardiograma ou cateterismo ventricular direito <sup>10</sup>. Sendo assim, &#233; importante buscar evid&#234;ncias de uma sobrecarga ventricular direita, quando se suspeita de diagn&#243;stico de tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o, ficando justificada, dessa forma, uma abordagem mais invasiva em pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica sugestiva de tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo, associado a instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, que, como no presente caso, esteja associada a achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de uma hipocinesia ventricular direita inexplicada e/ou dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito <sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>As abordagens terap&#234;uticas mais freq&#252;entemente propostas para o tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o s&#227;o a terapia com trombol&#237;tico sist&#234;mico ou a embolectomia cir&#250;rgica <sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora nenhuma diferen&#231;a na mortalidade tenha sido observada entre os diferentes estudos controlados que utilizaram o recombinante do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio tecidual (rtPA), a estreptoquinase ou a uroquinase, v&#225;rias diferen&#231;as foram observadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; precocidade nos efeitos hemodin&#226;micos e &#224; seguran&#231;a <sup>9,14</sup>. O rtPA tem-se mostrado o trombol&#237;tico com resposta hemodin&#226;mica significativamente superior na 1<underline>&#170;</underline> hora de utiliza&#231;&#227;o, quando comparado a uroquinase ou estreptoquinase <sup>14</sup>. Embora todos os trombol&#237;ticos sejam eficazes no manejo do tromboembolismo pulmonar, a op&#231;&#227;o pelo uso do rtPA pode ser relevante na evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o <sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, De Greg&#243;rio e cols. relataram 59 casos de tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o submetidos a fragmenta&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica por cateter associada &#224; terapia trombol&#237;tica <italic>in situ</italic> <sup>12</sup> e obtiveram melhora cl&#237;nica em 56 (94.9%) pacientes, com 3 &#243;bitos por fal&#234;ncia ventricular refrat&#225;ria. A justificativa para essa interven&#231;&#227;o combinada seria que a fragmenta&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do trombo permitiria uma r&#225;pida recanaliza&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais. Al&#233;m disso, a ruptura do trombo ocasionaria uma dispers&#227;o do co&#225;gulo para os ramos mais perif&#233;ricos, gerando uma redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar e aumento do fluxo vascular pulmonar <sup>12</sup>. Por fim, a fragmenta&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, teoricamente, permitiria tamb&#233;m um aumento da &#225;rea do trombo exposta ao agente fibrinol&#237;tico, aumentando assim sua a&#231;&#227;o l&#237;tica <sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente caso, a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo angiogr&#225;fico, fundamenta-se nos achados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que justificaram a necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;stico diferencial com doen&#231;a coronariana aguda, al&#233;m do fato da exist&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbio grave da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, achado excepcional na presen&#231;a de tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o.</p>
    <p>Na verdade, nos casos de pacientes com forte suspeita cl&#237;nica e com grave instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, a terapia trombol&#237;tica (ou mesmo cir&#250;rgica) para tromboembolismo pulmonar pode at&#233; mesmo ser adotada baseada apenas nos sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos <sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A despeito de no presente caso ter-se realizado tanto o diagn&#243;stico de tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o como a tentativa de fragmenta&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica dos trombos em associa&#231;&#227;o ao uso da terapia com trombol&#237;tico, certamente o retardo no diagn&#243;stico, em decorr&#234;ncia da apresenta&#231;&#227;o associada ao bloqueio atrioventricular total, pode ter sido fator fundamental na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que a ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope associada a bloqueio atrioventricular total, dada a sua raridade, pode ser um fator de retardo no diagn&#243;stico do tromboembolismo pulmonar. O dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular, nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, decorre de uma interrup&#231;&#227;o mantida da condu&#231;&#227;o no ramo direito do feixe de His, desencadeada pela distens&#227;o ventricular direita secund&#225;ria a um tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o, tornando o fator tempo fundamental para a sobrevida do paciente. O conhecimento da poss&#237;vel evolu&#231;&#227;o do tromboembolismo pulmonar, aliado aos dados cl&#237;nicos do paciente, devem levar &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares que permitam o pronto diagn&#243;stico e a interven&#231;&#227;o apropriada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Koutkia P, Wachtel TJ. Pulmonary embolism presenting as syncope: Case report and review of the literature. Heart Lung 1999; 28: 342-7.</p>
    <p>2. Wolfe TR, Hartsell SC. Pulmonary embolism: Making sense of the diagnostic evaluation. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37: 504-14.</p>
    <p>3. Toda R, Vidal F, Benet A, Blavia R, Garc&#237;a V, Richart C. S&#237;ncope como forma de presentaci&#243;n de um tromboembolismo pulmonar. Est&#250;dio de 15 casos. M&#233;d Clin 1992; 98: 561-4.</p>
    <p>4. Wilner C, Garnier-Crussard JP, Huygue De Mahenge A, Gayet Ch., Andr&#233;-Fouet X, Pont M. Bloc auriculo-ventriculaire paroxystique, caus de syncope lors d&#180;une embolie pulmonaire. Deux observations. Presse Med 1983; 47: 2987-9.</p>
    <p>5. Simpson RJ, Podolak R, Mangano CA, James R, Foster JR, Dalidorf G. Vagal syncope during recorrent pulmonary embolism. JAMA 1983; 249: 390-3.</p>
    <p>6. Ryder RE, Collins P, Griffiths BE. Pulmonary embolism masquerading as Stokes-Adams attacks. J Royal Soc of Med 1987; 80: 460-1.</p>
    <p>7. Akinboboye OO, Brown Jr EJ, Queirroz R, et al. Recurrent pulmonary embolism with second-degree atrioventricular block and near syncope. Am Heart J 1993; 126: 731-2.</p>
    <p>8. Eldadah ZA, Najjar SS, Ziegelstein RC. A patient with syncope, only "vagally" related to the heart. Chest 2000; 117: 1801-3.</p>
    <p>9. Gossage JR. Early intervention in massive pulmonary embolism. A guide to diagnosis and triage for the critical first hour. Postgrad Med 2002; 111(3).</p>
    <p>10. Sarasin FP, Louis-Simonet M, Carballo D, et al. Prospective evaluation of patients with syncope: A population-based study. Am J Med 2001; 111: 177-84.</p>
    <p>11. Official Statement of American Thoracic Society. The Diagnostic approach to acute venous thromboembolism. Clinical Practice Guidelines. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 1043-66.</p>
    <p>12. De Greg&#243;rio MA, Gimeno MJ, Mainar A, et al. Mechanical and enzymatic thrombolysis for massive pulmonary embolism. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002; 13: 163-9.</p>
    <p>13. Nielsen TT, Lund O, Ronne K, Schifter S. Changing electrocardiographic findings in pulmonary embolism in relation to vascular obstruction. Cardiology 76: 274-84.</p>
    <p>14. Task Force Report. Guidelines on diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 1301-36.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Jorge Elias Neto </p>
        <p> Rua Alfeu Pereira, 60 </p>
        <p>Cep 29050-190 - Vit&#243;ria, ES </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="eliasj@terra.com.br">eliasj@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 27/1/03 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 24/2/04</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Syncope and complete atrioventricular block related to pulmonary thromboembolism</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Syncope and complete atrioventricular block related to pulmonary thromboembolism</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jorge Elias; Ricardo Kuniyoshi; Bruno Moulin; Fab&#237;ola Cunha; Eduardo Castro; Alfredo Nunes; Vitor Barreto; Ala&#244;r Queiroz; Felipe Moys&#233;s </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</p>
      <p>Hospital Unimed Cora&#231;&#227;o - Vit&#243;ria </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <italic>The patient was a 68-year-old male with hypertension and diabetes who sought the emergency service after sudden chest pain associated with syncope. On physical examination, the patient was in shock, with a blood pressure of 70/40 mmHg and a heart rate of 34 bpm. The electrocardiogram showed complete atrioventricular block with idioventricular escape. The patient underwent provisory artificial pacemaker implantation, which, in association with general measures, allowed stabilization of the clinical parameters. The echocardiogram showed a segmentary alteration in the inferoseptoapical wall and significant dysfunction of the left ventricle associated with pulmonary hypertension. Cine coronary angiography showed no coronary lesions that could justify the clinical findings, and pulmonary arteriography revealed massive bilateral pulmonary thromboembolism. Systemic thrombolytic therapy was instituted, and the patient developed ventricular failure, refractory hypoxemia, and died. The possible pathophysiological mechanisms related to the occurrence of atrioventricular block in massive pulmonary thromboembolism are discussed, as are the clinical implications and the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.</italic>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary thromboembolism is a potentially lethal, highly prevalent entity in clinical practice, which can often generate diagnostic difficulties <sup>1-3</sup>. When pulmonary thromboembolism occurs and is properly treated, the estimated mortality is 8%, a value that may reach up to 40% when the diagnosis is delayed <sup>3</sup>. In some autopsy series, the antemortem diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism was established in only 30% of the cases <sup>3</sup>. This is due to the lack of specificity of the signs and symptoms, as well as to the low diagnostic sensitivity of the physical examination and basic complementary tests, such as chest radiography, arterial gas analysis, and electrocardiography <sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Syncope has been reported in 13 to 23% of patients with pulmonary thromboembolism <sup>3,4</sup>. When present, syncope is, most of the time, the initial manifestation of the embolic accident and is usually reported as resulting from a sudden decrease in cardiac output due to massive pulmonary arterial obliteration <sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The co-occurrence of syncope and complete atrioventricular block associated with pulmonary thromboembolism is very rare, and only a few cases have been reported in the literature <sup>4-8</sup>. This association was a complicating factor for the initial diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism and had clear implications in the outcome of most cases reported <sup>5,7</sup>. This study aimed at reporting the case of a patient with this form of presentation and at discussing the clinical, electrocardiographic, pathophysiological, prognostic, and therapeutic aspects of that rare manifestation of pulmonary thromboembolism.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We report the case of a 68-year-old male patient with diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension, who was bedridden due to the treatment of an infected ulcerated lesion in the right lower limb and was followed up at home. The patient regularly used insulin, oral antidiabetic drugs, and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. He experienced a sudden episode of chest pain followed by syncope and was referred to the emergency service of the Hospital Geral. His findings were typical of shock: cutaneous-mucous paleness, disorientation, tachydyspnea, blood pressure of 70/40 mmHg, heart rate of 34 bpm, and no significant alterations on pulmonary auscultation. He did not have signs and symptoms suggestive of deep venous thrombosis. The electrocardiogram showed complete atrioventricular block and idioventricular rhythm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>). The patient underwent provisory artificial pacemaker implantation through puncture of the right subclavian vein, which allowed, in association with general measures, the initial stabilization of the clinical parameters. The curve of the MB fraction of creatine phosphokinase (CKMB) was normal. Lactic dehydrogenase (DHL) was 518, glycemia was 476, and the leukogram showed 12,600 leukocytes with a shift to the left.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0434-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography was performed for the etiological stratification of cardiovascular shock. The relevant findings on 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography were normal left atrial and ventricular thickness, volume, and systolic functions, and significant hypokinesia of the inferior wall. The right ventricle showed an enlarged volume and severe diffuse hypokinesia. The right atrial volume was enlarged. Moderate tricuspid insufficiency was observed, and the estimated pulmonary artery pressure was 64 mmHg. The initial diagnostic hypothesis was inferior infarction with right ventricular impairment.</p>
      <p>The patient evolved with progressive clinical worsening. After 6 hours, he required ventilatory support, being referred to the hemodynamics laboratory, where he initially underwent cine coronary angiography. After confirming the nonexistence of obstructive coronary lesions to justify the clinical findings, a pulmonary arteriography was performed. The study of the pulmonary circulation revealed opacification defects in the right pulmonary artery from its trunk to the superior and inferior lobar arteries, with impairment of some segmentary branches, patent left pulmonary artery, and an opacification defect in the inferior lobar artery and its segmentary branches (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>). The clinical and arteriographic findings indicated massive pulmonary thromboembolism. Mechanical fragmentation of the thrombi was attempted with a 6F pigtail catheter, and systemic thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase was initiated at the dosage of 250,000 IU, for 30 minutes, followed by 100,000 IU per hour. The patient evolved with progressive hemodynamic worsening and refractory hypoxemia, and died 1 hour after the hemodynamic study. The retrospective analysis of the routine examinations showed complete left bundle-branch block in an electrocardiogram performed 6 months prior to the event (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0434-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0434-00010-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism is very often difficult to establish <sup>1-2</sup>, because it has a wide clinical spectrum, differing considerably in its dimension, clinical presentation, and presence or absence of associated diseases <sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the case of massive pulmonary thromboembolism, the differential diagnosis comprises myocardial infarction, cardiac tamponade, aortic dissection, acute mitral insufficiency, left ventricular failure, septicemia, hemorrhage, arrhythmia, and, occasionally, stroke <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The extension of the embolic occlusion, the patient's cardiovascular and pulmonary status prior to the embolic phenomenon, and the humoral and reflex factors are the 3 major determinants of the severity of the hemodynamic impairment in pulmonary thromboembolism <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the occurrence of syncope related to pulmonary thromboembolism has been well established <sup>8</sup>, its presence causes difficulty in making an appropriate diagnosis, as reported in some studies about the diagnosis of syncope <sup>1,10</sup>. Visual blurring and syncope may be caused by pulmonary thromboembolism, but many other entities may result in central hypoxemia or hypotension <sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to the literature, syncope seems to be associated with massive pulmonary thromboembolism rather than with pulmonary thromboembolic events of smaller hemodynamic repercussion <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The occurrence of syncope during pulmonary thromboembolism may result from 3 different possibilities. The first possibility is acute right ventricular failure caused by massive embolism consequent to a reduction in the cross-sectional pulmonary vascular area and pulmonary arterial hypertension. This failure could trigger a significant decrease in left ventricular filling, with concomitant tachycardia, arterial hypotension, and low cerebral flow <sup>3,9</sup>, which may be the most probable mechanism of syncope in the presence of acute pulmonary thromboembolism <sup>1</sup>. In addition to the hemodynamic alterations, respiratory disorders, such as bronchoconstriction, an increase in the dead space, and a reduction in the pulmonary surfactant contribute to the clinical findings in these patients <sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In some cases, syncope progresses to cardiac arrest; in others, it is brief. In the latter, the embolic occlusion of the central pulmonary artery may change to a partial occlusion <sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The second possibility is the reflex syncope triggered by pulmonary thromboembolism <sup>3,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>In acute pulmonary thromboembolism, when an embolus lodges in a large branch of the pulmonary artery, it may trigger a hyperadrenergic state, resulting in an increase in the left ventricular contractility with restriction of the diastolic filling. This could stimulate the ventricular mechanoreceptors (type C afferent fibers) involved in the Bezold-Jarisch reflex and lead to an increase in the efferent vagal response, causing a decrease in heart rate, a delay in atrioventricular conduction, and a decrease in sympathetic tonus, resulting in peripheral vasodilation, and, finally, syncope <sup>1,4,8</sup>. In these cases, varied degrees of atrioventricular block could occur, being frequently associated with sinus bradycardia <sup>3,6</sup>. This reflex, however, is transient, lasting no more than the initial 15 minutes after massive pulmonary embolism. The prognosis during this period is difficult to assess due to reflex hypotension and the tendency toward spontaneous lysis of the thrombus. If hypotension persists, it is more likely to result from the mechanical occlusion of the pulmonary arterial system, being related to an extremely poor prognosis <sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The third possibility is complete atrioventricular block in the presence of preexisting complete left bundle-branch block <sup>3,5,6</sup>. Our patient belongs to this subgroup. The rarity of this form of presentation of pulmonary thromboembolism may significantly contribute to the delay or even lack of a diagnosis of this clinical syndrome. In fact, Simpson et al <sup>5</sup> and Akinboboye et al <sup>7</sup> reported on 3 patients with recurring pulmonary thromboembolism with complete second-degree atrioventricular block and presyncope. The treatment of these patients was directed only to the atrioventricular conduction disorder; all patients underwent definitive artificial pacemaker implantation and died, and the diagnosis of massive pulmonary thromboembolism was established on autopsy <sup>5,7</sup>. The development of acute right bundle-branch block due to pulmonary embolism supposedly accounted for complete atrioventricular blockage and syncope in these individuals <sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Sixty percent of the patients with pulmonary thromboembolism and syncope are known to have electrocardiographic signs of acute cor pulmonale (abrupt appearance of the S1Q3 type of the QRS pattern in the frontal plane, negative and pointed T wave in D3, and/or complete or incomplete right bundle-branch block) <sup>4</sup>. When analyzed in isolation, the presence of right bundle-branch block is frequent in pulmonary thromboembolism, mainly in massive pulmonary thromboembolism, right bundle-branch block being observed in 16 to 26% of the cases <sup>4,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms to which right bundle-branch block is usually attributed in pulmonary thromboembolism are myocardial ischemia and significant right ventricular dilation <sup>4,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to Wilner et al <sup>4</sup>, only a few elements favor the first hypothesis. Those authors stated that experimental and clinical studies favor the increase in coronary flow in pulmonary thromboembolism.</p>
      <p>The following fact favors the second hypothesis: the right branch of the His bundle is particularly exposed due to its superficial subendocardial trajectory on the right ventricular face of the septum, being, therefore, very sensitive to a sudden distension of the right cavities <sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nielsen et al <sup>13</sup> assessed the electrocardiographic alterations occurring in 87 patients affected by pulmonary thromboembolism and correlated them with the extension of the embolism (scintigraphic and angiographic score). Those authors observed that the presence of complete and incomplete right bundle-branch block and change in the QRS axis in the frontal plane correlated positively with the severity of pulmonary thromboembolism. Another relevant finding of that study was the fact that, in 9 of the 11 patients undergoing embolectomy, who had complete right bundle-branch block, the intraventricular conduction disorder disappeared in the first 24 postoperative hours, confirming, therefore, the hypothesis that intraventricular conduction disorders may be transient in the evolution of pulmonary thromboembolism <sup>4,13</sup>. This final observation led the authors to suggest that the presence of complete right bundle-branch block not only suggests the presence of a very extensive obstructive vascular process but also a high frequency of severe hemodynamic disorder, due to early symptom onset. As it indicates a massive and acute vascular obstruction, the authors proposed the need for immediate pulmonary angiography, aiming at assessing a possible surgical correction through pulmonary embolectomy <sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Because approximately 2/3 of the patients with massive pulmonary thromboembolism die in the first hour, fast diagnosis and therapeutic intervention at the time of pulmonary embolism presentation are essential <sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to the multicenter study Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED), pulmonary thromboembolism is not a disease that can be clinically diagnosed, and ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy in combination with clinical suspicion is occasionally useful, but most patients need to undergo pulmonary angiography so a more accurate diagnosis may be established <sup>2</sup>. However, considering the severity of the patients, the complexity of the examination, and its possible complications, only 12% of the patients with pulmonary thromboembolism are referred for pulmonary angiography <sup>2</sup>. In addition, in the cases of pulmonary thromboembolism with pulmonary artery pressure levels &gt; 40 mmHg, which are usually observed during massive pulmonary thromboembolism, the relative risk of the procedure is greater <sup>14</sup>. Furthermore, other techniques, such as computerized tomography and chest magnetic angioresonance, have shown promise in the diagnostic assessment of pulmonary thromboembolism <sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although pulmonary angiography has been considered the gold-standard test for acute pulmonary thromboembolism <sup>11</sup>, the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of that disorder recently published by the European Society of Cardiology recommend the initial performance of noninvasive procedures (ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy, angioresonance, chest computed tomography with contrast medium and specific protocol); pulmonary angiography should be reserved only for the cases with a strong clinical suspicion in which one of those tests is normal <sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>When massive pulmonary thromboembolism is suspected, echocardiography is recommended, because it may frequently show indirect signs of acute pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular overload, if the hemodynamic instability results from acute pulmonary thromboembolism, in addition to helping in the differential diagnosis <sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>A study <sup>10</sup> including 1,001 patients with massive pulmonary thromboembolism showed that 93% of the patients had evidence of right ventricular overload or pulmonary hypertension on the echocardiogram or right ventricular catheterization. Therefore, it is important to search for evidence of right ventricular overload when the diagnosis of massive pulmonary thromboembolism is suspected. Consequently, a more invasive approach is justified in patients with clinical findings suggestive of acute pulmonary thromboembolism associated with hemodynamic instability, which, as in the present case, is associated with echocardiographic findings of an unexplained right ventricular hypokinesia or right ventricular dilation, or both <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The most frequent therapeutic approaches proposed for massive pulmonary thromboembolism are therapy with systemic thrombolytic agents or surgical embolectomy <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although no difference in mortality was observed between the different controlled studies using recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA), streptokinase, or urokinase, several differences were observed in regard to the early hemodynamic effects and safety <sup>9,14</sup>. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator has proved to be the thrombolytic agent with the most significant hemodynamic response in the first hour of use when compared with urokinase or streptokinase <sup>14</sup>. Although all thrombolytic agents are effective in managing pulmonary thromboembolism, the option for using rtPA may be relevant in the evolution of patients with massive pulmonary thromboembolism <sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recently, De Greg&#243;rio et al <sup>12</sup> studied 59 cases of massive pulmonary thromboembolism undergoing mechanical fragmentation with a catheter in association with in situ thrombolytic therapy. Those authors reported clinical improvement in 56 (94.9%) patients and 3 deaths due to refractory ventricular failure. The justification for this combined intervention was that the mechanical fragmentation of the thrombus could allow rapid recanalization of the central pulmonary arteries. In addition, rupture of the thrombus could cause dispersion of the clot to more peripheral branches, generating a decrease in pulmonary artery pressure and an increase in pulmonary vascular flow <sup>12</sup>. Finally, mechanical fragmentation, theoretically, could also allow an increase in the area of the thrombus exposed to the fibrinolytic agent, therefore increasing its lytic action <sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present case, the use of the angiographic study was based on 2 points: the clinical and echocardiographic findings, which justified the need for establishing the differential diagnosis with acute coronary artery disease; and the existence of a severe atrioventricular conduction disorder, which is an exceptional finding in the presence of massive pulmonary thromboembolism.</p>
      <p>In reality, in patients with a strong clinical suspicion and severe hemodynamic instability, the thrombolytic (or even surgical) therapy for pulmonary thromboembolism may even be adopted based only on echocardiographic signs <sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although in the present case both the diagnosis of massive pulmonary thromboembolism and the attempt at the mechanical fragmentation of the thrombi in association with the use of thrombolytic therapy were performed, the late diagnosis due to the co-occurrence of complete atrioventricular block may have been the fundamental factor in the patient's clinical outcome.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the occurrence of syncope in association with complete atrioventricular block, due to its rarity, may have been a factor in delaying the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism. The intraventricular conduction disorder, in this situation, results from a maintained interruption in the conduction in the right branch of the His bundle triggered by right ventricular distension secondary to a massive pulmonary thromboembolism, which makes the time factor fundamental for the patient's survival. Knowledge about the possible outcome of pulmonary thromboembolism, in addition to the patient's clinical findings, should lead to the performance of complementary tests, allowing for immediate diagnosis and adequate intervention.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>8. Eldadah ZA, Najjar SS, Ziegelstein RC. A patient with syncope, only "vagally" related to the heart. Chest 2000; 117: 1801-3.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Jorge Elias Neto</p>
          <p> Rua Alfeu Pereira, 60</p>
          <p>Cep 29050-190 - Vit&#243;ria, ES, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="eliasj@terra.com.br">eliasj@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 1/27/03</p>
      <p>Accepted for publication: 2/24/04</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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