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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bkksxNkyYhXBLj3nWkCgzDp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001700009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300509</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001700009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia, reconhecimento e controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica no estado do Rio Grande do Sul</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Iseu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Harzheim</surname>
            <given-names>Erno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zaslavsky</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medina</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>424</fpage>
      <lpage>428</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Descrever a preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, em particular, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta do RS, seu n&#237;vel de reconhecimento e controle, al&#233;m dos fatores associados. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com amostragem aleat&#243;ria por conglomerado, em 918 adultos &gt;20 anos, realizada de 1999-2000, tendo hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica definida como press&#227;o arterial &gt;140/90 ou uso atual de anti-hipertensivos. RESULTADOS: A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi de 33,7% (n=309), sendo que 49,2% desconheciam ser hipertensos; 10,4% tinham conhecimento de ser hipertensos, mas n&#227;o seguiam o tratamento; 30,1% seguiam o tratamento, mas n&#227;o apresentavam controle adequado e 10,4% seguiam tratamento anti-hipertensivo com bom controle. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, as caracter&#237;sticas associadas significativamente com a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foram: idade (OR=1,06), obesidade (OR=3,03) e baixa escolaridade (OR=1,82); as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas foram associadas &#224; falta de reconhecimento da hipertens&#227;o: idade (OR=1,05), obesidade (OR=2,46) e baixa escolaridade (OR=2,17). CONCLUS&#195;O: A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica no RS manteve-se em n&#237;veis constantes nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, e seu grau de reconhecimento apresentou discreta melhora. Entretanto, o n&#237;vel de controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica n&#227;o apresentou crescimento. Este estudo permitiu definir um grupo-alvo - pessoas de maior idade, obesas e de baixa escolaridade - tanto para campanhas diagn&#243;sticas, como para a obten&#231;&#227;o de maior controle de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Preval&#234;ncia, reconhecimento e controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica no estado do Rio Grande do Sul</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Iseu Gus; Erno Harzheim; Cl&#225;udio Zaslavsky; Cl&#225;udio Medina; Miguel Gus</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Descrever a preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, em particular, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta do RS, seu n&#237;vel de reconhecimento e controle, al&#233;m dos fatores associados. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com amostragem aleat&#243;ria por conglomerado, em 918 adultos &gt;20 anos, realizada de 1999-2000, tendo hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica definida como press&#227;o arterial <underline>&gt;</underline>140/90 ou uso atual de anti-hipertensivos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi de 33,7% (n=309), sendo que 49,2% desconheciam ser hipertensos; 10,4% tinham conhecimento de ser hipertensos, mas n&#227;o seguiam o tratamento; 30,1% seguiam o tratamento, mas n&#227;o apresentavam controle adequado e 10,4% seguiam tratamento anti-hipertensivo com bom controle. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, as caracter&#237;sticas associadas significativamente com a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foram: idade (OR=1,06), obesidade (OR=3,03) e baixa escolaridade (OR=1,82); as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas foram associadas &#224; falta de reconhecimento da hipertens&#227;o: idade (OR=1,05), obesidade (OR=2,46) e baixa escolaridade (OR=2,17). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica no RS manteve-se em n&#237;veis constantes nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, e seu grau de reconhecimento apresentou discreta melhora. Entretanto, o n&#237;vel de controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica n&#227;o apresentou crescimento. Este estudo permitiu definir um grupo-alvo - pessoas de maior idade, obesas e de baixa escolaridade - tanto para campanhas diagn&#243;sticas, como para a obten&#231;&#227;o de maior controle de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>epidemiologia, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, hipertens&#227;o</p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o o principal grupo de causas de morte no Brasil, representando 32% do total no ano de 1998. No Rio Grande do Sul, a taxa de mortalidade por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio nesse mesmo ano foi de 235,70/100.000 habitantes, representando a principal causa de mortalidade, com 35,4% das mortes no Estado <sup>1</sup>. O Rio Grande do Sul, situado no extremo meridional do Brasil, apresentou a melhor posi&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento humano entre os estados brasileiros, sendo considerado o estado com maior qualidade de vida no ano de 1996. Possui uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 10 milh&#245;es de habitantes, composta aproximadamente por 15% de pessoas com mais de 60 anos. Sua popula&#231;&#227;o, predominantemente urbana (78,7% de popula&#231;&#227;o urbana), apresenta composi&#231;&#227;o &#233;tnica distinta do restante do pa&#237;s, fruto de ondas de emigra&#231;&#227;o alem&#227; e italiana durante o s&#233;culo XIX.</p>
    <p>O processo demogr&#225;fico de envelhecimento de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, evidenciado atrav&#233;s da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostragem Domiciliar (PNAD) de 1997 a 1999 <sup>2</sup>, implica em um incremento futuro na incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nico-degenerativas, entre elas as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. J&#225; em 1990, mais da metade dos &#243;bitos ocorridos em idosos no Brasil foram causados por este grupo de doen&#231;as <sup>3</sup>. Neste contexto, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, devido a seu importante papel como fator de risco cardiovascular modific&#225;vel <sup>4-6</sup> revela-se como um dos mais importantes problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica de nosso pa&#237;s, com preval&#234;ncias entre 10 e 42%, dependendo da regi&#227;o, subgrupo populacional ou crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico utilizado <sup>7</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, acumula-se na literatura cient&#237;fica evid&#234;ncia substancial, demonstrando que a&#231;&#245;es preventivas e terap&#234;uticas direcionadas &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica reduzem a morbimortalidade associada &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares <sup>8-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A influ&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica sobre o desenvolvimento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares exige o reconhecimento de sua real distribui&#231;&#227;o nos distintos estados brasileiros. Durante os anos de 1999-2000, o Instituto de Cardiologia do RS e a Secretaria Estadual de Sa&#250;de do estado realizaram o Estudo da Preval&#234;ncia dos Fatores de Risco da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana no Rio Grande do Sul <sup>17</sup>. Atrav&#233;s de uma amostra representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o do estado criou-se um banco de dados com diversas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os fatores de risco coronarianos e cardiovasculares. No presente trabalho, realizou-se a an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados referentes &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, com o objetivo de determinar a sua preval&#234;ncia no Rio Grande do Sul, descrevendo as principais caracter&#237;sticas associadas ao seu reconhecimento e controle.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo observacional, anal&#237;tico, de delineamento transversal e de base populacional do RS. Para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o foi utilizada a base de dados criada para o estudo original, que avaliou a preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana no RS <sup>17</sup>. A amostra calculada foi de 1.066 indiv&#237;duos, selecionados atrav&#233;s de amostragem aleat&#243;ria por conglomerado, calculada atrav&#233;s dos par&#226;metros: 1) tamanho da popula&#231;&#227;o: infinita, 2) erro (precis&#227;o absoluta): 3%, 3) preval&#234;ncia esperada: 50% (variabilidade m&#225;xima), 4) n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a: 95%. Para manter a representatividade da popula&#231;&#227;o urbana do RS, a amostra foi distribu&#237;da proporcionalmente &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o do munic&#237;pio sede de cada uma das 19 Coordenadorias da Secretaria Estadual da Sa&#250;de, representando todas as microrregi&#245;es do estado. Este estudo foi realizado de julho/1999 a outubro/2000.</p>
    <p>Um question&#225;rio estruturado sobre os fatores de risco coronariano (sedentarismo, diabetes, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hipercolesterolemia) e caracter&#237;sticas s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficas foi aplicado a todos os adultos &gt;20 anos residentes no domic&#237;lio selecionado. Os indiv&#237;duos entrevistados tiveram peso, altura e press&#227;o arterial medidos pelos entrevistadores, al&#233;m da obten&#231;&#227;o de uma amostra de sangue em jejum de 12h para determina&#231;&#227;o dos valores de glicemia e colesterol s&#233;rico total. A coleta de sangue, seguindo protocolo padronizado, foi realizada no dia seguinte &#224; entrevista e analisada no Laborat&#243;rio Central do Estado. A press&#227;o arterial foi medida em dois momentos durante a visita domiciliar, com intervalo m&#237;nimo de 3min entre a 1&#170; e a 2&#170; medidas, registrando-se a &#250;ltima. Os entrevistadores, t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem e estudantes de medicina, foram treinados segundo as normas da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de para uma adequada mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e tamb&#233;m para o preenchimento adequado do question&#225;rio. A todos os indiv&#237;duos selecionados foi apresentado um termo de consentimento, assinado em caso de concord&#226;ncia, procedendo-se ent&#227;o &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio e &#224;s mensura&#231;&#245;es citadas.</p>
    <p>Para realizar a an&#225;lise dos dados referentes &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi utilizada a classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta por Burt e cols. <sup>18</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig22137q1">quadro I</xref>). Alguns dados s&#227;o tamb&#233;m apresentados conforme a defini&#231;&#227;o antiga de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, como press&#227;o arterial <underline>&gt;</underline>160/95 mmHg, a fim de permitir compara&#231;&#245;es com estudos anteriores realizados no RS <sup>19-21</sup>, possibilitando uma compara&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal da preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica no estado.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig22137q1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0424-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos dados foram utilizados os pacotes estat&#237;sticos Epi-Info 6.0 e o SPSS 10.0. Os resultados foram apresentados atrav&#233;s de suas m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o ou intervalos de confian&#231;a e por suas freq&#252;&#234;ncias e propor&#231;&#245;es, dependendo do tipo de cada vari&#225;vel (cont&#237;nua ou categ&#243;rica). A compara&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis foi realizada atrav&#233;s do teste chi-quadrado para as propor&#231;&#245;es e teste T para as m&#233;dias. No intuito de controlar os poss&#237;veis vieses de confus&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis analisadas, procedeu-se &#224; an&#225;lise multivariada. Foi analisada a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as caracter&#237;sticas estudadas e os diferentes grupos de classifica&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica atrav&#233;s de um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Para a constru&#231;&#227;o dos modelos finais, diversos modelos parciais foram constru&#237;dos atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo <italic>forward-conditional,</italic> sempre controlando-se para a idade. As vari&#225;veis explicativas selecionadas nos modelos parciais foram ent&#227;o inclu&#237;das em cada modelo final apresentado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Participaram do estudo 1.063 indiv&#237;duos, distribu&#237;dos por todas as microrregi&#245;es do estado, sendo 48,2% do sexo masculino. A m&#233;dia de idade para o total da amostra foi de 44 anos (&#177;15,6), com uma propor&#231;&#227;o de 18% &gt;60 anos. Aproximadamente 73% da amostra tinha renda familiar <underline>&lt;</underline> a 6 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos, enquanto 41% possu&#237;am renda familiar <underline>&lt;</underline> a 3 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos. Cerca de 41% dos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o completaram o ensino b&#225;sico, contando com menos de 8 anos de escolaridade, enquanto 50 (4,7%) indiv&#237;duos eram analfabetos. Comparando-se os dados demogr&#225;ficos da amostra com os dados preliminares do Censo Populacional de 2000 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE) <sup>22</sup>, observou-se a representatividade da mesma frente &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o adulta do RS. O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea m&#233;dio foi de 26,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (&#177;4,8), e a propor&#231;&#227;o de fumantes de 34%. A m&#233;dia de press&#227;o arterial foi de PAD 81,4 mmHg (&#177;11,8) e PAS 127,6 mmHg (&#177;19,9). Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela I</xref>, s&#227;o apresentadas as principais caracter&#237;sticas da amostra discriminadas por sexo.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0424-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As preval&#234;ncias de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica referentes aos diferentes crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o foram 20,4% (187 indiv&#237;duos, IC=17,8-23,1%) para press&#227;o arterial <underline>&gt;</underline>160/95 ou inferior em uso de anti-hipertensivos e 33,7% (309 indiv&#237;duos, IC=30,6-36,8%) para press&#227;o arterial <underline>&gt;</underline>140/90 ou inferior em uso de anti-hipertensivos. Conforme definido na metodologia, os resultados apresentados a seguir referem-se &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica segundo Burt.</p>
    <p>Foram classificados 918 indiv&#237;duos quanto ao seu estado press&#243;rico (86,3% da amostra total). Ao comparar-se a amostra total (n=1063) com esta sub-amostra n&#227;o se encontraram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre suas caracter&#237;sticas s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficas, nem entre a m&#233;dia dos seus n&#237;veis tensionais. Destes 918 indiv&#237;duos, 609 (66,3%) foram considerados normais quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Enquanto 33,7% foram classificados como hipertensos (n=309), sendo que 49,2% desconheciam ser hipertensos; 10,4% tinham conhecimento de ser hipertensos, mas n&#227;o seguiam o tratamento; 30,1% seguiam o tratamento, mas n&#227;o apresentavam controle adequado (press&#227;o arterial &lt;140/90) e 10,4% dos indiv&#237;duos seguiam tratamento anti-hipertensivo com bom controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>). Considerando-se hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica como press&#227;o arterial <underline>&gt;</underline>160/95 mmHg, 187 (20,4%) indiv&#237;duos foram classificados como hipertensos, com 24,6% destes desconhecendo ser hipertensos; 8,6% reconhecendo-se hipertensos, mas sem seguir tratamento; 32,1% seguindo o tratamento, mas n&#227;o apresentando controle e 34,7% seguindo tratamento com bom controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0424-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ao comparar-se os indiv&#237;duos classificados como normais com os hipertensos, evidenciou-se que a idade elevada, a menor escolaridade, a obesidade, o diabetes, a hipercolesterolemia e o sedentarismo apresentavam associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. II</xref>). Por outro lado, o grupo de hipertensos comparecia significativamente com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, al&#233;m de apresentar menor propor&#231;&#227;o de fumantes.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0424-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os indiv&#237;duos normais e os hipertensos que desconheciam seu estado press&#243;rico, demonstrou que a idade elevada, a menor escolaridade, a obesidade e o sedentarismo estavam associados significativamente com a falta de reconhecimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. III</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0424-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise multivariada, a idade, a presen&#231;a de obesidade (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline>30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e a baixa escolaridade mantiveram associa&#231;&#227;o independente com hipertens&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. IV</xref>). Outras vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo (sexo, presen&#231;a de diabetes, renda familiar) n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa, tendo sido exclu&#237;das do modelo final.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0424-00009-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Comparando-se os sujeitos classificados como normais com os hipertensos que desconheciam sua condi&#231;&#227;o, atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise multivariada, a idade, a obesidade e a baixa escolaridade mantiveram associa&#231;&#227;o independente com a falta de reconhecimento de hipertens&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">tab. V</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0424-00009-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Entre o grupo de indiv&#237;duos que se sabiam hipertensos (n=157), 125 (79,6%) n&#227;o possu&#237;am n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos adequados, enquanto 32 (20,4%) apresentavam bom controle (press&#227;o arterial &lt;140/90). Comparando estes dois grupos, apenas a propor&#231;&#227;o de obesos, maior entre o grupo n&#227;o controlado (44,7% versus 19,4%), alcan&#231;ava diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p=0,01). Cabe ressaltar que houve maior comparecimento a servi&#231;os p&#250;blicos de sa&#250;de entre o grupo com press&#227;o arterial controlada (81,3% x 64,2%), apesar desta diferen&#231;a n&#227;o apresentar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,067).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados apresentados neste artigo s&#227;o provenientes de um estudo mais amplo cujos objetivos principais n&#227;o eram a an&#225;lise de subgrupos de hipertensos. Portanto, por possuir pequeno n&#250;mero de amostra de alguns destes subgrupos, n&#227;o se pode excluir a possibilidade de erro tipo b na distribui&#231;&#227;o de algumas caracter&#237;sticas que n&#227;o apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Outras caracter&#237;sticas importantes relacionadas &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, como hist&#243;ria familiar e consumo de &#225;lcool, n&#227;o foram coletadas no estudo original, impedindo sua an&#225;lise. Por outro lado, estas limita&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o diminuem a import&#226;ncia deste trabalho que, repetindo a experi&#234;ncia pioneira de Achutti e cols. <sup>19</sup>, descreve as caracter&#237;sticas das categorias de hipertensos de todo um estado brasileiro e n&#227;o apenas de uma regi&#227;o metropolitana.</p>
    <p>Atrav&#233;s dos resultados obtidos verificou-se que a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica no RS permanece sendo um dos principais problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica neste in&#237;cio de s&#233;culo. Desde o estudo de Achutti e cols. <sup>19</sup> sobre a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a no RS, passando pelo estudo de Fuchs e cols. <sup>20</sup> na capital do Estado (Porto Alegre), os resultados do presente trabalho demonstraram a manuten&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 20% de hipertensos para press&#227;o arterial <underline>&gt;</underline>160/95 mmHg entre a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta do estado. Utilizando-se o crit&#233;rio de hipertens&#227;o arterial para n&#237;veis tensionais <underline>&gt;</underline>140/90, a sua preval&#234;ncia excederia os 30%. A an&#225;lise das caracter&#237;sticas associadas &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica atrav&#233;s do modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica confirma os dados j&#225; descritos por outros estudos brasileiros <sup>20-25</sup> sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a idade, a obesidade e a baixa escolaridade com o estado press&#243;rico dos indiv&#237;duos.</p>
    <p>Neste contexto, cabe ressaltar o aumento no n&#237;vel de reconhecimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, quando consideramos press&#227;o arterial <underline>&gt;</underline>160/95 mmHg, j&#225; que aproximadamente 75% dos hipertensos entrevistados reconheciam sua condi&#231;&#227;o, quando em Porto Alegre, em 1994, esta propor&#231;&#227;o era de 57,7%. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica do grupo de indiv&#237;duos que desconheciam ser hipertensos aponta para a exist&#234;ncia de um grupo-alvo para campanhas de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o e aten&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial caracterizado por indiv&#237;duos de idade mais elevada, com obesidade e de menor escolaridade.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, o grau de controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica segue em n&#237;veis alarmantes, j&#225; que cerca de 80% dos indiv&#237;duos que se sabiam hipertensos apresentavam press&#227;o arterial &gt;140/90 mmHg. Considerando apenas os indiv&#237;duos hipertensos que seguiam tratamento medicamentoso (n=125), somente 25,6% atingiam controle dos seus n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. Atrav&#233;s destes resultados fica evidente que, al&#233;m da falta de reconhecimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, o seu controle efetivo ainda n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou um n&#237;vel satisfat&#243;rio, representando um desafio a ser enfrentado pelo sistema de sa&#250;de. Neste sentido, novos estudos devem ser direcionados para a identifica&#231;&#227;o das causas da aus&#234;ncia de &#234;xito do tratamento anti-hipertensivo, abordando aspectos como a falta de ades&#227;o ao tratamento, a dificuldade de acesso &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o e aos servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos, a efetividade dos esquemas terap&#234;uticos utilizados, a conduta dos profissionais de sa&#250;de frente aos hipertensos, a influ&#234;ncia dos efeitos adversos na ades&#227;o e a rela&#231;&#227;o da classe social, da escolaridade e de aspectos culturais com o tratamento da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Para a popula&#231;&#227;o norte-americana nos anos de 1992-1994, Hyman e Pavlik <sup>26</sup> encontraram 31% dos hipertensos desconhecendo sua condi&#231;&#227;o e apenas 23% com controle adequado da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica atrav&#233;s de tratamento medicamentoso. Utilizando o mesmo crit&#233;rio para a popula&#231;&#227;o do RS, esta apresentava uma propor&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos que desconheciam sua condi&#231;&#227;o de 49,2%, enquanto a propor&#231;&#227;o que possu&#237;a controle dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos atrav&#233;s de tratamento medicamentoso era de apenas 10,4%, demonstrando diferen&#231;a importante frente aos dados norte-americanos. Outros estudos realizados em cidades brasileiras <sup>21,24</sup> demonstraram preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e propor&#231;&#227;o de controle com uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva semelhantes aos resultados obtidos no RS. Atrav&#233;s desses resultados evidencia-se que os esfor&#231;os de identifica&#231;&#227;o e de controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica devem constituir-se em prioridade de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em n&#237;vel nacional.</p>
    <p>Paralelamente aos objetivos principais deste estudo, verificou-se que as mulheres da amostra apresentavam renda e escolaridade menor que os homens. Devido &#224; conhecida rela&#231;&#227;o entre a desigualdade social e a situa&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o, este achado tangencial n&#227;o deve ser menosprezado, mas sim estar presente tanto em projetos de pesquisa futuros como tamb&#233;m no planejamento de a&#231;&#245;es em sa&#250;de. Assim, o reconhecimento da situa&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica desfavor&#225;vel das mulheres no estado do Rio Grande do Sul deve servir como alerta para evitar (e agir sobre) a desigualdade de sexo em sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>Apesar de diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas entre os estudos sobre hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica realizados no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul em 1978 <sup>19</sup> e em Porto Alegre em 1994 <sup>20</sup>, a coer&#234;ncia observada entre seus resultados favorece a ado&#231;&#227;o de estudos em n&#237;vel estadual com metodologia semelhante &#224; utilizada no Estudo de Preval&#234;ncia de Fatores de Risco da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana no Rio Grande do Sul, o primeiro estudo nacional a medir a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco coronarianos em todo um estado brasileiro. Devido &#224; necessidade de conhecimento local sobre os fatores de risco e a hist&#243;ria natural das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, a colabora&#231;&#227;o intersetorial e o uso da estrutura assistencial das secretarias estaduais e municipais de sa&#250;de representam uma alternativa eficaz para a constru&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento dirigido &#224;s necessidades de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o. Redes de apoio &#224; pesquisa, contando com membros nos diversos n&#237;veis da estrutura de nosso sistema sanit&#225;rio e educativo representam uma das alternativas vi&#225;veis no incremento da produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica.</p>
    <p>O delineamento transversal deste estudo n&#227;o possibilita a defini&#231;&#227;o de associa&#231;&#245;es causais entre as caracter&#237;sticas estudadas e os diferentes grupos de hipertensos, mas algumas associa&#231;&#245;es analisadas parecem ser muito apropriadas. O papel da baixa escolaridade tanto na preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica como no seu desconhecimento confirmam a exist&#234;ncia da rela&#231;&#227;o entre desigualdade social e desigualdade em sa&#250;de. Al&#233;m disso, a&#231;&#245;es em n&#237;vel populacional e individual direcionadas ao controle do peso corporal obteriam impacto importante sobre a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, seu reconhecimento e controle. Estas a&#231;&#245;es poderiam ser direcionadas a distintos n&#237;veis e atores sociais entre eles o com&#233;rcio e a industria de alimentos <sup>27</sup>. Sabe-se que a maneira mais eficaz de diminuir o impacto das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em n&#237;vel populacional &#233; o desenvolvimento de a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento dos seus fatores de risco, ou seja, o desenvolvimento de a&#231;&#245;es de promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Neste sentido, o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento efetivo da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica devem ser prioridade no combate a crescente preval&#234;ncia e incid&#234;ncia das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Erno Harzheim </p>
        <p> IC/FUC </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 </p>
        <p> 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="epidemiologia@cardiologia.org.br">epidemiologia@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 24/4/03 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 17/3/04</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence, awareness, and control of systemic arterial hypertension in the state of Rio Grande do Sul</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, particularly of systemic arterial hypertension, in the adult population of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, in addition to the public's level of awareness, hypertensive control, and associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional, population-based study with random sampling from a population pool was carried out with 918 patients older than 20 years from 1999 to 2000. Systemic arterial hypertension was defined as blood pressure &gt; 140/90 or current use of antihypertensive drugs. RESULTS: The prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension was 33.7% (n=309), and 49.2% of the individuals were unaware of their hypertensive condition; 10.4% knew they were hypertensive, but did not undergo treatment; 30.1% underwent antihypertensive treatment, but did not have adequate control; and 10.4% underwent antihypertensive treatment with adequate control. Based on multivariate analysis, the following variables were found to be significantly associated with the presence of systemic arterial hypertension: age (OR=1.06), obesity (OR=3.03), and low educational level (OR=1.82). These same variables were associated with unawareness of the hypertensive condition: age (OR=1.05), obesity (OR=2.46), and low educational level (OR=2.17). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension in the state of Rio Grande do Sul has been remained at constant levels for the past decades, and the population's level of awareness of it has improved slightly. However, the control level of systemic arterial hypertension has not increased. This study allowed the definition of a target group - elderly, obese individuals with low educational level - for both diagnostic campaigns and better control of blood pressure levels.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prevalence, awareness, and control of systemic arterial hypertension in the state of Rio Grande do Sul</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Iseu Gus; Erno Harzheim; Cl&#225;udio Zaslavsky; Cl&#225;udio Medina; Miguel Gus </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To report the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, particularly of systemic arterial hypertension, in the adult population of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, in addition to the public's level of awareness, hypertensive control, and associated factors.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A cross-sectional, population-based study with random sampling from a population pool was carried out with 918 patients older than 20 years from 1999 to 2000. Systemic arterial hypertension was defined as blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 or current use of antihypertensive drugs.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension was 33.7% (n=309), and 49.2% of the individuals were unaware of their hypertensive condition; 10.4% knew they were hypertensive, but did not undergo treatment; 30.1% underwent antihypertensive treatment, but did not have adequate control; and 10.4% underwent antihypertensive treatment with adequate control. Based on multivariate analysis, the following variables were found to be significantly associated with the presence of systemic arterial hypertension: age (OR=1.06), obesity (OR=3.03), and low educational level (OR=1.82). These same variables were associated with unawareness of the hypertensive condition: age (OR=1.05), obesity (OR=2.46), and low educational level (OR=2.17).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension in the state of Rio Grande do Sul has been remained at constant levels for the past decades, and the population's level of awareness of it has improved slightly. However, the control level of systemic arterial hypertension has not increased. This study allowed the definition of a target group &#151; elderly, obese individuals with low educational level &#151; for both diagnostic campaigns and better control of blood pressure levels.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>epidemiology, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death in Brazil and accounted for 32% of all deaths in 1998. In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the mortality rate due to diseases of the circulatory system in that same year was 235.70/100,000 inhabitants, representing the major cause of mortality, with 35.4% of the deaths in the state <sup>1</sup>. The state of Rio Grande do Sul, located in the extreme south of Brazil, occupied the best position in the human development index ranking among all Brazilian states, being considered the state with the best quality of life in 1996. Its population has 10 million inhabitants, and approximately 15% of them are older than 60 years. Its population, predominantly urban (78.7%), has an ethnic composition distinct from that in the rest of the country, resulting from German and Italian migration waves during the 19th century.</p>
      <p>The demographic process of aging of our population, evidenced by the National Research through House Sampling (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostragem Domiciliar - PNAD) from 1997 to 1999 <sup>2</sup>, implies a future increase in the incidence and prevalence of chronic - degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases. In 1990, more than half of the deaths occurring among the Brazilian elderly were caused by that group of diseases <sup>3</sup>. In this context, systemic arterial hypertension, due to its important role as a nonmodifiable cardiovascular risk factor <sup>4-6</sup>, appears as 1 of the most important public health problems in our country, with its prevalence ranging from 10 to 42%, depending on the region, population subgroup, or diagnostic criteria used <sup>7</sup>. In addition, the scientific literature has plenty of substantial evidence, showing that preventive and therapeutic measures directed against systemic arterial hypertension reduce morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases <sup>8-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>To understand the influence of systemic arterial hypertension on the development of cardiovascular diseases requires knowledge of its actual distribution in the different Brazilian states. During the years 1999 and 2000, the Instituto de Cardiologia of the Rio Grande do Sul and the State Secretariat of Health carried out a study on the prevalence of risk factors of coronary artery disease in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Estudo da Preval&#234;ncia dos Fatores de Risco da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana no Rio Grande do Sul) <sup>17</sup>. Through a representative sample of the population of the state, a database with varied information on coronary and cardiovascular risk factors was created. In the present study, analysis and interpretation of the data referring to systemic arterial hypertension were performed, aiming at determining its prevalence in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, describing the major characteristics associated with its recognition and control.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>An observational, analytical, cross-sectional population-based study was carried out in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The database created for the original study to assess the prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease in the state of Rio Grande do Sul was used <sup>17</sup>. The sample with 1,066 individuals selected through a random sampling of a population pool was calculated by using the following parameters: 1) population size: infinite; 2) error (absolute accuracy): 3%; 3) prevalence expected: 50% (maximum variability); and 4) confidence level: 95%. To maintain the representativity of the urban population of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the sample was distributed proportionally to the population of the main municipality of each of the 19 Centers of the State Secretariat of Health, representing all microregions of the state. This study was carried out from July 1999 to October 2000.</p>
      <p>A structured questionnaire about the coronary risk factors (sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, smoking, systemic arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia) and sociodemographic characteristics was applied to all adults &gt; 20 years old living in the selected dwellings. The individuals interviewed had their weight, height, and blood pressure levels measured by the interviewers, in addition to providing a blood sample after a 12-hour fasting period for measuring glycemia and total cholesterol. The blood sample was collected according to a standardized protocol 1 day after the interview and analyzed in the State Central Laboratory. Blood pressure was measured twice during the home visit at a minimum interval of 3 minutes, and the second measure was recorded. The interviewers, nurse technicians, and medical students were trained according to the guidelines of the World Health Organization for the appropriate measurement of blood pressure and for the appropriate completion of the questionnaire. All individuals selected for the study signed the written informed consent; only then was the questionnaire administered and the measurements taken.</p>
      <p>The classification proposed by Burt et al <sup>18</sup> was used for analyzing the data referring to systemic arterial hypertension (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_22137q1-body2">chart I</xref>). Some data were also shown according to the old definition of systemic arterial hypertension, such as blood pressure level <underline>&gt;</underline> 160/95 mmHg, to allow comparison with previous studies performed in the state of Rio Grande do Sul<sup>19-21</sup>. This enabled comparison of the temporal evolution of the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension in the state.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_22137q1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0424-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The Epi-Info 6.0 and SPSS 10.0 statistical software were used for data analysis. The results are shown as means and standard deviations or confidence intervals and their frequencies and proportions, depending on the type of each variable (continuous or categorical). Comparison between the variables was performed by using the chi-square test for the proportions and the <italic>t</italic> test for the means. Aiming at controlling the possible confounding biases between the variables analyzed, multivariate analysis was performed. The association between the characteristics studied and the systemic arterial hypertension classification groups was analyzed using a logistic regression model. For the construction of the final models, several partial models were constructed with the forward-conditional method, always controlling for age. The explicative variables selected in the partial models were then included in each final model presented.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study comprised 1,063 (48.2% of the male sex) individuals distributed throughout all the microregions of the state. The mean age in the entire sample was 44 &#177; 15.6 years, and 18% of the individuals were older than 60 years of age. Approximately 73% of the sample had a familial income <underline>&lt;</underline> 6 minimum wages, and 41% had a familial income <underline>&lt;</underline> 3 minimum wages. Approximately 41% of the individuals had not completed the fundamental educational level, having, therefore, less than 8 years of schooling, and 4.7% (50) of the individuals were illiterate. Comparing the demographic data of the sample with the preliminary data of the 2000 population census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Censo Populacional de 2000 of the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica - IBGE) <sup>22</sup>, the sample proved to be representative of the adult population of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The mean body mass index was 26.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (&#177; 4.8), and the proportion of smokers was 34%. The mean blood pressure was as follows: DBP, 81.4&#177;11.8 mmHg; and SBP, 127.6&#177;19.9 mmHg. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_22137t1-body2">Table I</xref> shows the major characteristics of the sample based on sex.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_22137t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0424-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The prevalences of systemic arterial hypertension referring to the different classification criteria were 20.4% (187 individuals, CI=17.8-23.1%) for blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 160/95 or lower if on antihypertensive drugs, and 33.7% (309 individuals, CI=30.6-36.8%) for blood pressure = 140/90 or lower if on antihypertensive drugs. As already defined in the methodology, the following results refer to the classification of systemic arterial hypertension according to Burt <sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nine hundred and eighteen individuals (86.3% of the entire sample) were classified according to their blood pressure status. When comparing the entire sample (n=1,063) with this subsample, statistically significant differences were found neither between their sociodemographic characteristics nor between their mean blood pressure levels. Of the 918 individuals, 609 (66.3%) were considered healthy in regard to the presence of systemic arterial hypertension; 33.7% (n=309) were classified as hypertensive, and 49.2% ignored their hypertensive condition; 10.4% knew they were hypertensive, but underwent no treatment; 30.1% underwent the antihypertensive treatment, but without adequate control (blood pressure &lt; 140/90); and 10.4% of the individuals underwent antihypertensive treatment with adequate control (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>). Considering systemic arterial hypertension as blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 160/95 mmHg, the following was observed: 187 (20.4%) individuals were classified as hypertensive, 24.6% of whom ignored their hypertensive condition; 8.6% acknowledged being hypertensive, but underwent no treatment; 32.1% underwent antihypertensive treatment, but did not achieve adequate blood pressure control; and 34.7% underwent treatment and achieved adequate control (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0424-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Comparing the individuals classified as healthy with those classified as hypertensive, the following parameters showed a significant association with systemic arterial hypertension: advanced age, lower educational level, obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and sedentary lifestyle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_22137t2-body2">tab. II</xref>). On the other hand, the group of hypertensive individuals visited the health care services significantly more often and had a lower proportion of smokers.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_22137t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0424-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The comparison between healthy individuals and hypertensive individuals unaware of their blood pressure status showed that advanced age, lower educational level, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle were significantly associated with unawareness of systemic arterial hypertension (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_22137t3-body2">tab. III</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_22137t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0424-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Through multivariate analysis, age, presence of obesity (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), and low educational level maintained an independent association with hypertension (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">tab. IV</xref>). Other variables included in the model (sex, presence of diabetes, familial income) did not have a significant association, and were excluded from the final model.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0424-00009-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Using multivariate analysis to compare the individuals classified as healthy with the hypertensive ones who ignored their hypertensive condition, age, obesity, and low educational level maintained an independent association with unawareness of the hypertensive condition (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">tab. V</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0424-00009-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the group of individuals aware of their hypertensive condition (n=157), 125 (79.6%) did not have adequate blood pressure levels, and 32 (20.4%) had good blood pressure control (blood pressure &lt; 140/90). Comparing these 2 groups, only the proportion of obese, greater in the noncontrolled group (44.7% versus 19.4%), reached a significant statistical difference (P=0.01). It is worth stressing that, in the group with controlled blood pressure, visits to public health services were more frequent (81.3% x 64.2%), although this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.067).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data presented in this article originated from a broader study whose major objectives were not the analysis of subgroups of hypertensive individuals. Therefore, as the sample was small in some of these subgroups, the possibility of type-b error in the distribution of some characteristics that had no statistical significance could not be excluded. Other important characteristics related to systemic arterial hypertension, such as familial history and alcohol consumption, were not assessed in the original study, hindering its analysis. On the other hand, these limitations do not decrease the importance of this study, which, repeating the pioneering experience of Achutti et al <sup>19</sup>, describes the characteristics of the categories of hypertension in an entire Brazilian state, and not only in a metropolitan region.</p>
      <p>Analyzing the results obtained, the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension in the state of Rio Grande do Sul remains one of the major public health problems in the beginning of this century. This has been shown since the study by Achutti et al <sup>19</sup> on the prevalence of the disease in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and the study by Fuchs et al <sup>20</sup> in the capital of the state, the city of Porto Alegre. The results of the present study showed the maintenance of approximately 20% of hypertensive individuals when considering blood pressure levels = 160/95 mmHg in the adult population of the state. If blood pressure = 140/90 was the criterion for diagnosing arterial hypertension, its prevalence would exceed 30%. The analysis of the characteristics associated with systemic arterial hypertension through the model of logistic regression confirms the findings already described in other Brazilian studies <sup>20-25</sup> about the relation of age, obesity, and low educational level to blood pressure levels.</p>
      <p>In this context, it is worth noting that an increase in the level of awareness of systemic arterial hypertension occurred when blood pressure levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 160/95 mmHg were considered, as approximately 75% of the hypertensive individuals interviewed recognized their condition, in comparison with the proportion of 57.7% observed in the city of Porto Alegre in 1994. In addition, the logistic regression analysis in the group of individuals who ignored their hypertensive condition points towards the existence of a target group for awareness campaigns and outpatient care characterized by older, obese individuals with a lower educational level.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the quality of systemic arterial hypertension control is alarming, because approximately 80% of the individuals aware of their hypertensive condition had blood pressure levels &gt; 140/90 mmHg. Of the hypertensive individuals on antihypertensive medication (125), only 25.6% obtained blood pressure control. These results show that, in addition to the lack of awareness about the hypertensive condition, the effective control of the disease has not reached a satisfactory level, representing a challenge to be faced by the health system. New studies should focus on the identification of the causes of the failure of the antihypertensive treatment, approaching aspects, such as the lack of adherence to treatment, the difficulty of access to medication and medical services, the effectiveness of the therapeutic schemes used, the way the health professionals manage hypertensive individuals, the influence of the adverse effects on adherence to treatment, and the relation of the socioeconomic level, educational level, and cultural aspects to the treatment of the disease.</p>
      <p>In the North American population in the years 1992-1994, Hyman and Pavlik <sup>26</sup> reported that 31% of the hypertensive individuals ignored their condition and only 23% had an adequate control of their systemic arterial hypertension through medication. Using the same criteria for the population of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the proportion of hypertensive individuals ignoring their condition was 49.2%, while the proportion controlling their blood pressure levels with medicamentous treatment was only 10.4%, a significant difference as compared with the North American data. Other studies conducted in Brazilian cities <sup>21,24</sup> have shown the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension and proportion of control with the use of antihypertensive medication similar to the results obtained in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. These results show that the efforts to identify and control systemic arterial hypertension should be a public health priority at the national level.</p>
      <p>Parallel to the major objectives of this study, women in the sample were observed to have lower income and educational levels than did men. Due to the known relation between the social inequality and the health condition of the population, this additional finding should not be underestimated, but should be considered in future research projects and in the planning of health promotion actions. Therefore, the recognition of the unfavorable socioeconomic level of the women in the state of Rio Grande do Sul should serve as a warning to avoid gender inequality in health care and to promote adequate action.</p>
      <p>Despite of the methodological differences between the studies on systemic arterial hypertension carried out in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in 1978 <sup>19</sup> and in the city of Porto Alegre in 1994 <sup>20</sup>, the coherence observed between their results favors the adoption of studies in the state level with methodology similar to that used in the study on the prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Preval&#234;ncia de Fatores de Risco da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana no Rio Grande do Sul) <sup>17</sup>, the first national study to measure the prevalence of coronary risk factors in an entire Brazilian state. Due to the need for identifying the local risk factors and knowing the natural history of cardiovascular diseases, the intersectorial collaboration and the use of the health care structure of the state and municipal health secretariats represent an effective alternative for the construction of knowledge directed to the health needs of the population. Networks of research support with members in the diverse levels of the structure of our health and educational systems represent one of the viable alternatives for the increase in scientific production.</p>
      <p>The cross-sectional design of this study does not allow the definition of causal associations between the characteristics studied and the different groups of hypertensive individuals; some associations analyzed, however, seem very appropriate. The role played by low educational level both in the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension and in its awareness confirm the existence of a relation between social inequality and health inequality. In addition, actions on the population and individual levels directed to body weight control would have a significant impact on the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension, its awareness and control. These actions could be directed to different social levels and actors, such as the food commerce and industry <sup>27</sup>. The most effective way to reduce the impact of cardiovascular diseases at the population level is to develop preventive and therapeutic actions for risk factors, ie, to develop actions of health promotion and primary prevention. Therefore, the diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension and its effective treatment should be prioritized in the struggle against the increasing prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular diseases in our country.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Erno Harzheim </p>
          <p> IC/FUC </p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370</p>
          <p> 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="epidemiologia@cardiologia.org.br">epidemiologia@cardiologia.org.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 4/24/03</p>
      <p>Accepted for publication: 3/17/04</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
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