<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JkXkxNDfPGhNRGJQp8PbYZH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001700007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300507</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001700007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O polimorfismo A1166C do receptor tipo 1 da angiotensina II no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Messias Ant&#244;nio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Clauber</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Elis&#226;ngela Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gatti</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Rispoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>404</fpage>
      <lpage>408</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>RESUMO OBJETIVO:Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo A1166C do gene do receptor AT1 da angiotensina II (AT1R) com o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e a severidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo, transversal de 110 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana com les&#227;o significante (&gt; 50%) avaliada por tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios de severidade: n&#250;mero de vasos lesados, morfologia da placa ateroscler&#243;tica e escore de risco coronariano. Sem les&#245;es coronarianas 104 indiv&#237;duos controles. O polimorfismo A1166C do gene do AT1R foi determinado pela rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase no DNA dos leuc&#243;citos do sangue perif&#233;rico. Os fatores de risco coronariano cl&#225;ssicos foram analisados em todos os indiv&#237;duos. RESULTADOS: Na estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco apenas o tabagismo teve predomin&#226;ncia nos heterozigotos AC (p = 0,02). A freq&#252;&#234;ncia dos gen&#243;tipos nos pacientes infartados foi de AA = 54,5%; AC = 35,5% e CC = 10%, sendo similar e n&#227;o significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles (p = 0,83). N&#227;o houve aumento do risco de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio nas compara&#231;&#245;es dos gen&#243;tipos CC vs AA (OR = 1,35; IC-95% = 0,50 - 3,59), AC vs AA (OR = 1,03; IC-95% = 0,58 - 1,84 e AA+AC vs AA (OR = 1,33; IC-95% = 0,51 - 3,45). Nenhum dos crit&#233;rios de severidade teve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com os gen&#243;tipos. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os nossos resultados indicam n&#227;o haver associa&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo A1166C do AT1R com o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e nem com a severidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana segundo nossos resultados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>polimorfismo A1166C</kwd>
        <kwd>angiotensina II</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O polimorfismo A1166C do receptor tipo 1 da angiotensina II no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Messias Ant&#244;nio de Ara&#250;jo; Bruno Soares Menezes; Clauber Louren&#231;o; Elis&#226;ngela Rosa Cordeiro; Renata Rispoli Gatti; Luiz Ricardo Goulart</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Uberl&#226;ndia, MG</p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia e Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold>Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo A1166C do gene do receptor AT1 da angiotensina II (AT1R) com o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e a severidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo prospectivo, transversal de 110 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana com les&#227;o significante (&gt; 50%) avaliada por tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios de severidade: n&#250;mero de vasos lesados, morfologia da placa ateroscler&#243;tica e escore de risco coronariano. Sem les&#245;es coronarianas 104 indiv&#237;duos controles. O polimorfismo A1166C do gene do AT1R foi determinado pela rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase no DNA dos leuc&#243;citos do sangue perif&#233;rico. Os fatores de risco coronariano cl&#225;ssicos foram analisados em todos os indiv&#237;duos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Na estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco apenas o tabagismo teve predomin&#226;ncia nos heterozigotos AC (p = 0,02). A freq&#252;&#234;ncia dos gen&#243;tipos nos pacientes infartados foi de AA = 54,5%; AC = 35,5% e CC = 10%, sendo similar e n&#227;o significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles (p = 0,83). N&#227;o houve aumento do risco de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio nas compara&#231;&#245;es dos gen&#243;tipos CC vs AA (OR = 1,35; IC-95% = 0,50 &#151; 3,59), AC vs AA (OR = 1,03; IC-95% = 0,58 &#151; 1,84 e AA+AC vs AA (OR = 1,33; IC-95% = 0,51 &#151; 3,45). Nenhum dos crit&#233;rios de severidade teve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com os gen&#243;tipos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Os nossos resultados indicam n&#227;o haver associa&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo A1166C do AT1R com o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e nem com a severidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana segundo nossos resultados.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>polimorfismo A1166C, angiotensina II, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
    <p>O sistema renina-angiotensina compreende uma cascata de rea&#231;&#245;es enzim&#225;ticas, resultando na forma&#231;&#227;o da angiotensina II, a partir do substrato angiotensinog&#234;nio. Os efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos da angiotensina II s&#227;o mediados por uma via final comum, ligando-se a receptores espec&#237;ficos localizados na membrana celular<sup>1,2</sup>. Duas isoformas de receptores endoteliais para a angiotensina II s&#227;o conhecidas at&#233; o momento: AT1 e AT2. A maioria dos seus efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos &#233; mediada pela ativa&#231;&#227;o de receptores do subtipo AT1. Os receptores pertencem &#224; super fam&#237;lia de receptores acoplados a prote&#237;nas G e, no caso dos receptores AT1 (AT1R), o acoplamento ocorre via prote&#237;nas Gq. Conseq&#252;entemente, a estimula&#231;&#227;o de receptores AT1 ativa a fosfolipase C, aumenta os n&#237;veis de diacilglicerol (DAG) e trifosfato de inosotol (IP3), eleva a concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>+2</sup> intracelular e promove ativa&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias quinases modulando as fun&#231;&#245;es celulares<sup>3,4</sup>. A angiotensina II atua como mit&#243;geno em c&#233;lulas de m&#250;sculo liso vascular atrav&#233;s da ativa&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o, incluindo fosfolipase C, fosfolipase A<sub>2</sub> e fosfolipase D, bem como pela ativa&#231;&#227;o de um grande n&#250;mero de quinases: tirosinaquinases, prote&#237;nas quinases ativadas por mit&#243;genos (MAPKs), quinase c-src, Janus e receptores com atividade de tirosina quinase. Ela tamb&#233;m estimula fatores de transcri&#231;&#227;o como a prote&#237;na ativadora-1, ativadores de transdu&#231;&#227;o de sinal e transcri&#231;&#227;o (STATs) e o fator nuclear kappa B (NFkB)<sup>5,6</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos demonstram que os efeitos proliferativos da angiotensina II s&#227;o mediados pela ativa&#231;&#227;o de receptores AT1<sup>7</sup>. Mais recentemente, foi relatado um estudo em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, onde n&#237;veis circulantes de angiotensina II estavam aumentados e a administra&#231;&#227;o dos antagonistas do AT1R apresentava importante implica&#231;&#227;o farmaco-terap&#234;utica<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com a clonagem do cDNA do receptor AT1 foi identificado um polimorfismo na regi&#227;o 3', n&#227;o traduzida (A1166C) e correspondente a uma transvers&#227;o A&#174;C (substitui&#231;&#227;o da adenina por citosina) na posi&#231;&#227;o do nucleot&#237;deo 1166 da seq&#252;&#234;ncia do mRNA, resultando em dois gen&#243;tipos homozigotos (CC e AA) e o heterozigoto AC<sup>9</sup>. Os homozigotos CC parecem estar associados com uma maior incid&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Evid&#234;ncias crescentes mostram a import&#226;ncia da participa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina no processo de prolifera&#231;&#227;o endotelial e aterosclerose coronariana. A a&#231;&#227;o do receptor AT1 sugere a sua participa&#231;&#227;o na g&#234;nese da aterosclerose coronariana e do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo A1166C do gene do AT1R com o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e com a severidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo prospectivo de delineamento transversal com processo de amostragem consecutiva de 110 pacientes eleg&#237;veis (66,6% do sexo masculino e 36,4% do feminino, m&#233;dia de idade 61,82 &#177; 10,81 anos) foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo com o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com base em dados cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e enzim&#225;ticos<sup>11</sup>, comprovados pela angiografia coronariana. Os controles corresponderam a 104 indiv&#237;duos, 57,7% do sexo feminino e 42,3% masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade 56,69 &#177; 11,52 anos, portadores de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular, dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica e doadores para transplante renal que n&#227;o apresentaram les&#245;es nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco na cineangiocardiografia. Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco coronariano cl&#225;ssicos como antecedente familiar em primeiro grau de coronariopatia, n&#237;veis de colesterol (HDL &lt; 35 mg/dL, LDL &gt; 159 mg/dL) e triglic&#233;rides &gt; 200 mg/dL, antecedentes de tabagismo (fumante ativo ou que tenha deixado de fumar nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt; 140 mmHg e diast&#243;lica &gt; 90 mmHg), diabetes melittus (indiv&#237;duos em tratamento com insulina ou hipoglicemiantes orais ou n&#237;vel de glicose em jejum = 140 mg/dL), sedentarismo (pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica em uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia inferior a 3 vezes por semana), sobrepeso e obesidade (&#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea &#151; IMC &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). A cineangiocardiografia foi utilizada para comprova&#231;&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana elegendo-se para o estudo pacientes com les&#227;o obstrutiva maior que 50%.</p>
    <p>A severidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi avaliada pelos crit&#233;rios: n&#250;mero de vasos acometidos (uniarterial ou multiarterial)<sup>12</sup>; caracter&#237;stica morfol&#243;gica da placa ateroscler&#243;tica (A: les&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica proximal &lt; 10 mm; B1: les&#227;o exc&#234;ntrica entre 10 e 20 mm, com tortuosidade moderada, proximal; B2: les&#227;o exc&#234;ntrica entre 10 e 20mm, com tortuosidade moderada, distal, ostial ou em bifurca&#231;&#245;es; C: les&#227;o &gt; 20mm ou oclus&#227;o total) segundo Ellis e cols.<sup>13</sup>; escore de risco coronariano que &#233; um m&#233;todo simples para estimar a quantidade de m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco em risco baseado na localiza&#231;&#227;o proximal, m&#233;dia, distal e grau de estenose da les&#227;o obstrutiva, sendo que os escores mais elevados est&#227;o associados com uma baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo propiciando uma maior informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, segundo Califf e cols.<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com doen&#231;a maligna sist&#234;mica, enfermidade cr&#244;nica terminal, antecedentes de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e angioplastia coronariana.</p>
    <p>O protocolo de pesquisa foi avaliado e liberado pelo conselho de &#233;tica. Todos os pacientes foram informados dos riscos e benef&#237;cios potenciais da pesquisa e assinaram o termo de consentimento.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do polimorfismo do gene do AT1R foi realizada pela t&#233;cnica da rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase (<italic>polimerase chain reaction</italic> - PCR). As extra&#231;&#245;es de DNA foram feitas segundo o m&#233;todo de isolamento de DNA de Sambrook e cols.<sup>15</sup>. A coleta de sangue perif&#233;rico foi feita em tubo vacutainer de 5 mL com EDTA, armazenado a 4 &#186;C, centrifugado para separa&#231;&#227;o da camada de leuc&#243;citos. Uma al&#237;quota de 500 &#181;L da camada de leuc&#243;citos foi transferida para um eppendorf de 1,5 mL e acrescentou-se 1,0 mL de tamp&#227;o de lise de hem&#225;cias (TLH) [NH<sub>4</sub>Cl 155 mM, KHCO<sub>3</sub> 10 mM e EDTA 1mM] em cada amostra, misturando por invers&#227;o durante 30s. Esta mistura foi centrifugada a 2.500 rpm durante 5min. para peletizar os n&#250;cleos. Descartou-se o sobrenadante, repetindo-se o passo por 2 a 3 vezes, at&#233; que o pelete adquirisse uma colora&#231;&#227;o creme claro. Foram adicionados 150 &#181;L do tamp&#227;o de lise do n&#250;cleo (TLN) [Tris - HCl 10 mM (pH 8,0), EDTA 2 mM, NaCl 400 mM] e ressuspendeu-se o pelete. Adicionaram-se, ent&#227;o, 5 &#181;L de SDS (dodecil sulfato de s&#243;dio) a 10% gelado e 2,5 &#181;L de proteinase K (20 mg/mL) &#224; solu&#231;&#227;o e as amostras foram incubadas por 6h a 60 &#186;C e, ap&#243;s isso, 100 &#181;L de NaCl saturado foram adicionados &#224;s amostras, colocadas em gelo por 10min.</p>
    <p>As amostras foram centrifugadas a 2.500 rpm por 15min., recolheu-se o sobrenadante e adicionaram-se 800 &#181;L de etanol absoluto gelado, misturando-se por invers&#227;o at&#233; que ocorresse a precipita&#231;&#227;o. Girou-se o tubo em seu eixo no sentido horizontal, para prender o DNA &#224; parede do tubo, descartando-se o sobrenadante. O pelete foi lavado em 1,0 mL de etanol 70%. Descartou-se o &#225;lcool e os peletes foram ressuspendidos em volume vari&#225;vel de TE [TRIS - HCl 10 mM, EDTA 1 mM (pH 7,4)] de acordo com o seu tamanho. A seguir foi feito o c&#225;lculo da concentra&#231;&#227;o de DNA por espectrofot&#244;metro a 260 nm. Cada rea&#231;&#227;o consistiu 100 ng de DNA gen&#244;mico, 25 pmol de primer, 1,5 mmol/L de MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 0,5 mmol/L de cada dNTP, 1 U de Taq DNA polimerase e tamp&#227;o da Taq DNA polimerase 1X em um volume de rea&#231;&#227;o de 30 mL. A PCR utilizou o programa: 30 ciclos a 93 &#186;C por 1,5 min, 58 &#186;C por 2 min e 72 &#186;C por 2 min. Um fragmento do gene do AT1R contendo 856 pb, localizado na regi&#227;o 3' n&#227;o traduzida, foi amplificado pelo par de primers: 5'-AAT GCT TGT AGC CAA AGT CAC CT-3'; 5'-GGC TTT GCT TTG TCT TGT TG-3'. Esta regi&#227;o abriga a variante 1166, caracterizada pela transvers&#227;o Adenina&#174;Citosina (A&#174; C) no nucleot&#237;deo que ocupa essa posi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Cada rea&#231;&#227;o de PCR foi feita com: 100 ng de DNA gen&#244;mico, tamp&#227;o da Taq-DNA polimerase, 10 pmoles de cada primer, 200 mM de cada dNTP, 2,5 mM de MgCl<sub>2</sub> e 1,5 U da enzima Taq-DNA polimerase. O programa utilizado para amplifica&#231;&#227;o do fragmento consistiu de uma desnatura&#231;&#227;o inicial de 5min. a 95 &#186;C, seguida por 34 ciclos compostos por desnatura&#231;&#227;o a 94 &#186;C por 30s, anelamento a 58 &#186;C por um minuto e extens&#227;o a 72 &#186;C por 35s. O produto amplificado foi visibilizado em gel de agarose 1,5% corado com brometo de et&#237;deo. Dez microlitros do produto amplificado foram digeridos com tr&#234;s unidades da enzima de restri&#231;&#227;o Dde I durante 5h a 37 &#186;C de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante (<italic>Life Technologies</italic>). Esta enzima reconhece o seguinte s&#237;tio de restri&#231;&#227;o: 5'- C &#175; TNAG &#151;3'; 3'&#151; GANT &#173; C &#151;5'.</p>
    <p>No fragmento em estudo do gene AT1R ocorre um s&#237;tio de restri&#231;&#227;o no alelo mutante, pois a substitui&#231;&#227;o de um A por C, cria outro s&#237;tio de reconhecimento da enzima Dde I. Assim, o alelo A do gene do AT1R possui um s&#237;tio de restri&#231;&#227;o para a enzima gerando dois fragmentos de 600 e 256 pb e o alelo C, mutante, possui dois s&#237;tios produzindo tr&#234;s fragmentos de 600, 146 e 110 pb cada. O produto de restri&#231;&#227;o foi visibilizado em gel de agarose 2% corado com brometo de et&#237;deo ap&#243;s eletroforese. Indiv&#237;duos homozigotos para o alelo A apresentam duas bandas de 600 e 256 pb, os homozigotos para o alelo C apresentam tr&#234;s bandas de 600, 146 e 110 pb e os heterozigotos A/C possuem quatro bandas de 600, 256, 146 e 110 pb<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O programa Statistica 5.5 Statsoft, Inc.<sup>16</sup> foi utilizado para fazer as an&#225;lises. Para indicar o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerado o erro a &lt; 5% (p&lt; 0,05). O teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson foi utilizado para analisar vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas. As vari&#225;veis foram transformadas em num&#233;ricas atribuindo-se o valor zero 0 para a aus&#234;ncia e 1 para a presen&#231;a. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia-desvio padr&#227;o e as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram comparadas usando o teste t de Student. O risco relativo foi avaliado pelo c&#225;lculo da raz&#227;o de chances (odds ratio &#151; OR) e seus intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC). As diferen&#231;as entre as freq&#252;&#234;ncias de pacientes, quanto aos fatores de risco convencionais, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s classes genot&#237;picas foram avaliadas por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia do tabagismo, do antecedente familiar de coronariopatia, da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, do diabetes mellitus, dos n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol total, colesterol LDL e triglic&#233;rides foi significativamente alta nos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles. Apenas a obesidade (avaliada pelo IMC), o sedentarismo e o colesterol HDL n&#227;o apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0404-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da genotipagem dos pacientes e controles para o polimorfismo A1166C do gene do AT1R, por restri&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica com a enzima Dde I resultou em um padr&#227;o de bandas diferenciado para os gen&#243;tipos AA, AC e CC, ocorrido devido &#224; modifica&#231;&#227;o no fragmento amplificado de 856 pb, quando se verifica a substitu&#231;&#227;o de um A (adenina) por um C (citosina) que cria um novo s&#237;tio de restri&#231;&#227;o para essa enzima. Portanto, foi verificado em gel de agarose, corado com brometo de et&#237;deo, o seguinte padr&#227;o de bandas: homozigoto AA: bandas de 600 e 256 pb, heterozigoto AC: bandas de 600, 256, 146 e 110 pb e o homozigoto mutante CC: bandas de 600, 146 e 110 pb (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0404-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quando a popula&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes infartados e dos indiv&#237;duos controles foi estratificada pelos gen&#243;tipos do AT1R observou-se que n&#227;o houve predomin&#226;ncia de sexo entre os gen&#243;tipos no grupo controle (p = 0,212) e nem nos pacientes (p = 0,739); a m&#233;dia de idade foi semelhante nos dois grupos (56,3 &#177;12,9 anos). Quando foram analisados os fatores de risco coronariano cl&#225;ssicos nos indiv&#237;duos controles estratificados pelos gen&#243;tipos do AT1R constatou-se n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa em nenhum deles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. II</xref>). Esta mesma an&#225;lise nos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio identificou que apenas o tabagismo mostrou preval&#234;ncia diferente entre eles, sendo maior nos gen&#243;tipos AC e AA. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. III</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0404-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0404-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela IV</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos do polimorfismo A1166C do AT1R nos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e nos controle. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada entre os grupos (c<sup>2</sup> = 0,367; p = 0,832), inclusive quando se avaliou a presen&#231;a do alelo A (AA+AC) observou-se que a sua freq&#252;&#234;ncia n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos. O risco relativo de apresentar infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi analisado pelas compara&#231;&#245;es dos gen&#243;tipos e teve os seguintes resultados: CC vs AA (OR = 1,35; IC-95% = 0,5079 - 3,5992), AC vs AA (OR = 1,03; IC-95% = 0,5828 - 1,8433) e AC+AA vs CC (OR = 0,90; IC-95% = 0,3640 &#151; 2,2255) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0404-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0404-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A severidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi avaliada pelos crit&#233;rios: n&#250;mero de vasos acometidos (uniarterial ou multiarterial), caracter&#237;stica morfol&#243;gica da placa ateroscler&#243;tica (A, B1, B2, C) e o escore de risco coronariano e n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os gen&#243;tipos do AT1R. Os dados observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">tabela V</xref> demonstram que nas compara&#231;&#245;es dos gen&#243;tipos CC vs AC vs AA n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (p &lt; 0,05), fato tamb&#233;m observado nas compara&#231;&#245;es CC vs AC e CC vs AA.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0404-00007-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A aterosclerose, processo b&#225;sico da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e a sua manifesta&#231;&#227;o maior, o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, tornou-se a principal causa de &#243;bitos no mundo ocidental. &#201; geralmente desencadeado por instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica e obstru&#231;&#227;o abrupta da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria pela forma&#231;&#227;o de um trombo local<sup>18</sup>. A participa&#231;&#227;o do componente gen&#233;tico herdado, representado pelo hist&#243;rico familiar de coronariopatia, j&#225; descrito na literatura<sup>19</sup>, ficou comprovada neste estudo pela maior preval&#234;ncia no grupo de infartados (p = 0,028). O tabagismo, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e a hipercolesterolemia (total e LDL) s&#227;o os principais fatores de risco e contribuem em graus aproximadamente iguais para a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>20,21</sup>, fatos confirmados nesta pesquisa com elevada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,001; p=0,005 e p=0,0001, respectivamente). A hipertrigliceridemia &#233; a altera&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica mais comumente associada ao diabetes mellitus<sup>22,23</sup>, rela&#231;&#227;o constatada neste estudo onde a propor&#231;&#227;o de diab&#233;ticos nos pacientes correspondeu a quase o dobro dos controles. A obesidade e o sedentarismo, diferentemente do descrito na literatura<sup>24,25</sup>, n&#227;o foram fatores de risco importantes nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o entre o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e varia&#231;&#245;es polim&#243;rficas de genes candidatos ou de marcadores (seq&#252;&#234;ncia de DNA n&#227;o codificantes) s&#227;o empregados para demonstrar o papel de fatores gen&#233;ticos na etiologia desta doen&#231;a multifatorial. Como a angiotensina II &#233; o agente fundamental na seq&#252;&#234;ncia de rea&#231;&#245;es que culminam nas suas a&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e patol&#243;gicas, o seu principal receptor, o AT1R, torna-se elemento importante nos estudos que avaliam o papel do SRA no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Este estudo mostrou n&#227;o existir predomin&#226;ncia de nenhum dos fatores de risco coronariano cl&#225;ssicos entre os gen&#243;tipos do AT1R nos controles, exceto para o sedentarismo (p = 0,05). No grupo de infartados apenas o tabagismo teve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa, sendo maior no gen&#243;tipo AC, indicando a possibilidade da intera&#231;&#227;o com um fator ambiental de alta preval&#234;ncia com o gen&#243;tipo<sup>26</sup>. Como os demais fatores de risco coronariano tiveram distribui&#231;&#227;o similar entre os gen&#243;tipos nos controles e infartados &#233; prov&#225;vel que os gen&#243;tipos do AT1R n&#227;o estejam associados a esses fatores, no sentido de desenvolver infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo a homozigose para o alelo A do polimorfismo A1166C no loco do receptor AT1 foi mais freq&#252;ente, tanto nos controles quanto nos infartados. No grupo controle, foi encontrada a distribui&#231;&#227;o: AA = 56,7%; AC = 35,6%; CC = 7,7% e, na combina&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos AA/AC de 92,3%. Nos infartados foi AA = 54,5%; AC = 35,5%, CC = 10,0% e na combina&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos AA/AC de 90,0%. Os resultados indicaram n&#227;o haver signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os grupos (p = 0,83) e que n&#227;o aumentava a chance de desenvolver infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, observado nas compara&#231;&#245;es dos gen&#243;tipos CC vs AA (OR = 1,35; IC-95% = 0,50 &#151; 3,59), AC vs AA (OR = 1,03; IC-95% = 0,58 &#151; 1,84) e AA+AC vs AA (OR = 1,33; IC-95% = 0,51 &#151; 3,45). Numa pesquisa entre a associa&#231;&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e o AT1R, Berge e cols.<sup>27</sup> encontraram as seguintes freq&#252;&#234;ncias dos gen&#243;tipos nos controles: AA = 52,1%; AC = 42,7%; CC = 5,2% e na combina&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos AA+AC = 94,8%. Neste estudo, nos pacientes infartados o gen&#243;tipo AA correspondeu a 49,3%, o AC a 41,3% e o CC a 9,4% e na combina&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos AA+AC a 90%. Desta forma, o presente trabalho corroborou estes resultados e demonstrou, tamb&#233;m, n&#227;o haver associa&#231;&#227;o deste polimorfismo com o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Entretanto, Canavy e cols.<sup>28</sup>, entre outros, demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva do polimorfismo AA1166C com uma preval&#234;ncia alta do alelo C em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>10,29</sup>. Duncan e cols.<sup>30</sup>, numa recente revis&#227;o da literatura de estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o do gene do AT1 centralizados em metas cl&#237;nicas, descreveram as controv&#233;rsias relacionadas a este gene com o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo foi demonstrado n&#227;o haver associa&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo A1166C do gene do AT1R com a severidade do acometimento das les&#245;es coronarianas quando foram comparados os gen&#243;tipos CC vs AC vs AA, CC vs AC e AC vs AA; resultados semelhantes permitiram a outros autores chegarem &#224; mesma conclus&#227;o<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ao se analisar o polimorfismo A1166C do gene do AT1R &#224; luz dos resultados deste estudo, conclui-se que n&#227;o h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o dele com o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e nem com a severidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Os desfechos das principais publica&#231;&#245;es sobre estes fatos ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o absolutamente determinados, provavelmente, devido &#224; maneira como as an&#225;lises s&#227;o realizadas ou &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es do conjunto de dados obtidos e ao vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o predominante de trabalhos com resultados positivos. V&#225;rios outros polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos, particularmente os relacionados ao sistema renina-angiotensina, est&#227;o em andamento e poder&#227;o estabelecer, definitivamente, o papel causal destes genes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Dr. Messias Ant&#244;nio de Ara&#250;jo </p>
        <p> R: Olavo Bilac, 394 </p>
        <p> Uberl&#226;ndia - MG - Cep 38401-047 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="maraujo@cardiol.br">maraujo@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 13/8/03 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 11/2/04</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. de Gasparo M,    Catt KJ, Inagami T, Wright JW, Unger T. International Union of Pharmacology.    XXIII. The angiotensin II receptors. Pharmacol Ver 2000; 52: 415-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>International Union of Pharmacology: XXIII. The angiotensin II receptors</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Ver</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>415</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de</surname>
              <given-names>Gasparo M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Catt</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inagami</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wright</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Unger</surname>
              <given-names>T.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Timmermans PB,    Wong PC, Chiu AT et al. Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II receptor    antagonists. Pharmacol Rev 1993; 45: 205-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Rev</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>205</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Timmermans</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiu</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Chiu AT, Herblin    WF, McCall DE et al. Identification of angiotensin II receptor subtypes. Biochem    Biophys Res Commun 1989; 165: 196-203.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Identification of angiotensin II receptor subtypes</article-title>
          <source>Biochem Biophys Res Commun</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>196</fpage>
          <lpage>203</lpage>
          <volume>165</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chiu</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herblin</surname>
              <given-names>WF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCall</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Paxton WC, Ruglssi,    Horulst C, Cohen C, Alexander RW, Bernstein KE. Imunohistochemical localization    of rat angiotensin II at 1 receptor. Am J Physiol 1993; 264: 989-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Imunohistochemical localization of rat angiotensin II at 1 receptor</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>989</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <volume>264</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paxton</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruglssi,</surname>
              <given-names>Horulst C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexander</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernstein</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Krieger EM,    Santos RAS. Angiotensinas: Aspectos fisiol&#243;gicos. Hipertens&#227;o    1998; 1: 7-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Angiotensinas: Aspectos fisiol&#243;gicos</article-title>
          <source>Hipertens&#227;o</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krieger</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RAS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Wood AJJ. Angiotensin    receptors and their antagonists. Drug Therapy 1996; 334: 1649-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Angiotensin receptors and their antagonists</article-title>
          <source>Drug Therapy</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1649</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <volume>334</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wood</surname>
              <given-names>AJJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Stoll M, Steckelings    UM, Paul M, Bottari SP, Metzger R, Unger T. The angiotensin AT<sub>2</sub> receptor    mediates inhibition of cell proliferation in coronary endothelial cells. J Clin    Invest 1995; 95: 651-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The angiotensin AT2 receptor mediates inhibition of cell proliferation in coronary endothelial cells</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Invest</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>651</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stoll</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steckelings</surname>
              <given-names>UM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paul</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bottari</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metzger</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Unger</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Zhu YZ, Zhu    YC, Li J et al. Effects of losartan on hemodynamic parameters and angiotensin    receptor m RNA levels of heart alter myocardial infarction. JRAAS 2000; 1: 257-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of losartan on hemodynamic parameters and angiotensin receptor m RNA levels of heart alter myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>JRAAS</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>257</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>YZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>YC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Bonnardeaux    A, Daves E, Jeunemaitre X et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism    in human essential hypertension. Hypertension 1994; 24: 63-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism in human essential hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>63</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bonnardeaux</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daves</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jeunemaitre</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Tiret L, Bonnadeaux    A, Poirier O et al. Synergistic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme and    angiotensin-II type receptor gene polymorphism on risk of myocardial infarction.    Lancet 1994; 344: 910-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Synergistic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin-II type receptor gene polymorphism on risk of myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>910</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <volume>344</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tiret</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonnadeaux</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poirier</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. WHO (report    of the joint international society and federation of cardiology/World Health    Organization task force on standardization of clinical nomenclature). Nomenclature    and criteria for diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease. Circulation 1979; 59:    607-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1979</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>607</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>WHO</surname>
              <given-names>(report</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Harris PJ,    Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Behar VS, Rosati RA. Survival in medically treated coronary    artery disease. Circulation 1979; 60: 1259-69.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Survival in medically treated coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1979</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1259</fpage>
          <lpage>69</lpage>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harris</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harrell</surname>
              <given-names>FE Jr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Behar</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosati</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Ellis SG, Vandormael    MG, Cowley MJ et al. Coronary morphologic and clinical determinants of procedural    outcome with angioplasty for multivessel coronary disease: implications for    patient selection. Circulation 1990; 82: 1193-202.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Coronary morphologic and clinical determinants of procedural outcome with angioplasty for multivessel coronary disease: implications for patient selection</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1193</fpage>
          <lpage>202</lpage>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ellis</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vandormael</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cowley</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Califf RM,    Phillips HR, Hindman MC et al. Prognostic value of a coronary artery jeopardy    score. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 5: 1055-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic value of a coronary artery jeopardy score</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1055</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Califf</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phillips</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hindman</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Sambrook J,    Fritsch EF, Manitis T. Molecular cloning. 2nd ed. Cold Spring, New York: Cold    Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, E.U.A., 1989: 237p.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Molecular cloning</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>237</fpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sambrook</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fritsch</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manitis</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Stat&#237;stica    5.5 Statsoft, INC (1999). Stat&#237;stica for Windows.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Stat&#237;stica for Windows</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Hosmer DW,    Limeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression. New York, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1989,    307p.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Applied Logistic Regression</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>307</fpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hosmer</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Limeshow</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Anderson VH,    King III SB. Modern approaches to the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.    Am Heart Journal 1992; 123: 1312-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Modern approaches to the diagnosis of coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart Journal</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1312</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <volume>123</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>VH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>King</surname>
              <given-names>III SB.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Marmot MG,    Syme SL, Kagan A et al. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and    stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: Prevalence of    coronary and hypertensive heart disease and associated risk factors. Am J Epidemiol    1975; 102: 514.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: Prevalence of coronary and hypertensive heart disease and associated risk factors</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>514</fpage>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marmot</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Syme</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kagan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Sherman CB.    Health effects of cigarette smoking. Clin Chest Med, 1991; 4: 643-58.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Health effects of cigarette smoking</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chest Med,</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>643</fpage>
          <lpage>58</lpage>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sherman</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Mc Bride PE.    The health consequences of smoking: cardiovascular diseases. Med Clin North    Am, 1992; 76: 333-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The health consequences of smoking: cardiovascular diseases</article-title>
          <source>Med Clin North Am,</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>333</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mc</surname>
              <given-names>Bride</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Laker MF, Winocour    PF. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Annu 1991;    6: 431-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Annu</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>431</fpage>
          <lpage>56</lpage>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laker</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Winocour</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Steiner G.    The dyslipoproteinemias of diabetes. Atherosclerosis 1994; 110 (Suppl): 527-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The dyslipoproteinemias of diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>527</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue>Suppl</issue>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Steiner</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Hubert HB,    Feinleib M, McNamara PT, Castell WP. Obesity as an independent risk factor for    cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants of the Framingham    Heart Study. Circulation 1983; 67: 968-77.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants of the Framingham Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>968</fpage>
          <lpage>77</lpage>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hubert</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feinleib</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNamara</surname>
              <given-names>PT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castell</surname>
              <given-names>WP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Paffenbarger    RS, Hade RT, Wing Al et al. The association of changes in physical activity    level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. N Engl J    Med 1993; 328: 538-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The association of changes in physical activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>538</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <volume>328</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paffenbarger</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hade</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wing</surname>
              <given-names>Al</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Milei J &amp;    Grana DR. Mortality and morbidity from smoking-induced cardiovascular diseases:    the necessity of the cardiologist's involvement and commitment. Int J Cardiol,    1998, 67: 95-109.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mortality and morbidity from smoking-induced cardiovascular diseases: the necessity of the cardiologist's involvement and commitment</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol,</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>95</fpage>
          <lpage>109</lpage>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Milei</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grana</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Berge KE, Bakken    A, Bohn M, Erikssen J, Berg K. A DNA polymorphism at the angiotensin II type    1 receptor (AT1R) locus and myocardial infarction. Clin Genet 1997; 52: 77-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A DNA polymorphism at the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) locus and myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Clin Genet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>77</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berge</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakken</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bohn</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erikssen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Canavy I, Henry    M, Morange PE et al. Genetic polymorphism and coronary artery disease in the    south of France. Thromb Haemost 2000; 2: 212-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Genetic polymorphism and coronary artery disease in the south of France</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>212</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Canavy</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henry</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morange</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Anvari A, Turel    Z, Schmidt A et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II receptor    1 polymorphism in coronary disease and malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Cardiovasc    Res 1999; 43: 879-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II receptor 1 polymorphism in coronary disease and malignant ventricular arrhythmias</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>879</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anvari</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turel</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Duncan JA,    Scholey JW, Miller JA. Angiotensin II type 1-receptor gene polymorphisms in    humans: physiology and pathophysiology of the genotypes. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens    2001; 10: 111-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Angiotensin II type 1-receptor gene polymorphisms in humans: physiology and pathophysiology of the genotypes</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scholey</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Jeunemaitre    X, Ledru F, Battaglia S et al. Genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin    system and angiographic extent and severity of coronary artery disease: the    CORGENE study. Hum Genet 1997; 99: 66-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system and angiographic extent and severity of coronary artery disease: the CORGENE study</article-title>
          <source>Hum Genet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>66</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jeunemaitre</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ledru</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Battaglia</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The A1166C polymorphism of the angiotensin II type-1 receptor in acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of the A1166C polymorphism of the angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) gene with acute myocardial infarction and also with the severity of coronary artery disease. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional study was carried out with 110 patients with acute myocardial infarction, who, on coronary angiography, had significant lesions (&gt; 50%) assessed according to 3 criteria of severity: number of vessels affected, morphology of the atherosclerotic plaque, and coronary risk score. The control group comprised 104 individuals with no coronary lesions. The A1166C polymorphism of AT1R gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction in the DNA of leukocytes in peripheral blood. The classic coronary risk factors were analyzed in all individuals. RESULTS: When stratifying the genotypes in regard to risk factors, only smoking predominated in the AC heterozygous patients (P = 0.02). The genotypic frequency in the infarcted patients was as follows: AA = 54.5%; AC = 35.5%; and CC = 10%, which was similar and nonsignificant in regard to that in the control group (P = 0.83). No risk increase occurred for acute myocardial infarction when comparing the genotypes as follows: CC vs AA (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 0.50 - 3.59); AC vs AA (OR = 1.03; 95% CI = 0.58 - 1.84); and AA+AC vs AA (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 0.51 - 3.45). None of the severity criteria showed a significant correlation with the genotypes. CONCLUSION: According to our results, no correlation exists between the A1166C polymorphism of the angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) gene and acute myocardial infarction or the severity of coronary artery disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>A1166C polymorphism</kwd>
        <kwd>angiotensin II</kwd>
        <kwd>acute myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The A1166C polymorphism of the angiotensin II type-1 receptor in acute myocardial infarction</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Messias Ant&#244;nio de Ara&#250;jo; Bruno Soares Menezes; Clauber Louren&#231;o; Elis&#226;ngela Rosa Cordeiro; Renata Rispoli Gatti; Luiz Ricardo Goulart </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia and Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the association of the A1166C polymorphism of the angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) gene with acute myocardial infarction and also with the severity of coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A prospective, cross-sectional study was carried out with 110 patients with acute myocardial infarction, who, on coronary angiography, had significant lesions (&gt; 50%) assessed according to 3 criteria of severity: number of vessels affected, morphology of the atherosclerotic plaque, and coronary risk score. The control group comprised 104 individuals with no coronary lesions. The A1166C polymorphism of AT1R gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction in the DNA of leukocytes in peripheral blood. The classic coronary risk factors were analyzed in all individuals.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>When stratifying the genotypes in regard to risk factors, only smoking predominated in the AC heterozygous patients (P = 0.02). The genotypic frequency in the infarcted patients was as follows: AA = 54.5%; AC = 35.5%; and CC = 10%, which was similar and nonsignificant in regard to that in the control group (P = 0.83). No risk increase occurred for acute myocardial infarction when comparing the genotypes as follows: CC vs AA (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 0.50 &#151; 3.59); AC vs AA (OR = 1.03; 95% CI = 0.58 &#151; 1.84); and AA+AC vs AA (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 0.51 &#151; 3.45). None of the severity criteria showed a significant correlation with the genotypes.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>According to our results, no correlation exists between the A1166C polymorphism of the angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) gene and acute myocardial infarction or the severity of coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>A1166C polymorphism, angiotensin II, acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease</p>
      <p>The renin-angiotensin system comprises a cascade of enzymatic reactions, which results in the production of angiotensin II from the angiotensinogen substrate. The physiological effects of angiotensin II are mediated by a final common pathway, through angiotensin II binding to specific receptors located on the cell membrane <sup>1,2</sup>. Two isoforms of endothelial receptors for angiotensin II are known so far: AT1 and AT2. Most of their physiological effects are mediated by the activation of AT1-subtype receptors. The receptors belong to the superfamily of the G-protein-coupled receptors, and, in the case of AT1 receptors (AT1R), coupling occurs via Gq proteins. Consequently, stimulation of AT1 receptors activates phospholipase C, increases the levels of diacylglycerol (DAG) and inosotol triphosphate (IP3), elevates the intracellular Ca<sup>+2</sup> concentration, and activates several kinases, modulating cell functions <sup>3,4</sup>. Angiotensin II acts as a mitogen in vascular smooth muscle cells by activating several signaling pathways, such as that of phospholipase C, phospholipase A<sub>2</sub>, and phospholipase D, as well as by activating a large number of kinases, such as tyrosine kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), c-src kinase, Janus-associated tyrosine kinase, and receptors with tyrosine-kinase activity. Angiotensin II also stimulates transcription factors, such as the activating protein 1, signal transduction and transcription activators (STATs), and the nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) <sup>5,6</sup>. Several studies have reported that the proliferative effects of angiotensin II are mediated by the activation of AT1 receptors <sup>7</sup>. More recently, a study including patients with myocardial infarction and high circulating levels of angiotensin II reported that the administration of AT1R antagonists had a significant pharmacotherapeutic implication <sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cloning of cDNA of the AT1 receptor provided the identification of a polymorphism in the nontranslated region 3' (A1166C), corresponding to an A&#174;C transversion (adenine replaced by cytosine) in the position of the nucleotide 1166 of the mRNA sequence, resulting in 1 heterozygous (AC) and 2 homozygous (CC and AA) genotypes <sup>9</sup>. The homozygous CC genotype seems to be associated with a greater incidence of myocardial infarction <sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Increasing evidence has shown the importance of the participation of the renin-angiotensin system in the process of endothelial proliferation and coronary atherosclerosis. The action of the AT1 receptor suggests its participation in the genesis of coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. This study aimed at assessing the correlation of the A1166C polymorphism of the AT1R gene with acute myocardial infarction and with the severity of coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out with 110 consecutive patients (66.6% of the male sex, and 36.4% of the female sex, mean age = 61.82 &#177; 10.81 years) diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction based on clinical, electrocardiographic, and enzymatic data <sup>11</sup>, and confirmed through coronary angiography. The control group comprised 104 patients (57.7% of the female sex, and 42.3% of the male sex, mean age = 56.69 &#177; 11.52 years), who were renal transplant donors or had valvular heart disease or atypical chest pain, but had lesions neither in the coronary arteries nor in the cardiac muscle on coronary angiography. All patients underwent assessment of the following classical coronary risk factors: first-degree familial history of coronary artery disease; serum levels of cholesterol (HDL &lt; 35 mg/dL, LDL &gt; 159 mg/dL) and triglycerides (&gt; 200 mg/dL); smoking (active smoker or someone who had quit smoking within the previous 12 months); systemic arterial hypertension (systolic blood pressure &gt; 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure &gt; 90 mmHg); diabetes mellitus (patients treated with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, or fasting glucose level = 140 mg/dL); sedentary lifestyle (practice of aerobic physical activity at a frequency lower than 3 times a week); overweight; and obesity [body mass index (BMI) &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>]. Coronary angiography was used to confirm the presence or assess the extension of coronary artery disease, and patients with obstructive lesions greater than 50% were selected for the study.</p>
      <p>Severity of the coronary artery disease was assessed according to the following criteria: 1) number of vessels affected (single-vessel or multivessel disease) <sup>12</sup>; 2) morphological characteristics of the atherosclerotic plaque according to Ellis et al <sup>13</sup> (A: proximal concentric lesion &lt; 10 mm; B1: eccentric lesion between 10 and 20 mm, with moderate proximal tortuosity; B2: eccentric lesion between 10 and 20 mm, with moderate distal, ostial tortuosity, or tortuosity in the bifurcations; C: lesion &gt; 20 mm, or total occlusion); and 3) coronary risk score, which is a simple method to estimate the amount of cardiac muscle at risk based on the location (proximal, middle, or distal) and degree of stenosis of the obstructive lesion. The greatest scores are associated with low left ventricular ejection fraction, providing greater prognostic information, according to Califf et al <sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with the following conditions were excluded: systemic malignant disease, terminal chronic illness, previous myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting, coronary angioplasty.</p>
      <p>The research protocol was assessed and approved by the committee on ethics. All patients were instructed about the potential risks and benefits of the study and signed a written informed consent.</p>
      <p>Analysis of the polymorphism of the AT1R gene was performed by use of the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR). The DNA extractions were performed according to the DNA isolation method of Sambrook et al <sup>15</sup>. Peripheral blood was collected in a 5-mL vacutainer tube with EDTA, stored at 4&#186;C, and centrifuged for separation of the leukocyte layer. A 500-&#181;L aliquot of the leukocyte layer was transferred to a 1.5-mL Eppendorf tube, and 1.0 mL of the buffer solution of lytic red blood cells [155 mM of NH<sub>4</sub>Cl, 10 mM of KHCO<sub>3</sub>, and 1mM of EDTA] was added to each sample, which was then mixed by inversion for 30 seconds. This mixture was centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 5 minutes for nuclear pelletization. The floating material was ruled out, and the process was repeated 2 to 3 times, until the pellet acquired a light beige color. Then, 150 &#181;L of the buffer solution of nuclear lysis [10 mM of Tris - HCl (pH 8.0), 2 mM of EDTA, 400 mM of NaCl] was added, and the pellet was resuspended. Then, 5 &#181;L of cold 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2.5 &#181;L of proteinase K (20 mg/mL) were added to the solution, and the samples were incubated for 6 hours at 60 &#186;C. After that, 100 &#181;L of saturated NaCl was added to the samples, which were placed on ice for 10 minutes.</p>
      <p>The samples were centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 15 minutes, the floating material was removed, and 800 &#181;L of cold absolute ethanol were added, mixing by inversion until precipitation occurred. The tube was horizontally rotated on its axis, so that DNA attached to the wall of the tube, and the floating material was ruled out. The pellet was washed in 1.0 mL of 70% ethanol. The alcohol was ruled out and the pellets were resuspended in a variable volume of TE [10 mM of TRIS - HCl, 1 mM of EDTA (pH 7.4)] according to their size. Then, the DNA concentration was calculated with a spectrophotometer at 260 nm. Each reaction consisted of 100 ng of genomic DNA, 25 pmol of primer, 1.5 mmol/L of MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 0.5 mmol/L of each dNTP, 1 U of Taq DNA polymerase, and Taq DNA polymerase buffer 1X in 30 mL of the reaction. The PCR used the following program: 30 cycles at 93&#186;C for 1.5 minute, 58&#186;C for 2 minutes, and 72&#186;C for 2 minutes. A fragment of the AT1R gene containing 856 pb, located in the nontranslated 3' region was amplified by the pair of primers: 5'-AAT GCT TGT AGC CAA AGT CAC CT-3'; 5'-GGC TTT GCT TTG TCT TGT TG-3'. This region houses the 1166 variant, characterized by the Adenine&#174;Cytosine (A&#174;C) transversion in the nucleotide occupying that position.</p>
      <p>Each PCR was performed with 100 ng of genomic DNA, Taq-DNA polymerase buffer, 10 pmoles of each primer, 200 mM of each dNTP, 2.5 mM of MgCl<sub>2</sub>, and 1.5 U of the Taq-DNA polymerase enzyme. The program used for amplification of the fragment consisted of initial denaturation for 5 minutes at 95&#186;C, followed by 34 cycles comprising denaturation at 94&#186;C for 30 seconds, annealing at 58&#186;C for 1 minute, and extension at 72&#186;C for 35 seconds. The amplified product was visualized in 1.5% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. Ten microliters of the amplified product were digested with 3 units of the Dde I restriction enzyme for 5 hours at 37&#186;C, according to the instructions of the manufacturer (Life Technologies). This enzyme recognizes the following restriction site: 5'- C &#175; TNAG &#151;3'; 3'- GANT &#173; C &#151;5'.</p>
      <p>In the AT1R gene fragment studied, a restriction site occurs in the mutant allele, because the replacement of an A by a C creates another site of recognition of the Dde I enzyme. Therefore, the A allele of the AT1R gene has a restriction site for that enzyme generating 2 fragments of 600 and 256 pb, and the mutant C allele has 2 restriction sites producing 3 fragments of 600, 146, and 110 pb each. The restriction product was visualized in 2% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide after electrophoresis as follows: homozygous individuals for the A allele have 2 bands of 600 and 256 pb; homozygous individuals for the C allele have 3 bands of 600, 146, and 110 pb; and AC heterozygous individuals have 4 bands of 600, 256, 146, and 110 pb <sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Statistica 5.5 Statsoft, Inc. program <sup>16</sup> was used to perform the analyses. An error a &lt; 5% (P&lt; 0.05) was considered to indicate the statistical significance level. Pearson chi-square test was used to analyze the dichotomous variables. The variables were transformed into numerals by attributing a zero value for the absence and 1 for the presence. The continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, and the differences between the groups were compared using the Student <italic>t</italic> test. The relative risk was assessed by calculating the odds ratios (OR) and their confidence intervals (CI). The differences between the frequencies of patients in regard to the conventional risk factors and the genotypical classes were assessed by use of logistic regression <sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The prevalence of smoking, familial history of coronary artery disease, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and high levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides was significantly high in patients with acute myocardial infarction as compared with that of the control group. Only obesity (assessed through BMI), sedentary lifestyle, and HDL-cholesterol showed no statistical significance in the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tab. I</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0404-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Genotyping of the patients and controls for A1166C polymorphism of the AT1R gene by use of Dde I enzyme restriction resulted in a differentiated band pattern for the AA, AC, and CC genotypes. This was due to the modification in the amplified fragment of 856 pb, when replacement of an A (adenine) by a C (cytosine) occurred, creating a new restriction site for that enzyme. Therefore, the following band pattern was observed in the agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide: AA homozygous, 600 and 256 pb bands; AC heterozygous: 600, 256, 146, and 110 pb bands; and mutant CC homozygous: 600, 146, and 110 pb bands (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0404-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Stratifying the population of the infarcted and control patients by the AT1R genotypes, no sex predominance was observed between the genotypes in the control group (P = 0.212) and in the infarcted patients (P = 0.739), the mean age being similar in both groups (56.3 &#177; 12.9 years). Analyzing the classical coronary risk factors in the controls stratified by the AT1R genotypes, no significant statistical difference was observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">tab. II</xref>). This same analysis in the patients with acute myocardial infarction showed that smoking was the only variable whose prevalence differed among them, being greater in the AC and AA genotypes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">tab. III</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0404-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0404-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_22135t4-body2">Table IV</xref> shows the distribution of the genotypes of the A1166C polymorphism of the AT1R gene in the patients with acute myocardial infarction and in the controls. No significant difference was observed between the groups (c<sup>2</sup> = 0.367; P = 0.832), and, even when the presence of the A allele (AA+AC) was assessed, its frequency did not statistically differ between the groups. The relative risk of acute myocardial infarction was analyzed by comparing the genotypes, which provided the following results: CC vs AA (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 0.5079 &#151; 3.5992); AC vs AA (OR = 1.03; 95% CI = 0.5828 &#151; 1.8433); and AC+AA vs CC (OR = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.3640 &#151; 2.2255) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_22135t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0404-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0404-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The severity of coronary artery disease was assessed by using the following criteria: number of vessels affected (single-vessel or multivessel disease); morphological characteristic of the atherosclerotic plaque (A, B1, B2, C); and the coronary risk score. No statistical difference was observed between the AT1R genotypes. The comparisons of the genotypes (CC vs AC vs AA) showed no difference between the groups (P &lt; 0.05), a fact also observed in the comparisons CC vs AC and CC vs AA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">table V</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0404-00007-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atherosclerosis, the basic process of coronary artery disease, and its major manifestation, myocardial infarction, has become the major cause of death in the occident world. It is usually triggered by destabilization of the atherosclerotic plaque and sudden obstruction of the coronary artery by formation of a local thrombus <sup>18</sup>. The participation of an inherited genetic component, represented by the familial history of coronary artery disease, already described in the literature <sup>19</sup>, was confirmed in this study by its greater prevalence in the group of infarcted patients (P = 0.028). Smoking, systemic arterial hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia (total and LDL) are the major risk factors, contributing in approximately equal degrees to ischemic heart disease <sup>20,21</sup>, facts confirmed in this study with elevated statistical significance (P = 0.001; P = 0.005; and P = 0.0001, respectively). Hypertriglyceridemia is the lipid alteration most commonly associated with diabetes mellitus <sup>22,23</sup>, a correlation observed in this study, in which the proportion of diabetic individuals among the infarcted patients corresponded to almost twice that among controls. Obesity and sedentary lifestyle, contrary to that which has been reported in the literature <sup>24,25</sup>, were not important risk factors in that population.</p>
      <p>The studies about the correlation between myocardial infarction and polymorphic variations in candidate genes or markers (noncodifying DNA sequence) are used to demonstrate the role played by genetic factors in the etiology of this multifactorial disease. As angiotensin II is the fundamental agent in the sequence of reactions that culminate with its physiological and pathological actions, its major receptor, AT1R, is an important element for the studies assessing the role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>This study showed that the classical coronary risk factors did not predominate among the AT1R genotypes in controls, except for sedentary lifestyle (P = 0.05). In the group of infarcted patients, only smoking had a significant statistical difference, greater for the AC genotype, indicating that an interaction of a highly prevalent environmental factor with genotype may exist <sup>26</sup>. As the other coronary risk factors had a similar distribution among the genotypes of controls and infarcted individuals, the AT1R genotypes are likely not to be associated with these factors, in regard to the development of myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>In this study, homozygosis for the A allele of the A1166C polymorphism in the locus of the AT1 receptor was more frequent both in controls and infarcted individuals. In the control group, the following distribution was observed: AA = 56.7%; AC = 35.6%; CC = 7.7%; and the genotypic combination AA/AC = 92.3%. In the infarcted individuals, the distribution was as follows: AA = 54.5%; AC = 35.5%, CC = 10.0%; and the genotypic combination AA/AC = 90.0%. The results showed no statistical significance between the groups (P = 0.83) and that the chance of developing acute myocardial infarction did not increase, which was observed in the comparisons of the genotypes CC vs AA (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 0.50 &#151; 3.59), AC vs AA (OR = 1.03; 95% CI = 0.58 &#151; 1.84), and AA+AC vs AA (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 0.51 &#151; 3.45). In a study about the correlation between myocardial infarction and AT1R, Berge et al <sup>27</sup> reported the following frequencies of the genotypes in controls: AA = 52.1%; AC = 42.7%; CC = 5.2%; and the combination of genotypes AA+AC = 94.8%. In our study, the frequencies of the genotypes in infarcted patients were as follows: AA = 49.3%; AC = 41.3%; CC = 9.4%, and the combination of genotypes AA+AC = 90%. Therefore, this study corroborated those results and also showed no correlation between that polymorphism and acute myocardial infarction. However, Canavy et al <sup>28</sup> reported a positive correlation between AA1166C polymorphism and the high prevalence of the C allele in patients with myocardial infarction <sup>10,29</sup>. Duncan et al <sup>30</sup>, in a recent literature review of the studies on the associations of the AT1 gene focused on clinical goals, reported the controversies of the association between that gene and myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>The present study showed no association between the A1166C polymorphism of the AT1R gene and the severity of the coronary lesions, when comparing the genotypes CC vs AC vs AA, CC vs AC, and AC vs AA. Similar results allowed other authors to reach the same conclusion <sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>Analyzing A1166C polymorphism of the AT1R gene considering the results of this study, one can conclude that no correlation exists between that gene polymorphism and acute myocardial infarction, and the severity of coronary artery disease. The outcomes of the major publications about these facts have not been completely determined, probably due to the way the analyses are performed, the limitations of the data obtained, and the bias of the predominance of studies reporting positive results. Several other studies on gene polymorphisms, particularly those related to the renin-angiotensin system, are being carried out and may definitely establish the causal role played by these genes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Messias Ant&#244;nio de Ara&#250;jo</p>
          <p> Rua Olavo Bilac, 394</p>
          <p> Cep 38401-047 - Uberl&#226;ndia, MG, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="maraujo@cardiol.br">maraujo@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 8/13/03</p>
      <p>Accepted for publication: 2/11/04</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
