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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">C9KjgznJKSg3rHhjfzQDf5Q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001700005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300505</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001700005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos agudos dos estrog&#234;nios associados a progestog&#234;nios sobre a trigliceridemia e reatividade vascular p&#243;s-prandial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio C.M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Canashiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jaime Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gebara</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio C.E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aldrighi</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Nubia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nussbacher</surname>
            <given-names>Amit</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pierri</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serro-Azul</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wajngarten</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosano</surname>
            <given-names>Giuseppe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jose A. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Roma</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">It&#225;lia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto San Raffaele</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>385</fpage>
      <lpage>390</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal com estrog&#234;nios e progestog&#234;nios, em mulheres hipertensas na p&#243;s-menopausa, modifica a trigliceridemia e a reatividade vascular p&#243;s-prandial. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo controlado, duplo cego, cruzado contra placebo em 15 mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa (idade de 50 a 70, m&#233;dia = 61,6 &#177; 6 anos), sorteadas para 2 semanas de placebo ou ingest&#227;o oral de 0,625 mg de estrog&#234;nios conjugados eq&#252;inos e 2,5 mg de medroxiprogesterona e alimentadas com refei&#231;&#227;o rica em gorduras (897 calorias; 50,1% de gorduras). Foi medida a reatividade vascular (RV - % de varia&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros do vaso entre o jejum e 2h ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o), usando-se m&#233;todo ultra-sonogr&#225;fico automatizado. Foram tamb&#233;m determinados o perfil lip&#237;dico e a glicose, em jejum e 2h ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o rica em gorduras. RESULTADOS: Com o placebo, a reatividade vascular (RV) diminuiu de 3,20 &#177; 17% em jejum para -2,1 &#177; 30%, 2h ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,041), e com terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, a reatividade vascular diminuiu de 6,14 &#177; 27% em jejum para -0,05&#177;18%, 2h ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o (p=NS). A trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial aumentou, 35 &#177; 25% com o placebo, e 12 &#177; 10% com a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal (P &lt; 0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: Em mulheres hipertensas, na p&#243;s-menopausa, 2 semanas de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal com uma associa&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nios e progestog&#234;nios, diminuiu a hipertrigliceridemia ap&#243;s uma refei&#231;&#227;o com alto teor de gorduras, efeito que pode melhorar a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial existente no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-prandial.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal</kwd>
        <kwd>trigliceridemia</kwd>
        <kwd>endot&#233;lio vascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Efeitos agudos dos estrog&#234;nios associados a progestog&#234;nios sobre a trigliceridemia e reatividade vascular p&#243;s-prandial</p>
    <p>Silvio C.M. Santos; Jaime Augusto Canashiro; Otavio C.E.; Gebara Jos&#233; Mendes Aldrighi; Nubia Vieira; Amit Nussbacher; Humberto Pierri; Jo&#227;o Serro-Azul; Maur&#237;cio Wajngarten; Giuseppe Rosano; Jose A. F. Ramires </p>
    <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP, Instituto San Raffaele, Roma - It&#225;lia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar se a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal com estrog&#234;nios e progestog&#234;nios, em mulheres hipertensas na p&#243;s-menopausa, modifica a trigliceridemia e a reatividade vascular p&#243;s-prandial. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo controlado, duplo cego, cruzado contra placebo em 15 mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa (idade de 50 a 70, m&#233;dia = 61,6 &#177; 6 anos), sorteadas para 2 semanas de placebo ou ingest&#227;o oral de 0,625 mg de estrog&#234;nios conjugados eq&#252;inos e 2,5 mg de medroxiprogesterona e alimentadas com refei&#231;&#227;o rica em gorduras (897 calorias; 50,1% de gorduras). Foi medida a reatividade vascular (RV - % de varia&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros do vaso entre o jejum e 2h ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o), usando-se m&#233;todo ultra-sonogr&#225;fico automatizado. Foram tamb&#233;m determinados o perfil lip&#237;dico e a glicose, em jejum e 2h ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o rica em gorduras. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Com o placebo, a reatividade vascular (RV) diminuiu de 3,20 &#177; 17% em jejum para &#151;2,1 &#177; 30%, 2h ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,041), e com terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, a reatividade vascular diminuiu de 6,14 &#177; 27% em jejum para &#151;0,05&#177;18%, 2h ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o (p=NS). A trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial aumentou, 35 &#177; 25% com o placebo, e 12 &#177; 10% com a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal (P &lt; 0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Em mulheres hipertensas, na p&#243;s-menopausa, 2 semanas de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal com uma associa&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nios e progestog&#234;nios, diminuiu a hipertrigliceridemia ap&#243;s uma refei&#231;&#227;o com alto teor de gorduras, efeito que pode melhorar a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial existente no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-prandial.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal; trigliceridemia;endot&#233;lio vascular</p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial parece ser um dos fen&#244;menos mais precoces envolvido na aterog&#234;nese, estando associada a diferentes fatores de risco cardiovasculares, como idade<sup>1-3</sup>, altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais p&#243;s-menopausa<sup>4,5</sup>, hipercolesterolemia<sup>6-8</sup>, hipertrigliceridemia<sup>9-11</sup>, diabetes mellitus<sup>12,13</sup>, tabagismo<sup>8,14</sup>, hiperhomocisteinemia<sup>15</sup>, e hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>1,16,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos recentes t&#234;m sugerido que dietas com alto teor de gorduras e lipoprote&#237;nas ricas em triglic&#233;rides (TG), ao produzirem altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial agudamente, desde 2h da sua ingest&#227;o, persistindo este efeito por v&#225;rias horas, teriam influ&#234;ncia nos mecanismos iniciais da aterosclerose<sup>9,11,18</sup>. Esse efeito seria exercido mais pela eleva&#231;&#227;o aguda dos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-prandial do que pelos seus n&#237;veis e os do colesterol, em jejum. Vogel e cols.<sup>11</sup> sugerem que dietas ricas em gorduras teriam influ&#234;ncia nos mecanismos da aterog&#234;nese atrav&#233;s de via direta (dependente do endot&#233;lio) e via indireta (dependente do colesterol), e que dietas com baixos teores de gordura seriam medidas importantes, entre outras, na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, mesmo em pessoas com n&#237;veis de colesterol consideradas isentas de risco<sup>11</sup>. As c&#233;lulas endoteliais teriam importante papel regulador local atrav&#233;s da secre&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias subst&#226;ncias que controlam o t&#244;nus e a estrutura vascular<sup>19</sup>. A rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre os fatores de risco cardiovasculares e a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial podem ter significado relevante, pois ambos t&#234;m importante papel na g&#234;nese da trombose e da instabilidade da placa ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
    <p>Nas mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa, al&#233;m da idade e da queda dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos dos estrog&#234;nios, freq&#252;entemente est&#227;o presentes outros fatores que alteram a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, como a hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este conjunto de fatores tem demonstrado que existe impacto epidemiol&#243;gico na doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos observacionais<sup>22,23</sup> e experimentais<sup>24</sup> sugeriram benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares da terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, com efeitos positivos sobre n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;nas, a&#231;&#227;o ben&#233;fica sobre o metabolismo de carboidratos e insulina<sup>25</sup>, al&#233;m de efeitos vasculares diretos, dependentes<sup>26,27</sup> ou independentes<sup>28,29</sup> da participa&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio. Por&#233;m, recentemente, estudos cl&#237;nicos falharam em confirmar esta prote&#231;&#227;o contra eventos cardiovasculares no seu uso por longo prazo<sup>30,31</sup>. Contudo, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal continua a ser eficiente no controle das rea&#231;&#245;es vasomotoras (no curto prazo), e da osteoporose (no longo prazo).</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o uso de estrog&#234;nios associados &#224; progesterona, em curto prazo (2 semanas), em mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa e com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, como fator de risco associado para disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, modifica os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de l&#237;pides e altera a reatividade vascular, antes e ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionadas 15 mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa com idade entre 50 e 70 (m&#233;dia de 61,4 &#177; 6,06) anos, com tempo de menopausa de 13 &#177; 7,5 anos, todas em uso de hipotensores, com exce&#231;&#227;o de duas, controladas somente com dieta hiposs&#243;dica.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no estudo foram: 1) aus&#234;ncia de contra-indica&#231;&#245;es ao uso de estrog&#234;nios; 2) idade entre 50 e 70 anos; 3) menopausa natural ou cir&#250;rgica; 4) ser portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial prim&#225;ria, independente dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos; 5) ter dosagem recente (menos de 1 ano) de colesterol total de at&#233; 239 mg/dl e triglic&#233;rides de at&#233; 250 mg/dl, em amostra colhida ap&#243;s 12h de jejum absoluto; 6) ser n&#227;o-tabagista ou ex-tabagista h&#225; pelo menos 2 anos; 7) ser n&#227;o-diab&#233;tica. As caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0385-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Cient&#237;fica e de &#201;tica da Institui&#231;&#227;o, com o Termo de Consentimento P&#243;s-Informa&#231;&#227;o assinado.</p>
    <p>As pacientes inclu&#237;das na pesquisa foram mantidas com terap&#234;utica anti-hipertensiva sem modifica&#231;&#245;es durante todo o estudo e sorteadas para receber, durante duas semanas, uma c&#225;psula por dia de placebo ou estrog&#234;nios conjugados (0,625 mg) associados ao acetato de medroxiprogesterona (2,5 mg). Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo de ingest&#227;o de um dos f&#225;rmacos, todas as pacientes compareceram &#224; institui&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s 12h de jejum, no per&#237;odo da manh&#227;, entre 7 e 9h, obedecendo &#224; seq&#252;&#234;ncia: 1) coleta de amostra de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico no bra&#231;o esquerdo das pacientes, para dosagens sang&#252;&#237;neas de glicose, colesterol total, HDL- colesterol, LDL- colesterol e triglic&#233;rides. 2) estudo ultra-sonogr&#225;fico da art&#233;ria braquial do bra&#231;o direito,com aparelho Philips sistema CVI - SD-800, transdutor linear de 7 MHz, com a paciente em dec&#250;bito dorsal, em sala com temperatura mantida a 22&#186; C. Ap&#243;s 10 min de repouso para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros, foram medidos di&#226;metro do vaso pela ultra-sonografia modo B e, em seguida, o di&#226;metro e o fluxo de sangue na art&#233;ria pela ultra-sonografia modo - CVI - Q (Cardio Vascular Imaging - M mode): a) em condi&#231;&#245;es basais &#151; 5 medidas e calculava-se a m&#233;dia; b) 1min de hiperemia reativa produzida por interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo, obtida por insufla&#231;&#227;o de manguito de esfigmoman&#244;metro, com largura apropriada ao tamanho do bra&#231;o, colocado no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio superior do bra&#231;o direito, preservando-se espa&#231;o suficiente para a coloca&#231;&#227;o do transdutor no ter&#231;o inferior do bra&#231;o, sobre o trajeto da art&#233;ria braquial. O manguito era insuflado a 300 mmHg e mantido por 5min e, em seguida, esvaziado. Eram efetuadas 3 medidas no decorrer do 1&#186; minuto de hiperemia e calculava-se a m&#233;dia. Posteriormente, as pacientes ingeriam refei&#231;&#227;o padronizada pelo Servi&#231;o de Nutri&#231;&#227;o do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o com valor cal&#243;rico total de 897,62 Kcal, constitu&#237;da por 37g (16,5%) de prote&#237;nas, 50 g (50,1%) de lip&#237;dios e 75 g (33,4%) de carboidratos. Ap&#243;s 2h, realiz&#225;vamos o estudo em seguida &#224; alimenta&#231;&#227;o, quando, ent&#227;o, se repetia a mesma seq&#252;&#234;ncia do estudo em jejum. Com a paciente em repouso, em jejum e 2h ap&#243;s a refei&#231;&#227;o, foram medidas a press&#227;o arterial no bra&#231;o esquerdo por esfigmoman&#244;metro aner&#243;ide e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o desta 1&#186; fase do estudo, as pacientes permaneceram 2 semanas sem medica&#231;&#227;o - "<italic>wash-out</italic>" (per&#237;odo de elimina&#231;&#227;o da droga). A seguir, por 2 semanas, ingeriram diariamente uma c&#225;psula em jejum pela manh&#227;, do 2&#186; medicamento. Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, compareceram &#224; institui&#231;&#227;o em jejum de 12h para a 2&#186; fase do estudo, quando ent&#227;o se repetiu a mesma seq&#252;&#234;ncia da 1&#186; fase, terminando, desta forma, o estudo aleat&#243;rio, duplo cego, cruzado contra placebo.</p>
    <p>As dosagens sang&#252;&#237;neas de glicose, colesterol total, HDL- colesterol e triglic&#233;rides foram realizadas pelo m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico automatizado e o LDL-colesterol, no sobrenadante do precipitado das betalipoprote&#237;nas, por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico automatizado. Os n&#237;veis do LDL- colesterol foram calculados pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald<sup>32</sup> nos casos de trigliceridemias elevadas.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica escolhida para c&#225;lculo do di&#226;metro e do fluxo na art&#233;ria braquial foi a de m&#233;todo baseado na ultra-sonografia modo M, que fornece a m&#233;dia da varia&#231;&#227;o instant&#226;nea dos di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico, acoplada &#224; ultra-sonografia por dom&#237;nio do tempo (CVI - Q: <italic>Cardio Vascular Imaging</italic> &#151; modo M) que fornece, atrav&#233;s de um programa espec&#237;fico e automaticamente, o fluxo de sangue no vaso estudado<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram medidas diretamente ou calculadas nas diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es do estudo as seguintes vari&#225;veis: di&#226;metro arterial em mil&#237;metros (mm) (DIA), fluxo arterial em mililitros por minuto (ml/min) (FL), reatividade vascular mediada pelo fluxo (RV) em % de varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro obtida pela f&#243;rmula: RV = 100 X (DIA p&#243;s-hiperemia reativa - DIA basal)/DIA basal, dosagens sang&#252;&#237;neas de glicose, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol e triglic&#233;rides em miligramas por decilitro (mg/dl), freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) em batimentos por minuto (bpm), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PS) em mmHg, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PD) em mmHg, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) em mmHg calculada por PD + (PS - PD)/3.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, todas as vari&#225;veis foram analisadas descritivamente. Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas (idade, peso, altura, tempo de menopausa, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea -IMC) a an&#225;lise foi feita atrav&#233;s da observa&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos, e do c&#225;lculo de m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. Para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas (tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial) calculou-se freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
    <p>Para averig&#252;ar o comportamento dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos l&#237;pides, considerando-se as condi&#231;&#245;es estudadas, utilizou-se an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o da reatividade vascular mediada pelo fluxo, expressa em porcentagem de varia&#231;&#227;o de di&#226;metro em jejum e 2h ap&#243;s a refei&#231;&#227;o, nas fases de placebo e de interven&#231;&#227;o com horm&#244;nios, foi utilizado o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon, pois a suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade dos dados foi rejeitada. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado para os testes foi de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela II</xref>, est&#227;o relacionados os valores das m&#233;dias e dos desvios-padr&#227;o das vari&#225;veis analisadas, com o uso do placebo ou terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal nas diferentes fases do estudo. A an&#225;lise dos dados sobre a porcentagem de varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro (RV), entre o basal e 1min ap&#243;s HR, com o placebo, mostrou uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa: RV = 3,2 &#177; 17% em jejum, comparada a valores obtidos com 2h ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o, RV = -2,1 &#177; 30% (p = 0,041). Todos os outros par&#226;metros analisados, em jejum ou com 2h ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o, com placebo ou terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. Com terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na RV em jejum ou ap&#243;s dieta (6,14<underline>+</underline>26,94% em jejum, versus &#151;0,05<underline>+</underline>18% ap&#243;s dieta).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0385-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela III</xref> encontram-se os valores das m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o das dosagens sang&#252;&#237;neas de glicose, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol e triglic&#233;rides, em jejum e 2h ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o, durante o uso do placebo e terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0385-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise das m&#233;dias das dosagens do colesterol e fra&#231;&#245;es, e da glicose com o placebo e a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas entre o jejum e 2h ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o. Nas dosagens de triglic&#233;rides, houve um aumento estatisticamente significativo com o placebo (p = 0,03), o que n&#227;o ocorreu com a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal (p = 0,34).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figura 1</xref> demonstra a diferen&#231;a nas varia&#231;&#245;es de l&#237;pides em cada grupo. Nota-se significativa diferen&#231;a na varia&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides no momento placebo, que foi bloqueada no momento terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0385-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela IV</xref> est&#227;o apresentadas os valores das m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PS), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PD), press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), em jejum e 2h ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o, nas fases de placebo e terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal. A an&#225;lise desses par&#226;metros n&#227;o mostrou mudan&#231;as hemodin&#226;micas, estatisticamente significativas, em qualquer fase do experimento.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0385-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea durante todas as fases do experimento (26,14 &#177; 3,6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que a associa&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nios e progestog&#234;nios diminuiu a hipertrigliceridemia, ap&#243;s uma refei&#231;&#227;o, com alto teor de gorduras, produzindo uma tend&#234;ncia em abolir a inibi&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o observada com a dieta gordurosa, efeitos agudos potencialmente redutores do risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>O aumento da expectativa de vida faz com que as mulheres tenham tempo de menopausa progressivamente mais prolongado, aumentando a probabilidade de apresentarem hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, como co-morbidade, pois h&#225; um aumento da sua preval&#234;ncia com o envelhecimento<sup>1-5,20</sup>. Al&#233;m da hipertens&#227;o arterial, a dislipidemia &#233; um dos fatores de risco mais importantes. Mais recentemente, houve o reconhecimento de que a eleva&#231;&#227;o aguda da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial produz altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, e teria influ&#234;ncia nos mecanismos iniciais da aterosclerose<sup>6-11</sup>. Dessa forma, o aumento da trigliceridemia ap&#243;s alimenta&#231;&#227;o rica em gorduras, ao impedir uma plena vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, atuaria como fator de risco cardiovascular adicional nessas mulheres. Recentemente, alguns estudos analisaram o impacto da trigliceridemia sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial; um deles, utilizando emuls&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica, obteve uma redu&#231;&#227;o da reatividade vascular tanto a mediada pelo fluxo como a independente dele<sup>10</sup>. Vogel e cols.<sup>11</sup> produziram disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ao alimentar adultos jovens, de ambos os sexos, e sem fatores de risco, com dieta de alto teor de gorduras e lipoprote&#237;nas ricas em triglic&#233;rides, mostrando que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial era transit&#243;ria, apresentando correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com a trigliceridemia ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o. Resultados semelhantes t&#234;m sido obtidos em outro estudos<sup>34</sup>, confirmando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo e o n&#237;vel de triglic&#233;rides ap&#243;s refei&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o com os n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides em jejum ou com outros l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos.</p>
    <p>A terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, em passado recente, foi considerada uma abordagem terap&#234;utica para redu&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular<sup>22-24</sup>. Esse conceito foi revisto ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o de estudos cl&#237;nicos controlados e de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, que n&#227;o confirmaram os benef&#237;cios e apresentaram aumento de eventos cardiovasculares<sup>30,31</sup>. No futuro, o estudo de mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o da terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, que permitiriam a adequa&#231;&#227;o de diferentes doses ou vias de administra&#231;&#227;o, ainda podem representar uma alternativa.</p>
    <p>Ao compararmos os resultados em jejum, com placebo e com terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, obtivemos para o CT, 9,8% de redu&#231;&#227;o; HDL-c, 4% de aumento; LDL-c, 1,5% de redu&#231;&#227;o; TG, 0,5% de aumento. Esses resultados obtidos, ap&#243;s 2 semanas do uso da associa&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nio e progesterona, s&#227;o semelhantes, por&#233;m, menos expressivos do que em outros estudos de grande porte<sup>22,23,35</sup>, talvez devido ao tempo relativamente curto de utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos horm&#244;nios e ao tempo longo de menopausa. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es do perfil lip&#237;dico entre o jejum e 2h ap&#243;s alimenta&#231;&#227;o, comparando o efeito do placebo e da terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, houve aumento de TG de 35 &#177; 25% com o placebo, comparados a 12 &#177; 10% de aumento para terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal. Este resultado que mostrou um menor aumento dos n&#237;veis de TG no per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o sob efeito da terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, pode ser interpretado como efeito ben&#233;fico dos mesmos.</p>
    <p>Ao analisarmos, conjuntamente, os dados sobre o comportamento da reatividade vascular e da trigliceridemia em nosso estudo, observamos que, com o placebo, obtivemos o resultado esperado, ou seja, menor vasodilata&#231;&#227;o concomitante &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides, no per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o. J&#225; com a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal houve maior vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, sem significado estat&#237;stico, acompanhada de menor eleva&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo, diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. Contudo, ao analisarmos os valores das m&#233;dias, observou-se uma tend&#234;ncia dos di&#226;metros com terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal de serem sempre um pouco maiores que os do placebo. Como poss&#237;veis justificativas para a aus&#234;ncia de significado estat&#237;stico, ter&#237;amos: a idade avan&#231;ada das pacientes, tempo relativamente prolongado de hipoestrogenismo, a presen&#231;a da hipertens&#227;o arterial, mesmo quando bem controlada, e tempo relativamente curto de terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, fatores que, em conjunto, promoveriam disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial n&#227;o eficientemente melhorada pela a&#231;&#227;o da terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal. Torna-se necess&#225;rio, portanto, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de outros estudos, com o mesmo objetivo, procurando afastar os fatores citados, a fim de se comprovar o benef&#237;cio da terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal sobre a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, provocada pela eleva&#231;&#227;o da trigliceridemia no per&#237;odo absortivo do processo de digest&#227;o. Sabe-se que este per&#237;odo pode ser considerado fator de risco para a aterosclerose<sup>36</sup>.</p>
    <p>A metodologia utilizada neste estudo para avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ganhou evid&#234;ncia na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, a partir das descri&#231;&#245;es de Celermajer e cols.<sup>37</sup>. Trata-se de um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo para estudo da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo nas art&#233;rias braquial ou femoral: ao se produzir uma oclus&#227;o arterial por 5min no bra&#231;o do paciente, provoca-se hiperemia reativa, e ap&#243;s a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito utilizado para a interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo, obt&#233;m-se um aumento significativo e vari&#225;vel (3 a 7 vezes), ocasionado pelo <italic>shear stress</italic> (for&#231;as de cizalhamento) obtendo-se, assim, uma vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo. Para as medidas do di&#226;metro arterial e da velocidade do fluxo nestes vasos, tem sido empregada a ultra-sonografia vascular, utilizando-se o modo B, para medidas dos di&#226;metros e principalmente, a t&#233;cnica do Doppler, para medida da velocidade. A variabilidade do m&#233;todo &#233; aceit&#225;vel, e as medidas foram reproduzidas em v&#225;rios laborat&#243;rios<sup>38</sup>. A vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo, na art&#233;ria braquial, tem demonstrado boa correla&#231;&#227;o com medidas da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial coronariana<sup>39</sup>. A principal vantagem deste m&#233;todo &#233; a sua natureza n&#227;o invasiva, permitindo repeti&#231;&#245;es de medidas no mesmo paciente, ou estudos com grande n&#250;mero de casos.</p>
    <p>Embora o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo possa, teoricamente, ser medido atrav&#233;s da ultra-sonografia, por meio de c&#225;lculos a partir da velocidade espectral obtida pelo Doppler e pelo di&#226;metro ou &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversal do vaso obtida pelo modo B, os erros s&#227;o muito grandes, limitando o seu uso pr&#225;tico<sup>33</sup>. Recentemente, a introdu&#231;&#227;o de um novo m&#233;todo ultra-sonogr&#225;fico por dom&#237;nio do tempo para medidas do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo, o CVI-Q vem-se tornando uma alternativa pr&#225;tica e de excelente acur&#225;cia, sendo um m&#233;todo adapt&#225;vel ao exame cl&#237;nico em procedimentos vasculares de rotina<sup>40,41</sup>. O di&#226;metro e a &#225;rea do vaso s&#227;o determinados automaticamente a partir do conjunto das medidas de velocidade, diminuindo os erros associados, quando s&#227;o feitas medidas separadas. Como resultado, obtivemos medidas instant&#226;neas do fluxo, o que n&#227;o se conseguia com outras t&#233;cnicas de medidas ultra-sonogr&#225;ficas. O m&#233;todo CVI-Q mede tanto o componente puls&#225;til como o cont&#237;nuo da onda de fluxo. Dessa forma, esta nova t&#233;cnica, diferentemente do Doppler, ao medir o di&#226;metro por modo M e utilizando-se do dom&#237;nio do tempo para processar os dados de velocidade, supera as limita&#231;&#245;es das outras t&#233;cnicas e melhora a acur&#225;cia dos dados sobre o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo, permanecendo ainda a variabilidade fisiol&#243;gica como fator de erro. Este m&#233;todo permite a procura e escolha do melhor padr&#227;o de leitura por busca ativa do operador, tendo em cada varredura da tela um conjunto de 7 a 10 ondas de fluxo (dependendo da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca moment&#226;nea). No nosso estudo, esta t&#233;cnica, ainda pouco empregada em nosso meio, mostrou-se interessante e muito promissora, apesar de utilizar aparelho de ultra-sonografia com tecnologia mais sofisticada e algo dispendiosa.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es, apesar da preval&#234;ncia elevada de hipertens&#227;o arterial em mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa, e a isso deveu-se a escolha, a popula&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo representa um grupo especial, onde a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode ser mais evidente e, por isso, n&#227;o normalizada por uma terap&#234;utica relativamente curta (2 semanas) como a utilizada. Nossos achados n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados para outras popula&#231;&#245;es. Tamb&#233;m nosso estudo utilizou a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal por via oral, e por isso os efeitos da utiliza&#231;&#227;o por via transd&#233;rmica n&#227;o podem ser facilmente previs&#237;veis. A via de administra&#231;&#227;o transd&#233;rmica apresenta efeitos lip&#237;dicos menos evidentes, mas ainda conserva efeitos vasculares. Vias alternativas devem ser futuramente estudadas. Por fim, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o concomitante de um progest&#225;geno na terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal pode trazer efeitos que atenuam a a&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica. Somente estudos futuros, comparando estas formula&#231;&#245;es, podem responder estas indaga&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa e hipertensas, o uso em curto prazo da associa&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nios conjugados com medroxiprogesterona: evitou a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides, e mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia a abolir a inibi&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos vasodilatadores de uma refei&#231;&#227;o com alto teor de gorduras. Efeitos que podem se traduzir em redu&#231;&#227;o aguda de risco cardiovascular nessa situa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Dr. Silvio C.M. Santos </p>
        <p> InCor - Cardiogeriatria </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> Cep 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="silviocmsantos@uol.com.br">silviocmsantos@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 8/11/02 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 17/3/04</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Acute effects of the use of estrogens in association with progestogens on postprandial triglyceridemia and vascular reactivity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess whether hormone replacement therapy with estrogens in association with progestogens in postmenopausal hypertensive women alters postprandial triglyceridemia and vascular reactivity. METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was carried out with 15 postmenopausal women (age range: 50 to 70 years, mean = 61.6 &#177; 6 years) randomly assigned to 2 weeks of placebo or oral ingestion of 0.625 mg of equine conjugated estrogens and 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone, fed a high-fat diet (897 calories; 50.1% fat). Vascular reactivity (VR - % of vessel diameter variation in the fasting period and 2 hours after meals) was measured by using the automated ultrasound method. Lipid profile and glycemia during the fasting period and 2 hours after a high-fat meal were measured. RESULTS: With placebo, vascular reactivity (VR) decreased from 3.20 &#177; 17% during the fasting period to -2.1 &#177; 30% 2 hours after the meal (P=0.041). With the hormone replacement therapy, vascular reactivity decreased from 6.14 &#177; 27% during the fasting period to - 0.05 &#177; 18% 2 hours after the meal (P=NS). Postprandial triglyceridemia increased as follows: 35 &#177; 25% with placebo; and 12 &#177; 10% with hormone replacement therapy (P &lt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: In postmenopausal hypertensive women, 2 weeks of hormone replacement with an association of estrogens and progestogens decreased hypertriglyceridemia after a high-fat meal, an effect that may reduce the endothelial dysfunction occurring in the postprandial period.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>hormone replacement therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>triglyceridemia</kwd>
        <kwd>vascular endothelium</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Acute effects of the use of estrogens in association with progestogens on postprandial triglyceridemia and vascular reactivity</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Silvio C.M. Santos; Jaime Augusto Canashiro; Otavio C.E. Gebara; Jos&#233; Mendes Aldrighi; Nubia Vieira; Amit Nussbacher; Humberto Pierri; Jo&#227;o Serro-Azul; Maur&#237;cio Wajngarten; Giuseppe Rosano; Jose A. F. Ramires</bold>
      </p>
      <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP and Instituto San Raffaele - Roma, Italy </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess whether hormone replacement therapy with estrogens in association with progestogens in postmenopausal hypertensive women alters postprandial triglyceridemia and vascular reactivity.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was carried out with 15 postmenopausal women (age range: 50 to 70 years, mean = 61.6 &#177; 6 years) randomly assigned to 2 weeks of placebo or oral ingestion of 0.625 mg of equine conjugated estrogens and 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone, fed a high-fat diet (897 calories; 50.1% fat). Vascular reactivity (VR - % of vessel diameter variation in the fasting period and 2 hours after meals) was measured by using the automated ultrasound method. Lipid profile and glycemia during the fasting period and 2 hours after a high-fat meal were measured.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>With placebo, vascular reactivity (VR) decreased from 3.20 &#177; 17% during the fasting period to &#151;2.1 &#177; 30% 2 hours after the meal (P=0.041). With the hormone replacement therapy, vascular reactivity decreased from 6.14 &#177; 27% during the fasting period to &#151; 0.05 &#177; 18% 2 hours after the meal (P=NS). Postprandial triglyceridemia increased as follows: 35 &#177; 25% with placebo; and 12 &#177; 10% with hormone replacement therapy (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In postmenopausal hypertensive women, 2 weeks of hormone replacement with an association of estrogens and progestogens decreased hypertriglyceridemia after a high-fat meal, an effect that may reduce the endothelial dysfunction occurring in the postprandial period.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>hormone replacement therapy, triglyceridemia, vascular endothelium</p>
      <p>Endothelial dysfunction seems to be one of the earliest phenomena involved in atherogenesis. It is associated with different cardiovascular risk factors, such as age <sup>1-3</sup>, postmenopausal hormone alterations <sup>4,5</sup>, hypercholesterolemia <sup>6-8</sup>, hypertriglyceridemia <sup>9-11</sup>, diabetes mellitus <sup>12,13</sup>, smoking <sup>8,14</sup>, hyperhomocysteinemia<sup>15</sup>, and arterial hypertension <sup>1,16,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recent studies <sup>9,11,18</sup> have suggested that high-fat diets with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins can influence the initial mechanisms of atherosclerosis, because they cause acute alterations in endothelial function, beginning 2 hours after their ingestion. This effect can persist for several hours and can be due to the acute elevation in postprandial triglyceride levels rather than to triglyceride and cholesterol levels during the fasting period. Vogel et al <sup>11</sup> have suggested that high-fat diets could influence the mechanisms of atherogenesis through a direct (endothelium-dependent) and an indirect (cholesterol-dependent) pathway. They have also suggested that low-fat diets could be important in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease, even in individuals with cholesterol levels considered to be risk-free <sup>11</sup>. The endothelial cells would play an important local regulator role through the secretion of several substances that control vascular tonus and structure <sup>19</sup>. The direct relation between cardiovascular risk factors and endothelial dysfunction may be very significant, because both play an important role in the genesis of thrombosis and instability of the atherosclerotic plaque.</p>
      <p>Postmenopausal women, in addition to age and decreased serum levels of estrogens, frequently have other factors that affect endothelial function, such as arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia <sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>These factors have shown that atherosclerotic disease has an epidemiological impact <sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Observational <sup>22,23</sup> and experimental <sup>24</sup> studies have suggested the existence of cardiovascular benefits of hormone replacement therapy, with positive effects on lipoprotein levels, a beneficial effect on the metabolism of carbohydrates and insulin <sup>25</sup>, in addition to direct vascular effects, depending <sup>26,27</sup> or not depending <sup>28,29</sup> on endothelial participation. However, recent clinical studies on long-term hormone replacement therapy failed to confirm this protective effect against cardiovascular events <sup>30,31</sup>. Nevertheless, in clinical practice, hormone replacement therapy continues to be effective in controlling vasomotor reactions (in the short run) and osteoporosis (in the long run).</p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing whether the short-term (2 weeks) use of estrogens in association with progesterone in postmenopausal women with systemic arterial hypertension, as an associated risk factor for endothelial dysfunction, changes serum lipid levels and vascular reactivity before and after meal.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study comprised 15 postmenopausal women ranging in age from 50 to 70 (mean, 61.4 &#177; 6.06) years with a mean menopause duration of 13 &#177; 7.5 years. All of them were using antihypertensive drugs, except for 2, who controlled blood pressure with just a low-sodium diet.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria of the study were as follows: 1) no contraindication to the use of estrogens; 2) age between 50 and 70 years; 3) natural or surgical menopause; 4) primary arterial hypertension, independent of blood pressure levels; 5) recent (less than one year) measurement of total cholesterol level below 239 mg/dL and of triglycerides below 250 mg/dL, in a blood sample collected after a 12-hour absolute fast; 6) the patient should not smoke, or should have quit smoking at least 2 years before; and 7) the patient should not have diabetes. The characteristics of the population studied are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table I</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0385-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>This study was approved by the committee on science and ethics of the institution. All patients signed the written informed consent.</p>
      <p>The patients were maintained on antihypertensive therapy with no modifications during the entire study. They were randomly assigned to receive one capsule per day of placebo or conjugated estrogens (0.625 mg) in association with medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.5 mg) for 2 weeks. After this period, all patients returned to the institution after a 12-hour fast, in the morning between 7 AM and 9 AM, to undergo the following procedures: 1) collection of peripheral venous blood from the left arm for measuring glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels; 2) ultrasound study of the right brachial artery with the Philips CVI system - SD-800 device and a 7-MHz linear transducer, with the patient in the dorsal decubitus position at a constant room temperature of 22&#186;C. After a 10-minute rest for stabilization of the parameters, the diameter of the vessel was measured with B-mode ultrasound, and then, the diameter and blood flow in the artery were measured on CVI-Q-mode (Cardio Vascular Imaging - M mode) ultrasound as follows: a) at baseline &#151; 5 measurements, and calculation of the mean; and b) after one minute of reactive hyperemia produced by interruption of blood flow with inflation of the cuff of the sphygmomanometer (whose width was appropriate for the size of the forearm) placed on the upper middle third of the right forearm. A sufficient space was kept for placing the transducer in the lower third of the forearm on the trajectory of the brachial artery. The cuff was inflated up to 300 mmHg and maintained at such for 5 minutes, being then deflated. Three measurements were taken in the first minute of hyperemia, and the mean was calculated. After that, the patients ingested a diet standardized by the Service of Nutrition of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, with a total caloric value of 897.62 Kcal and consisting of 37 g (16.5%) of proteins, 50 g (50.1%) of lipids, and 75 g (33.4%) of carbohydrates. After 2 hours, the same sequence performed during the fasting period was performed to assess the postprandial levels. Blood pressure was measured in the left forearm with an aneroid sphygmomanometer with the patient at rest, during the fasting period, and 2 hours after the meal. Heart rate was also measured on the same occasions.</p>
      <p>After this first phase of the study, the patients remained for 2 weeks without medication (wash-out). Then, for 2 other weeks, they ingested one capsule per day of the second drug in the morning while they were fasting. After that, they returned to the institution after a 12-hour fast for the second phase of the study, when the same first-phase sequence was repeated, therefore, ending the random, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.</p>
      <p>The measurements of serum glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides were performed by using the automated enzymatic method, as was LDL-cholesterol measurement in the floating material of the precipitate of beta-lipoproteins. The LDL-cholesterol levels were calculated with the Friedewald formula <sup>32</sup> in the cases with high triglyceridemia.</p>
      <p>The technique chosen to calculate the diameter and the flow in the brachial artery was based on the M-mode ultrasonography technique, which provides the mean instantaneous variation in the systolic and diastolic diameters, coupled with the time-domain ultrasonography (CVI - Q: Cardio Vascular Imaging &#151; M mode). The latter automatically measures, through a specific program, blood flow in the vessel studied <sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>The following variables were directly measured or calculated in the different conditions studied: arterial diameter in millimeters (mm) (ADI); arterial flow in milliliters per minute (mL/min) (FL); flow-mediated vascular reactivity (VR) in % of diameter variation obtained with the formula: VR = 100 X (ADI after reactive hyperemia &#151; baseline ADI)/baseline ADI; blood measurements of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL); heart rate (HR) in beats per minute (bpm); systolic blood pressure (SBP) in mmHg; diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in mmHg; and mean blood pressure (MBP) in mmHg calculated using the formula DBP + (SBP - DBP)/3.</p>
      <p>Initially, all variables were analyzed descriptively. The quantitative variables (age, weight, height, duration of menopause, and body mass index &#151; BMI) were analyzed through the observation of minimum and maximum values and calculation of the means and standard deviations. For the qualitative variables (treatment of arterial hypertension), the absolute and relative frequencies were calculated.</p>
      <p>To assess the behavior of the groups in regard to the lipids, considering the conditions studied, analysis of variance was used with repeated measurements. Because the supposition of data normality was rejected, the nonparametric Wilcoxon test was used for comparing flow-mediated vascular reactivity, expressed as a percentage of the diameter variation during the fasting period and 2 hours after the meal in the placebo and hormone replacement phases. The significance level adopted for the tests was 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_22133t2-body2">Table II</xref> shows the values of the means and standard deviations of the variables analyzed with the use of placebo or hormone replacement therapy in the different phases of the study. The analysis of the percentage of diameter variation (VR) between baseline and one minute after reactive hyperemia (RH) with placebo showed a statistically significant difference (VR = 3.2 &#177; 17% during the fasting period) when compared with the values obtained 2 hours after the meal (VR = -2.1 &#177; 30%; P=0.041). All the other parameters analyzed during the fasting period and 2 hours after the meal in the patients receiving placebo and in those receiving hormone replacement therapy showed no statistically significant differences. The hormone replacement therapy caused no significant difference in VR during the fasting period and after the meal (6.14 &#177; 26.94% during the fasting period versus &#151;0.05 &#177; 18% after the meal).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_22133t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0385-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table III</xref> shows the means and standard deviations of the blood measurements of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides during the fasting period and 2 hours after the meal in the placebo and hormone replacement therapy phases.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0385-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Analysis of the mean blood levels of glucose and cholesterol and its fractions in the placebo and hormone replacement therapy phases showed no statistically significant changes between the fasting period and 2 hours after the meal. In regard to triglyceride measurement, a statistically significant increase was observed in the placebo phase (P = 0.03), but not in the hormone replacement therapy phase (P=0.34).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the difference in lipid variations in each group. A significant variation in the triglyceride levels is observed in the placebo phase, but not in the hormone replacement therapy phase.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0385-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_22133t4-body2">Table IV</xref> shows the means and standard deviations of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean blood pressure (MBP), and heart rate (HR) during the fasting period and 2 hours after the meal in the placebo and hormone replacement therapy phases. The analysis of these parameters showed no statistically significant hemodynamic changes at any phase of the study.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_22133t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0385-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Body mass index showed no variation at any phase of the study (26.14 &#177; 3.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our study showed that the association of estrogens and progestogens decreased hypertriglyceridemia after a high-fat meal, resulting in a tendency towards abolishing the inhibition of the vasodilation observed with a fatty diet, which is an acute effect potentially reducing cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>The increase in life expectancy leads to a progressively more prolonged time of menopause, increasing the chance of systemic arterial hypertension occurring as a comorbidity, as its prevalence increases with aging <sup>1-5,20</sup>. In addition to arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors. More recently, the acute elevation in postprandial lipemia was recognized to cause alterations in endothelial function, influencing the initial mechanisms of atherosclerosis <sup>6-11</sup>. Thus, the increase in triglyceridemia after a high-fat diet by hindering full vasodilation could act as an additional cardiovascular risk factor in these women. Recently, some studies have assessed the impact of triglyceridemia on endothelial function. One study <sup>10</sup>, using nonphysiological triglyceride emulsion, reported a reduction in vascular reactivity, both the flow-mediated one and the one that is independent of flow. Vogel et al <sup>11</sup> caused endothelial dysfunction by administering a high-fat diet with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to young adults of both sexes with no risk factors. Those authors showed that the endothelial dysfunction was transient and had a significant correlation with postprandial triglyceridemia. Similar results were obtained in another study <sup>34</sup>, confirming the correlation of the flow-mediated reduction in vasodilation with the postprandial triglyceride levels, but not with the fasting triglyceride or other lipid serum levels.</p>
      <p>In the recent past, hormone replacement therapy was considered a therapeutic approach for reducing cardiovascular risk <sup>22-24</sup>. This concept was reviewed after the publication of long-term controlled clinical studies, which did not confirm the benefits and showed an increase in cardiovascular events <sup>30,31</sup>. Future studies assessing the mechanisms of hormone replacement therapy and allowing adequacy of different doses and administration routes of the hormones may still be an alternative.</p>
      <p>When comparing the results during the fasting period in the placebo and in the hormone replacement therapy phases, the following values were obtained: TC, a 9.8% reduction; HDL-C, a 4% increase; LDL-C, a 1.5% reduction; and TG, a 0.5% increase. These results obtained 2 weeks after using the association of estrogen and progesterone are similar to, but less expressive than, those obtained in other large studies <sup>22,23,35</sup>. This may be due to the relatively short-term use of hormones and the prolonged time of menopause. In regard to the variations in lipid profile observed between the fasting period and 2 hours after meals, the comparison of the effect of the placebo and the hormone replacement therapy revealed a 35 &#177; 25% increase in TG with the use of placebo versus a 12 &#177; 10% increase in TG with hormone replacement therapy. This result showing a smaller increase in TG levels after a high-fat diet in women receiving hormone replacement therapy may be interpreted as a beneficial effect of the hormones.</p>
      <p>Analyzing the behavior of vascular reactivity and triglyceridemia in our study, the placebo provided the result expected, ie, smaller vasodilation concomitant with an elevation in triglycerides in the postprandial period. On the other hand, hormone replacement therapy provided greater vasodilation with no statistical significance, followed by a smaller elevation in triglycerides as compared with that caused by the placebo, a statistically significant difference. However, when analyzing the mean values, the diameters in the hormone replacement therapy phase showed a trend towards being greater than those in the placebo phase. The possible justifications for the lack of statistical significance were as follows: the advanced age of the patients; relatively prolonged time of hypoestrogenism; presence of arterial hypertension, even if well controlled; and relatively short-term hormone replacement therapy. These factors together may cause endothelial dysfunction not effectively improved by the action of hormone replacement therapy. Therefore, other studies with the same objective are required to rule out the factors cited, to confirm the benefit of hormone replacement therapy on endothelial dysfunction caused by the elevated triglyceridemia in the absorptive period of the digestive process. This period may be considered a risk factor for atherosclerosis <sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>The methodology used in this study for assessing endothelial dysfunction gained importance in the last decade with the reports by Celermajer et al <sup>37</sup>. Those authors used the following noninvasive method to study flow-mediated vasodilation in the brachial or femoral arteries: arterial occlusion performed for 5 minutes in the patient's forearm, causing reactive hyperemia; after that, the cuff used for flow interruption was deflated, and a significant and variable increase (3 to 7 times) was caused by shear stress; this way, a flow-mediated vasodilation was obtained. Vascular B-mode ultrasonography has been used for measuring the arterial diameters, and vascular Doppler ultrasound has been used for measuring flow velocity. The variability of the method is acceptable, and the measurements have been reproduced in several laboratories <sup>38</sup>. Flow-mediated vasodilation in the brachial artery has shown a good correlation with the measurements of coronary endothelial function <sup>39</sup>. The major advantage of this method is its noninvasive nature, allowing repetitions of the measurements in the same patient or studies with a large number of cases.</p>
      <p>Although blood flow may theoretically be measured with ultrasound through calculations based on the spectral velocity obtained on Doppler and the diameter or cross-sectional area of the vessel obtained on B mode, the errors are very significant, limiting its practical use <sup>33</sup>. Recently, a new ultrasound method using time domain for measuring blood flow, the CVI-Q technique, has been introduced and become a practical alternative of excellent accuracy, proving to be adaptable to clinical examination in routine vascular procedures <sup>40,41</sup>. The vessel diameter and area are automatically determined based on the velocity measurements, reducing the errors associated when separated measurements are performed. Consequently, instantaneous flow measurements are obtained, which cannot be obtained with other techniques of ultrasound measurement. The CVI-Q method measures the pulsatile and the continuous component of the flow wave. In this way, unlike the Doppler technique, this new technique, by measuring the diameter with M mode and time domain to process the velocity data, overcomes the limitations of other techniques and improves the accuracy of the blood flow data. Physiological variability remains a factor of error. This method allows the search for and choice of the best reading pattern based on an active search by the operator, and, in each monitor screening, a set of 7 to 10 flow waves are provided (depending on the heart rate on the occasion). In our study, this technique, still seldom used by us, proved to be interesting and very promising, although requiring an ultrasound device with more sophisticated and rather expensive technology.</p>
      <p>In regard to limitations, despite the high prevalence of arterial hypertension among postmenopausal women, the population studied represents a special group, in which endothelial dysfunction may be more evident, and, therefore, not normalized by a relatively short-term (2 weeks) therapy, such as the one used in this study. Our findings cannot be extrapolated to other populations. Our study used oral hormone replacement therapy, and, therefore, the effects of the transdermal therapy cannot be easily predicted. The transdermal route of administration has less evident effects on lipids, but still maintains vascular effects. Alternative routes should be studied in the future. Finally, the concomitant use of a progestogen in hormone replacement therapy may have attenuating effects on estrogen action. Only future studies comparing these formulations may answer these questions.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the short-term administration of conjugated estrogens in association with medroxyprogesterone in postmenopausal hypertensive women avoided elevation of triglyceride levels and showed a tendency towards abolishing the inhibition of vasodilating effects of a high-fat diet. These effects may represent an acute reduction in cardiovascular risk in this situation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Silvio C. M. Santos</p>
          <p> InCor - Cardiogeriatria</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. Eneas C. Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> Cep 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="silviocmsantos@uol.com.br">silviocmsantos@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 11/8/02</p>
      <p>Accepted for publication: 3/17/04</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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