<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SysHC9XvGqJwNBLhFM5cqyL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001700004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001700004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica prediz a recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wender</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barra</surname>
            <given-names>Marinez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Federal de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>373</fpage>
      <lpage>378</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica podem ser beneficiados com a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Foram estudadas as vari&#225;veis histopatol&#243;gicas que estariam associadas &#224; melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o seis meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia. M&#201;TODOS: Em 24 pacientes estudados com indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 35%, classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca II-IV e idades entre 59 &#177; 9 anos, foram realizadas bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas no transoperat&#243;rio e seis meses ap&#243;s. Extens&#227;o de fibrose, n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas apresentando miocit&#243;lise e hipertrofia da fibra muscular foram quantificados por um sistema analisador de imagem. Revis&#227;o cl&#237;nica e funcional foi repetida em seis meses. RESULTADOS: Houve melhora significativa da classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 16 pacientes ap&#243;s os seis meses de acompanhamento (classe NYHA 2,8&#177; 0,7 para 1,7&#177;0,6; p &lt;0,001), enquanto a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se alterou (25 &#177; 6% vs. 26 &#177; 10%). Hipertrofia da fibra muscular foi similar nos esp&#233;cimes biopsiados no pr&#233; e no p&#243;s operat&#243;rio (21&#177;4 vs. 22&#177;4 &#181;m), enquanto que a extens&#227;o de fibrose (8&#177;8 vs. 21&#177;15% &#225;rea) e c&#233;lulas apresentando miocit&#243;lise (9&#177;11 vs. 21&#177;15% cel) aumentaram significativamente. No entanto, a composi&#231;&#227;o de um escore histol&#243;gico, combinando as tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis, indicou maior incremento na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular naqueles que apresentavam menor grau de altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. CONCLUS&#195;O: Portadores de miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, apresentaram melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular quando as altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas adversas do pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foram de menor grau.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica prediz a recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo L. Moreno; Orlando B. Wender; Marinez Barra; Lucia C. Pellanda; Luiz E. Rohde; Nadine Clausell</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do RS / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Funda&#231;&#227;o Federal de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Porto Alegre e Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica podem ser beneficiados com a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Foram estudadas as vari&#225;veis histopatol&#243;gicas que estariam associadas &#224; melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o seis meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Em 24 pacientes estudados com indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 35%, classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca II-IV e idades entre 59 &#177; 9 anos, foram realizadas bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas no transoperat&#243;rio e seis meses ap&#243;s. Extens&#227;o de fibrose, n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas apresentando miocit&#243;lise e hipertrofia da fibra muscular foram quantificados por um sistema analisador de imagem. Revis&#227;o cl&#237;nica e funcional foi repetida em seis meses. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Houve melhora significativa da classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 16 pacientes ap&#243;s os seis meses de acompanhamento (classe NYHA 2,8&#177; 0,7 para 1,7&#177;0,6; p &lt;0,001), enquanto a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se alterou (25 &#177; 6% vs. 26 &#177; 10%). Hipertrofia da fibra muscular foi similar nos esp&#233;cimes biopsiados no pr&#233; e no p&#243;s operat&#243;rio (21&#177;4 vs. 22&#177;4 &#181;m), enquanto que a extens&#227;o de fibrose (8&#177;8 vs. 21&#177;15% &#225;rea) e c&#233;lulas apresentando miocit&#243;lise (9&#177;11 vs. 21&#177;15% cel) aumentaram significativamente. No entanto, a composi&#231;&#227;o de um escore histol&#243;gico, combinando as tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis, indicou maior incremento na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular naqueles que apresentavam menor grau de altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Portadores de miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, apresentaram melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular quando as altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas adversas do pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foram de menor grau.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica,bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233; a maior causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no mundo inteiro. Ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, se instala um processo patol&#243;gico, conhecido como remodelamento ventricular, que contribuir&#225; para o progresso da s&#237;ndrome de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>1</sup>. Diversos fatores est&#227;o associados &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, incluindo mediadores neurohormonais, como os ativadores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) e o aumento do tonus simp&#225;tco. Estes horm&#244;nios induzem a altera&#231;&#245;es ventriculares, como dilata&#231;&#227;o e mudan&#231;as no seu formato, levando &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica no processo de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste processo s&#227;o observadas altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas, como aumento de fibrose, hipertrofia e distor&#231;&#227;o do mi&#243;cito, miocit&#243;lise, altera&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I/III e algum grau de atividade inflamat&#243;ria, associada ao aumento da degrada&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular<sup>3-5</sup>. Acredita-se que este processo &#233; cont&#237;nuo e se auto-perpetua, devido ao progressivo estresse mec&#226;nico e ativa&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas SRAA e simp&#225;tico<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar da melhoria no tratamento cl&#237;nico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com a introdu&#231;&#227;o dos inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina e dos beta bloqueadores, reduzindo o remodelamento ventricular, o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica avan&#231;ada ainda continua pobre<sup>6,7</sup>. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, tem sido indicada, a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio para a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e progn&#243;stico desses pacientes<sup>8-10</sup>. Embora n&#227;o haja ensaio cl&#237;nico definitivo neste contexto, uma meta-an&#225;lise recente sugeriu que a presen&#231;a de vibilidade mioc&#225;rdica neste tipo de paciente estaria associada a um melhor desfecho p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>11</sup>. Portanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o do paciente que se beneficiar&#225; da cirurgia ainda continua um desafio.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, avaliamos as mudan&#231;as na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave, secund&#225;ria &#224; cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, e analisamos as altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas de bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas adquiridas no pr&#233; e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados para este estudo, portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, secund&#225;ria a cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;35%, classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de II a IV (NYHA) e leito coronariano adequado para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Foram exclu&#237;dos, portadores de aneurisma do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV) p&#243;s-infarto, doen&#231;a valvar significante, doen&#231;as da aorta ascendente ou outras cardiomiopatias, tais como: amiloidose, sarcoidose e miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. A indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi sempre discutida com o m&#233;dico assistente baseada em dados cl&#237;nicos, presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel e/ou presen&#231;a de angina ou de equivalente anginoso. O estudo foi realizado no Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre e no Instituto de Cardiologia &#151; Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo o protocolo aprovado nos Comit&#234;s de &#233;tica de ambas institui&#231;&#245;es e todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento para participar do estudo.</p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foi avaliada atrav&#233;s da ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e seis meses depois. O procedimento foi realizado marcando as hem&#225;cias do pr&#243;prio paciente com tecn&#233;cio-99<sup>m</sup> pertecnetato. As imagens foram adquiridas em tr&#234;s &#226;ngulos planares (anterior obl&#237;qua esquerda, anterior e lateral) utilizando uma c&#226;mera equipada com colimator. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi determinada de forma automatizada, usando programa de computa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fico.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio conforme t&#233;cnicas padronizadas<sup>12</sup>. Com o paciente em circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea total e hipotermia moderada, a prote&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foi conduzida atrav&#233;s da infus&#227;o anter&#243;grada de solu&#231;&#227;o cardiopl&#233;gica cristal&#243;ide (St. Thomas II) entre 4 e 10&#176;, repetida a cada 20 min, e solu&#231;&#227;o salina gelada t&#243;pica. Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino de todas as anastomoses, o reaquecimento era iniciado. Ap&#243;s um tempo m&#237;nimo de 10min de reperfus&#227;o e o paciente atingir uma temperatura de 37&#176;, a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi progressivamente descontinuada. Todos os pacientes foram operados pelos mesmos cirurgi&#245;es.</p>
    <p>As bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas foram realizadas conforme t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o<sup>13</sup>. A 1&#186; bi&#243;psia foi realizada no transoperat&#243;rio, com uma incis&#227;o no &#225;trio direito e atrav&#233;s da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide a por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do s&#233;pto interventricular direito era acessada, onde eram adquiridos de 4 a 5 esp&#233;cimes, antes de iniciar a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. A 2&#186; bi&#243;psia foi realizada com seis meses de p&#243;s operat&#243;rio, atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o da veia jugular interna, utilizados uma bainha 9 French e um bi&#243;tomo tipo Stanford, sob fluroscopia sendo coletados 4 a 5 esp&#233;cimes no mesmo local do septo previamente biopsiado. Ap&#243;s o 2&#186; procedimento, os pacientes permaneciam em observa&#231;&#227;o por 2h, antes de alta para casa. Os esp&#233;cimes foram colocados imediatamente em formalina a 10%, para subseq&#252;ente an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica. Todas as bi&#243;psias foram realizadas pelo mesmo cirurgi&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os esp&#233;cimes conservados em formalina a 10%, imediatamente ap&#243;s adquiridos, foram embebidos em parafina e realizados cortes histol&#243;gicos entre 5 e 7&#181;m. Para definir a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia e miocit&#243;lise, as l&#226;minas foram coradas em solu&#231;&#227;o de hematoxilina-eosina. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de fibrose foi realizada atrav&#233;s da cora&#231;&#227;o tricr&#244;mico de Masson. Todas as an&#225;lises histopatol&#243;gicas foram realizadas utilizando um microsc&#243;pio Olympus Bx40 acoplado ao sistema analisador digital de imagens (<italic>Leica Q 500MC, Image Analysis System</italic>).</p>
    <p>Para determinar o grau de hipertrofia, foi medido o di&#226;metro de c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas que apresentavam o n&#250;cleo central, tomando-se como refer&#234;ncia o seu menor eixo. Utilizando-se o microsc&#243;pio &#243;ptico e aumento de 400X, um m&#237;nimo de quarto e um m&#225;ximo de 24 campos foram analisados. Par determinar o grau de miocit&#243;lise por campo, entre 3 e 18 campos foram examinados utilizando um aumento de 400X. O grau de fibrose, identificado pela colora&#231;&#227;o azul do tricr&#244;mico de Masson, foi delimitado e mensurado em 10 campos de 10,500 sq&#181;, com aumento de 100X.</p>
    <p>Os resultados est&#227;o expressos como a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EPM) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e como propor&#231;&#245;es para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi realizado para compara&#231;&#227;o envolvendo vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste exato de Fischer para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Foi constru&#237;do um escore agregando achados histol&#243;gicos para estudar as associa&#231;&#245;es com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o entre o pr&#233; e o p&#243;s operat&#243;rio. O escore de fibrose foi 0 (zero) ponto para =1% de &#225;rea,1 ponto entre 1 e 5% de &#225;rea, 2 pontos entre 5 e 20% de &#225;rea e 3 pontos se &gt;20% de &#225;rea. O escore de miocit&#243;lise foi de 0 (zero) ponto para =5 c&#233;lulas por campo, 1 ponto entre 5 e 10 c&#233;lulas por campo,2 pontos entre 10 e 20 c&#233;lulas por campo e 3 pontos se &gt;20 c&#233;lulas por campo. Para o escore de hipertrofia, foi estabelecido um ponto de corte que definiu como 0 (zero) ponto se =18 &#181;m no di&#226;metro da fibra e como 1 ponto se &gt;18 &#181;m. Os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com o valor do escore se =2 ou &gt;2. Diferen&#231;as foram consideradas significantes se p &lt; 0.05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De janeiro 1999 a agosto 2000, foram selecionados 24 pacientes para este estudo. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia foi de 24 &#177; 6 % (variando de 9 a 34). Com predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino, e idade m&#233;dia de 59.5 &#177; 9.8 anos (variando de 39 a 75). A classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pela <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>, foi de 5 pacientes em classe II, 11 em classe III e 8 em classe IV. Todos os pacientes apresentavam angina ou angina equivalente no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0373-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os pacientes foram revascularizados exclusivamente com veia safena, exceto um, e 96% deles receberam enxerto para a art&#233;ria descendente anterior. A m&#233;dia de enxertos foi de 2,9 &#177; 0,8 (variando de 1 a 4). O tempo m&#233;dio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi de 86 &#177; 19min (variando de 42 a 132min) e de isquemia 42 &#177; 10min (variando de 21 a 65min). O bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico foi utilizado em 5 pacientes, apenas um deles no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, e o tempo m&#233;dio de utiliza&#231;&#227;o foi de 2,8 &#177; 0,8 dias (variando de 2 a 4).</p>
    <p>A mortalidade operat&#243;ria foi de dois pacientes, considerando um per&#237;odo de 30 dias. Um dos pacientes faleceu na sala de cirurgia, logo ap&#243;s a sa&#237;da de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e o outro por fal&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio precoce, antes de 30 dias. Houve dois casos de acidente vascular cerebral durante a cirurgia: um associado com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, recuperando-se parcialmente do d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico, e o outro falecendo no 71&#176; dia ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Outras complica&#231;&#245;es inclu&#237;ram: uma reinterven&#231;&#227;o por sangramento, uma deisc&#234;ncia de esterno resolvida com rota&#231;&#227;o do grande peitoral, e um caso de embolia arterial para membro superior direito, sendo realizada embolectomia<bold>.</bold></p>
    <p>Houve outros cinco &#243;bitos antes de seis meses de seguimento. Um por acidente vascular cerebral, e os demais por morte s&#250;bita presumida, sem confirma&#231;&#227;o por necropsia. Os 17 pacientes sobreviventes apresentaram uma melhora significativa na classe funcional NYHA de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca passando de 2,8 &#177; 0,7 para 1,7 &#177; 0,9, p&lt;0,0001. Enquanto a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda n&#227;o apresentou melhora significativa (25 &#177; 6 para 26 &#177; 10%) no grupo como um todo, em oito pacientes houve um importante incremento na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular passando de 24 &#177; 6 para 33 &#177; 2%, p&lt;0.002. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0373-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Inicialmente, as vari&#225;veis histopatol&#243;gicas entre os pacientes que sobreviveram (n = 17) e os &#243;bitos (n = 7) foram comparadas. Nesta an&#225;lise, os sobreviventes apresentavam mais miocit&#243;lise (11 &#177; 12 <italic>vs</italic>. 4 &#177; 3%; p = 0.05), no entanto fibrose (25&#177; 5 <italic>vs</italic>. 22 &#177; 8%; p = 0.32) e hipertrofia (21.5 &#177; 4 <italic>vs</italic>. 21.4 &#177; 5&#181;m; p = 0.97) foram similares entre os dois grupos.</p>
    <p>Dos 17 pacientes que sobreviveram aos seis meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia, um recusou-se a ser submetido &#224; 2&#186; bi&#243;psia, ficando dispon&#237;veis, dados de 16 pacientes para compara&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; e p&#243;s-cirurgia. Enquanto que o grau de hipertrofia nos esp&#233;cimes adquiridos, comparando-se o pr&#233; e o p&#243;s operat&#243;rio, n&#227;o se alterou (21&#177;4 vs. 22&#177;4 &#181;m), houve aumento significativo, tanto no n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas com miocit&#243;lise (9&#177;11 vs. 21&#177;15% de c&#233;lulas, p &lt; 0,001) como na extens&#227;o de fibrose (8&#177;8 vs. 21&#177;15%/&#225;rea, p&lt;0.001). Estratificando-se os pacientes em um subgrupo com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda mantida (n=8) e outro com os que pioraram (n=8), individualmente, nenhuma das vari&#225;veis histol&#243;gicas, analisadas entre o pr&#233; e o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi diferente entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. II</xref>). Entretanto, quando um escore composto pelas vari&#225;veis histol&#243;gicas em conjunto foi utilizado para nalisar mudan&#231;as na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a cirurgia, escore mais baixos no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio estiveram associados com melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). Fotomicrografias ilustradas das diferentes caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas s&#227;o apresentadas nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0373-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0373-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0373-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0373-00004-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave podem se beneficiar da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Muito se tem debatido quanto &#224; apropriada sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que devem ser submetidos ao procedimento. Nosso estudo mostrou, que a an&#225;lise individual de tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis histopatol&#243;gicas, adquiridas por bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas no transoperat&#243;rio e no p&#243;s operat&#243;rio tardio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave, foi insuficiente para predizer quem se beneficiaria com incremento na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ap&#243;s o procedimento. Contudo, a combina&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas, indicando menor grau de remodelamento, associou-se a uma melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma t&#237;pica coorte de pacientes com cardiomiopatia avan&#231;ada, caracterizada por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave e importante limita&#231;&#227;o funcional por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. Para esses pacientes, apesar do desenvolvimento da terapia medicamentosa, o progn&#243;stico continua sombrio<sup>6,7</sup>. Assim, a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o tem ganho destaque como importante op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, devido ao progresso de t&#233;cnicas operat&#243;rias e de prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>14.</sup> Luciani e cols estudaram 143 pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; que 30% e compararam os resultados de acordo com o tratamento alocado: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, transplante card&#237;aco ou tratamento medicamentoso. Apesar de uma mortalidade operat&#243;ria relativamente alta (20%), o progn&#243;stico foi significantemente melhor nos pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e transplante card&#237;aco, comparativamente ao tratamento medicamentoso <sup>15.</sup> No presente estudo, a mortalidade perioperat&#243;ria, at&#233; 30 dias da cirurgia, foi de 8.3% (dois pacientes).</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o demonstramos incremento na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, de maneira global, nos 17 pacientes que retornaram para reavalia&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a cirurgia. De fato, em cinco houve uma piora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; que 1%. Por&#233;m, em oito dos 17 pacientes, houve um significante incremento na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, o que poderia ser explicado pelo curto espa&#231;o de tempo para recupera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade (6 meses), j&#225; que segundo alguns autores, entre dois a seis meses, apenas 35% do total da recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esperada &#233; notada<sup>16</sup>. Por outro lado, independente do sucesso da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, o comprometimento da contratilidade pode conduzir &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva global, j&#225; que a base fisiopatol&#243;gica, levando a ventr&#237;culos gravemente dilatados, pode n&#227;o somente ser dependente de isquemia: o estresse na parede ventricular dilatada perpetua o remodelamento<sup>17.</sup> Finalmente, &#233; poss&#237;vel que existissem quantidades vari&#225;veis de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel entre os pacientes, talvez com &#225;reas de fibrose e m&#250;sculo mesclados, o que poderia justificar diferen&#231;as em graus de melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o<sup>10,18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s uma les&#227;o card&#237;aca, por exemplo, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, uma s&#233;rie de eventos ocorre em n&#237;vel de gen&#244;mico, molecular, celular e intersticial, levando a altera&#231;&#245;es no tamanho, forma e fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o. Em n&#237;vel histopatol&#243;gico, ocorrem hipertrofia do mi&#243;cito, necrose, apoptose, aumento de fibrose, prolifera&#231;&#227;o fibrilar de col&#225;geno e de fibroblastos<sup>19</sup>. A progress&#227;o do processo de remodelamento em v&#225;rios n&#237;veis parece ser mediada por ativa&#231;&#227;o neurohormonal<sup>20-22</sup><sub>.</sub> Por outro lado, a persist&#234;ncia da dilata&#231;&#227;o leva ao aumento da tens&#227;o e do estresse global, os quais levam &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios mecanismos delet&#233;rios, em um ciclo vicioso, perpetuando o remodelamento<sup>23,24.</sup> Este processo &#233; a base para a compreens&#227;o de que um defeito regional de contratilidade, ap&#243;s um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, pode mais tarde levar ao desenvolvimento de uma disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca global.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, tr&#234;s importantes caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas foram analisadas: extens&#227;o de tecido com fibrose, grau de hipertrofia do mi&#243;cito e n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas apresentando miocit&#243;lise, altera&#231;&#245;es que caracterizam o remodelamento. Todas, as tr&#234;s caracter&#237;sticas eram claramente anormais nos esp&#233;cimes adquiridos no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, j&#225; que uma m&#233;dia de 8% de fibrose foi observada, assim como a presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas apresentando vacuoliza&#231;&#227;o do citoplasma (miocit&#243;lise) e foi detectada hipertrofia. Estas constata&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o compar&#225;veis &#224;quelas observadas por outros investigadores que avaliaram fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til regional e achados histol&#243;gicos, em pacientes com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica<sup>25,26</sup>. &#201; importante notar que, esses dois estudos que correlacionaram caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas e reversibilidade funcional p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, tiveram um grande cuidado de realizar as bi&#243;psias no segmento de mioc&#225;rdio com altera&#231;&#227;o da motilidade regional, previamente detectada por t&#233;cnicas de imagens. Assim, a despeito do fato de que no presente estudo realizamos bi&#243;psias, apenas, no ventr&#237;culo direito, nossos achados sugerem que, independentemente da &#225;rea lesada inicialmente, o processo de remodelamento global pode levar a altera&#231;&#245;es distantes da &#225;rea mioc&#225;rdica. Nossas observa&#231;&#245;es podem sugerir uma abordagem diferente e mais segura, para o estudo das altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas, em pacientes com miocardiopatia avan&#231;ada.</p>
    <p>Se por um lado, as altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas, observadas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio do presente estudo, caracterizam remodelamento card&#237;aco, por outro lado, os achados histol&#243;gicos ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio s&#227;o, no m&#237;nimo, intrigantes. Importante notar, que este &#233; o primeiro estudo, de nosso conhecimento, que procurou realizar compara&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas, em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave de etiologia isqu&#234;mica, pr&#233; e p&#243;s-cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Apesar da no&#231;&#227;o de que a restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo leva necessariamente a um benef&#237;cio, n&#227;o demonstramos achados histol&#243;gicos que indicassem revers&#227;o do remodelamento, ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. De fato, duas das tr&#234;s caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas pioraram ap&#243;s a cirurgia: mais c&#233;lulas apresentaram miocit&#243;lise e foi observada mais fibrose. A hipertrofia n&#227;o se alterou, comparando-se esp&#233;cimes adquiridos no pr&#233; e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Partindo destas observa&#231;&#245;es, algumas hip&#243;teses especulativas podem ser levantadas: 1) o tempo decorrido ap&#243;s a cirurgia para an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica n&#227;o foi suficiente para mostrar a revers&#227;o do remodelamento em n&#237;vel tecidual; 2) a restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo foi insuficiente para promover os efeitos ben&#233;ficos em n&#237;vel tecidual e 3) uma vez que, nenhuma publica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via tenha direcionado o seu estudo para o remodelamento ventricular, pr&#233; e p&#243;s-cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, nossas observa&#231;&#245;es podem simplesmente refletir a hist&#243;ria natural progressiva do remodelamento, independentemente da revers&#227;o da inj&#250;ria isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>Considerando que evid&#234;ncias de melhoras em n&#237;vel histol&#243;gico n&#227;o foram observadas ap&#243;s a cirurgia, procuramos estudar as caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas que poderiam predizer quais os pacientes que se beneficiariam do procedimento. Outros autores identificaram melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, quando em esp&#233;cimes de bi&#243;psias transoperat&#243;rias apenas era observada pequena quantidade de fibrose <sup>25,26</sup>. No presente estudo, o grau de fibrose, isoladamente, n&#227;o foi suficiente para predizer uma recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional do mioc&#225;rdio. Outros autores n&#227;o estudaram sistematicamente outras caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas, como miocit&#243;lise e hipertrofia, mas n&#243;s n&#227;o demonstramos associa&#231;&#227;o entre essas vari&#225;veis e mudan&#231;as funcionais no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Entretanto, como o remodelamento &#233; um processo din&#226;mico e multifatorial, desenvolvemos um escore com a combina&#231;&#227;o das diferentes caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas, e observamos que menor grau de fibrose, miocit&#243;lise e hipertrofia no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio estiveram associados com um significativo incremento na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, ap&#243;s a cirurgia, sendo poss&#237;vel que uma an&#225;lise simult&#226;nea de tr&#234;s caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas, todas indicando o remodelamento adverso, possa se constituir em uma ferramenta melhor e mais confi&#225;vel para qualificar o grau de altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e, conseq&#252;entemente, ser mais representativa da quantidade de mioc&#225;rdio potencialmente recuper&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Nossos dados devem ser interpretados, considerando limita&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas do estudo. Primeiramente, os esp&#233;cimes foram coletados no septo interventricular direito, o que pode ser respons&#225;vel, ao menos parcialmente, pela falta de correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis histol&#243;gicas e os resultados cl&#237;nicos funcionais. Por outro lado, como planejamos uma 2&#186; bi&#243;psia no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, esta abordagem foi considerada eticamente mais apropriada do que biopsiar o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em pacientes ambulatoriais. Tamb&#233;m, o local das bi&#243;psias poderia n&#227;o representar o segmento de motilidade anormal espec&#237;fico, embora presuma-se que o remodelamento ventricular esquerdo seja um processo global e difuso, especialmente considerando a gravidade dos casos estudados. N&#227;o foi objetivo deste trabalho avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis histol&#243;gicas, com presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel. Esta informa&#231;&#227;o deve ser explorada futuramente, uma vez que a viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica tem sido utilizada para selecionar pacientes com maior potencial de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. Finalmente, nossos dados devem ser vistos como geradores de hip&#243;teses a serem testadas em estudos de maior porte.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou 1&#186;) em pacientes com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de etiologia isqu&#234;mica, submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, houve melhora na classe funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, embora sendo este um par&#226;metro subjetivo, por&#233;m sem haver um incremento na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; 2&#186;) nenhuma melhora nas caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas foi observada; pelo contr&#225;rio, o grau de fibrose e miocit&#243;lise pioraram; 3&#186;) a an&#225;lise individual das caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, n&#227;o foi capaz de predizer quais os pacientes que, possivelmente, apresentariam uma melhora na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Contudo, a composi&#231;&#227;o de um escore histol&#243;gico indicou que um menor grau de remodelamento estava presente nas bi&#243;psias, pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, dos pacientes que apresentaram um incremento na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Assim, nossos dados sugerem que, a despeito de melhora da classe funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em todo o grupo e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em um subgrupo de pacientes, evid&#234;ncias de melhora histol&#243;gica, ao menos em um relativo curto espa&#231;o de tempo (6 meses), ap&#243;s a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, em pacientes com avan&#231;ada disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de etiologia isqu&#234;mica n&#227;o devem ser esperadas. Finalmente, embora evid&#234;ncias de anormalidades histol&#243;gicas moderadas possam indicar um potencial para melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, as caracter&#237;sticas do remodelamento talvez necessitem de maior tempo para evidenciar sinais de revers&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Paulo L. Moreno </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 </p>
        <p> Cep 90620-001 - Porto Alegre - RS </p>
        <p>E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="moreno.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">moreno.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o: 29/09/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em: 24/03/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Pfeffer JM,    Pfeffer MA, Fletcher PJ, et al. Progressive ventricular remodeling in rat with    myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol 1991; 260(5Pt. 2)H1406-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Progressive ventricular remodeling in rat with myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>H1406</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <volume>260</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Weber KT, Brilla    CG. Pathological hypertrophy and the cardiac interstitium: fibrosis and the    renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation 1991;83:1849-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pathological hypertrophy and the cardiac interstitium: fibrosis and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1849</fpage>
          <lpage>65</lpage>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weber</surname>
              <given-names>KT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brilla</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Weber KT, Anversa    P, Armstrong PWL et al. Remodeling and reparation of the cardiovascular system.J    Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:3-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Remodeling and reparation of the cardiovascular system</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weber</surname>
              <given-names>KT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anversa</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>PWL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Klappacher G,    Franzen P, Haab D et al. Measuring extracellular matrix turnover in the serum    of patients with idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and impact on    diagnosis and prognosis. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75:913-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Measuring extracellular matrix turnover in the serum of patients with idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and impact on diagnosis and prognosis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>913</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klappacher</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franzen</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haab</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Marijianowsky    MM, Teeling P, Mann J, et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with an increase    in type I/typeIII collagen ratio: quantitative assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol    1995; 25: 1263-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with an increase in type I/typeIII collagen ratio: quantitative assessment</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1263</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marijianowsky</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teeling</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mann</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. SOLVD Investigators.    Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection    fraction and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:293-302.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>293</fpage>
          <lpage>302</lpage>
          <volume>325</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>SOLVD</surname>
              <given-names>Investigators</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. MERIT-HF Study    Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL    Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet    1999; 353:2001-07.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF)</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2001</fpage>
          <lpage>07</lpage>
          <volume>353</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>MERIT-HF</surname>
              <given-names>Study</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Elefteriades    J, Tolis Jr G, Levi E, et al. Coronary artery grafting in severe left ventricular    dysfunction: excellent survival, improved ejection fraction and functional state.    J Am Coll Cardiol 1993:22:1411-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Coronary artery grafting in severe left ventricular dysfunction: excellent survival, improved ejection fraction and functional state</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1411</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elefteriades</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tolis Jr</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Lee KS, Marwick    TH, Cook SA et al. Prognostic of patients with left ventricular dysfunction    with and without viable myocardium after myocardial infarction: relative efficacy    of medical therapy and revascularization. Circulation 1994;90(6):2687-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic of patients with left ventricular dysfunction with and without viable myocardium after myocardial infarction: relative efficacy of medical therapy and revascularization</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2687</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marwick</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cook</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Udelson JE,    Coleman PS, Metherall J, et al. Predicting recovery of severe regional ventricular    dysfunction: comparison of rest scintigraphy with 201-thallium and 99mTc-sestamibi.    Circulation 1994;89:2552-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Predicting recovery of severe regional ventricular dysfunction: comparison of rest scintigraphy with 201-thallium and 99mTc-sestamibi</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2552</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Udelson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coleman</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metherall</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Allman KC,.    Shaw LJ, Hachamovitch R, et al. Myocardial Viability Testing and Impact of Revascularization    on Prognosis inPatients With Coronary Artery Disease and Left Ventricular Dysfunction:    A Meta-Analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1151-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Myocardial Viability Testing and Impact of Revascularization on Prognosis inPatients With Coronary Artery Disease and Left Ventricular Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1151</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Allman</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>.</surname>
              <given-names>Shaw LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hachamovitch</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Loop FD. Coronary    artery bypass surgery. In: Topol EJ. Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Lippincott-Raven    Publishers, Philadelphia. 1998;2011-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2011</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Loop</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Topol</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Mason JW. Techniques    for right and left ventricular biopsy. Am J Cardiol 1978;41:887-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Techniques for right and left ventricular biopsy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>887</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mason</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Buckberg GD.    Update on current techniques of myocardial protection. Ann Thorac Surg1995;    60: 805-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Update on current techniques of myocardial protection</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>805</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Buckberg</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Luciani GB,    Faggian G, Razzolini R, et al. Severe ischemic left ventricular failure: coronary    operation or heart transplantation? Ann Thorac Surg 1993;55:719-23</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Severe ischemic left ventricular failure: coronary operation or heart transplantation?</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>719</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Luciani</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faggian</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Razzolini</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Vanoverschelde    JL, Melin JA, Depr&#233; C, et al. Time-course of functional recovery of hibernating    myocardium after coronary revascularization (Abstract). Circulation1994;90(suppl):    I-378.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Time-course of functional recovery of hibernating myocardium after coronary revascularization (Abstract)</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>I</fpage>
          <lpage>378</lpage>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vanoverschelde</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melin</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Depr&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Hochberg MS,    Parsonnet V, Gielchinsky I, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients    with ejection fractions below forty percent. J Thorac Cardiovas Surg 1983;86:519-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with ejection fractions below forty percent</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovas Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>519</fpage>
          <lpage>27</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hochberg</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parsonnet</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gielchinsky</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Perrone-Filardi    P, Pace L, Prastaro M et al. Assessment of myocardial viability in patients    with chronic coronary artery disease: Rest-4-hour-24-hour 201Thallium tomography    <italic>vs</italic> Dobutamine Echocardiography. Circulation 1996;94:2712-19.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Assessment of myocardial viability in patients with chronic coronary artery disease: Rest-4-hour-24-hour 201Thallium tomography vs Dobutamine Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2712</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Perrone-Filardi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pace</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prastaro</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Narula J, Haider    N, Virmani R et al. Apoptosis in myocytes in end-stage heart failure. N Engl    J Med 1996;335:1182-89.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Apoptosis in myocytes in end-stage heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1182</fpage>
          <lpage>89</lpage>
          <volume>335</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Narula</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haider</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Virmani</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Reiss K, Capasso    JM, Huang HE, et al. ANG II receptors, c-myc and c-jun in myocytes after myocardial    infarction and ventricular failure. Am J Physiol 1993;264:H760-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>ANG II receptors, c-myc and c-jun in myocytes after myocardial infarction and ventricular failure</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>H760</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>264</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reiss</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capasso</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Sadoshima J,    Izumo S. Molecular characterization of angiotensin II induced hypertrophy of    cardiac myocytes and hyperplasia of cardiac fibroblasts. Critical role of the    AT1 receptor subtype. Circ Res 1993;73:413-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Critical role of the AT1 receptor subtype</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>413</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sadoshima</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izumo</surname>
              <given-names>S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Everett AD,    Tufro-McReddie A, Fisher A, et al. Angiotensin receptor regulates cardiac hypertrophy    and transforming growth factor-beta 1 expression. Hypertension 1994;23:587-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Angiotensin receptor regulates cardiac hypertrophy and transforming growth factor-beta 1 expression</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>587</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Everett</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tufro-McReddie</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Mitchell GF,    Lamas GA, Vaughan DE, et al. Left ventricular remodeling in the year after first    anterior myocardial infarction: a quantitative analysis of contractile segment    lengths and ventricular shape. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:1136-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left ventricular remodeling in the year after first anterior myocardial infarction: a quantitative analysis of contractile segment lengths and ventricular shape</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1136</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamas</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaughan</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Grossman W,    Jones D, McLaurin LP. Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the human left    ventricle. J Clin Invest 1975; 56:56-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the human left ventricle</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Invest</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>56</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grossman</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McLaurin</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Depr&#233;    C, Vanoversehelde JLJ, Melin JA et al. Structural and metabolic correlates of    the reversibility of chronic left ventricular ischemic dysfunction in humans.    Am J Physiol 1995;268:H1265-H1275.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Structural and metabolic correlates of the reversibility of chronic left ventricular ischemic dysfunction in humans</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>H1265</fpage>
          <lpage>H1275</lpage>
          <volume>268</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Depr&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanoversehelde</surname>
              <given-names>JLJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melin</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Stinson ES,    Billingham ME. Correlative study of regional left ventricular histology and    contractile function. Am J Cardiol 1977;39(3):378-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Correlative study of regional left ventricular histology and contractile function</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1977</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>378</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stinson</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Billingham</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Endomyocardial biopsy foretells ventricular function recovery after coronary artery bypass grafting</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Patients with ischemic heart failure may benefit from coronary artery bypass grafting. The histopathological variables associated with improvement in ejection fraction 6 months after surgery were assessed. METHODS: This study comprised 24 patients indicated for coronary artery bypass grafting, ejection fraction &lt; 35%, functional class II-IV heart failure, and mean age 59 &#177; 9 years. Endomyocardial biopsies were performed during and 6 months after surgery. Extension of the fibrosis, number of cells with myocytolysis, and hypertrophy of the muscle fiber were quantified by using a system of image analysis. Clinical and functional review was repeated within 6 months. RESULTS: A significant improvement in heart failure functional class was observed in 16 patients after 6 months of follow-up (from NYHA functional class 2.8&#177;0.7 to 1.7&#177;0.6; P &lt;0.001), but the ejection fraction did not change (25&#177;6 % vs. 26&#177;10%). Hypertrophy of the muscle fiber was similar in the specimens biopsied in the pre- and postoperative periods (21&#177;4 vs. 22&#177; 4 &#181;m), but the extension of fibrosis (8&#177;8 vs. 21&#177;15% area) and the number of cells with myocytolysis (9&#177;11 vs. 21&#177;15% cell) significantly increased. However, the composition of a histological score combining those 3 variables indicated a greater increase in the ventricular function of those with a lower degree of preoperative histopathological alterations. CONCLUSION: Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting improved their ventricular function when the preoperative adverse histopathological alterations were of a lower degree.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>ischemic cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>endomyocardial biopsy</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery bypass grafting</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Endomyocardial biopsy foretells ventricular function recovery after coronary artery bypass grafting</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo L. Moreno; Orlando B. Wender; Marinez Barra; Lucia C. Pellanda; Luiz E. Rohde; Nadine Clausell </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do RS / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Funda&#231;&#227;o Federal de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Porto Alegre and Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>Patients with ischemic heart failure may benefit from coronary artery bypass grafting. The histopathological variables associated with improvement in ejection fraction 6 months after surgery were assessed.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>This study comprised 24 patients indicated for coronary artery bypass grafting, ejection fraction &lt; 35%, functional class II-IV heart failure, and mean age 59 &#177; 9 years. Endomyocardial biopsies were performed during and 6 months after surgery. Extension of the fibrosis, number of cells with myocytolysis, and hypertrophy of the muscle fiber were quantified by using a system of image analysis. Clinical and functional review was repeated within 6 months.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>A significant improvement in heart failure functional class was observed in 16 patients after 6 months of follow-up (from NYHA functional class 2.8&#177;0.7 to 1.7&#177;0.6; P &lt;0.001), but the ejection fraction did not change (25&#177;6 % vs. 26&#177;10%). Hypertrophy of the muscle fiber was similar in the specimens biopsied in the pre- and postoperative periods (21&#177;4 vs. 22&#177; 4 &#181;m), but the extension of fibrosis (8&#177;8 vs. 21&#177;15% area) and the number of cells with myocytolysis (9&#177;11 vs. 21&#177;15% cell) significantly increased. However, the composition of a histological score combining those 3 variables indicated a greater increase in the ventricular function of those with a lower degree of preoperative histopathological alterations.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting improved their ventricular function when the preoperative adverse histopathological alterations were of a lower degree.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>heart failure, ischemic cardiomyopathy, endomyocardial biopsy, coronary artery bypass grafting</p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease is the major cause of heart failure in countries worldwide. After acute myocardial infarction, a pathological process, known as ventricular remodeling, installs and contributes to progression of the heart failure syndrome <sup>1</sup>. Several factors are associated with left ventricular remodeling, including neurohormone mediators, such as the activators of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the increase in the sympathetic tonus. These hormones induce ventricular alterations, such as ventricular dilation and changes in shape, leading to mechanical dysfunction in the process of contraction and relaxation <sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this process, the following histopathological alterations are observed: increase in fibrosis; hypertrophy and distortion of the myocyte; myocytolysis; alteration in the type I/type III collagen ratio; and some degree of inflammatory activity associated with an increase in the break down of the extracellular matrix <sup>3-5</sup>. This process is believed to be continuous and to self-perpetuate due to the progressive mechanical stress and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic systems <sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the improvement in the clinical treatment of heart failure with the introduction of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers, reducing ventricular remodeling, the prognosis of the patients with advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy still continues to be poor <sup>6,7</sup>. In past years, coronary artery bypass grafting has been indicated to improve the ventricular function and prognosis of those patients <sup>8-10</sup>. Although no definitive clinical assay exists in this context, a recent meta-analysis has suggested that myocardial viability in this type of patient is associated with a better postoperative outcome <sup>11</sup>. Therefore, the identification of the patient who can benefit from that surgery continues to be a challenge.</p>
      <p>In this study, the changes in ejection fraction occurring in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction secondary to ischemic heart disease undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were assessed, and the histopathological alterations in endomyocardial biopsies acquired in the pre- and postoperative periods were analyzed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study selected patients with ventricular dysfunction secondary to ischemic heart disease, with ejection fraction &lt; 35%, NYHA functional class II to IV heart failure, and coronary artery bed appropriate for coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: left ventricular aneurysm; postinfarction ventricular septal defect (VSD); significant valvular heart disease; ascending aorta diseases; and other cardiomyopathies, such as amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Surgical indication was always discussed with the attending physician based on clinical data, presence or absence of viable myocardium, and/or presence of angina or of anginal equivalent. The study was performed at the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre and the Instituto de Cardiologia of the Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul. The study protocol was approved by the committees on ethics of both institutions, and all patients signed the written informed consent to participate in the study.</p>
      <p>The left ventricular ejection fraction was assessed by use of radionuclide ventriculography in the preoperative period and 6 months after surgery. The procedure was performed by labeling the red blood cells of the patient with 99<sup>m</sup> Technetium pertechnetate. The images were acquired in 3 planar angles (left anterior oblique, anterior, and lateral) using a camera equipped with a collimator. The ejection fraction was automatically determined using a specific computing program.</p>
      <p>All patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting according to the standardized techniques <sup>12</sup>. With the patient under total extracorporeal circulation and moderate hypothermia, myocardial protection was provided by anterograde infusion of a crystalloid cardioplegic solution (St. Thomas II) between 4 and 10&#176;, repeated every 20 minutes, and cold topic saline solution. After finishing all anastomoses, rewarming was initiated. After a reperfusion of at least 10 minutes and the patient's temperature reaching 37&#176;, the extracorporeal circulation was progressively discontinued. All patients were operated upon by the same surgeons.</p>
      <p>The endomyocardial biopsies were performed according to the standard technique <sup>13</sup>. The first biopsy was performed during surgery with an incision in the right atrium and, through the tricuspid valve, the middle portion of the right ventricular septum was accessed, and 4 to 5 specimens were obtained before starting revascularization. The second biopsy was performed 6 months after surgery, through puncture of the internal jugular vein, using a 9 French sheath and a Stanford bioptome, under fluoroscopy, and 4 to 5 specimens were obtained in the same septal site previously biopsied. After the second procedure, the patients remained under observation for 2 hours before being discharged home. The specimens were immediately fixed in 10% formalin for subsequent histological study. All biopsies were performed by the same surgeon.</p>
      <p>The specimens, fixed in 10% formalin immediately after acquisition, were then embedded in paraffin, and histological sections between 5 and 7&#181;m were performed. To define the presence of hypertrophy and myocytolysis, the slides were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Fibrosis was assessed by using the Masson's trichrome. All histopathological analyses were performed with an Olympus Bx40 microscope coupled to the digital image analysis system (Leica Q 500MC, Image Analysis System).</p>
      <p>For determining the degree of hypertrophy, the diameter of the myocardial cells that had a central nucleus was measured, taking their shorter axis as a reference. By using the optical microscope and a 400X magnification, a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 24 fields were analyzed. For determining the degree of myocytolysis per field, between 3 and 18 fields were examined using a 400X magnification. The degree of fibrosis, identified by the blue color of the Masson's trichrome, was delimitated and measured in 10 fields of 10.500 sq&#181;, with a 100X magnification.</p>
      <p>The results are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or standard error of the mean (SEM) for continuous variables, and as proportions for categorical variables. The Student <italic>t</italic> test was performed for comparison involving continuous variables, and the Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables. A score was built encompassing histological findings for studying the association with ejection fraction in the pre- and postoperative periods. The score of fibrosis was as follows: 0 (zero) point, for fibrosis =1% of the area; 1 point, for fibrosis between 1 and 5% of the area; 2 points, between 5 and 20% of the area; and 3 points, for fibrosis &gt; 20% of the area. The score of myocytolysis was as follows: 0 (zero) point, for myocytolysis =5 cells per field; 1 point, for myocytolysis between 5 and 10 cells per field; 2 points, between 10 and 20 cells per field; and 3 points, for myocytolysis &gt;20 cells per field. For the score of hypertrophy, a cut-off point was established, defining as 0 (zero) point, for a diameter of the fiber =18 &#181;m; and 1 point, for a diameter of the fiber &gt;18 &#181;m. The patients were divided according to the value of the score: whether =2 or &gt;2. Differences were considered significant when P &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From January 1999 to August 2000, 24 patients were selected for this study. The mean ejection fraction was 24 &#177; 6 % (range from 9 to 34), the male sex predominated, and the mean age was 59.5 &#177; 9.8 years (range from 39 to 75). The New York Heart Association functional class for heart failure distribution was as follows: 5 patients in class II, 11 in class III, and 8 in class IV. All patients had angina or an anginal equivalent in the preoperative period. The clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table I</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0373-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Except for one patient, all the others were revascularized exclusively with the saphenous vein, and 96% received a graft to the anterior descending artery. The mean number of grafts was 2.9 &#177; 0.8 (range from 1 to 4). The mean time of extracorporeal circulation was 86 &#177; 19 minutes (range from 42 to 132 minutes), and the mean time of ischemia was 42 &#177; 10 minutes (range from 21 to 65 minutes). The intra-aortic balloon was used in 5 patients, only one in the preoperative period, and the mean time of use was 2.8 &#177; 0.8 days (range from 2 to 4).</p>
      <p>Considering a period of 30 days, the operative mortality was 2 patients. One of them died in the operating room, right after withdrawal of the extracorporeal circulation, and the other died due to respiratory failure in the early postoperative period, within the first 30 days. During surgery, 2 patients experienced stroke as follows: one had it in association with acute myocardial infarction, and partial recovery of the neurological deficit was observed; the other died on the 71st postoperative day. Other complications were as follows: one reintervention due to bleeding; one dehiscence of the sternum, which was managed with rotation of the greater pectoral; and one patient with arterial embolism to the right upper limb, who underwent embolectomy.</p>
      <p>Five other patients died within the first 6 months of follow-up. One of them due to stroke and the others due to presumed sudden death, without confirmation on necropsy. The 17 surviving patients had a significant improvement in the NYHA functional class of heart failure from 2.8&#177;0.7 to 1.7&#177;0.9, P &lt;0.0001. Although the left ventricular ejection fraction had no significant improvement (25&#177;6 to 26&#177;10%) in the group as a whole, the ventricular function had a significant increase in 8 patients, improving from 24&#177;6 to 33&#177;2%, P &lt; 0.002. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0373-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Initially, the histopathological variables of the surviving patients (n = 17) and of those who died (n = 7) were compared. In that analysis, the survivors had more myocytolysis (11&#177;12 vs 4&#177;3%; P = 0.05); however, fibrosis (25&#177;5 vs 22&#177;8%; P = 0.32), and hypertrophy (21.5&#177;4 vs 21.4&#177;5&#181;m; P = 0.97) were similar in both groups.</p>
      <p>Of the 17 patients alive 6 months after surgery, one refused to undergo the second biopsy; therefore, pre- and postoperative data were available for comparison in 16 patients. Comparing pre- and postoperative data, while the degree of hypertrophy in the specimens did not change (21&#177;4 vs 22&#177;4 &#181;m), a significant increase was observed both in the number of cells with myocytolysis (9&#177;11 vs 21&#177;15% of cells, P &lt; 0.001) and in the extension of fibrosis (8&#177;8 vs 21&#177;15%/area, P &lt; 0.001). Stratifying the patients into a subgroup with maintained left ventricular ejection fraction (n=8) and another with patients who got worse (n=8), individually, none of the histological variables analyzed in the pre- and postoperative period was different between the 2 groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_22132t2-body2">tab. II</xref>). However, when a score composed by the histological variables was used for analyzing the changes in the ejection fraction after surgery, lower scores in the preoperative period were associated with an improvement in the postoperative ventricular function (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>). Microphotographs of the different histopathological characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">4</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_22132t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0373-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0373-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0373-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-05-0373-00004-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with coronary artery disease and severe left ventricular dysfunction may benefit from coronary artery bypass grafting. The appropriate selection of patients who should undergo the procedure is still debatable. Our study showed that the individual analysis of 3 histopathological variables acquired through endomyocardial biopsies during surgery and in the late postoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting of patients with severe ventricular dysfunction was insufficient to predict who would benefit with an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction after the procedure. However, the combination of histological alterations indicating a lower degree of remodeling was associated with an improvement in ventricular function in the postoperative period.</p>
      <p>Our population is a typical cohort of patients with advanced cardiomyopathy, characterized by severe left ventricular dysfunction and significant functional limitation due to congestive heart failure. For these patients, despite the development of the medicamentous therapy, the prognosis continues to be poor <sup>6,7</sup>. Thus, the revascularization surgery has gained importance as a therapeutical option, due to the progress of the surgery and myocardial protection techniques <sup>14</sup>. Luciani et al <sup>15</sup>, in a study with 143 patients with ejection fraction &lt; 30%, compared the results according to the treatment performed (coronary artery bypass grafting, cardiac transplantation, or medicamentous treatment). Despite the relatively high surgical mortality (20%), the prognosis was significantly better in patients undergoing revascularization and cardiac transplantation as compared with those undergoing medicamentous treatment. In the present study, perioperative mortality, up to 30 days after surgery, was 8.3% (2 patients).</p>
      <p>Our study showed no overall increase in the ejection fraction in the 17 patients who returned for reassessment after surgery. In fact, worsening of the ejection fraction &gt; 1% occurred in 5 patients. However, 8 of the 17 patients showed a significant increase in their ejection fraction, which could be explained by the short time period for the recovery of contractility (6 months), because, according to some authors, in 2 to 6 months, only 35% of the expected recovery in ventricular function is noted <sup>16</sup>. On the other hand, independently of the success of myocardial revascularization, the impairment in contractility may lead to an overall progressive dilation, because the pathophysiological base, which may result in severely dilated ventricles, may depend not only on ischemia: the stress in the dilated ventricular wall perpetuates remodeling <sup>17</sup>. Finally, variable quantities of viable myocardium might exist in the patients, perhaps with areas of mixed fibrosis and muscle, which could justify the different degrees of ejection fraction improvement <sup>10,18</sup>.</p>
      <p>After a cardiac lesion, such as acute myocardial infarction, a series of events occur at the genomic, molecular, cellular, and interstitial levels leading to alterations in the cardiac size, form, and function. At the histopathological level, the following may occur: hypertrophy of myocytes, necrosis, apoptosis, increase in fibrosis, fibrillary proliferation of collagen and fibroblasts <sup>19</sup>. The progression of the process of remodeling in several levels seems to be mediated by neurohormonal activation <sup>20-22</sup>. On the other hand, persistence of dilation leads to an increase in tension and overall stress, which lead to activation of several deleterious mechanisms in a vicious cycle, perpetuating remodeling <sup>23,24</sup>. This process is the basis for understanding that a regional defect in contractility, after acute myocardial infarction, may later lead to the development of an overall cardiac dysfunction.</p>
      <p>In our study, the 3 following important histological alterations that characterize remodeling were analyzed: extension of the fibrosis, degree of myocytic hypertrophy, and number of cells with myocytolysis. All 3 characteristics were clearly abnormal in the specimens examined in the preoperative period, because a mean amount of fibrosis of 8% was observed, as was the presence of cells with cytoplasmic vacuolization (myocytolysis) and hypertrophy. These findings are comparable to those reported by other investigators, who assessed the regional contractile function and histological findings in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy <sup>25,26</sup>. It is worth noting that, these 2 studies that correlate histopathological characteristics and postoperative functional reversibility were very careful to perform the biopsies in the myocardial segment with an alteration in regional motility, which had been previously detected through imaging techniques. Therefore, despite the fact that in the present study the biopsies were performed only in the right ventricle, our findings suggest that, independently of the area initially injured, the process of overall remodeling may lead to alterations distant from the myocardial area. Our results may suggest a different and safer approach for studying the histological alterations in patients with advanced cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>If on the one hand, the histopathological alterations observed in the preoperative period of this study characterize cardiac remodeling, on the other, the histological findings after myocardial revascularization are at least intriguing. It is worth noting that, to our knowledge, this is the first study that tried to perform histopathological comparisons in patients with severe ischemic left ventricular dysfunction before and after coronary artery bypass grafting. Despite the notion that restoration of blood flow necessarily leads to a benefit, we found no histological evidence indicating reversion of remodeling after revascularization. In fact, 2 of the 3 histopathological characteristics worsened after surgery: a greater number of cells had myocytolysis, and fibrosis increased. Hypertrophy did not change when comparing the pre- and postoperative specimens. Based on these observations, some speculative hypotheses may be elaborated: 1) the time elapsed after surgery for histological analysis was not sufficient for showing the reversion of remodeling at the tissue level; 2) restoration of blood flow was not sufficient to promote the beneficial effect at the tissue level; and 3) as no previous publication had focused on studying ventricular remodeling before and after coronary artery bypass grafting, our observations may have simply reflected the progressive natural history of remodeling, independently of reversion of the ischemic injury.</p>
      <p>Considering that histological evidence of improvement was not observed after surgery, we tried to study the morphological characteristics that could predict which patients would benefit with the procedure. Other authors identified an improvement in myocardial function after revascularization, when only a small amount of fibrosis was observed in biopsies performed during surgery <sup>25,26</sup>. In this study, the degree of fibrosis alone was not sufficient to predict functional recovery of the myocardium. Other authors have not systematically studied other histopathological characteristics, such as myocytolysis and hypertrophy, but we observed no association between these variables and postoperative functional changes. However, because remodeling is a dynamic and multifactorial process, we developed a score with a combination of different histological characteristics, and observed that a smaller degree of fibrosis, myocytolysis, and hypertrophy in the preoperative period was associated with a significant increase in left ventricular ejection fraction after surgery. Thus, the simultaneous analysis of 3 histopathological characteristics, all indicating adverse remodeling, may constitute a better and more reliable tool to qualify the degree of structural alterations, and, therefore, better represent the amount of potentially recoverable myocardium.</p>
      <p>Our results should be interpreted considering the specific limitations of the study. First, the specimens were collected from the right interventricular septum, which may account, at least partially, for the lack of correlation between the histological variables and the functional clinical results. On the other hand, as a second biopsy was planned in the postoperative period, this approach was considered ethically more appropriate than biopsying the left ventricle in patients followed up on an outpatient care basis. In addition, the site of biopsy could not represent the specific segment of abnormal motility, although left ventricular remodeling is assumed to be an overall and diffuse process, especially considering the severity of the cases studied. This study did not aim at assessing the association of histological variables with the presence or absence of viable myocardium. This information should be explored in the future, as myocardial viability has been used for selecting patients with a greater potential of postoperative recovery. Finally, our data should be seen as generators of hypotheses to be tested in larger studies.</p>
      <p>Our study demonstrated that: 1) patients with severe ischemic left ventricular dysfunction undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery had an improvement in the functional class of heart failure, although this is a subjective parameter, but without an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction; 2) no improvement in the histopathological characteristics was observed; on the contrary, the degree of fibrosis and myocytolysis worsened; 3) the individual analysis of the preoperative histological characteristics was not able to predict which patients might improve their postoperative ejection fraction. However, the composition of a histological score showed that a lower degree of remodeling was present in the preoperative biopsies of patients, who had an increase in the ejection fraction after surgery. Thus, our results suggest that, despite the improvement in the functional class of heart failure in the whole group and in the left ventricular ejection fraction in a subgroup of patients, evidence of histological improvement, at least in the short run (6 months), after coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with advanced left ventricular ischemic dysfunction should not be expected. Finally, although evidence of moderate histological abnormalities may indicate a potential for ventricular function improvement, the characteristics of remodeling may require more time to evidence signs of reversion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Paulo L. Moreno</p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370</p>
          <p> Cep 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="moreno.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">moreno.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 09/29/2003</p>
      <p>Accepted for publication: 03/24/2004</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
