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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zZ8wpzF8F8Z8x9Y65y9BL4c</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001600010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300410</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001600010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Casos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Terapia de c&#233;lulas-tronco no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, atrav&#233;s de perfus&#227;o coronariana retr&#243;grada: uma nova t&#233;cnica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Murad-Netto</surname>
            <given-names>Stans</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romeo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Jos&#233; Martins</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manoel Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Neison</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jensen</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandez Vi&#241;a</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vraslovik</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oberdan</surname>
            <given-names>Andrin</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benetti</surname>
            <given-names>Frederico</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saslavsky</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandez Vi&#241;a</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amino</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>349</fpage>
      <lpage>351</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Terapia de c&#233;lulas-tronco no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, atrav&#233;s de perfus&#227;o coronariana retr&#243;grada. Uma nova t&#233;cnica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Stans Murad-Netto; Rog&#233;rio Moura; Luiz Jos&#233; Martins Romeo; Ant&#244;nio Manoel Neto; Neison Duarte; Fernando Barreto; Andr&#233; Jensen; Roberto Fernandez Vi&#241;a; Francisco Vraslovik; Andrin Oberdan; Frederico Benetti; Jorge Saslavsky; Marcelo Fernandez Vi&#241;a; Jos&#233; Geraldo Amino </p>
    <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o e da Crian&#231;a do Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Fundacion Don Roberto Fernandez Vi&#241;a/Centro Cardiovascular San Nicolas - Argentina, Georgetown University (Department of Oncology and Imunology) - Washington - EUA, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Niter&#243;i - RJ </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <italic>Apresentamos nova t&#233;cnica de infus&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco retr&#243;grada pelo seio coronariano, em homem de 63 anos, com hist&#243;ria familiar positiva de doen&#231;a coronariana e antecedente de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. O procedimento foi bem sucedido e o paciente saiu da UTI, 48h ap&#243;s sem complica&#231;&#245;es.</italic>
    </p>
    <p>C&#233;lulas-tronco adultas retiradas da medula &#243;ssea est&#227;o sendo usadas no tratamento da isquemia e do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, melhorando a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e/ou a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e/ou diminuindo o tamanho do infarto<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apresentamos uma nova t&#233;cnica de infus&#227;o retr&#243;grada de c&#233;lulas-tronco pelo seio coronariano para tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, utilizada pela primeira vez em seres humanos. </p>
    <p>Duas vias de aplica&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco v&#234;m sendo usadas: 1) infus&#227;o intracoronariana anter&#243;grada. Giordano<sup>5</sup> fez observa&#231;&#245;es a respeito desta via de infus&#227;o: "o endot&#233;lio da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana &#233; cont&#237;nuo e apresenta uma barreira &#224; passagem de macromol&#233;culas ao mioc&#225;rdio"; outra &#225;rea de poss&#237;vel resist&#234;ncia "&#233; o segmento vascular entre a art&#233;ria onde se faz a infus&#227;o e o segmento venoso capilar; 2) via transendoc&#225;rdica usando cateter NOGA e mapeamento eletromec&#226;nico para identificar o mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel, onde ent&#227;o as c&#233;lulas mononucleares s&#227;o injetadas<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Introduzimos uma terceira via, a perfus&#227;o coronariana retr&#243;grada. Demonstramos que, ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de uma solu&#231;&#227;o de corante <italic>cardiogreen</italic> ou de material de contraste no seio coronariano e, particularmente, numa veia coronariana cuja art&#233;ria correspondente esteja obstru&#237;da, o fluxo se dirige com grande facilidade e maior volume de forma retr&#243;grada, para a &#225;rea capilar irrigada por esta art&#233;ria (baixa resist&#234;ncia) e pouco ou nada indo &#224; &#225;rea capilar das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais n&#227;o ocluidas<sup>7,8</sup>. Seguindo estas observa&#231;&#245;es, a equipe de hemodin&#226;mica iniciou o tratamento do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco de medula &#243;ssea, de forma retr&#243;grada, atrav&#233;s do seio coronariano. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato de Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 63 anos, obeso, diab&#233;tico, hipertenso, dislip&#234;mico e com hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para doen&#231;a coronariana e antecedente de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em parede inferior h&#225; 4 anos. H&#225; 12 dias apresentou quadro de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em parede anterior, com evolu&#231;&#227;o de 14h. Foi submetido &#224; angioplastia com coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> com sucesso, mas, come&#231;ou a queixar-se de cansa&#231;o aos pequenos esfor&#231;os e dispn&#233;ia parox&#237;stica noturna. </p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma mostrou bloqueio de ramo esquerdo do 3&#186; grau; o ecocardiograma demonstrou aumento cavit&#225;rio, acinesia anterior e inferior, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 24%. A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com t&#225;lio 201 exibiu fibrose anterior e inferior. O cateterismo card&#237;aco evidenciou ventr&#237;culo com volumes, significantemente aumentados &#224;s custas de acinesia anterior e inferior, discinesia apical. Na angiografia, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o era de 25% e a Pd2 do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 34mmHg. A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita mostrava les&#227;o difusa em seu segmento proximal e oclus&#227;o distal. Tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda sem obstru&#231;&#227;o, art&#233;ria circunflexa com irregularidades parietais e ramos marginais oclu&#237;dos, opacificando-se por homocolaterais. Art&#233;ria descendente anterior difusamente lesada a partir da jun&#231;&#227;o dos segmentos m&#233;dio e distal. O 1&#186; ramo diagonal de m&#233;dio calibre mostrava les&#227;o severa na origem. </p>
    <p>Face ao quadro descrito, foi proposto ao paciente e seus familiares a possibilidade da inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco, derivadas da medula &#243;ssea atrav&#233;s da veia descendente anterior por via retr&#243;grada, a fim de promover miog&#234;nese e angiog&#234;nese. Obtido consentimento do paciente e do comit&#234; de &#233;tica subordinado ao governo e Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de Argentino para realiza&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica. </p>
    <p>Sob anestesia geral, foi feita pun&#231;&#227;o da crista il&#237;aca e aspira&#231;&#227;o de medula &#243;ssea. </p>
    <p>A camada superior (concentrado de leuc&#243;citos, contendo mononucleares) foi separada dos eritr&#243;citos por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o e as c&#233;lulas vermelhas reinfundidas no paciente. Posteriormente, a camada leucocit&#225;ria foi processada para obter um enriquecimento em c&#233;lulas mononucleares, pelo m&#233;todo de separa&#231;&#227;o por gradiente de densidade (FICOL-HYPAQUE). O volume de recontagem foi satisfat&#243;rio (13x10<sup>6</sup>). O procedimento foi realizado de forma totalmente ass&#233;ptica e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas positivas foi feito pelo marcador de superf&#237;cie celular CD34+, correlacionado com a pluripotencialidade e capacidade de diferencia&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas precursoras da subpopula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Grande quantidade de sangue da medula &#243;ssea, foi extra&#237;da com o objetivo de obter-se suficiente quantidade de c&#233;lulas-tronco, evitando-se o risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o e diferencia&#231;&#227;o celular. </p>
    <p>T&#233;cnica de administra&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas-tronco seguiu as fases: 1) pun&#231;&#227;o da veia jugular externa direita, seguida de coloca&#231;&#227;o de um introdutor tamanho 8F; 2) infus&#227;o de 5.000UI de heparina; 3) cateterismo do seio coronariano, usando cateter guia Amplatz 8; 4) corda guia 0,014 e cateter bal&#227;o tamanho 50x20 foram introduzidos avan&#231;ando at&#233; o segmento distal da veia coronariana descendente anterior; 5) um cateter bal&#227;o foi posicionado e inflado a 8 atm, no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da veia coronariana descendente anterior e a corda guia retirada; 6) infus&#227;o de 40ml de c&#233;lulas-tronco com press&#227;o de 6 atm, atrav&#233;s do l&#250;men do cateter bal&#227;o, por 5 minutos. N&#227;o houve efeitos adversos; 7) o bal&#227;o permaneceu insuflado at&#233; 15 minutos ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da infus&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco; 8) ap&#243;s a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o uma inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste foi realizada. Foi demonstrada predomin&#226;ncia da opacifica&#231;&#227;o do segmento m&#233;dio e distal da veia coronariana descendente anterior e seus ramos diagonais; 9) retirada do cateter bal&#227;o e cateter guia. O paciente permaneceu na UTI por 48h, sem complica&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0349-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0349-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0349-00010-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0349-00010-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Iniciamos nossos estudos sobre retroperfus&#227;o coronariana atrav&#233;s do seio coronariano, em 1962, no Servi&#231;o do Dr. Gofredo Gensini, em Syracuse NY. Em abril de 1962, Murad-Netto, Di Giorgi e Gensini G. apresentaram no <italic>22nd Annual Clinical Meeting do American College of Chest Physicians, Syracuse, NY</italic>, um filme, <italic>"Motion picture studies of the coronary venous circulation"</italic>, resultante de um trabalho experimental, em 25 c&#227;es com t&#243;rax aberto cirurgicamente, onde a art&#233;ria descendente anterior era oclu&#237;da em sua origem ao mesmo tempo em que um cateter de duplo l&#250;men, o proximal conectado a um bal&#227;o e o distal livre para inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste ou do corante <italic>cardiogreen</italic>, era posicionado no seio coronariano. O bal&#227;o era posicionado e inflado ap&#243;s a desembocadura da veia descendente posterior, ocluindo o seio coronariano e, simultaneamente, o corante era injetado atrav&#233;s do l&#250;men livre do cateter, mostrando a distribui&#231;&#227;o predominante do corante para a &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica da descendente anterior oclu&#237;da. Quando a inje&#231;&#227;o era realizada na veia descendente anterior, a distribui&#231;&#227;o para a &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica tornava-se mais evidente. Essas observa&#231;&#245;es eram filmadas pelo aparelho convencional de cineangiocardiografia. </p>
    <p>Com a mesma inten&#231;&#227;o de promover revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, os autores injetaram em seio coronariano H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> que tornava vermelho o sangue venoso coronariano, mas produzia fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular nos c&#227;es. </p>
    <p>Gensini e cols<sup>7</sup> conclu&#237;ram: "que os estudos de retroperfus&#227;o coronariana permitiam a avalia&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o venosa coronariana, sendo a t&#233;cnica in&#243;cua. O f&#225;cil acesso ao seio coronariano, por cateterismo e, conseq&#252;entemente, aos capilares e ao mioc&#225;rdio por inje&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada, oferecia uma via de acesso tamb&#233;m para novos m&#233;todos de diagn&#243;stico e de terap&#234;utica com eletr&#243;litos e medicamentos". Posteriormente, em maio de 1962, este mesmo trabalho foi apresentado no <italic>Eleventh Annual Convention of the American College of Cardiology</italic><sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em 1973, Murad-Neto apresentou no "II Simp&#243;sio Nacional sobre Aterosclerose" em S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, sua experi&#234;ncia em 20 pacientes com graus vari&#225;veis de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana, nos quais foram realizadas inje&#231;&#245;es de contraste em seio coronariano, depois de ocluido por bal&#227;o, mostrando a distribui&#231;&#227;o predominante do mesmo para as &#225;reas onde a obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana era significativa. A opacifica&#231;&#227;o era ainda mais evidente quando oclu&#237;da tamb&#233;m, simultaneamente, a veia cava inferior<sup>8</sup>. Em nenhum dos casos estudados houve qualquer tipo de complica&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Iniciamos o uso da via retr&#243;grada atrav&#233;s do seio coronariano para administra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco no Servi&#231;o do Dr. Fernandez Vi&#241;a, na Argentina. At&#233; este momento realizamos esta t&#233;cnica de transplante de c&#233;lulas-tronco em dois pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que a terapia de infus&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco para o tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio atrav&#233;s da perfus&#227;o retr&#243;grada da veia coron&#225;ria &#233; vi&#225;vel e delineia a possibilidade de que o sistema venoso coronariano, facilmente acess&#237;vel por cateterismo direito, possa ser uma via de entrada para a terap&#234;utica do mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico e para outros fins diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos, visando o acesso de medicamentos ao tecido mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p> 1. K&#246;rbling M, Estrov Z. Adult stem cells for tissue repair. A new therapeutic concept? N Engl J Med. 2003; 349:570-82. </p>
    <p>2. Strauer BE, Brehm M, Zeus T, et al. Repair of infarcted myocardium by autologous intracoronary mononuclear bone Marrow cell transplantation in humans. Circulation. 2002; 106: 1913-8. </p>
    <p>3. Stamm C, Westphal B, Kleine H-D, et al. Autologous bone-Marrow stem-cell transplantation for myocardial regenaration. Lancet. 2003; 361:45-6. </p>
    <p>4. Assmus B, Schachinger V, Tempe C, et al. Transplantation of progenitor cells and regeneration enhancement in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2002; 106: 3009-17. </p>
    <p>5. Giodano FJ. Retrograde coronary perfusion: a superior route to deliver therapeutics to the heart? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42:1129-31. </p>
    <p>6. Perin PC, Dohman HFR, Borojevic R, et al. Transendocardial autologous bone marrow cell transplantation for severe, chronic ischemic heart failure. Circulation. 2003; 107: 2294 -302. </p>
    <p>7. Gensini G, Di Giorgi S, Murad S. The coronary circulation: a roentgenographic study Booth # 91 Eleventh Annual Convention. The American College of Cardiology, 1962 Denver, Colorado. </p>
    <p>8. Murad &#150; Netto S. Import&#226;ncia do cateterismo do seio coron&#225;rio no diagn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria.II Simp&#243;sio Nacional sobre aterosclerose coron&#225;ria. S&#227;o Paulo,1973 Editor J. Eduardo M.R. Sousa pg 63-7.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para Correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Stans Murad-Netto </p>
        <p> Av. Hildebrando de Ara&#250;jo G&#243;es, 600 </p>
        <p> Cep 22050-000 </p>
        <p> Rio de Janeiro </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="drstans@uol.com.br">drstans@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 05/01/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 27/05/2004</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Stem cell therapy with retrograde coronary perfusion in acute myocardial infarction: a new technique</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Stem cell therapy with retrograde coronary perfusion in acute myocardial infarction. A new technique</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Stans Murad-Netto; Rog&#233;rio Moura; Luiz Jos&#233; Martins Romeo; Ant&#244;nio Manoel Neto; Neison Duarte; Fernando Barreto; Andr&#233; Jensen; Roberto Fernandez Vi&#241;a; Francisco Vraslovik; Andrin Oberdan; Frederico Benetti; Jorge Saslavsky; Marcelo Fernandez Vi&#241;a; Jos&#233; Geraldo Amino</p>
      <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o e da Crian&#231;a do Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Fundacion Don Roberto Fernandez Vi&#241;a/Centro Cardiovascular San Nicolas - Argentina, Georgetown University (Department of Oncology and Imunology) - Washington - EUA, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Niter&#243;i - RJ </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <italic>A new technique of retrograde infusion of stem cells in the coronary sinus is presented in a 63-year-old man with positive familial history of coronary artery disease and previous acute myocardial infarction. The procedure was successful, and, after 48 hours, the patient left the ICU with no complications.</italic>
      </p>
      <p>Adult stem cells removed from the bone marrow have been used for the treatment of ischemia and acute myocardial infarction, improving ventricular function and/or myocardial perfusion and/or reducing the size of the infarction <sup>1-4</sup>. </p>
      <p>We present a new technique for retrograde stem cell infusion in the coronary sinus for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction used for the first time in human beings. </p>
      <p>Stem cells have been infused according to the 2 following routes: 1) anterograde intracoronary infusion, about which Giordano<sup>5</sup> reported that the endothelium of the coronary microcirculation is continuous, constituting a barrier to the passage of macromolecules to the myocardium; that author also reported that another area of possible resistance is the vascular segment between the artery, in which infusion occurs, and the capillary venous segment; 2) the transendocardial route using the NOGA catheter and electromechanical mapping to identify the viable myocardium, where the mononuclear cells are then injected<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>We introduce a third route, retrograde coronary perfusion. We demonstrate that, after injection of a solution of cardiogreen dye or contrast medium in the coronary sinus, and, particularly, in a coronary vein whose corresponding artery is obstructed, the flow is easier and greater in the retrograde direction to the capillary area irrigated by that artery (low resistance), and little or nothing passes to the capillary area of the patent normal coronary arteries <sup>7,8</sup>. Based on these observations, the hemodynamics team initiated the treatment of myocardial infarction with injection of bone marrow stem cells in a retrograde way through the coronary sinus. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is a 63-year-old, obese man with diabetes, hypertension, dyslipemia, and a positive familial history of coronary artery disease and previous myocardial infarction in the inferior wall 4 years earlier. Twelve days previously, the patient had an acute myocardial infarction in the anterior wall, which evolved for 14 hours. The patient underwent angioplasty and successful stent implantation but began to complain of fatigue on mild effort and nocturnal paroxysmal dyspnea. </p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram showed third-degree left bundle-branch block. The echocardiogram showed cavitary enlargement, anterior and inferior akinesia, and an ejection fraction of 24%. Thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy showed anterior and inferior fibrosis. The cardiac catheterization evidenced a significantly enlarged ventricle due to anterior and inferior akinesis, and apical dyskinesis. On angiography, the ejection fraction was 25%, and the left ventricular Pd2 was 34 mmHg. The right coronary artery showed a diffuse lesion in its proximal segment and distal occlusion. The left main coronary artery had no obstruction, the circumflex artery had parietal irregularities and occluded marginal branches, and was opacified through the homocollaterals. The anterior descending artery was diffusely damaged from the junction of the middle and distal segments onwards. The first medium-caliber diagonal branch had a severe lesion in its origin. </p>
      <p>Taking all this into consideration, the patient and his family were presented with the possibility of retrograde bone-marrow stem cell injection through the anterior descending vein to cause myogenesis and angiogenesis. The patient agreed with the procedure proposed, as did the committee on ethics subordinate to the Argentinean government and Health Ministry. </p>
      <p>With the patient under general anesthesia, puncture of the iliac crest and bone marrow aspiration were performed. </p>
      <p>The upper layer (leukocyte concentrate containing mononuclear cells) was separated from the erythrocytes by centrifugation, and the latter were reinfused into the patient. Then the leukocytic layer was processed so that enrichment in mononuclear cells could be obtained by the separation method through a density gradient (FICOL-HYPAQUE). A satisfactory recount volume (13x10<sup>6</sup>) was obtained. The procedure was performed in a totally aseptic way, and quantification of the positive cells was performed with the CD34+ cell surface marker, correlated with the pluripotenciality and capacity for differentiation of the subpopulation precursor cells. </p>
      <p>A large amount of bone marrow blood was extracted aiming at obtaining a sufficient number of stem cells, avoiding the risk of contamination and cell differentiation. </p>
      <p>The technique of stem cell transplantation was performed according to the following phases: 1) puncture of the right external jugular vein, followed by placement of an 8F introducer; 2) infusion of 5,000 IU of heparin; 3) catheterization of the coronary sinus with an Amplatz 8 catheter guide; 4) a 0.014 guidewire and 50x20 balloon catheter were introduced and advanced up to the distal segment of the anterior descending coronary vein; 5) a balloon catheter was positioned and inflated up to 8 atm in the middle third of the anterior descending coronary vein, and the guidewire was removed; 6) 40 mL of stem cells were infused at a pressure of 6 atm through the lumen of the balloon catheter for 5 minutes. No adverse effects occurred; 7) the balloon remained inflated up to 15 minutes after the end of the infusion of the stem cells; 8) after balloon deflation, contrast medium was injected. Opacification of the middle and distal segments of the anterior descending coronary vein and its diagonal branches predominated; 9) removal of the balloon catheter and catheter guide. The patient stayed in the ICU for 48 hours with no complications (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0349-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0349-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0349-00010-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fn id="fig04-body2">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0349-00010-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We initiated our studies on coronary retroperfusion through the coronary sinus in 1962 at the service of Gofredo Gensini, MD, in Syracuse, NY. In April 1962, at the 22nd Annual Clinical Meeting of the American College of Chest Physicians, Syracuse, NY, Murad-Netto, Di Giorgi, and Gensini showed the film "Motion picture studies of the coronary venous circulation." That film resulted from an experimental study with 25 dogs, whose chests were surgically opened. Their anterior descending artery was occluded in its origin, and, at the same time, a double-lumen catheter was positioned in the coronary sinus, with the proximal lumen connected to a balloon and the distal lumen free for injection of the contrast medium or the cardiogreen dye. The balloon was positioned and inflated after the merging of the posterior descending vein, occluding the coronary sinus, and, simultaneously, the anterior descending vein was occluded and the dye was injected through the free lumen of the catheter, showing its predominant distribution to the ischemic area of the occluded anterior descending artery. When the injection was performed in the anterior descending vein, the distribution to the ischemic area was more evident. These findings were filmed with the conventional device of cine coronary angiography. </p>
      <p>With the same objective of causing myocardial revascularization, the authors injected H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in the coronary sinus, which colored the venous coronary blood red and produced ventricular fibrillation in dogs.</p>
      <p>Gensini et al <sup>7</sup> concluded that the studies about coronary retroperfusion allowed assessment of the venous coronary circulation and that the technique was innocuous. The easy access to the coronary sinus through catheterization, and, consequently, to the capillaries and myocardium through retrograde injection, also provided an access route for new methods of diagnosis and therapy with electrolytes and medications. Later on, in May 1962, this same study was presented at the Eleventh Annual Convention of the American College of Cardiology <sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>In 1973, at the II National Symposium on Atherosclerosis (II Simp&#243;sio Nacional sobre Aterosclerose) in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, Murad-Neto<sup>8</sup> reported his experience with 20 patients with different degrees of coronary obstruction, who received injections of contrast medium in the coronary sinus after balloon occlusion. That author<sup>8 </sup>showed the predominant distribution of the contrast medium to the areas with a significant coronary obstruction and that the opacification was even more evident when the inferior vena cava was also simultaneously occluded. No complication was observed in any of the cases studied. </p>
      <p>We began to use the retrograde route through the coronary sinus for administration of stem cells in the service of Fernandez Vi&#241;a, MD, in Argentina. To date, we have used this technique of stem cell transplantation in 2 patients with acute myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the therapy of stem cell infusion for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction via retrograde perfusion of the coronary vein is viable. It provides the possibility that the coronary venous system, easily accessible through right catheterization, can be an entrance route for the treatment of the ischemic myocardium and for other diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, aiming at medicamentous administration to the myocardial tissue.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Aceito em 27/05/2004      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Stans Murad-Netto </p>
          <p> Av. Hildebrando de Ara&#250;jo G&#243;es, 600 </p>
          <p> Cep 22050-000 </p>
          <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="drstans@uol.com.br">drstans@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 01/05/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted: 05/272004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
