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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TKpqHcfDvgZjrqPMv8XGfZK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001600009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300409</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001600009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Casos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Miocardite aguda secundaria a feocromocitoma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luc&#233;lia Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darze</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo S.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ximenes</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Oto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bastos</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Arm&#234;nio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>343</fpage>
      <lpage>345</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Miocardite aguda secundaria a feocromocitoma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Luc&#233;lia Cunha Magalh&#227;es; Eduardo S. Darze; Ant&#244;nio Ximenes; Oto Santana; Jorge Bastos; Arm&#234;nio Guimar&#227;es </p>
    <p> Salvador, BA </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <italic>Cardite aguda como manifesta&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de feocromocitoma &#233; uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o rara, com poucos relatos na literatura<sup>1</sup>. Muitos vezes o diagn&#243;stico s&#243; &#233; firmado na anatomia patol&#243;gica e, freq&#252;entemente, confundido com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, ou cardite viral. Relatamos um caso de mulher de 40 anos portadora de feocromocitoma, com hipertens&#227;o pr&#233;via do tipo leve e l&#225;bil e que desenvolveu, subitamente, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco baixo com arritmias graves e potencialmente letais, cujo acompanhamento permitiu a suspeita e a investiga&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o subjacente. Teve recupera&#231;&#227;o completa sem seq&#252;elas e sem a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames invasivos, permanecendo a mesma condi&#231;&#227;o de hipertensa da situa&#231;&#227;o anterior.</italic>
    </p>
    <p>Feocromocitoma &#233; um tumor funcionante, composto de c&#233;lulas cromoafins, que produzem catecolaminas, sendo que a grande maioria delas (85%) encontra-se na medula da suprarenal. O restante ocorre no sistema paragangli&#244;nico, que se estende da pelves at&#233; a cabe&#231;a. O feocromocitoma pode ter origem familiar, em associa&#231;&#227;o com neoplasias end&#243;crinas m&#250;ltiplas. &#201; uma condi&#231;&#227;o que produz um largo espectro de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas, a maioria relacionada ao excesso de catecolaminas circulantes de modo parox&#237;stico. Embora a hipertens&#227;o seja uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o cardinal, existem relatos da aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o<sup>2</sup>. A grande maioria dos pacientes (75%) apresenta a tr&#237;ade s&#250;bita cl&#225;ssica, caracterizada, por cefal&#233;ia, palpita&#231;&#245;es e hipertens&#227;o grave. A condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; amea&#231;adora de vida pelas complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, principalmente o acidente vascular cerebral do tipo hemorr&#225;gico, as arritmias e o comprometimento hemodin&#227;mico do cora&#231;&#227;o. Cardite aguda, como manifesta&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, n&#227;o &#233; comum e foi inicialmente descrita por Mc-Guinley e cols. em 1987<sup>3 </sup>como miocardite norepinefr&#237;nica e, posteriormente, por Sardesai e cols., em 1990 como cardiomiopatia induzida por catecolaminas<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher branca de 40 anos, comerciaria, solteira, natural e residente em Salvador. </p>
    <p>Em mar&#231;o de 2003, foi &#224; consulta com hist&#243;ria de palpita&#231;&#245;es e leves tremores, ambos espor&#225;dicos desde outubro do ano anterior, referindo o per&#237;odo como bastante estressante, &#224;s custas do seu novo trabalho. Um m&#234;s antes, houve piora dessas queixas, associada &#224; perda do emprego e encerramento de um relacionamento de muitos anos. Referia atividade f&#237;sica moderada e regular, sem queixas. Tinha h&#225; 5 anos o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o leve e l&#225;bil, evidenciada por cefal&#233;ia occipital durante atividade f&#237;sica, com uso regular desde ent&#227;o de atenolol de 25mg e hidroclorotiazida de 12,5mg /dia, com excelente controle. Nessa oportunidade foi diagnosticada uma retifica&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral, com escape pelo ecocardiograma. Nunca apresentou nos acompanhamentos bianuais les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os alvo. Tabagista desde 1999. Tinha uma importante hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o, incluindo pais, e, em ambos, com intensa rea&#231;&#227;o de alarme em consult&#243;rios m&#233;dicos. Ao exame f&#237;sico pulso radial (PR) de 64 bpm, regular cheio e press&#227;o arterial de 154/88mmHg m&#233;dia de duas verifica&#231;&#245;es. Mapa, Holter e prova de esfor&#231;o normais, uma glicemia de 128 mg/dl e no sum&#225;rio de urina, 5 pi&#243;citos por campo. Estava em uso de tenoretic 25mg /manh&#227; tendo sido acrescentado, atenol 25mg &#224; noite. Houve melhora com o aumento do atenolol por&#233;m 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s a primeira consulta, e de ap&#243;s encerrar atividade f&#237;sica habitual, apresentou intenso mal estar, com taquicardia, sudorese, palidez e dor epig&#225;strica seguidas de lipot&#237;mia, tendo sido encaminhada a uma unidade de emerg&#234;ncia. Passou a apresentar dor abdominal alta em faixa, n&#225;useas e v&#244;mitos freq&#252;entes. Apresentava PR= 92bpm d&#233;bil e PA=156/75mmHg. Realizou uma ultra-sonografia do abd&#244;men total, dois eletrocardiogramas, dosagens de amilase, enzimas card&#237;acas, hep&#225;ticas e musculares normais, com um leucograma de 28.000, com aus&#234;ncia de eosin&#243;filos. Foi transferida para um hospital geral e no fim do dia apresentou troponina de 9 ncg/dl e depois de 10, manteve leucograma elevado com o mesmo padr&#227;o. Passou a apresentar leve hipotens&#227;o, realizando mais dois eletrocardiograma normais e o ecocardiograma revelou c&#226;maras de dimens&#245;es normais, com acinesia de todos os segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o dos segmentos apicais, que se encontravam hipercin&#233;ticos, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica importante e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar moderada. Teve a suspeita de cardiopatia aguda, provavelmente, de origem viral, tendo iniciado o tratamento para a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, com resposta excelente (captopril 25mg, BID e furosemida 40mg/dia) e tendo sido solicitado uma cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com o g&#225;lio-67 para confirmar miocardite viral. </p>
    <p>Desapareceram as queixas e o quadro hemodin&#226;mico tornou-se est&#225;vel. No 3<sup>o</sup> dia de internamento desenvolveu arritmias, tipo fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, taquicardia atrial parox&#237;stica e per&#237;odos de taquicardia ventricular bidirecional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>) Nessa oportunidade j&#225; havia ocorrido normaliza&#231;&#227;o total da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, pela cl&#237;nica, corroborado, pelo ecocardiograma, bem como, normaliza&#231;&#227;o do leucograma e da troponina. A cintilografia pelo teste do g&#225;lio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>) evidenciou miocardite aguda em atividade e dois dias ap&#243;s, a sorologia para v&#237;rus revelou t&#237;tulos elevados para Coxsackie B, fra&#231;&#245;es 2 e 5 tipo IgG. Dias depois, apesar do tratamento antiarr&#237;tmico, antihipertensivo e o uso de altas doses de ansiol&#237;tico, fez crise aguda de tremores, com palidez e hiperfonese intensa das bulhas, exacerba&#231;&#227;o do sopro sist&#243;lico em ponta com sensa&#231;&#227;o de morte eminente, intensa agita&#231;&#227;o motora e logo ap&#243;s, per&#237;odos de taquicardia ventricular sustentada com PA= 260/110mmHg e PR=48bpm filiforme. Solicitadas imediatamente dosagens s&#233;ricas de adrenalina, noradrenalina e metanefrinas urin&#225;rias de 24h. Com a introdu&#231;&#227;o de mexitil 900mg associado a 600mg de miodarona houve estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do ritmo. Seis dias ap&#243;s, com os resultados apresentados de leve aumento de catecolaminas e seus metab&#243;licos, (adrenalina=21ng, normal de 0-16, noradrenalina=90, normal de 11-86ng) foi solicitado tomografia computadorizada do abd&#244;men, investigando a cadeia simp&#225;tica e as suprarenais. A tomografia computadorizada mostrou tumor da suprarenal &#224; direita sugestivo de feocromocitoma. Ap&#243;s bloqueio alfa adren&#233;rgico com prazozim foi realizada adrenalectomia com sucesso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref>). No momento encontra-se assintom&#225;tica, voltou &#224; sua condi&#231;&#227;o de hipertensa leve e l&#225;bil, com uso de ramipril 5mg e hidroclorotiazida 12,5mg ao dia.  </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0343-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0343-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0343-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0343-00009-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o existem dados sobre a preval&#234;ncia de manifesta&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de cardite aguda noradren&#233;rgica pelo feocromocitoma, por&#233;m se sabe que ocorre em menos de 5% da apresenta&#231;&#227;o de feocromocitoma<sup>5,6</sup>. Neste caso, alguns aspectos chamam &#224; aten&#231;&#227;o: A aus&#234;ncia de cefal&#233;ia, tida como o mais comum sintoma de feocromocitoma. Em hipertensa pr&#233;via, a inexist&#234;ncia de crises hipertensivas graves e resistente &#224; terapia. A forma de manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial com dor abdominal em faixa, sudorese, hipotens&#227;o e v&#244;mitos nos levou a investigar pancreatite ou &#250;lcera g&#225;strica complicada. Ap&#243;s algumas horas, o quadro se concentrou na &#225;rea card&#237;aca, com troponina bastante elevada, desconforto retroesternal associado ao abdominal e sinais de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. O eletrocardiograma e os aspectos epidemiol&#243;gicos cardiovasculares levaram-nos a privilegiar o ecocardiograma ao inv&#233;s do estudo hemodin&#226;mico, que, na ocasi&#227;o, levant&#225;vamos a possibilidade de cardite, uma vez que na presen&#231;a de coronarite e pancardite, o contraste utilizado no estudo hemodin&#226;mico poderia comprometer ainda mais agudamente a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Surpreendeu-nos a arritmia diversificada, grave e resistente &#224; terapia, na aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e, especialmente, a ocorr&#234;ncia de cardite viral em adultos, que n&#227;o &#233; uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o usual. A cad&#234;ncia temporal, apresentada no 15<sup>o</sup> dia de internamento, pela 1<sup>a</sup> vez vivenciada pelo m&#233;dico assistente em todo o seu ciclo, nos fez pensar em algo que, agudamente, circulava e produzia esses achados, passando ser um quadro cl&#225;ssico de descarga adren&#233;rgica aguda e disfuncional. A cad&#234;ncia temporal era: mal estar indescrit&#237;vel, tremor involunt&#225;rio, taquicardia sinusal com pulso filiforme, hiperfonese de bulhas, aumento importante de sopro sist&#243;lico (de protomeso grau II a holosist&#243;lico, grau IV) com ictus valvular, porem muito impulsivo e que, somente ap&#243;s 4min da manifesta&#231;&#227;o, aparecem as arritmias; primeiro, como extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares isoladas, depois aos pares e logo, em seguida taquicardia ventricular sustentada bidirecional com baixo d&#233;bito. </p>
    <p>A cintilografia pelo galio-67, sugerindo miocardite aguda em atividade, foi interessante, pois este achado s&#243; tinha sido classicamente descrito, nas miocardites agudas na inf&#226;ncia prioritariamente do tipo viral e aus&#234;ncia de descri&#231;&#227;o em caso de feocromocitoma, na literatura consultada. </p>
    <p>Os t&#237;tulos elevados de IgG para Coxsackie B fra&#231;&#245;es 2 e 5 ficaram de dif&#237;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o, ou um achado associado sem rela&#231;&#227;o causal com a miocardite ou a situa&#231;&#227;o de exaust&#227;o do sistema imune pelos horm&#244;nios do estresse teriam levado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia da miocardite viral aguda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p> 1. Baratella MC, Menti L, Angelini A, et al. An unsual case of myocarditis. Intern Cardiol. 1998;65:305-10. </p>
    <p>2. Williams DT, Dann S, Wheeler MH. Phaeochromocytoma-views on current management EJSO. 2003;29:483-90. </p>
    <p>3. Imperato-Mcginley J, Gautier T, Ehlers K. Reversibility of catecholamines-induced dilated cardiomypathy in a child with phaeochromocytoma. N Engl Med. 1987;316:793-7. </p>
    <p>4. Sardesai SH, Mourant AJ, Sivathandon Y, et al. Phaeochromocytoma and catecholamines-induced cardiomypathy presenting as heart failure Br Heart J. 1990; 63:234-7. </p>
    <p>5. Ganguly PK, Beanish RE, Dhalla NS. Catecholamine cardiotoxicity in phaeochromocytoma. Am Heart J. 1989;117:1399-400. </p>
    <p>6. Salathe M, Weiss P, Ritz R. Rapid reversal of heart failure in a patient with phaeochromocytoma and catecholamines-induced cardiomypathy who was treated with captopril.Br Heart J. 1992; 68:527-8.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Lucelia Cunha Magalh&#227;es </p>
        <p> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Preventiva - Centrocor </p>
        <p> Rua Agnelo de Brito, 102 - Sl. 101 </p>
        <p> Federa&#231;&#227;o Salvador, BA - CEP 40210-245 </p>
        <p> e-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="luceliamagalhaes@terra.com.br">luceliamagalhaes@terra.com.br </email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em: 23/04/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em: 27/04/2004 </p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Acute myocarditis secondary to pheochromocytoma</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acute myocarditis secondary to pheochromocytoma </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Lucelia Cunha Magalh&#227;es; Eduardo S. Darze; Ant&#244;nio Ximenes; Oto Santana; Jorge Bastos; Arm&#234;nio Guimar&#227;es</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Salvador, BA - Brazil</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Preventiva - Centrocor - Salvador </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <italic>Acute carditis as the primary manifestation of pheochromocytoma is rare, and only a few cases have been reported in the literature <sup>1</sup>. Many times, the diagnosis is established only on an anatomicopathological basis, being frequently confounded with acute myocardial infarction or viral carditis. We report the case of a 40-year-old woman with pheochromocytoma and previous mild and labile hypertension, who suddenly developed low cardiac output with severe and potentially lethal arrhythmias, and whose follow-up allowed the suspicion and investigation of the underlying condition. The patient had a complete recovery without sequelae and no need for invasive examinations. The patient maintained her same previous hypertensive condition.</italic>
      </p>
      <p>Pheochromocytoma is a functioning tumor composed of chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines. Most of the pheochromocytomas (85%) are found in the medullae of the adrenal glands, but they may also occur in the paraganglia, which extend from the pelvis to the head. Pheochromocytoma may have a familial origin, being associated with multiple endocrine neoplasias. It has a large spectrum of clinical and biochemical manifestations, most of which are related to the excess of catecholamines that circulate in a paroxysmal manner. Although hypertension is the major manifestation, cases lacking hypertension have been reported <sup>2</sup>. The great majority of the patients (75%) have the classical sudden triad characterized by headache, palpitations, and severe hypertension. The condition is life threatening due to cardiovascular complications, mainly hemorrhagic stroke, arrhythmias, and hemodynamic impairment of the heart. Acute carditis, as its primary manifestation, is not common, and was first reported by Imperato-McGinley et al <sup>3 </sup>in 1987 as norepinephrinic myocarditis, and later, in 1990, by Sardesai et al <sup>4</sup> as catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is a 40-year-old, single, white saleswoman, born and residing in the city of Salvador. </p>
      <p>In March 2003, the patient sought medical care complaining of sporadic palpitations and mild tremors since October 2002, a period that she classified as very stressful due to her new job. She reported that 1 month earlier, these symptoms got worse, coinciding with her job loss and the end of a long-term relationship. She reported being used to moderate and regular physical activity, without problem. Five years earlier, the patient had been diagnosed with mild and labile hypertension, evidenced as occipital headache during physical activity. Since then, she has been on regular use of 25 mg of atenolol and 12.5 mg per day of hydrochlorothiazide, achieving excellent blood pressure control. On the same occasion, a rectification of the mitral valve with escape was diagnosed on the echocardiogram. On her biannual follow-ups, no target-organ lesion was evidenced. She reported smoking since 1999 and also an important familial history of hypertension, including both parents, with a significant "white-coat" effect. On physical examination, her radial pulse (RP) was 64 bpm, regular, and full, and her blood pressure was 154/88 mmHg (mean of 2 measurements). Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, Holter monitoring, and exercise testing were normal. Her glycemia was 128 mg/dL, and her urinalysis showed 5 pyocytes per field. She was using Tenoretic (25 mg/morning), and atenolol (25 mg every night) was added. The patient improved with an increase in the dosage of atenolol, but, 1 month after the first medical visit, and after her usual physical activity, she experienced intense malaise, accompanied by tachycardia, sweating, pallor, and epigastric pain followed by lipothymia, being then referred to the emergency unit. She began to complain of high abdominal band-like pain, nausea, and frequent vomiting. Her RP was 92 bpm, weak, and her BP was 156/ 75 mmHg. She underwent ultrasonography of the total abdomen, 2 electrocardiographies, and measurement of amylase and cardiac, hepatic, and muscle enzymes, which were within the normal range. Her leukogram showed 28,000 leukocytes, and no eosinophils. The patient was referred to a general hospital, and, at the end of the day, her troponin was 9 ncg/dL, and later, 10. Her leukocyte count remained elevated and the leukogram maintained with the same pattern. She began to have mild hypotension. Two more electrocardiographies were performed, but were normal. The echocardiography revealed chambers of normal dimensions, akinesia of all myocardial segments, except for the apical segments, which were hyperkinetic, important systolic dysfunction, and moderate pulmonary hypertension. Acute heart disease, probably of viral origin, was suspected. Treatment for ventricular dysfunction (25 mg of captopril, BID; and 40 mg/day of furosemide) was initiated, with an excellent response. Gallium-67 myocardial scintigraphy was performed to confirm the diagnosis of viral myocarditis. </p>
      <p>The complaints disappeared and the hemodynamic findings became stable. On the third day of hospitalization, the patient developed arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, and periods of bidirectional ventricular tachycardia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). On that occasion, total normalization of the ventricular function had already occurred, on a clinical and echocardiographic basis; the leukogram and troponin had also normalized. Gallium scintigraphy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>) showed active acute myocarditis, and, 2 days later, the viral serology revealed high titers for Coxsackie B, fractions 2 and 5, IgG antibodies. A few days later, despite the antiarrhythmic and antihypertensive treatments, and the use of high doses of anxiolytic agents, the patient had an acute crisis of tremors, with pallor and very increased intensity of the cardiac sounds, exacerbation of the systolic murmur in the apex, with the sensation of eminent death, intense motor agitation, and, right afterwards, periods of sustained ventricular tachycardia with BP = 260/ 110 mmHg, and filiform RP = 48 bpm. We immediately measured the levels of serum adrenaline and noradrenaline, and 24-hour urinary metanephrines. With the introduction of 900 mg of Mexitil in association with 600 mg of amiodarone, the cardiac rhythm stabilized. Six days later, with a mild increase in the levels of catecholamines and their metabolites (adrenaline = 21 ng, normal range: 0-16 ng; noradrenaline = 90 ng, normal range: 11-86 ng), computerized tomography of the abdomen was performed to investigate the sympathetic chain and the adrenal glands. The computerized tomography revealed a tumor in the right adrenal gland suggestive of pheochromocytoma. After alpha-adrenergic block with prazosin, successful adrenalectomy was performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref>). Currently, the patient is asymptomatic, and returned to her previous condition of mild and labile hypertension on 5 mg of ramipril and 12.5 mg of hydrochlorothiazide daily. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0343-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0343-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0343-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0343-00009-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No reports on the prevalence of noradrenergic acute carditis as a primary manifestation of pheochromocytoma exist, but it is known to occur in less than 5% of the cases of pheochromocytoma <sup>5,6</sup>. In our case, the following aspects are worth noting: 1) the lack of headache, considered the most common symptom of pheochromocytoma; 2) the nonexistence of severe hypertensive crises refractory to therapy in a previous hypertensive patient; 3) the form of initial manifestation as a band-like abdominal pain, sweating, hypotension, and vomiting led us to investigate pancreatitis or complicated gastric ulcer; 4) after a few hours, the findings concentrated on the cardiac area, with extremely elevated troponin levels, associated retrosternal and abdominal discomfort, and signs of low cardiac output. The electrocardiogram and the epidemiological cardiovascular aspects led us to favor the echocardiogram rather than the hemodynamic study, because, on that occasion, we considered the possibility of carditis, and in the presence of coronaritis and pancarditis, the contrast medium used in the hemodynamic study could impair even more acutely left ventricular function. The diversified, severe arrhythmia refractory to therapy in the absence of left ventricular dysfunction surprised us, as well as the occurrence of viral carditis in adults, which is not a usual manifestation. The temporal cadence that occurred on the 15th day of hospitalization, whose entire cycle was followed up for the first time by the attending physician, led us to consider the possibility of the acute circulation of a substance producing these findings, which would constitute a classical picture of an acute dysfunctional adrenergic discharge. The temporal cadence comprised indescribable malaise, involuntary tremor, sinus tachycardia with filiform pulse, increased intensity of the cardiac sounds, a significant increase in the systolic murmur (from second-degree protomesosystolic murmur to fourth-degree holosystolic murmur) with valvular ictus, but very impulsive. The arrhythmias appeared only 4 minutes after the manifestation, first as isolated ventricular extrasystoles, then paired, and finally as sustained bidirectional ventricular tachycardia with low cardiac output. </p>
      <p>It is worth noting that gallium-67 scintigraphy suggested active acute myocarditis, because that finding had only been classically reported in the acute myocarditis of childhood, mainly of the viral type. No report on a case of pheochromocytoma exists in the literature consulted. </p>
      <p>The elevated titers of IgG for the Coxsackie B fractions 2 and 5 are difficult to interpret; it may be an associated finding with no causal relation to myocarditis, or may be consequent to the exhaustion of the immune system by the stress hormones, leading to the occurrence of acute viral myocarditis. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Lucelia Cunha Magalh&#227;es </p>
          <p> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Preventiva</p>
          <p> Centrocor - Rua Agnelo de Brito, 102 - Sl. 101 </p>
          <p> Federa&#231;&#227;o Salvador, BA</p>
          <p> CEP 40210-245 - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="luceliamagalhaes@terra.com.br">luceliamagalhaes@terra.com.br </email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 04/23/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 04/27/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
