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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QBHzQXH6S3jvc9sxCzX9TYm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001600008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300408</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001600008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea minimiza o sangramento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e a necessidade transfusional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antibas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miana</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Auler J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ot&#225;vio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Almeida de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>332</fpage>
      <lpage>337</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparando a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (RM) com e sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), com o sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e a necessidade de transfus&#227;o de sangue e hemoderivados. M&#201;TODOS: De novembro/2001 a fevereiro/2002, foram analisados 186 pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, excluindo-se procedimentos associados, divididos em grupo A de 116 pacientes submetidos a RM com CEC e grupo B de 69 pacientes a RM sem CEC. Os dois grupos foram compar&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o a caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233; e intra-operat&#243;rias, exceto pelo maior n&#250;mero de anastomoses distais (p=0,0004) no grupo A, e maior atividade de protrombina (p=0,04) e RNI (p=0,03) no grupo B. Para evitar discrep&#226;ncias entre os grupos, foram selecionados 140 pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas estatisticamente similares. RESULTADOS: Estudando os grupos pareados, tanto o volume total de sangramento em 24h (p=0,001), quanto aquele indexado para a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (p=0,004) foram respectivamente maiores no grupo A (609,6 &#177; 395,8 ml; 331,8 &#177; 225,8 ml/m&#178;) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo B (437,2 &#177; 315 ml; 241 &#177; 173,9 ml/m&#178;). Embora a necessidade de transfus&#227;o n&#227;o fosse significativamente diferente entre os grupos (p=0,1), a quantidade transfundida de concentrado de hem&#225;ceas foi maior no grupo A (p=0,01). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; transfus&#227;o dos outros hemocomponentes e &#224; necessidade de revis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de hemostasia. CONCLUS&#195;O: A RM sem CEC apresentou vantagens sobre a RM com CEC, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao menor sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e menor transfus&#227;o de concentrado de hem&#225;ceas. As repercuss&#245;es deste achado podem ser in&#250;meras, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o a minimiza&#231;&#227;o de fatores m&#243;rbidos e de custos hospitalares.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>sangramento mediastinal</kwd>
        <kwd>transfus&#227;o de sangue</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea minimiza o sangramento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e a necessidade transfusional</p>
    <p>Fernando Antibas Atik; Leonardo Augusto Miana; F&#225;bio B. Jatene; Jos&#233; Ot&#225;vio C. Auler J&#250;nior; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparando a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (RM) com e sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), com o sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e a necessidade de transfus&#227;o de sangue e hemoderivados. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>De novembro/2001 a fevereiro/2002, foram analisados 186 pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, excluindo-se procedimentos associados, divididos em grupo A de 116 pacientes submetidos a RM com CEC e grupo B de 69 pacientes a RM sem CEC. Os dois grupos foram compar&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o a caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233; e intra-operat&#243;rias, exceto pelo maior n&#250;mero de anastomoses distais (p=0,0004) no grupo A, e maior atividade de protrombina (p=0,04) e RNI (p=0,03) no grupo B. Para evitar discrep&#226;ncias entre os grupos, foram selecionados 140 pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas estatisticamente similares. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Estudando os grupos pareados, tanto o volume total de sangramento em 24h (p=0,001), quanto aquele indexado para a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (p=0,004) foram respectivamente maiores no grupo A (609,6 &#177; 395,8 ml; 331,8 &#177; 225,8 ml/m<sup>2</sup>) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo B (437,2 &#177; 315 ml; 241 &#177; 173,9 ml/m<sup>2</sup>). Embora a necessidade de transfus&#227;o n&#227;o fosse significativamente diferente entre os grupos (p=0,1), a quantidade transfundida de concentrado de hem&#225;ceas foi maior no grupo A (p=0,01). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; transfus&#227;o dos outros hemocomponentes e &#224; necessidade de revis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de hemostasia. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A RM sem CEC apresentou vantagens sobre a RM com CEC, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao menor sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e menor transfus&#227;o de concentrado de hem&#225;ceas. As repercuss&#245;es deste achado podem ser in&#250;meras, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o a minimiza&#231;&#227;o de fatores m&#243;rbidos e de custos hospitalares. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, sangramento mediastinal, transfus&#227;o de sangue</p>
    <p>O sangramento e as complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; hemotransfus&#227;o continuam sendo um dos maiores fatores de morbidade e mortalidade em cirurgia card&#237;aca. O conhecimento dos fatores de risco<sup>1</sup> desta complica&#231;&#227;o &#233; fundamental para a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas terap&#234;uticas e preventivas. </p>
    <p>Todavia, a natureza multifatorial do problema exige a institui&#231;&#227;o de protocolos universais<sup>2</sup>, que invariavelmente esbarram nas altera&#231;&#245;es de coagula&#231;&#227;o causadas pela circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Os m&#233;todos propostos para minimizar a perda sangu&#237;nea em cirurgia card&#237;aca incluem o uso de <italic>cell saver</italic><sup>3</sup>, autotransfus&#227;o<sup>4</sup>, circuitos revestidos de heparina<sup>5</sup>, filtro de leuc&#243;citos<sup>6</sup>, drogas anti-fibrinol&#237;ticas<sup>7</sup>, entre outros. Os inconvenientes destes m&#233;todos residem no seu elevado custo para a ampla implementa&#231;&#227;o rotineira. </p>
    <p>O advento da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea tem trazido renovado interesse, pela incorpora&#231;&#227;o de nova tecnologia e conhecimento de seus resultados, comprovando sua exeq&#252;ibilidade em um grande grupo de pacientes<sup>8</sup>. Estudos recentes<sup>9,10</sup> sugerem que esta t&#233;cnica reduza o sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, a necessidade de transfus&#227;o e os custos hospitalares. A literatura &#233; escassa de trabalhos que analisem especificamente o sangramento como uma vantagem da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, tendo implica&#231;&#245;es relevantes em termos de morbidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar de forma comparativa a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio com e sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e a necessidade de transfus&#227;o de sangue e hemoderivados. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De novembro de 2001 a fevereiro de 2002, 186 pacientes consecutivos foram inclu&#237;dos num estudo prospectivo n&#227;o randomizado, que analisou portadores de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana com indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos associados. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com o tipo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio realizada, que ficou a crit&#233;rio da equipe cl&#237;nico-cir&#250;rgica respons&#225;vel por cada caso, sendo que os autores n&#227;o tiveram participa&#231;&#227;o alguma no processo de escolha do tipo de tratamento cir&#250;rgico realizado.</p>
    <p>O grupo A foi constitu&#237;do por 116 pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e o grupo B por 69 pacientes sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. O sexo masculino predominou em ambos os grupos, 93 (80,2%) pacientes no grupo A e 47 (68,1%) no grupo B. As idades variaram entre 37 e 84 (m&#233;dia 62,5 &#177; 10,4) anos no grupo A e entre 43 e 84 (m&#233;dia 64,9 &#177; 10,8) anos no grupo B. Nenhum dos pacientes necessitou, por motivos de dificuldade t&#233;cnica, a convers&#227;o da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea para com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes do grupo A foram anestesiados e preparados de maneira convencional. A via de acesso foi a esternotomia mediana, seguida de pericardiotomia longitudinal. A circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi institu&#237;da ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de heparina 4 mg/kg de peso a fim de obter um tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado (TCA) &gt; 480s. Na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o realiza-se canula&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente em locais livres de processos ateromatosos, e canula&#231;&#227;o venosa dupla ou com c&#226;nula de dois est&#225;gios no &#225;trio direito, de acordo com a prefer&#234;ncia do cirurgi&#227;o. O fluxo arterial &#233; mantido por volta de 2,4 l/m<sup>2</sup>/min<sup>-1</sup>, a fim de manter a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia entre 50 e 70 mmHg. A maioria dos cirurgi&#245;es da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o adota a hipotermia sist&#234;mica leve, mas alguns t&#234;m prefer&#234;ncia pela normotermia. A prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica realizada foi a cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea fria ou normot&#233;rmica, ou ainda o pin&#231;amento intermitente da aorta, dependendo da prefer&#234;ncia da equipe cir&#250;rgica. Ap&#243;s a sa&#237;da de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e a reposi&#231;&#227;o de volume do <italic>priming</italic>, a heparina circulante foi neutralizada atrav&#233;s da administra&#231;&#227;o de protamina na propor&#231;&#227;o de 1:1 em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; heparina. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes do grupo B foram anestesiados e preparados da mesma maneira que os do grupo A, tomando-se alguns cuidados em rela&#231;&#227;o a manuten&#231;&#227;o de uma volemia adequada (administra&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#245;es col&#243;ides preferencialmente) e controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca atrav&#233;s da administra&#231;&#227;o de metoprolol intravenoso. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a esternotomia mediana convencional, com extens&#227;o cut&#226;nea reduzida, para fins est&#233;ticos. Ap&#243;s a abertura do peric&#225;rdio e a dissec&#231;&#227;o dos enxertos a serem utilizados na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, a heparina foi administrada na dose de 2 mg/kg de peso, a fim de manter o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado duas vezes o valor basal. O garroteamento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria a ser revascularizada foi realizado rotineiramente na por&#231;&#227;o proximal do vaso. Foi utilizado fio de polipropileno 4-0 ou fio de <italic>Silastic</italic> (Quest Medical, Inc., Dallas, TX), ancorado em tubos delicados de silicone e tracionados cuidadosamente previamente &#224; arteriotomia pelo risco de les&#227;o vascular<sup>11</sup>. A realiza&#231;&#227;o das anastomoses distais foi realizada com o aux&#237;lio de estabilizador <italic>Octopus</italic> III (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN). O uso de <italic>shunt</italic> intracoronariano foi empregado na maioria dos casos, especialmente em art&#233;rias de grande calibre e nas respons&#225;veis por suprimento sangu&#237;neo numa &#225;rea significativa do mioc&#225;rdio, na aus&#234;ncia de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral. A anastomose proximal dos enxertos venosos foi realizada atrav&#233;s de clampeamento parcial da aorta ou em anastomoses em Y com a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna. Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da &#250;ltima anastomose, a heparina circulante foi neutralizada atrav&#233;s da administra&#231;&#227;o de protamina na propor&#231;&#227;o de 0,5:1 em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; heparina.</p>
    <p>A mensura&#231;&#227;o do sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi determinada atrav&#233;s da soma do d&#233;bito de todos os drenos tor&#225;cicos, a partir do momento do fechamento do t&#243;rax durante per&#237;odo de 24h. O manejo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi todo realizado atrav&#233;s de equipe multidisciplinar, incluindo o cardiologista, intensivista, cirurgi&#227;o cardiovascular e hematologista. Coube a este &#250;ltimo a orienta&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o a indica&#231;&#227;o de transfus&#227;o de hemocomponentes. N&#227;o houve nenhuma influ&#234;ncia dos autores deste trabalho em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios de coagula&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, indica&#231;&#227;o de transfus&#227;o de sangue e/ou hemoderivados ou revis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de hemostasia. Cada caso era analisado individualmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; necessidade de hemotransfus&#227;o, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o as condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, o volume de sangramento, a idade do paciente, e a hist&#243;ria de dist&#250;rbios hemorr&#225;gicos. Os profissionais envolvidos no cuidado p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o tinham conhecimento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; execu&#231;&#227;o deste estudo e aos seus objetivos. </p>
    <p>Assim, de forma geral, foram adotados crit&#233;rios em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; transfus&#227;o de hemocomponentes. O sangramento considerado significativo (150 ml/h) no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato foi tratado de acordo com o resultado do coagulograma. As altera&#231;&#245;es de laborat&#243;rio na aus&#234;ncia de sangramento n&#227;o indicaram nenhum tipo de tratamento. O uso de protamina esteve indicado no alargamento dos n&#237;veis de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPA) ou do tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativada, quando dispon&#237;vel ou na suspeita de recircula&#231;&#227;o da heparina. Quando ocorreram altera&#231;&#245;es da atividade de protrombina (AP) ou da rela&#231;&#227;o de normaliza&#231;&#227;o internacional (RNI), esteve indicada a transfus&#227;o de plasma fresco congelado. A contagem de plaquetas abaixo de 100 mil por microlitro na presen&#231;a de sangramento foi indicativa da transfus&#227;o deste componente. O hemat&#243;crito abaixo de 28% foi corrigido atrav&#233;s de transfus&#227;o de concentrado de hem&#225;ceas. Todavia, pacientes jovens, com reserva mioc&#225;rdica, n&#237;veis at&#233; de 20% foram tolerados sem a necessidade de transfus&#227;o. A indica&#231;&#227;o de revis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de hemostasia seguiu certas varia&#231;&#245;es individuais, mas via de regra foi estabelecida quando a perda sangu&#237;nea fosse &gt; 500 ml na 1&#186; hora, &gt; 300 ml por 2h consecutivas ou maior que 1 litro nas primeiras 8h. </p>
    <p>No sentido de determinar a homogeneidade entre os grupos, estes foram comparados em rela&#231;&#227;o a diversas caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>) e intra-operat&#243;rias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). As caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias incluiram idade, sexo, peso, altura, presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 50% estimada pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional, classe funcional (<italic>Canadian Cardiology Society</italic>), insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica em tratamento dial&#237;tico, uso de aspirina, heparina, trombol&#237;ticos ou inibidores da prote&#237;na IIb/IIIa e coagulograma com contagem de plaquetas. As caracter&#237;sticas intra-operat&#243;rias analisadas foram cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia, reopera&#231;&#245;es, uso de &#225;cido &#229; amino capr&#243;ico e n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas internas e total de pontes utilizadas na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0332-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0332-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada atrav&#233;s do <italic>software </italic>Statview (Berkeley, CA). Os dados foram expressos atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou em percentagens. O valor de <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Os testes exato de Fisher e o chi quadrado foram utilizados na an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e os testes t de Student e de Wilcoxon nas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref> expressa a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos A e B em rela&#231;&#227;o a caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233; e intra-operat&#243;rias. Os dois grupos foram considerados compar&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o a todas as caracter&#237;sticas, exceto pelo maior n&#250;mero de anastomoses distais (p=0,0004) no grupo A, e maior atividade de protrombina (p=0,04) e rela&#231;&#227;o de normaliza&#231;&#227;o internacional (p=0,03) no grupo B, embora seus valores estivessem dentro dos limites de normalidade em ambos os grupos. </p>
    <p>No sentido de eliminar essas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos, ambos foram submetidos a sele&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de probabilidades, sendo selecionado subgrupo de 140 pacientes. O grupo A1 foi constitu&#237;do por 71 pacientes e o grupo B1 por 69 pacientes. As caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias e intra-operat&#243;rias foram estatisticamente semelhantes, como demonstrado nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabelas II</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab03">III</xref>. </p>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tab03"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0332-00008-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Tanto o volume total de sangramento em 24h (p=0,001), quanto aquele indexado para a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (p=0,004) foram respectivamente maiores no grupo A1 (609,6 &#177; 395,8 ml; 331,8 &#177; 225,8 ml/m<sup>2</sup>) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo B1 (437,2 &#177; 315 ml; 241 &#177; 173,9 ml/m<sup>2</sup>). Embora a necessidade de transfus&#227;o n&#227;o fosse significativamente diferente entre os grupos (p=0,1), a quantidade transfundida de concentrado de hem&#225;ceas foi maior no grupo A1 (p=0,01). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; quantidade transfundida de plasma fresco congelado, crioprecipitado, concentrado de plaquetas e a necessidade de revis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de hemostasia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0332-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> expressa a maior necessidade de transfus&#227;o de concentrado de gl&#243;bulos no grupo A1, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo B1. Esta diferen&#231;a foi mais pronunciada quando foram utilizadas 3 ou mais unidades de concentrado de hem&#225;ceas por paciente. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0332-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio da cirurgia card&#237;aca continua sendo problem&#225;tico, particularmente com o advento de procedimentos mais complexos, com per&#237;odos prolongados de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e interven&#231;&#245;es em pacientes agudamente descompensados. O sangramento e a reexplora&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica resultante, com frequente politransfus&#227;o associada, s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por eleva&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de morbidade e mortalidade em cirurgia card&#237;aca<sup>12,13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar da melhoria nos m&#233;todos de sele&#231;&#227;o de doadores, h&#225; um risco relacionado a transfus&#227;o de sangue e seus componentes, como infec&#231;&#245;es virais, indu&#231;&#227;o de rea&#231;&#245;es transfusionais de origem imunol&#243;gica, e a supress&#227;o do sistema imune<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>O sangramento perioperat&#243;rio est&#225; relacionado a les&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de vasos sangu&#237;neos e defeitos dos mecanismos hemost&#225;ticos. A maioria destes &#250;ltimos est&#225; ligada a exposi&#231;&#227;o de elementos figurados do sangue ao circuito extracorp&#243;reo. Comprovadamente, a circula&#231;&#227;o extra-corp&#243;rea causa altera&#231;&#245;es de hemostasia, relacionadas a redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de fatores de coagula&#231;&#227;o, estimula&#231;&#227;o da fibrin&#243;lise, indu&#231;&#227;o de plaquetopenia, coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada e disfun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, al&#233;m de efeitos na heparina e protamina circulantes<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Desta maneira, evitar o uso da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, teria teoricamente vantagens em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Relatos recentes<sup>9,10</sup> da literatura t&#234;m confirmado esta hip&#243;tese. </p>
    <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea tem se destacado progressivamente no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia coronariana, com resultados excelentes<sup>8,16,17</sup>. Em meados da d&#233;cada de 90, movida pelas vantagens da cirurgia minimamente invasiva<sup>18</sup>, com recupera&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida e superioridade est&#233;tica, sua aplicabilidade restringia-se ao tratamento de les&#245;es uniarteriais, restritas ao ramo interventricular anterior da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. O desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico, em especial o uso de estabilizadores<sup>19</sup>, aliado &#224; experi&#234;ncia cir&#250;rgica<sup>20</sup>, permitiu o tratamento de art&#233;rias posteriores do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>21</sup> com seguran&#231;a, ampliando a aceita&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica entre os cirurgi&#245;es e cardiologistas. Recentemente, devido a sugest&#227;o de que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea reduza a morbidade no tratamento cir&#250;rgico da insufici&#234;ncia coronariana, as indica&#231;&#245;es se expandiram para pacientes multiarteriais<sup>22</sup>, de alto risco<sup>23</sup>, renais cr&#244;nicos<sup>24</sup>, idosos<sup>25</sup> e com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>O fato da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea estar associada a menor morbidade &#233; tema controverso<sup>27,28</sup>, por&#233;m a maioria dos autores defende a hip&#243;tese. O impacto em rela&#231;&#227;o a custos hospitalares &#233; evidente, estimulando ainda mais os estudos comparativos entre as t&#233;cnicas. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a literatura tem sido enriquecida por v&#225;rias casu&#237;sticas de diversos centros nacionais e internacionais, analisando o tema. Contudo, as limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas desses estudos impedem que conclus&#245;es definitivas sejam alcan&#231;adas, havendo car&#234;ncia de estudos prospectivos, randomizados, com metodologia cuidadosa. A execu&#231;&#227;o de um estudo destas caracter&#237;sticas deveria incluir pacientes que tivessem caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas semelhantes, e que pudessem ser tratados por ambas as t&#233;cnicas. Desde que as indica&#231;&#245;es da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea t&#234;m sido ampliadas, os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o seriam dif&#237;ceis de serem estabelecidos. Por outro lado, se os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o forem muito amplos, pela baixa incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, seriam necess&#225;rios milhares de pacientes em cada grupo a fim de obter signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. </p>
    <p>A expans&#227;o nas indica&#231;&#245;es da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea tem trazido repercuss&#245;es no atendimento. Os estudos comparativos do final da d&#233;cada de 90<sup>23</sup> demonstraram que os pacientes referidos para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, tradicionalmente, eram mais graves, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de fatores de risco, extens&#227;o da aterosclerose coronariana e sist&#234;mica, mais idosos, mais sintom&#225;ticos e propensos a opera&#231;&#245;es de urg&#234;ncia. O cen&#225;rio atual tem mudado drasticamente, e a nossa casu&#237;stica reflete muito bem esta tend&#234;ncia. Os dois grupos foram considerados compar&#225;veis, exceto pelo maior n&#250;mero de pontes no grupo com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, o que pode, indiretamente, indicar maior extens&#227;o da coronariopatia, j&#225; que seguimos por princ&#237;pio o conceito de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, reopera&#231;&#245;es de coron&#225;ria, cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia, uso de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna, refletindo a reprodutibilidade da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. </p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as encontradas inicialmente entre os grupos puderam ser eliminadas pela sele&#231;&#227;o de um subgrupo com caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233; e intra-operat&#243;rias semelhantes, o que enriqueceu os resultados desta casu&#237;stica. Assim, houve maior sangramento e transfus&#227;o de concentrado de gl&#243;bulos no grupo com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. N&#227;o foram avaliadas as repercuss&#245;es deste achado em rela&#231;&#227;o a morbidade e mortalidade. Nader e cols.<sup>9</sup>, estudando retrospectivamente 2 grupos similares de pacientes, encontraram menor sangramento e transfus&#245;es no grupo revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Atribuem este achado &#224; hepariniza&#231;&#227;o parcial neste grupo. Em nossa opini&#227;o, o fator determinante por esta diferen&#231;a seja as altera&#231;&#245;es de coagula&#231;&#227;o desencadeadas pela circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Embora n&#227;o tiv&#233;ssemos avaliado o tempo coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, comparando entre os dois grupos, o grupo sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea recebeu neutraliza&#231;&#227;o parcial da heparina, havendo teoricamente maior tend&#234;ncia a sangramento deste grupo se somente este fator fosse considerado. </p>
    <p>Ascione e cols.<sup>10</sup>, em estudo prospectivo randomizado em grupos de baixo risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, encontraram sangramento 1,6 vezes maior no grupo com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea do que no sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Menos de 20% dos pacientes deste &#250;ltimo necessitaram de transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, comparado a mais da metade do primeiro grupo. A repercuss&#227;o desses resultados em rela&#231;&#227;o a custos hospitalares foi significativa, concordante com outros estudos<sup>16</sup>. Todavia, apesar de terem encontrado menos transfus&#245;es no grupo sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, Sabik e cols.<sup>28</sup> tiveram custo direto 13% maior neste grupo, atribu&#237;do a custo de equipamentos e maior tempo cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo incluem a falta de randomiza&#231;&#227;o dos grupos, com crit&#233;rios definidos de sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes. Houve ainda variabilidade de equipes cir&#250;rgicas, implicando na t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica, de perfus&#227;o e, principalmente, na experi&#234;ncia dos auxiliares, com efeito direto sobre a revis&#227;o de hemostasia previamente ao fechamento do t&#243;rax. Al&#233;m disso, as doses de heparina e protamina n&#227;o foram uniformes nos dois grupos, podendo influenciar os resultados diretamente. </p>
    <p>Conclui-se que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea apresenta vantagens em rela&#231;&#227;o a revasculariza&#231;&#224;o do mioc&#225;rdio com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao menor sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e menor necessidade de transfus&#227;o de concentrado de gl&#243;bulos, e suas repercuss&#245;es podem ser in&#250;meras, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o a minimiza&#231;&#227;o de fatores m&#243;rbidos e de custos hospitalares. Outros fatores de morbidade deveriam ser analisados em estudos prospectivos randomizados, no sentido de definir o real papel da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea no tratamento cir&#250;rgico da insufici&#234;ncia coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para Correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Fernando A. Atik </p>
        <p> Av. Chibaras, 626/101 </p>
        <p> Cep 04076-003- S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="atik@cardiol.br">atik@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 17/8/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 3/12/03</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Myocardial revascularization surgery without extracorporeal circulation minimizes postoperative bleeding and the need for transfusion</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare myocardial revascularization (MR) with and without extracorporeal circulation (ECC) in regard to postoperative bleeding and the need for blood and hemoderivate transfusion. METHODS: From November 2001 to February 2002, 186 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization were assessed, excluding those who underwent associated procedures. The patients were divided into 2 groups as follows: group A - comprising 116 patients undergoing MR with ECC; and group B - comprising 69 patients undergoing MR without ECC. Both groups were comparable in regard to pre- and intraoperative characteristics, except for the greater number of distal anastomoses (P=0.0004) in group A, and greater prothrombin activity (P=0.04) and INR (P=0.03) in group B. To avoid discrepancies between the groups, 140 patients with statistically similar characteristics were selected. RESULTS: Studying the paired groups, both the total bleeding volume in 24 hours (P=0.001) and the bleeding volume indexed for body surface (P=0.004) were greater in group A (609.6 &#177; 395.8 mL; 331.8 &#177; 225.8 mL/m&#178;, respectively) than in group B (437.2 &#177; 315 mL; 241 &#177; 173.9 mL/m&#178;, respectively). Although the need for transfusion was not significantly different between the groups (P=0.1), the amount of erythrocyte concentrate transfused was greater in group A (P=0.01). No statistical difference was observed in regard to transfusion of other hemocomponents and the need for surgical review of hemostasis. CONCLUSION: Myocardial revascularization without ECC was more advantageous than MR with ECC in regard to smaller postoperative blood loss and a lesser need for transfusion of erythrocyte concentrate. The repercussions of this finding may be innumerable, particularly in regard to minimization of morbid factors and hospital costs.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>extracorporeal circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>mediastinal bleeding</kwd>
        <kwd>blood transfusion</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Myocardial revascularization surgery without extracorporeal circulation minimizes postoperative bleeding and the need for transfusion</p>
      <p>Fernando Antibas Atik; Leonardo Augusto Miana; F&#225;bio B. Jatene; Jos&#233; Ot&#225;vio C. Auler J&#250;nior; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira</p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To compare myocardial revascularization (MR) with and without extracorporeal circulation (ECC) in regard to postoperative bleeding and the need for blood and hemoderivate transfusion.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>From November 2001 to February 2002, 186 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization were assessed, excluding those who underwent associated procedures. The patients were divided into 2 groups as follows: group A &#150; comprising 116 patients undergoing MR with ECC; and group B &#150; comprising 69 patients undergoing MR without ECC. Both groups were comparable in regard to pre- and intraoperative characteristics, except for the greater number of distal anastomoses (P=0.0004) in group A, and greater prothrombin activity (P=0.04) and INR (P=0.03) in group B. To avoid discrepancies between the groups, 140 patients with statistically similar characteristics were selected.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Studying the paired groups, both the total bleeding volume in 24 hours (P=0.001) and the bleeding volume indexed for body surface (P=0.004) were greater in group A (609.6 &#177; 395.8 mL; 331.8 &#177; 225.8 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively) than in group B (437.2 &#177; 315 mL; 241 &#177; 173.9 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively). Although the need for transfusion was not significantly different between the groups (P=0.1), the amount of erythrocyte concentrate transfused was greater in group A (P=0.01). No statistical difference was observed in regard to transfusion of other hemocomponents and the need for surgical review of hemostasis.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Myocardial revascularization without ECC was more advantageous than MR with ECC in regard to smaller postoperative blood loss and a lesser need for transfusion of erythrocyte concentrate. The repercussions of this finding may be innumerable, particularly in regard to minimization of morbid factors and hospital costs. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>myocardial revascularization, extracorporeal circulation, mediastinal bleeding, blood transfusion.</p>
      <p>Bleeding and the complications related to hemotransfusion continue to be 1 of the major factors of morbidity and mortality in cardiac surgery. Knowledge about the risk factors <sup>1</sup> for this complication is fundamental for the adoption of therapeutic and preventive measures. </p>
      <p>However, the multifactorial nature of the problem requires the implementation of universal protocols <sup>2</sup>, invariably implying alterations in coagulation caused by extracorporeal circulation. The methods proposed to minimize blood loss in cardiac surgery include the use of cell saver <sup>3</sup>, autotransfusion<sup>4</sup>, heparin-bonded circuits <sup>5</sup>, leukocyte filters <sup>6</sup>, and antifibrinolytic drugs <sup>7</sup>. The disadvantages of these methods reside in their elevated costs for routine, wide implementation. </p>
      <p>The advent of myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation has renewed interest in this field due to incorporation of new technology and knowledge of its results, confirming its feasibility in a large group of patients <sup>8</sup>. Recent studies <sup>9,10</sup> have suggested that this technique reduces postoperative bleeding, the need for transfusion, and hospital costs. Few studies specifically analyze smaller blood loss as an advantage of myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation, with relevant implications in terms of postoperative morbidity. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at comparing myocardial revascularization with and without extracorporeal circulation in regard to postoperative bleeding and the need for blood and hemoderivate transfusion. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From November 2001 to February 2002, 186 consecutive patients with coronary heart disease indicated for surgical treatment were assessed in a prospective nonrandomized study. Patients undergoing associated surgical procedures were excluded. </p>
      <p>The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the type of myocardial revascularization performed, which was decided by the clinicosurgical staff responsible for each case. The authors did not participate in the selection of the type of surgical treatment adopted. </p>
      <p>Group A comprised 116 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization with extracorporeal circulation, and group B comprised 69 patients undergoing MR without extracorporeal circulation. The male sex predominated in both groups, 93 (80.2%) male patients in group A and 47 (68.1%) in group B. The ages ranged from 37 to 84 (mean of 62.5 &#177; 10.4) years in group A, and from 43 to 84 (mean of 64.9 &#177; 10.8) years in group B. No patient required, due to technical difficulties, the conversion of myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation to MR with extracorporeal circulation. </p>
      <p>Group A patients were conventionally anesthetized and prepared. The access route was a median sternotomy, followed by a longitudinal pericardiotomy. Extracorporeal circulation was instituted after administration of 4 mg/kg of heparin to obtain an activated clotting time (ACT) &gt; 480 seconds. In our institution, cannulation of the ascending aorta is performed in sites with no atheromatous processes, and double venous cannulation or a 2-stage cannula is used in the right atrium according to the surgeon's preference. The arterial flow is kept around 2.4 L/m<sup>2</sup>/min<sup>-1</sup>, to maintain mean arterial blood pressure between 50 and 70 mm Hg. Most surgeons in our institution adopt mild systemic hypothermia, but some prefer normothermia. The myocardial protection chosen was cold blood or normothermic cardioplegia, or even intermittent aortic clamping, depending on the preference of the surgical team. After leaving extracorporeal circulation and replacing the priming volume, circulating heparin was neutralized by the administration of protamine in the proportion of 1:1 in regard to heparin.</p>
      <p>Group B patients were anesthetized and prepared as were group A patients, ensuring that adequate blood volume was maintained (preferential administration of colloid solutions) and that heart rate was controlled with the administration of intravenous metoprolol. All patients underwent conventional median sternotomy, with reduced cutaneous extension for esthetic purposes. After opening the pericardium and dissecting the grafts to be used for myocardial revascularization, heparin was administered at the dosage of 2 mg/kg to maintain the activated clotting time 2 times its baseline value. Tying off of the coronary artery to be revascularized was routinely performed in the proximal portion of the vessel. A 4-0 polypropylene thread or a Silastic thread (Quest Medical, Inc., Dallas, TX) was used anchored in delicate silicone tubes and carefully pulled prior to arteriotomy due to the risk of vascular lesion <sup>11</sup>. Distal anastomoses were performed with the aid of an Octopus III stabilizer (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN). Intracoronary shunt was used in most cases, especially in large-caliber arteries and those responsible for the blood supply in a significant myocardial area in the absence of collateral circulation. Proximal anastomosis of the venous grafts was performed by use of partial clamping of the aorta, or in Y anastomoses with the internal thoracic artery. After performing the last anastomosis, circulating heparin was neutralized with the administration of protamine in a ratio of 0.5:1 in regard to heparin. </p>
      <p>Postoperative bleeding was determined through the addition of the 24-hour output of all thoracic drains from the moment of thoracic closure onwards. Postoperative management was performed by a multidisciplinary team, including a cardiologist, an intensive care professional, a cardiovascular surgeon, and a hematologist. The latter was responsible for indicating transfusion of the hemocomponents. The authors of this study did not interfere with the correction of postoperative coagulation disorders, indication of blood or hemoderivate transfusion, or both, and surgical revision of hemostasis. Each case was individually analyzed in regard to the need for hemotransfusion, considering the hemodynamic conditions, the bleeding volume, the patient's age, and the history of hemorrhagic disorders. The professionals involved in postoperative care knew nothing about this study and its objectives. </p>
      <p>Some criteria for the transfusion of hemocomponents were adopted. Any bleeding considered significant (150 mL/h) in the immediate postoperative period was treated according to the result of the coagulogram. Alterations in laboratory tests in the absence of bleeding did not indicate any type of treatment. The use of protamine was indicated in the enlargement of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) or activated clotting time, when available, or when recirculation of heparin was suspected. When alterations in prothrombin activity (PA) or in international normalized ratio (INR) occurred, transfusion of fresh frozen plasma was indicated. Platelet count below 100,000 per microliter in the presence of bleeding indicated the need for transfusion of that hemocomponent. Hematocrit below 28% was corrected by transfusion of erythrocyte concentrate. However, in young patients with myocardial reserve, a hematocrit as low as 20% was tolerated without the need for transfusion. The indication of surgical revision of hemostasia took some individual variations into consideration, but was usually established when blood loss was greater than 500 mL in the first hour, greater than 300 mL for 2 consecutive hours, or greater than 1 liter in the first 8 hours. </p>
      <p>To determine the homogeneity between the groups, they were compared in regard to several preoperative (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>) and intraoperative (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>) characteristics. The preoperative characteristics assessed were as follows: age, sex, weight, height, presence of arterial hypertension, ejection fraction below 50% estimated using 2-dimensional echocardiography, Canadian Cardiology Society functional class, dialysis-dependent chronic renal failure, coagulogram with platelet count, and use of aspirin, heparin, thrombolytic agents, and IIb/IIIa protein inhibitors. The intraoperative characteristics analyzed were as follows: emergency surgery, reoperations, use of e-aminocaproic acid, and number of internal thoracic arteries and bypass grafts used for myocardial revascularization. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0332-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0332-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The statistical analysis was performed using Statview software (Berkeley, CA). The data were expressed as means and standard deviations or as percentages. The statistical significance level adopted was P &lt; 0.05. The Fisher exact test and chi-square test were used for the analysis of categorical variables, and the Student <italic>t</italic> test and Wilcoxon test were used for the analysis of continuous variables. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> shows the comparison between groups A and B in regard to the pre- and intraoperative characteristics. Both groups were considered comparable in regard to all characteristics, except for the greater number of distal anastomoses (P=0.0004) in group A, and the greater prothrombin activity (P=0.04) and international normalized ratio (P=0.03) in group B, although these values were within the normal range in both groups.</p>
      <p>Aiming at ruling out these differences between the groups, both underwent selection using the method of the probabilities, and a subgroup of 140 patients was selected. Group A1 comprised 71 patients and group B1 comprised 69 patients. The pre- and intraoperative characteristics were statistically similar, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tables II</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab03-body2">III</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tab03-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0332-00008-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Both the total bleeding volume in 24 hours (P= 0.001) and the bleeding volume indexed for body surface (P= 0.004) were greater in group A1 (609.6 &#177; 395.8 mL; 331.8 &#177; 225.8 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively) as compared with those in group B1 (437.2 &#177; 315 mL; 241 &#177; 173.9 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively). Although the need for transfusion did not significantly differ between the groups (P= 0.1), the volume of erythrocyte concentrate transfused was greater in group A1 (P= 0.01). No statistically significant difference was observed in regard to the volumes of fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelet concentrates transfused, and the need for surgical revision of hemostasia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0332-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the greater need for transfusion of erythrocyte concentrate in group A1 as compared with that in group B1. This difference was more pronounced when 3 or more units of erythrocyte concentrate were used per patient. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0332-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Bleeding in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery continues to be a problem, particularly with the appearance of more complex procedures with prolonged extracorporeal circulation and interventions in acutely decompensated patients. Bleeding and the consequent surgical reexploration, with frequently associated polytransfusion, account for an elevation in the morbidity and mortality indices in cardiac surgery <sup>12,13</sup>. </p>
      <p>Despite improvement in the methods of selection of donors, a risk related to transfusion of blood and its components, such as viral infections, induction of transfusional reactions of immunological origin, and suppression of the immune system, exists <sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>Perioperative bleeding is related to the surgical damage of blood vessels and defects in the hemostatic mechanisms. Most of the latter relate to exposure of the nonsuspended, formed elements of the blood to the extracorporeal circuit. Extracorporeal circulation has been proven to cause alterations in hemostasia, such as a reduction in the level of clotting factors, stimulation of fibrinolysis, induction of a reduction in the number of platelets, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and platelet dysfunction, in addition to effects on circulating heparin and protamine <sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>Thus, avoiding the use of extracorporeal circulation would theoretically be advantageous in regard to postoperative bleeding. Recent studies <sup>9,10</sup> have confirmed this hypothesis. </p>
      <p>Myocardial revascularization surgery without extracorporeal circulation has progressively stood out in the treatment of coronary artery disease with excellent results <sup>8,16,17</sup>. In the mid 1990s, boosted by the advantages of minimally invasive surgery <sup>18</sup>, with more rapid recovery and esthetic superiority, the applicability of myocardial revascularization surgery without extracorporeal circulation was restricted to the treatment of single-vessel lesions limited to the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery. Technological development, especially the use of stabilizers <sup>19</sup>, in addition to surgical experience <sup>20</sup>, allowed the safe treatment of the posterior arteries of the heart <sup>21</sup>, spreading the acceptance of the technique among surgeons and cardiologists. Recently, due to the suggestion that myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation reduces morbidity in the surgical treatment of coronary artery disease, its indications expanded to the following patients: those with multivessel disease <sup>22</sup>, high-risk patients <sup>23</sup>, patients with chronic renal diseases<sup> 24</sup>, the elderly <sup>25</sup>, and those with ventricular dysfunction <sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although most authors support the hypothesis that myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation is associated with lower morbidity, this is still controversial <sup>27,28</sup>. The impact in regard to hospital costs is evident, stimulating even more the comparative studies between the techniques. In recent years, the literature has been enriched with several case series of different national and international centers, analyzing the issue. However, the methodological limitations of these studies hinder definitive conclusions, and prospective, randomized studies with careful methodology are required. Such studies should include patients with similar clinical characteristics, who could be treated according to both techniques. Because the indications of myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation have been expanded, inclusion criteria have been difficult to establish. On the other hand, if the exclusion criteria were very broad, because of the low incidence of postoperative complications, thousands of patients would be required in each group to obtain statistical significance. </p>
      <p>The expansion in the indications of myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation has been reflected in the treatment. Comparative studies at the end of the 1990s <sup>23</sup> showed that patients referred for myocardial revascularization with extracorporeal circulation were traditionally more severely ill in regard to the number of risk factors and extension of coronary and systemic atherosclerosis, were older, more symptomatic, and more prone to urgent operations. The current scenario has changed drastically, and our case series reflects this tendency very well. Both groups were considered comparable, except for the greater number of bypass grafts in the group with extracorporeal circulation, which may indirectly indicate a greater extension of coronary artery disease, because we have adopted the concept of complete myocardial revascularization. No differences were observed in regard to the presence of ventricular dysfunction, coronary artery reoperations, emergency surgeries, and the use of the internal thoracic artery, reflecting the reproducibility of myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation in several clinical situations. </p>
      <p>The differences initially found between the groups could be eliminated by the selection of a subgroup with similar pre- and intraoperative characteristics, which enriched the results of this case series. Thus, a greater incidence of bleeding and transfusion of erythrocyte concentrate occurred in the group with extracorporeal circulation. The repercussions of these findings in regard to morbidity and mortality were not assessed. Nader et al <sup>9</sup>, retrospectively studying 2 similar groups of patients, found a lower incidence of bleeding and transfusions in the group of myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation. Those authors attribute that finding to the partial heparinization of that group. In our opinion, the determining factor for this difference may be the clotting alterations triggered by extracorporeal circulation. Although we did not assess the activated clotting time in the postoperative period, the comparison between both groups showed that the group without extracorporeal circulation received partial neutralization of heparin, having, therefore, a greater tendency to bleed, if only this factor was considered. </p>
      <p>Ascione et al <sup>10</sup>, in a prospective randomized study in groups with low preoperative risk, found a 1.6 times greater incidence of bleeding in the group with extracorporeal circulation than in that without extracorporeal circulation. Less than 20% of the patients in the latter group required a blood transfusion as compared with more than half in the former group. The repercussions of these findings in regard to hospital costs were significant, in agreement with that in other studies <sup>16</sup>. Although, Sabik et al <sup>28</sup> reported a lower incidence of transfusions in the group without extracorporeal circulation, they also reported 13% greater direct costs in that group, attributed to expenses for equipment and a longer duration of surgery. </p>
      <p>The limitations of our study include the lack of randomization in the groups, with defined criteria of patient selection. Variation in the surgical teams also occurred, reflected in the perfusion surgical technique, and mainly in the experience of the health aides, with a direct effect on the revision of hemostasia prior to thoracic closure. In addition, the dosages of heparin and protamine were not uniform in both groups, which may have directly influenced the results. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation has advantages as compared with myocardial revascularization with extracorporeal circulation, in regard to the lower incidence of bleeding in the postoperative period and lesser need for transfusion of erythrocyte concentrate. The repercussions of this finding may be innumerable, mainly in regard to minimizing morbid factors and hospital costs. Other factors of morbidity should be analyzed in prospective, randomized studies, aiming at defining the actual role played by myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation in the surgical treatment of coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Fernando A. Atik </p>
          <p> Av. Chibaras, 626/101</p>
          <p> Cep 04076-003- S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="atik@cardiol.br">atik@cardiol.br </email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 17/8/03</p>
      <p> Aceito em 3/12/03</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
