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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PLJY3Z6CRVZY9BprvRM9dwz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001600007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300407</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001600007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica avan&#231;ada pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Nazareth de Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stelmach</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cukier</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parga</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caldas</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buck</surname>
            <given-names>Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>320</fpage>
      <lpage>325</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar os poss&#237;veis mecanismos envolvidos na evolu&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e esquerda em pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC). M&#201;TODOS: A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica foi aplicada em 27 pacientes com DPOC divididos em grupos, DPOCc e DPOCs, de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, respectivamente, e 11 controles (grupo C). O exame Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi empregado para an&#225;lise do grau de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. RESULTADOS: O di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo direito foi similar nos 3 grupos, DPOCs, DPOCc e C, 29&#177;8 mm vs 31&#177;7 mm vs 30&#177;6 mm; p NS, respectivamente. Foram observados hipertrofia ventricular direita somente nos grupos DPOC (8&#177;2 mm e 9&#177;3 mm vs 5&#177;1 mm; p&lt;0,01), percentual de espessamento sist&#243;lico da parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo direito similar (%RVLWT) (86&#177;82% vs 41&#177;35% vs 86&#177;89%; p NS) e diferentes fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda entre os 3 grupos (69&#177;9% vs 55&#177;16% vs 76&#177;6%; p&lt;0,01); correla&#231;&#227;o linear positiva e significante entre o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e o d&#233;bito sist&#243;lico do VE (r=0,72, p &lt; 0,01). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os volumes pulmonares e a gasometria arterial com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. CONCLUS&#195;O: N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e o grau de comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Fica a ser elucidado se um preservado %RVLWT significa a possibilidade de reversibilidade da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita. No entanto, confirmamos a presen&#231;a do fen&#244;meno da interdepend&#234;ncia ventricular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica avan&#231;ada pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nazareth de Novaes Rocha; Rafael Stelmach; Alberto Cukier; Jos&#233; Rodrigues Parga; Luiz Francisco &#193;vila; M&#225;rcia Caldas; Paula Buck; Charles Mady </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar os poss&#237;veis mecanismos envolvidos na evolu&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e esquerda em pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica foi aplicada em 27 pacientes com DPOC divididos em grupos, DPOC<sub>c</sub> e DPOC<sub>s</sub>, de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, respectivamente, e 11 controles (grupo C). O exame Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi empregado para an&#225;lise do grau de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>O di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo direito foi similar nos 3 grupos, DPOC<sub>s</sub>, DPOC<sub>c </sub>e C, 29&#177;8 mm vs 31&#177;7 mm vs 30&#177;6 mm; p NS, respectivamente. Foram observados hipertrofia ventricular direita somente nos grupos DPOC (8&#177;2 mm e 9&#177;3 mm vs 5&#177;1 mm; p&lt;0,01), percentual de espessamento sist&#243;lico da parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo direito similar (%RVLWT) (86&#177;82% vs 41&#177;35% vs 86&#177;89%; p NS) e diferentes fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda entre os 3 grupos (69&#177;9% vs 55&#177;16% vs 76&#177;6%; p&lt;0,01); correla&#231;&#227;o linear positiva e significante entre o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e o d&#233;bito sist&#243;lico do VE (r=0,72, p &lt; 0,01). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os volumes pulmonares e a gasometria arterial com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e o grau de comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Fica a ser elucidado se um preservado %RVLWT significa a possibilidade de reversibilidade da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita. No entanto, confirmamos a presen&#231;a do fen&#244;meno da interdepend&#234;ncia ventricular. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</p>
    <p>Apesar da terap&#234;utica m&#233;dica otimizada, pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) tendem &#224; dispn&#233;ia progressiva, baixa toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, e aumento da morbi-mortalidade, quando comparados a coortes de idades similares. Quando o volume expirado for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo (FEV<sub>1</sub>) encontra-se menor que 0,75 L ou 30% do previsto, a mortalidade &#233; de 40% a 50% em 3 anos. A idade &gt; 65 anos tamb&#233;m colabora para um aumento da mortalidade<sup>1,2</sup> e a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, principal complica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, predisp&#245;e ao desenvolvimento do cor pulmonale, que por si s&#243;, encontra-se associado a um progn&#243;stico ruim<sup>3</sup>. O estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular por meio de m&#233;todos convencionais, como a ecocardiografia e a pr&#243;pria tomografia computadorizada, &#233; dif&#237;cil<sup>4,5</sup>. Sendo assim, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica vem sendo usada como m&#233;todo mais confi&#225;vel para an&#225;lise do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD). Nos &#250;ltimos anos, com a dificuldade para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de transplante pulmonar ou cora&#231;&#227;o-pulm&#227;o, a cirurgia redutora de volume pulmonar (LVRS) tem se tornado uma op&#231;&#227;o para aqueles em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica<sup>6,7</sup>. Do ponto de vista cardiovascular, tem sido contra-indicada para aqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e/ou esquerda e nos com grave hipertens&#227;o pulmonar<sup>8</sup>. Recentemente, autores t&#234;m demonstrado a possibilidade de revers&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito com a LVRS<sup>9</sup>. Se uma melhor fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pode ser observada em alguns casos ap&#243;s a ressec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, por que n&#227;o expandir a sua indica&#231;&#227;o? O que pode realmente sugerir que a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular seja irrevers&#237;vel? Outras quest&#245;es permanecem em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Seria a disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo conseq&#252;ente &#224; hip&#243;xia, doen&#231;a coronariana associada ou secund&#225;ria &#224; pr&#243;pria disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito? <sup>10-13</sup>. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, analisamos detalhadamente as fun&#231;&#245;es dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo de um grupo de pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica moderada a severa, objetivando, pelo conhecimento preciso da fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular, compreender os mecanismos envolvidos na deteriora&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es de um ou de ambos os ventr&#237;culos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliamos 27 pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e 11 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (controle). O diagn&#243;stico foi baseado na defini&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Tor&#225;cica Americana (ATS)<sup>14</sup>. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o do grupo controle foram a presen&#231;a de exame f&#237;sico, radiografia de t&#243;rax, eletrocardiograma, teste ergom&#233;trico normais, al&#233;m de aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria para tabagismo. Todos os participantes assinaram o consentimento informado, ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o do protocolo pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local. </p>
    <p> Os pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica foram submetidos a testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e do grau de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar num per&#237;odo de 10&#177;3 dias. Ap&#243;s 30min de repouso, amostra de sangue arterial foi obtida para an&#225;lise dos gases. Os volumes pulmonares e a capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar foram realizados com equipamento de espirometria apropriado (Collins/GS; Millwakee, EUA), de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do ATS <sup>15,16</sup>. </p>
    <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar foi realizada com ecocardiograma Doppler (ATL - modelo HDI 3000 ou 5000; Bothell, WA, EUA). A press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar (MPAP) foi quantificada por meio do tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo pulmonar (TAC) ao Doppler <sup>17-19</sup>. O c&#225;lculo sistem&#225;tico da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar por meio da aquisi&#231;&#227;o da velocidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide n&#227;o foi empregado de rotina, devido &#224; dificuldade de janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica nesses pacientes que se apresentam com hiperinsufla&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a coronariana, como etiologia da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, foi exclu&#237;da pela aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria para dor precordial, e de altera&#231;&#245;es na cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica e no estresse farmacol&#243;gico com dobutamina. </p>
    <p>Foram registradas hist&#243;ria pregressa de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo direito no eletrocardiograma que pudessem influenciar na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. </p>
    <p>Visto que um ritmo irregular pode dificultar as mensura&#231;&#245;es das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou batimentos ect&#243;picos freq&#252;entes foram exclu&#237;dos do protocolo de estudo. </p>
    <p>O modelo por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica empregado foi da marca GE 1.5T <italic>Horizon</italic>. Para determinar a anatomia e futuro planejamento das imagens, tr&#234;s seq&#252;&#234;ncias de <italic>spin-eco</italic> foram obtidas nos planos coronal, transversal e sagital. Foi empregada a t&#233;cnica de gradiente-eco com os seguintes par&#226;metros: tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio de 9ms, tempo de eco de 4ms, espessura de corte de 10mm, campo de vis&#227;o de 320&#176;, &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o de 35mm, e matriz de 128x256. A resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal foi de 12 a 16 fases por ciclo card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p>Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram analisados para cada ventr&#237;culo: a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (formula de Simpson), o d&#233;bito sist&#243;lico, o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, o espessamento do septo interventricular, o percentual de espessamento septal durante a s&#237;stole, a espessura da parede lateral ventricular, o percentual de espessamento da parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo durante a s&#237;stole, o di&#226;metro dos eixos longo e curto dos ventr&#237;culos em di&#225;stole e s&#237;stole e a raz&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro dos eixos longo e curto dos ventr&#237;culos tanto em di&#225;stole quanto em s&#237;stole <sup>20,21</sup>. </p>
    <p>O percentual de espessamento sist&#243;lico parietal foi obtido a partir da equa&#231;&#227;o<sup>22</sup>: </p>
    <p>% espessamento parietal = <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PLJY3Z6CRVZY9BprvRM9dwz/944821c5b67626b2656d8cf4ebb12c0e3ec97576.gif"/>. 100% </p>
    <p>onde, ST = espessura parietal na s&#237;stole, DT = espessura parietal na di&#225;stole. </p>
    <p>Usamos a raz&#227;o di&#226;metro do eixo curto/di&#226;metro do eixo longo (AS/LA) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em di&#225;stole e em s&#237;stole para observa&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;a de geometria ventricular durante o ciclo card&#237;aco. A diferen&#231;a entre as raz&#245;es AS/LA em di&#225;tole e s&#237;stole foi empregada como m&#233;todo para quantificar, em valores absolutos, o deslocamento sist&#243;lico do septo interventricular em dire&#231;&#227;o ao ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Assim, o percentual de deslocamento do septo interventricular em dire&#231;&#227;o ao ventr&#237;culo esquerdo durante a s&#237;stole (%LSD) foi obtido a partir da equa&#231;&#227;o: </p>
    <p>% LSD = <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PLJY3Z6CRVZY9BprvRM9dwz/a40c829cfe120ee6dce81deba7e332c36a7cd24f.gif"/>. 100% </p>
    <p>De acordo com a literatura, classificamos os pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD (RVEF) abaixo de 45% na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica como portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita <sup>23,24</sup>. Assim, os paciente foram alocados em 2 grupos: grupo DPOC<sub>s</sub> = sem disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD; grupo DPOC<sub>c</sub> = com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD; grupo C = controle (normais). </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos estudados foram comparadas usando-se o teste exato de Fisher e o teste t-Student. O ANOVA e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foram empregados para analisar diferen&#231;as entre os par&#226;metros do VE e do VD obtidos na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. O teste de Pearson verificou a exist&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#245;es lineares entre as fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE e do VD, entre o di&#226;metro do VE em di&#225;stole e seu d&#233;bito sist&#243;lico e entre os par&#226;metros pulmonares e a MPAP. Todos os c&#225;lculos foram realizados usando um sistema de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica (SAS). Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significante. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os grupos C, DPOC<sub>s</sub> e DPOC<sub>c</sub> foram compostos, respectivamente, de 11,16 e 11 indiv&#237;duos. As caracter&#237;sticas dos 3 grupos encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. Quinze pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica eram usu&#225;rios de O<sub>2</sub> cont&#237;nuo de acordo com os consensos nacionais e internacionais de inaloterapia cont&#237;nua de O<sub>2 </sub><sup>25-28</sup>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0320-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref> apresenta os resultados da gasometria arterial e dos testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar dos grupos DPOC<sub>s</sub> e DPOC<sub>c</sub>. Diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas n&#227;o foram observadas para ambos os grupos (p NS). Houve correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre o percentual do previsto para o volume expirado for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo (%FEV<sub>1</sub>) e a press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio arterial (PaO<sub>2</sub>) (r = 0.32; p&lt;0,01). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0320-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi tecnicamente poss&#237;vel em 20 pacientes com DPOC (74%). A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) e a MPAP dos grupos DPOC<sub>s</sub> e DPOC<sub>c</sub> foram similares, 57&#177;14 mmHg versus 59&#177;17 mmHg e 40&#177;9 mmHg versus 40&#177;11 mmHg, respectivamente (p NS). Uma MPAP <underline>&gt;</underline> 35 mmHg esteve presente em 13 pacientes com DPOC, 8 do grupo DPOC<sub>s</sub>, e 5 do grupo DPOC<sub>c</sub>. Observamos correla&#231;&#227;o linear e significante entre a PaO<sub>2</sub> e a MPAP (r = 0.45; p &lt; 0,01), (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre %FEV<sub>1</sub> e a MPAP. Tamb&#233;m, nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o p&#244;de ser vista entre a MPAP e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD (RVEF) e, entre a PaO<sub>2</sub> e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (LVEF). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0320-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref> apresenta os par&#226;metros derivados das an&#225;lises do ventr&#237;culo direito na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica para os 3 grupos. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (RVEF) dos grupos C, DPOC<sub>s</sub> e DPOC<sub>c</sub> foram, respectivamente, 54&#177;8%, 53&#177;6% e 32&#177;8% (C e DPOC<sub>s</sub> vs DPOC<sub>c</sub>). Essas diferen&#231;as entre as RVEF j&#225; eram esperadas, uma vez que o grupo DPOC<sub>c</sub> foi selecionado como aquele com RVEF &lt; 45% e, o grupo DPOC<sub>s</sub> com RVEF &gt; 45%. O grupo DPOC<sub>c</sub> apresentou menor d&#233;bito sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito (RVSV) que o grupo DPOC<sub>s</sub> (40&#177;21 ml vs 66&#177;19 ml; p=0,006). Nenhuma diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica foi observada para o d&#233;bito sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito (RVSV) entre os grupos DPOCs e o grupo C. Embora o grupo DPOC<sub>c</sub> mostrasse menor RVSV, o di&#226;metro do eixo curto em di&#225;stole do ventr&#237;culo direito (RVSA) foi similar para os 3 grupos. Os pacientes com DPOC exibiram maior espessura da parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo direito (RVLWT), que foram compar&#225;veis aos grupos DPOC<sub>s</sub> e DPOC<sub>c</sub> (8&#177;2 mm e 9&#177;3 mm, respectivamente); o grupo C exibiu um valor m&#233;dio mais baixo (5&#177;1 mm) (p&lt;0,004, C vs DPOC<sub>s</sub> e p&lt;0,004, C vs DPOC<sub>c</sub>). Nenhuma diferen&#231;a para o percentual de espessamento sist&#243;lico da parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo direito (%RVLWT) foi observada nos 3 grupos: C (86&#177;89%), DPOC<sub>s</sub> (86&#177;82%) e DPOC<sub>c</sub> (41&#177;35%) (p NS). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0320-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela IV</xref> exibe os resultados derivados da an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (LVEF) foi diferente para os 3 grupos. A menor LVEF foi observada no grupo DPOC<sub>c</sub>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0320-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Cinco pacientes do grupo DPOC<sub>c</sub> e 3 do grupo DPOC<sub>s</sub> demonstraram um defeito de perfus&#227;o revers&#237;vel na &#225;rea &#237;nfero-septal na cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com t&#225;lio e estresse farmacol&#243;gico com dobutamina. A LVEF para aqueles com e sem esses defeitos revers&#237;veis de perfus&#227;o foi, respectivamente, 52&#177;15% e 66&#177;11% (p &lt; 0,01). A RVEF para aqueles com ou sem isquemia &#237;nfero-septal foi, respectivamente, 38&#177;14% e 47&#177;11% (p = 0,07). O percentual de espessamento septal durante a s&#237;stole (%ST) para aqueles com e sem isquemia &#237;nfero-septal foi, respectivamente, 14&#177;10% e 24&#177;17% (p NS). Durante o estudo, dois pacientes do grupo DPOC<sub>c</sub> e isquemia &#237;nfero-septal foram submetidos &#224; cinecoronariografia. As coron&#225;rias estavam normais. </p>
    <p>Correla&#231;&#227;o linear positiva e significante foi observada entre a LVEF e a RVEF (r=0,58) e entre o di&#226;metro do eixo curto do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em di&#225;stole (LVSA) e o seu d&#233;bito sist&#243;lico (LVSV) (r=0,72), <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref>, respectivamente. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0320-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0320-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O percentual de deslocamento septal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo durante a s&#237;stole (%LSD) foi similar para os 3 grupos, C, DPOC<sub>s</sub> e DPOC<sub>c</sub>, 7&#177;12, 13&#177;13 e 11&#177;13, respectivamente (p NS). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi composta por pacientes com forma avan&#231;ada de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica caracterizada por um %FEV<sub>1</sub> de 34&#177;18, um %RV/TLC de 175&#177;31 e um %DLCO de 47&#177;24. Embora uma PaO<sub>2</sub> de 65&#177;15 mmHg possa ser considerada alta para tais pacientes, &#233; importante enfatizar que a amostra de sangue arterial foi obtida em vig&#234;ncia de O<sub>2</sub> naqueles em uso cont&#237;nuo de O<sub>2</sub>. N&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de comprometimento pulmonar e a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram detectadas diferen&#231;as para o %RVLWT entre grupos. Embora um menor %RVLWT tenha sido observado no grupo DPOC<sub>c</sub>, ele n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Por um lado, o n&#250;mero de pacientes estudados pode ter sido pequeno para se alcan&#231;ar diferen&#231;as entre grupos e o fato da RVLW se espessar durante a s&#237;stole sugere que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita ainda possa ser revertida naqueles com RVEF &lt; 45%, ap&#243;s o transplante pulmonar ou cirurgia redutora de volume pulmonar (LVRS), o que pode ser uma vantagem da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica sobre outros m&#233;todos, como o ecocardiograma e a tomografia computadorizada, que n&#227;o permitem a an&#225;lise detalhada da parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo direito. Tamb&#233;m, a hiperinsufla&#231;&#227;o pulmonar comumente presente nesses pacientes dificulta a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma <sup>28-31</sup>. A medida da fun&#231;&#227;o regional ventricular &#233; um dado importante para a an&#225;lise de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica. Certamente, uma regi&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio que se espessa durante a s&#237;stole cont&#233;m, pelo menos, algum tecido vi&#225;vel. O contr&#225;rio, no entanto, n&#227;o &#233; verdadeiro - a aus&#234;ncia de espessamento sist&#243;lico parietal n&#227;o necessariamente implica na aus&#234;ncia de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica. Mas, ainda nesses casos, a presen&#231;a de viabilidade pode ser verificada com teste de reserva contr&#225;til com dobutamina <sup>31</sup>. Tanto o grupo DPOC<sub>s</sub> quanto o grupo DPOC<sub>c</sub> demonstraram hipertrofia ventricular direita com %RVLWT preservado. </p>
    <p>O grupo DPOC<sub>s</sub> apresentou um RVSV maior que o grupo DPOC<sub>c</sub>, por&#233;m os di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos finais do ventr&#237;culo direito foram similares. Uma explica&#231;&#227;o seria a restri&#231;&#227;o ao enchimento ventricular direito devido a hiperinsufla&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. </p>
    <p>Observou-se que os grupos DPOC<sub>s</sub> e DPOC<sub>c</sub> tinham press&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar (PAP) compar&#225;veis ao eco-Doppler. Considerando que a PAP &#233; o resultado do produto do RVSV pela resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar, podemos inferir que a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar &#233; maior no grupo DPOC<sub>c</sub>. Assim, pacientes com a forma avan&#231;ada de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica podem ou n&#227;o apresentar disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, dependendo do grau da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar. Em 120 pacientes com enfisema que participaram do National Emphysema Treatment Trial, nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o foi vista entre os par&#226;metros ventilat&#243;rios e a PAP<sup>32</sup>. Em nosso estudo, nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o foi observada entre o %FEV<sub>1</sub> e a MPAP. Houve apenas correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre a PaO<sub>2</sub> e a MPAP. Mas isto n&#227;o explica por que pacientes com PaO<sub>2</sub> compar&#225;veis podem desenvolver diferentes valores de resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar. Certamente, outros fatores al&#233;m da PaO<sub>2</sub> e da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar parecem estar envolvidos, relacionados em parte, &#224; express&#227;o gen&#233;tica individual dos receptores pulmonares para endotelina. Os pulm&#245;es s&#227;o respons&#225;veis n&#227;o somente pela produ&#231;&#227;o quanto pela extra&#231;&#227;o da endotelina circulante, um pept&#237;deo com potente a&#231;&#227;o vasoconstritora e proliferativa. Em animais com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, tem-se observado uma redu&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o dos receptores ET<sub>B</sub><sup>33,34</sup>. A endotelina ao ligar-se aos receptores ET<sub>B</sub> promove vasodilata&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, enquanto na presen&#231;a de somente receptores ET<sub>A</sub> determina vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica demonstraram menor LVEF quando comparados aos controles. Fatores considerados de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, como hipertens&#227;o arterial e tabagismo, estiveram presentes em ambos os grupos DPOC. Desta forma, t&#237;nhamos que eliminar a possibilidade de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana como etiologia para a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Assim, todos foram submetidos &#224; cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com dobutamina que mostrou em 8 defeitos revers&#237;veis de capta&#231;&#227;o do radiois&#243;topo na regi&#227;o &#237;nfero-septal. Este achado pode ser um artefato comum obtido nas imagens de perfus&#227;o e ocorre em aproximadamente 25% dos pacientes<sup>35</sup>. S&#227;o defeitos normalmente causados pela atenua&#231;&#227;o da atividade radioisot&#243;pica da parede inferior devido &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da c&#250;pula diafragm&#225;tica esquerda, como observada em pacientes obesos. </p>
    <p>No decorrer de nosso estudo, um paciente foi submetido a LVRS. O paciente tinha grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e direita antes da cirurgia. Como foi um daqueles que apresentou defeito de capta&#231;&#227;o do radiois&#243;topo &#237;nfero-septal na cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, foi submetido a estudo hemodin&#226;mico completo. Confirmou-se a aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Ap&#243;s a LVRS, o paciente melhorou de forma significativa a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, permanecendo fora do protocolo de inaloterapia cont&#237;nua de O<sub>2</sub>. Os principais dados de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e ventricular antes e 3 meses ap&#243;s a LVRS foram, respectivamente: %FEV<sub>1 </sub>(18% vs 42%), %VEF<sub>1</sub>/FVC (FVC = capacidade vital for&#231;ada) (39% vs 43%), RVEF (27% vs 64%), LVEF (42% vs 53%) e MPAP (50 mmHg vs 33 mmHg). Como a LVRS foi realizada em somente um caso de nossa amostra populacional, n&#227;o podem ser feitas quaisquer infer&#234;ncias sobre o resultado desta cirurgia com os dados do presente trabalho. </p>
    <p>Recentemente, Mineo e cols. descreveram o efeito da LVRS sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>9</sup>. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a estudo hemodin&#226;mico antes da cirurgia, sendo que 9 dos 12 pacientes tinham RVEF abaixo de 40% em repouso. Os autores atribu&#237;ram a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita observada no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio ao mecanismo de Frank-Starling, pois o aumento do volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo direito acompanhou-se de aumento paralelo do RVSV e conclu&#237;ram que a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica pode acarretar aumento do retorno venoso e, conseq&#252;entemente, do enchimento ventricular. Outros mecanismos incluem a diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar das zonas pulmonares previamente submetidas &#224; compress&#227;o pelo alv&#233;olo hiperinsuflado e &#224; melhora do recuo el&#225;stico pulmonar <sup>36-38</sup>. </p>
    <p>Embora a LVEF fosse diferente nos 3 grupos, o LVSV foi similar para os grupos DPOC. O aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica parece reduzir a press&#227;o transmural do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e aumentar o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, enquanto que naqueles com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal, o aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica encontra-se associado &#224; uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco <sup>39</sup>. </p>
    <p>D&#250;vidas permanecem sobre a contribui&#231;&#227;o do desvio do septo ventricular para a esquerda no fen&#244;meno da interdepend&#234;ncia ventricular. No presente estudo, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as para o %LSD entre os grupos. Contudo, &#233; importante lembrar que o %LSD foi avaliado no final da s&#237;stole. Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado a presen&#231;a do deslocamento septal e sua import&#226;ncia na restri&#231;&#227;o ao enchimento ventricular esquerdo durante o in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole <sup>12</sup>. A presen&#231;a de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito e sua menor complac&#234;ncia determinariam um aumento abrupto de sua press&#227;o diast&#243;lica com deslocamento do septo interventricular para a esquerda. </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo direito pode contribuir para a perda do sincronismo entre os ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito e uma menor LVEF <sup>40</sup>. Em nosso estudo, houve distribui&#231;&#227;o similar de bloqueio de ramo direito entre os grupos DPOC<sub>s</sub> e DPOC<sub>c</sub>, n&#227;o podendo ser explicadas pela sua presen&#231;a, as diferen&#231;as observadas para LVEF. </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados s&#227;o similares aos publicados por Marcus e cols. que registraram uma restri&#231;&#227;o ao enchimento ventricular esquerdo em portadores de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar prim&#225;ria <sup>41</sup>. </p>
    <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo refere-se &#224; medida n&#227;o-invasiva da PAP. Contudo, alguns estudos j&#225; demonstraram uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre a MPAP obtida pelo eco-Doppler e a medida direta pela hemodin&#226;mica e, entre a TAC obtida tamb&#233;m pelo Doppler com a medida invasiva da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar <sup>42-44</sup>. No entanto, futuros avan&#231;os na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica poder&#227;o facilitar a medida n&#227;o-invasiva da PAP. Recentemente, Saba e cols. registraram um meio de estimar a PAP de forma n&#227;o-invasiva, a partir do index de massa ventricular e compararam seus resultados com aqueles obtidos pelo eco-Doppler e medidas invasivas. O intervalo de confian&#231;a para o index de massa ventricular foi menor que para o ecocardiograma. Tamb&#233;m, a sensibilidade e a especificidade para detec&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica foi maior que o ecocardiograma <sup>45</sup>. </p>
    <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi a n&#227;o abordagem da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica dos ventr&#237;culos, que poderia ter oferecido dados adicionais no que tange &#224; complac&#234;ncia ventricular. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, pacientes com forma avan&#231;ada de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica podem apresentar um %RLWT preservado, apesar da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda depende, na maioria dos casos, do RVSV. No presente estudo, n&#227;o se observou correla&#231;&#227;o entre as fun&#231;&#245;es pulmonares e ventriculares. Se um %RLWT preservado significa uma poss&#237;vel revers&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, permanece a ser definido, exigindo a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novos casos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dra. Nazareth de Novaes Rocha </p>
        <p> Rua Inhang&#225; 7/601 - Copacabana </p>
        <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> 22020-060 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="nazarethrocha@superig.com.br">nazarethrocha@superig.com.br </email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 12/8/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 26/1/04 </p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of the ventricular function of patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by using magnetic resonance imaging</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the mechanisms that may be involved in the evolution of right and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging was used in 11 control patients (group C) and 27 patients with COPD, who were divided into 2 groups, COPDc and COPDs, according to the presence or absence of right ventricular dysfunction, respectively. Doppler echocardiography was used for assessing the degree of pulmonary hypertension. RESULTS: The right ventricular diameter was similar in the 3 groups, COPDs, COPDc and C (29&#177;8 mm; 31&#177;7 mm; and 30&#177;6 mm; respectively, P=NS). Right ventricular hypertrophy was observed only in the COPD groups (8&#177;2 mm and 9&#177;3 mm vs 5&#177;1 mm; P&lt;0.01). The percentage of systolic right ventricular lateral wall thickening (%RVLWT) in the 3 groups were as follows: 86&#177;82% vs 41&#177;35% vs 86&#177;89%; P=NS). Different left ventricular ejection fractions were observed in the groups as follows: 69&#177;9% vs 55&#177;16% vs 76&#177;6%; P &lt; 0.01. A positive and significant linear correlation was observed between the left ventricular (LV) diastolic diameter and the LV systolic volume (r = 0.72; P &lt; 0.01). No correlation was observed between the pulmonary volumes, arterial blood gas analysis, and ventricular function. CONCLUSION: No correlation was observed between the severity of pulmonary function and the degree of ventricular function impairment. Whether a preserved %RVLWT means the possibility of reversibility of right ventricular function remains to be elucidated. However, the presence of the phenomenon of ventricular interdependence was confirmed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular function</kwd>
        <kwd>magnetic resonance imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Assessment of the ventricular function of patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by using magnetic resonance imaging</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Nazareth de Novaes Rocha; Rafael Stelmach; Alberto Cukier; Jos&#233; Rodrigues Parga; Luiz Francisco &#193;vila; M&#225;rcia Caldas; Paula Buck; Charles Mady</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the FMUSP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the mechanisms that may be involved in the evolution of right and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Magnetic resonance imaging was used in 11 control patients (group C) and 27 patients with COPD, who were divided into 2 groups, COPD<sub>c</sub> and COPD<sub>s</sub>, according to the presence or absence of right ventricular dysfunction, respectively. Doppler echocardiography was used for assessing the degree of pulmonary hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The right ventricular diameter was similar in the 3 groups, COPD<sub>s</sub>, COPD<sub>c </sub>and C (29&#177;8 mm; 31&#177;7 mm; and 30&#177;6 mm; respectively, P=NS). Right ventricular hypertrophy was observed only in the COPD groups (8&#177;2 mm and 9&#177;3 mm vs 5&#177;1 mm; P&lt;0.01). The percentage of systolic right ventricular lateral wall thickening (%RVLWT) in the 3 groups were as follows: 86&#177;82% vs 41&#177;35% vs 86&#177;89%; P=NS). Different left ventricular ejection fractions were observed in the groups as follows: 69&#177;9% vs 55&#177;16% vs 76&#177;6%; P &lt; 0.01. A positive and significant linear correlation was observed between the left ventricular (LV) diastolic diameter and the LV systolic volume (r = 0.72; P &lt; 0.01). No correlation was observed between the pulmonary volumes, arterial blood gas analysis, and ventricular function.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> No correlation was observed between the severity of pulmonary function and the degree of ventricular function impairment. Whether a preserved %RVLWT means the possibility of reversibility of right ventricular function remains to be elucidated. However, the presence of the phenomenon of ventricular interdependence was confirmed. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ventricular function, magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
      <p>Despite optimized medical therapy, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) tend towards progressive dyspnea, low tolerance to exercise, and an increase in morbidity and mortality when compared with those in cohorts of similar ages. When the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV<sub>1</sub>) is lower than 0.75 L or 30% of that predicted, the mortality rate is 40% to 50% in 3 years. Age &gt; 65 years also contributes to increased mortality <sup>1,2</sup>, and pulmonary hypertension, the major complication of the disease, predisposes to the development of cor pulmonale, which, by itself, is associated with a poor prognosis <sup>3</sup>. The study of the ventricular function through conventional methods, such as echocardiography and computed tomography, is difficult <sup>4,5</sup>. Therefore, magnetic resonance imaging has been used as a more reliable method for analyzing the right ventricle (RV). In recent years, due to the difficulty in performing lung or heart-lung transplantation, lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) has become an option to patients in an advanced stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease <sup>6,7</sup>. From the cardiovascular point of view, LVRS has been contraindicated to those with right and/or left ventricular dysfunction and to those with severe pulmonary hypertension <sup>8</sup>. Recently, some authors <sup>9 </sup>have reported the possibility of reverting right ventricular function with LVRS. If better ventricular function can be observed in some cases after pulmonary resection, why not expand its indication? What can truly suggest that the ventricular function is irreversible? Other questions regarding the left ventricle (LV) still persist. Is left ventricular dysfunction consequent to hypoxia? Is coronary artery disease associated with or secondary to right ventricle dysfunction itself? <sup>10-13</sup></p>
      <p>In the present study, the right and left ventricular functions of a group of patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were carefully analyzed, aiming at, through the precise knowledge of biventricular function, understanding the mechanisms involved in the deterioration of the functions of 1 or both ventricles. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-seven patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 11 healthy individuals (control) were studied. The diagnosis was based on the definition of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) <sup>14</sup>. The inclusion criteria of the control group were the presence of a normal physical examination, chest radiography, electrocardiography, and exercise testing, in addition to the absence of a history of smoking. All participants signed a written informed consent after approval of the protocol by the local committee on ethics. </p>
      <p>The patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease underwent pulmonary function tests and assessment of the ventricular function and the degree of pulmonary hypertension in a period of 10&#177;3 days. After a 30-minute rest, an arterial blood sample was obtained for gas analysis. The pulmonary volumes and capacity of pulmonary diffusion were measured with adequate spirometric devices (Collins/GS; Milwaukee, USA) according to the recommendations of the ATS <sup>15,16</sup>. </p>
      <p>Pulmonary hypertension was quantified by using Doppler echocardiography (ATL - HDI 3000 or 5000 model; Bothell, WA, USA). The mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) was quantified through the time of acceleration of the pulmonary flow (TAC) on Doppler <sup>17-19</sup>. The systematic calculation of the pulmonary artery systolic pressure through acquisition of the velocity of tricuspid regurgitation was not routinely used, due to the difficulty of obtaining the echocardiographic window in patients with pulmonary hyperinflation. </p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease, as a cause of left ventricular dysfunction, was excluded due to the lack of history of precordial pain and of alterations in myocardial scintigraphy and in the pharmacological dobutamine stress test. </p>
      <p>A previous history of systemic arterial hypertension and the presence of right bundle-branch block on the electrocardiogram, which could influence the interpretation of ventricular function, were recorded. </p>
      <p>Considering that the irregular rhythm may hinder the measurement of cardiac chambers on magnetic resonance imaging, patients with atrial fibrillation or frequent ectopic beats were excluded from the study protocol. </p>
      <p>The 1.5T Horizon (GE) model was used for magnetic resonance imaging. To determine the anatomy and future planning of the images, 3 spin-echo sequences were obtained in the coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes. The gradient-echo technique was used with the following parameters: mean repetition time of 9 ms, echo time of 4 ms, cut thickness of 10 mm, field of view of 320&#176;, tilt angle of 35 mm, and matrix of 128x256. The temporal resolution was 12 to 16 phases per cardiac cycle. </p>
      <p>The following parameters were analyzed for each ventricle: ejection fraction (Simpson formula), systolic volume, cardiac output, thickening of the interventricular septum, percentage of septal thickening during systole, thickness of the lateral ventricular wall, percentage of thickening of the lateral ventricular wall during systole, diameter of the long and short ventricular axes during diastole and systole, and the ratio between the diameters of the long and short ventricular axes during both diastole and systole <sup>20,21</sup>. </p>
      <p> The percentage of systolic parietal thickening was obtained based on the equation <sup>22</sup>: </p>
      <p>% parietal thickening =<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PLJY3Z6CRVZY9BprvRM9dwz/93da07db64315c5e021d2e3052475ad644830998.gif"/> . 100% </p>
      <p>where, ST = systolic parietal thickness, DT = diastolic parietal thickness. </p>
      <p>The ratio between the short axis diameter and the long axis diameter (SA/LA) of the left ventricle during diastole and systole is used for observing the change in ventricular geometry during the cardiac cycle. The difference between the SA/LA ratios during diastole and systole was used as a method for quantifying, in absolute values, the systolic motion of the interventricular septum towards the left ventricle. Therefore, the percentage of interventricular septal motion towards the left ventricle during systole (%LSD) was obtained based on the equation: </p>
      <p>% LSD = <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PLJY3Z6CRVZY9BprvRM9dwz/f1313625e14651b88e5acd37238da75b0583a982.gif"/>. 100% </p>
      <p>According to the literature <sup>23,24</sup>, the patients with right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) below 45% on magnetic resonance imaging were classified as having right ventricular dysfunction. Therefore, the patients with COPD were divided into the following 2 groups: COPD<sub>s</sub> group = without RV dysfunction; COPD<sub>c</sub> group = with RV dysfunction; group C = control (healthy). </p>
      <p>The characteristics of the groups studied were compared using the Fisher exact test and the Student <italic>t</italic> test. The ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used for assessing the differences between the parameters of the LV and RV obtained on magnetic resonance imaging. The Pearson test assessed the existence of linear correlations between the ejection fractions of the LV and RV, between the LV diameter during diastole and its systolic volume, and between the pulmonary parameters and MPAP. All calculations were performed using a system of statistical analysis (SSA). A P value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The control, COPD<sub>s</sub>, and COPD<sub>c</sub> groups comprised 11, 16, and 11 individuals, respectively. The characteristics of the 3 groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. Fifteen patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were continuous users of O<sub>2</sub> according to the national and international consensus of continuous O<sub>2 </sub>inhalation therapy <sup>25-28</sup>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <label>Table II</label>
        <p content-type="label"><xref/><sub>s</sub> and COPD<sub>c</sub> groups. Statistical differences were not observed between both groups (P = NS). A linear correlation was observed between the predicted percentage of the forced expiration volume in the first second (%FEV<sub>1</sub>) and the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO<sub>2</sub>) (r = 0.32; P&lt;0.01). </p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0320-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0320-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Quantification of the pulmonary artery pressure was technically possible in 20 patients with COPD (74%). The systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) and MPAP of the COPD<sub>s</sub> and COPD<sub>c</sub> groups were similar, 57&#177;14 mmHg versus 59&#177;17 mmHg, and 40&#177; 9 mmHg versus 40&#177;11 mmHg, respectively (P = NS). An MPAP <underline>&gt;</underline> 35 mmHg was observed in 13 patients with COPD, 8 in the COPD<sub>s</sub> group, and 5 in the CPOD<sub>c</sub> group. A linear and significant correlation was observed between PaO<sub>2</sub> and MPAP (r=0.45; P &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). No correlation was observed between %FEV<sub>1</sub> and MPAP. Moreover, no correlation was observed between MPAP and the RV ejection fraction (RVEF), and between PaO<sub>2</sub> and the LV ejection fraction (LVEF). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0320-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table III</xref> shows the parameters derived from the analyses of the right ventricle on magnetic resonance imaging in the 3 groups. The RVEF of the control, COPD<sub>s</sub>, and COPD<sub>c</sub> groups were, respectively, 54&#177;8%, 53&#177;6%, and 32&#177;8%. These differences between the RVEF were already expected, because the COPD<sub>c</sub> group was selected as that with RVEF &lt; 45%, and the COPD<sub>s</sub> group as that with RVEF &gt; 45%. The COPD<sub>c</sub> group had a lower right ventricular systolic volume (RVSV) than the COPD<sub>s</sub> group (40&#177;21 mL vs 66&#177;19 mL; P = 0.006). No statistical difference was observed for right ventricular systolic volume (RVSV) between the COPD<sub>s</sub> and control groups. Although the COPD<sub>c</sub> group had a lower RVSV, the diameter of the right ventricle short axis during diastole (RVSA) was similar for the 3 groups. Patients with COPD had a greater right ventricular lateral wall thickness (RVLWT), which were comparable in the COPD<sub>s</sub> and COPD<sub>c</sub> groups (8&#177;2 mm and 9&#177;3 mm, respectively); group C had a lower mean value (5&#177;1 mm) (P&lt;0.004, C vs COPD<sub>s</sub>, and P&lt;0.004, C vs COPD<sub>c</sub>). No difference regarding the percentage of systolic right ventricular lateral wall thickening (%RVLWT) was observed in the 3 groups: C (86&#177;89%), COPD<sub>s</sub> (86&#177;82%), and COPD<sub>c</sub> (41&#177;35%) (P = NS). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0320-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table IV</xref> shows the results derived from the assessment of left ventricular function on magnetic resonance imaging. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was different in the 3 groups. The lowest LVEF was observed in the COPD<sub>c</sub> group. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0320-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A reversible perfusion defect in the inferoseptal area was observed in 5 patients in the COPD<sub>c</sub> group and in 3 patients in the COPD<sub>s</sub> group on thallium myocardial scintigraphy and a pharmacological dobutamine stress test. The LVEF values for individuals with and without these reversible perfusion defects were 52&#177;15% and 66&#177;11%, respectively (P &lt; 0.01). The RVEF values for those with and without inferoseptal ischemia were 38&#177;14% and 47&#177;11%, respectively (P=0.07). The percentages of septal thickening during systole (%ST) for those with and without inferoseptal ischemia were 14&#177;10% and 24&#177;17%, respectively (P=NS). During the study, 2 patients in the COPD<sub>c</sub> group with inferoseptal ischemia underwent cine coronary angiography. The coronary arteries were normal. </p>
      <p>A positive and significant linear correlation was observed between LVEF and RVEF (r = 0.58) and between the diameter of the left ventricular short axis during diastole (LVSA) and its systolic volume (LVSV) (r = 0.72), <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref>, respectively. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0320-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0320-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The percentage of septal motion of the left ventricle during systole (%LSD) was similar in the 3 groups, C, COPD<sub>s</sub>, and COPD<sub>c</sub>, 7&#177;12, 13&#177;13, and 11&#177;13, respectively (P = NS). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our population sample comprised patients with the advanced form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by the following parameters: %FEV<sub>1</sub>, 34&#177;18; %RV/TLC (TLC = total lung capacity), 175&#177;31; and %DLCO (DLCO = diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide), 47&#177;24. Although PaO<sub>2</sub> of 65&#177; 15 mmHg may be considered high for such patients, it is worth noting that the arterial blood sample was obtained under continuous use of O<sub>2</sub> in some patients. No correlation was observed between the degree of pulmonary impairment and the presence or absence of right ventricular dysfunction. </p>
      <p>No differences in %RVLWT were observed between the groups. Although a lower %RVLWT was observed in the COPD<sub>c</sub> group, it did not reach statistical significance. On the other hand, the number of patients studied may have been too small to evidence differences between the groups. In addition, the fact that the RVLW thickens during systole suggests that right ventricular dysfunction may still be reverted in those with RVEF &lt; 45% after lung transplantation or lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS). This may be an advantage of magnetic resonance imaging over the other methods, such as echocardiography and computed tomography, which do not provide a detailed analysis of the right ventricular lateral wall. Moreover, pulmonary hyperinflation, which is usually present in these patients, hinders echocardiographic performance <sup>28-31</sup>. Measurement of the regional ventricular function is important information for the analysis of myocardial feasibility. Certainly, a myocardial region that thickens during systole contains, at least, some viable tissue. The contrary, however, is not true - the absence of systolic parietal thickening does not necessarily implicate the absence of myocardial viability. However, still in these cases, the presence of viability may be assessed by using the contractile reserve test with dobutamine <sup>31</sup>. Both the COPD<sub>s</sub> and the COPD<sub>c</sub> groups showed right ventricular hypertrophy with preserved %RVLWT. </p>
      <p>The COPD<sub>s</sub> group had a greater RVSV than that in the COPD<sub>c</sub> group; however, the end-diastolic diameters of the right ventricle were similar. One explanation could be the restriction to right ventricular filling due to pulmonary hyperinflation. </p>
      <p>Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in the COPD<sub>s</sub> and COPD<sub>c</sub> groups were similar on Doppler echocardiography. Considering that PAP is the result of the product of RVSV by pulmonary vascular resistance, one may infer that pulmonary vascular resistance is greater in the COPD<sub>c</sub> group. Therefore, patients with the advanced form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may or may not have right ventricular dysfunction, depending on the degree of pulmonary vascular resistance. In 120 patients with emphysema who participated in the National Emphysema Treatment Trial, no correlation was observed between the ventilatory parameters and PAP <sup>32</sup>. In our study, no correlation was observed between %FEV<sub>1</sub> and MPAP. Only a linear correlation was observed between PaO<sub>2</sub> and MPAP. This, however, does not explain why patients with similar PaO<sub>2</sub> may develop different values of pulmonary vascular resistance. Certainly, factors other than PaO<sub>2</sub> and pulmonary function seem to be involved, and these factors may be partially related to the individual genetic expression of pulmonary receptors for endothelin. The lungs account not only for the production, but also for the extraction of circulating endothelin, a peptide with potent vasoconstricting and proliferative action. In animals with pulmonary hypertension, a reduction in the expression of ET<sub>B </sub>receptors has been observed <sup>33,34</sup>. Endothelin, when bound to ET<sub>B</sub> receptors, causes pulmonary vasodilation, while in the presence of only ET<sub>A</sub> receptors, it causes vasoconstriction. </p>
      <p>Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease showed lower LVEF as compared with that of controls. Factors considered risky for coronary artery disease, such as arterial hypertension and smoking, were observed in both COPD groups. Therefore, the possibility of coronary artery disease as a cause of left ventricular dysfunction had to be eliminated. Thus, all patients underwent myocardial scintigraphy with dobutamine, which showed reversible defects of radioisotope uptake in the inferoseptal region in 8 patients. This finding may be a common artifact obtained in the perfusion images, occurring in approximately 25% of the patients <sup>35</sup>. These defects are usually caused by attenuation of the radioisotopic activity of the inferior wall due to elevation of the left diaphragmatic cupula, as observed in obese patients. </p>
      <p> During our study, 1 patient underwent LVRS. That patient had severe left and right ventricular dysfunction prior to surgery. As that patient was 1 of those with defective inferoseptal radioisotopic uptake in myocardial scintigraphy, he underwent a complete hemodynamic study, and the absence of coronary artery disease was confirmed. After LVRS, the patient significantly improved his pulmonary function and remained out of the protocol of continuous O<sub>2 </sub>inhalation therapy. The major data of pulmonary and ventricular function before and 3 months after LVRS were, respectively: %FEV<sub>1</sub>, 18% vs 42 %; %VEF<sub>1</sub>/FVC (FVC = forced vital capacity), 39% vs 43%; RVEF, 27% vs 64%; LVEF, 42% vs 53%; and MPAP, 50 mm Hg vs 33 mm Hg. As LVRS was performed in only 1 patient in our population sample, no inferences about the result of this surgery may be performed with the results of the present study. </p>
      <p>Recently, Mineo et al <sup>9</sup> reported the effect of LVRS on ventricular function. All patients underwent hemodynamic study before surgery, and 9 of the 12 patients had RVEF below 40% at rest. Those authors attributed the improvement in right ventricular function observed in the postoperative period to the Frank-Starling mechanism, because the increase in the right ventricular end-diastolic volume was accompanied by a parallel increase in RVSV. Those authors concluded that the reduction in the intrathoracic pressure may cause an increase in venous return, and, consequently, in ventricular filling. Other mechanisms include the decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance in the pulmonary regions that had previously undergone compression by the hyperinflated alveoli and improvement in the pulmonary elastic recoil <sup>36-38</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although LVEF was different in the 3 groups, LVSV was similar in the COPD groups. The increase in intrathoracic pressure seems to reduce left ventricular transmural pressure and increase cardiac output in patients with heart failure, while in those with normal ventricular function, the increase in intrathoracic pressure is associated with a reduction in cardiac output <sup>39</sup>. </p>
      <p>The contribution of interventricular septal motion towards the left to the phenomenon of ventricular interdependence remains controversial. The present study, showed no difference in the %LSD in the groups. However, it is worth noting that %LSD was assessed at the end of systole. Some studies <sup>12 </sup>have reported the presence of septal motion and its importance in restricting left ventricular filling during the beginning of diastole. The presence of right ventricular hypertrophy and its smaller compliance cause a sudden increase in the right ventricular diastolic pressure with interventricular septal motion towards the left. </p>
      <p>The presence of right bundle-branch block may contribute to loss of synchronism between the right and left ventricles and to a lower LVEF <sup>40</sup>. In our study, a similar distribution of right bundle-branch block was observed in the COPD<sub>s</sub> and COPD<sub>c</sub> groups, which cannot explain the differences observed in LVEF. </p>
      <p>Our results are similar to those reported by Marcus et al <sup>41</sup>, who found left ventricular filling restricted in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. </p>
      <p>A limitation of the present study is the noninvasive measurement of PAP. However, some studies have already shown a good correlation between MPAP obtained on Doppler echocardiography and the direct measurement through hemodynamics, and between TAC also obtained by use of Doppler and the invasive measurement of pulmonary vascular resistance<sup> 42-44</sup>. However, future advances in magnetic resonance imaging may facilitate the noninvasive measurement of PAP. Recently, Saba et al <sup>45 </sup>reported a noninvasive way of estimating PAP based on the ventricular mass index, and compared their results with those obtained on Doppler echocardiography and invasive measurements. The confidence interval for the ventricular mass index was shorter than that for echocardiography. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting pulmonary hypertension on magnetic resonance imaging were greater than those of echocardiography. </p>
      <p>Another limitation was the fact that the diastolic function of the ventricles was not assessed, which could have provided additional data regarding ventricular compliance. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, patients with the advanced form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may have a preserved %RLWT, regardless of the presence or absence of right ventricular dysfunction. Left ventricular function depends, in most cases, on RVSV. In the present study, no correlation was observed between pulmonary and ventricular functions. Whether a preserved %RLWT means a possible reversion to right ventricular dysfunction is still to be defined and requires further studies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Nazareth de Novaes Rocha </p>
          <p> Rua Inhang&#225; 7/601 </p>
          <p> 22020-060 </p>
          <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="nazarethrocha@superig.com.br">nazarethrocha@superig.com.br </email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 8/12/03</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 1/26/04 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
