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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Sss6JXpT8QQvKd8pGpPRqXp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001600005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001600005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A mobilidade do Septum primum n&#227;o depende do di&#226;metro do forame oval em fetos normais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sallum</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Satler</surname>
            <given-names>Fab&#237;ola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Ioschpe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>M&#226;nica</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piccoli Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>300</fpage>
      <lpage>303</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Testar a hip&#243;tese de que existe correla&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo diast&#243;lico do forame oval e o &#237;ndice de excurs&#227;o do septum primum em fetos normais. M&#201;TODOS: Foram examinados, por ecocardiografia, 102 fetos normais de gestantes com idades gestacionais entre 20 e 40 semanas. O di&#226;metro do forame oval e a excurs&#227;o m&#225;xima do septum primum foram medidos num corte de 4 c&#226;maras. Na an&#225;lise dos dados utilizou-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia do forame oval foi de 5,06 &#177; 1,29 mm; a da excurs&#227;o m&#225;xima do septum primum de 5,42 &#177; 1,41 mm; a do &#225;trio esquerdo 11,47 &#177; 2,76 mm e a do &#237;ndice de excurs&#227;o 0,48 &#177; 0,09. A rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia FO/IE foi de 11,35 &#177; 3,94 mm. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o FO/IE (r = -0,03) e observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o fraca do forame oval com o &#225;trio esquerdo (r = 0,031) e com a excurs&#227;o do septum primum (r = 0,21). CONCLUS&#195;O: A mobilidade do septum primum n&#227;o depende do di&#226;metro do forame oval em fetos normais, sugerindo que as modifica&#231;&#245;es da sua excurs&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#227;o decorram do grau de abertura interatrial.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia fetal</kwd>
        <kwd>forame oval</kwd>
        <kwd>septum primum</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>A mobilidade do <italic>Septum primum</italic> n&#227;o depende do di&#226;metro do forame oval em fetos normais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paulo Zielinsky; Marcelo Sallum; Fab&#237;ola Satler; Eduardo Ioschpe Gus; Luiz Henrique Nicoloso; Jo&#227;o Luiz M&#226;nica; Ant&#244;nio Luiz Piccoli Jr </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Porto Alegre, RS</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Testar a hip&#243;tese de que existe correla&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo diast&#243;lico do forame oval e o &#237;ndice de excurs&#227;o do <italic>septum primum</italic> em fetos normais. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram examinados, por ecocardiografia, 102 fetos normais de gestantes com idades gestacionais entre 20 e 40 semanas. O di&#226;metro do forame oval e a excurs&#227;o m&#225;xima do <italic>septum primum</italic> foram medidos num corte de 4 c&#226;maras. Na an&#225;lise dos dados utilizou-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A m&#233;dia do forame oval foi de 5,06 &#177; 1,29 mm; a da excurs&#227;o m&#225;xima do <italic>septum primum</italic> de 5,42 &#177; 1,41 mm; a do &#225;trio esquerdo 11,47 &#177; 2,76 mm e a do &#237;ndice de excurs&#227;o 0,48 &#177; 0,09. A rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia FO/IE foi de 11,35 &#177; 3,94 mm. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o FO/IE (r = -0,03) e observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o fraca do forame oval com o &#225;trio esquerdo (r = 0,031) e com a excurs&#227;o do <italic>septum primum</italic> (r = 0,21). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A mobilidade do <italic>septum primum</italic> n&#227;o depende do di&#226;metro do forame oval em fetos normais, sugerindo que as modifica&#231;&#245;es da sua excurs&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#227;o decorram do grau de abertura interatrial. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Ecocardiografia fetal, forame oval, <italic>septum primum</italic>, fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular</p>
    <p> Durante a vida fetal, o <italic>septum primum</italic> funciona como v&#225;lvula para fechar o forame oval, quando ocorre a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial. Na di&#225;stole, ele protrui para dentro do &#225;trio esquerdo, permitindo o m&#225;ximo de abertura e de fluxo no sentido da direita para a esquerda. Essa protrus&#227;o &#233; utilizada como refer&#234;ncia para identificar o &#225;trio esquerdo ao exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico fetal <sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em trabalhos pr&#233;vios, estudou-se a mobilidade do <italic>septum primum</italic>, sua evolu&#231;&#227;o durante a vida intra-uterina <sup>3</sup> e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de extra-s&#237;stoles atriais <sup>4,5</sup>. Para avaliar quantitativamente a excurs&#227;o do <italic>septum primum</italic> a cada ciclo card&#237;aco, foi criado um &#237;ndice que relaciona a sua m&#225;xima excurs&#227;o ao di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo, denominado &#237;ndice de excurs&#227;o (IE). </p>
    <p>Estudo anterior<sup>6</sup> concluiu que o &#237;ndice de excurs&#227;o est&#225; diminu&#237;do em fetos portadores de hipertrofia septal secund&#225;ria ao diabetes materno ap&#243;s 32 semanas de idade gestacional, havendo uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o &#237;ndice de excurs&#227;o e a espessura do septo interventricular, sugerindo que o &#237;ndice de excurs&#227;o possa ser utilizado como &#237;ndice de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular mais adequado que os classicamente aceitos, uma vez que apresenta uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa mais estreita com a hipertrofia do septo interventricular do que os fluxos valvares atrioventriculares. </p>
    <p>Outro estudo pr&#233;vio j&#225; demonstrou que, durante a respira&#231;&#227;o fetal, o &#237;ndice de excurs&#227;o do <italic>septum primum</italic> est&#225; significativamente aumentado, achado relacionado a um aumento da distensibilidade ventricular esquerda conseq&#252;ente aos movimentos respirat&#243;rios <sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>A excurs&#227;o do <italic>septum primum </italic>depende, portanto, de m&#250;ltiplos fatores, n&#227;o tendo sido estudada sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o tamanho do forame oval. O presente estudo foi desenhado com o intuito de testar a hip&#243;tese de que existe correla&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro do forame oval e a excurs&#227;o m&#225;xima do <italic>septum primum</italic>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo transversal n&#227;o controlado, tendo sido examinados 102 fetos sem anormalidades estruturais ou funcionais do cora&#231;&#227;o, de gestantes sem fatores de risco para cardiopatia, a partir da 20&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o termo, que realizaram ecocardiograma fetal de triagem em Centro Especializado de Cardiologia Fetal, de forma seq&#252;encial e n&#227;o intencional. </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo fetos portadores de qualquer anormalidade anat&#244;mica ou funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o ou de outros &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas, fetos cujas m&#227;es apresentassem doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica ou fatores de risco para cardiopatia fetal, impossibilidade de obten&#231;&#227;o de janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica adequada e idade gestacional menor que 20 semanas. </p>
    <p>Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos fetais foram obtidos seguindo a abordagem seq&#252;encial segmentar<sup>8,9</sup> iniciando-se na regi&#227;o umbilical materna, e procurando como referenciais anat&#244;micos a espinha dorsal, o f&#237;gado e o <italic>septum primum</italic> fetais. Determinou-se o <italic>situs</italic> atrial, a posi&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o no t&#243;rax, o tipo e modo das conex&#245;es atrioventricular e ventr&#237;culo-arterial, o arco a&#243;rtico e eventuais defeitos associados. </p>
    <p>Foram utilizados ecocardi&#243;grafos ACUSON modelos XP-10 e ASPEN para imagem bidimensional e medidas diretas por cursor eletr&#244;nico, empregando-se transdutor curvo de 4 a 7 MHz ou transdutor <italic>phased array</italic> de 2,25 a 5 MHz. </p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de excurs&#227;o (IE) do <italic>septum primum</italic> foi determinado a partir das seguintes medidas, obtidas em um corte de 4-c&#226;maras: A) m&#225;xima excurs&#227;o do <italic>septum primum</italic> para o interior do AE durante a di&#225;stole atrial, B) m&#225;ximo di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do AE. A raz&#227;o entre A e B expressa o IE. Assim, IE=A/B (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O di&#226;metro do forame oval foi medido num corte de 4 c&#226;maras, no final da di&#225;stole, obtendo-se este par&#226;metro atrav&#233;s do cursor eletr&#244;nico do equipamento, sendo considerada a maior dist&#226;ncia entre as bordas livres do septo interatrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Foi estabelecido o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre o di&#226;metro do forame oval e o &#237;ndice de excurs&#227;o do s<italic>eptum primum</italic>. Foram quantificados, tamb&#233;m, os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro do forame oval e a excurs&#227;o m&#225;xima do <italic>septum primum</italic> na di&#225;stole, assim como o di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo. </p>
    <p>Esta pesquisa recebeu aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa M&#233;dica da Institui&#231;&#227;o, e todas as pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento p&#243;s-esclarecimento. Utilizou-se formul&#225;rio padr&#227;o da Unidade de Pesquisa assegurando confidencialidade dos dados. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia das gestantes que participaram do estudo foi 26,26 &#177; 6,18 anos. A idade gestacional variou entre 20 e 40 semanas, m&#233;dia 29,45 &#177; 4,15 semanas. </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3a">figura 3A</xref> mostra a varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do forame oval nos 102 fetos estudados. A m&#233;dia obtida foi de 5,06 &#177; 1,29 mm. </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig3a">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig3b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig3c">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig3d">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores da excurs&#227;o m&#225;xima do <italic>septum primum</italic> encontram-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3b">figura 3B</xref>. Foi obtida uma m&#233;dia de 5,42 &#177; 1,41mm. </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3c">figura 3C</xref> est&#225; representado o di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo diast&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo dos fetos, cuja m&#233;dia obtida foi de 11,47 mm com um desvio padr&#227;o de 2,76 mm. </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia dos &#237;ndices de excurs&#227;o do <italic>septum primum</italic> dos 102 fetos foi de 0,48 &#177; 0,09 conforme <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3d">figura 3D</xref>. </p>
    <p>O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson estabelecido entre o di&#226;metro do forame oval e o &#237;ndice de excurs&#227;o do s<italic>eptum primum </italic>foi de -0,03 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4a">fig. 4A</xref>). </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig4a">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig4b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig4c">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro do forame oval e o di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo do &#225;trio esquerdo foi de 0,31 e a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro do forame oval e a excurs&#227;o do <italic>septum primum</italic> de 0,21 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4b">fig. 4B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4c">4C</xref>). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante a embriologia humana, o aparecimento dos septos card&#237;acos representa um cont&#237;nuo sistema de protrus&#245;es ocorrido em conex&#227;o com o desenvolvimento da forma externa das paredes card&#237;acas. Os bordos livres dessas protrus&#245;es crescem, uns em dire&#231;&#227;o aos outros, at&#233; o ponto em que se fundem<sup>10</sup>. A septa&#231;&#227;o dos dois &#225;trios inicia-se quando o <italic>septum primum </italic>come&#231;a a crescer a partir da por&#231;&#227;o p&#243;stero-superior da parede da cavidade comum, em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, onde os coxins endoc&#225;rdicos em desenvolvimento est&#227;o separando os &#225;trios e os ventr&#237;culos<sup>11</sup>. O <italic>septum primum</italic> &#233; uma fina membrana com fenestra&#231;&#245;es na sua por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia, que separa parcialmente os dois &#225;trios. A por&#231;&#227;o baixa do <italic>septum primum</italic> se funde com o tecido dos coxins endoc&#225;rdicos<sup>12</sup>. Posteriormente, desenvolve-se o <italic>septum secundum</italic>, paralelo e &#224; direita do anterior. Inicia-se na regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-superior da parede atrial e tamb&#233;m cresce em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular. Tem um bordo semilunar cuja por&#231;&#227;o &#226;ntero-inferior &#233; c&#244;ncava e cobre s&#243; parcialmente o orif&#237;cio central do <italic>septum primum</italic>. Esse bordo forma a <italic>crista dividens</italic> do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal. O espa&#231;o entre a <italic>crista dividens</italic> e o bordo livre do <italic>septum primum</italic> chama-se forame oval. Esse orif&#237;cio somente se fechar&#225; ap&#243;s o nascimento, por aposi&#231;&#227;o dessas suas estruturas <sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>A import&#226;ncia do forame oval se d&#225; pelo fato de que, devido &#224; diminuta circula&#231;&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea pulmonar intra-&#250;tero, a imensa maioria do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo que alcan&#231;a o cora&#231;&#227;o fetal chega ao &#243;rg&#227;o pelo &#225;trio direito, e &#233; por essa estrutura que parte do sangue alcan&#231;a o &#225;trio esquerdo, somando-se &#224; por&#231;&#227;o que retorna pelas veias pulmonares. </p>
    <p>A literatura j&#225; estudou o di&#226;metro do forame oval, e sugere que ele seja aproximadamente igual ao di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico<sup>14</sup> ou um pouco menor<sup>15,16</sup>. Um forame oval restritivo (di&#226;metro &lt; 2mm de abertura m&#225;xima)<sup>17,18</sup> tem sido associado a hipoplasia de cavidades esquerdas, aneurismas cong&#234;nitos do septo interatrial, taquicardia fetal supraventricular e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca intra-uterina<sup>19,20</sup>. </p>
    <p> O conhecimento da din&#226;mica cardiocirculat&#243;ria fetal tem sido ampliado ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos, com a constante agrega&#231;&#227;o de novos conceitos. A hip&#243;tese testada por este trabalho foi a de que as modifica&#231;&#245;es da excurs&#227;o do <italic>septum primum</italic> relacionadas a altera&#231;&#245;es da complac&#234;ncia e/ou do relaxamento ventricular esquerdo, poderiam, tamb&#233;m, ser influenciadas pelo di&#226;metro do forame oval, que &#233; o elo de liga&#231;&#227;o entre os dois lados do cora&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Entretanto, os resultados obtidos com presente estudo demostraram n&#227;o haver correla&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro do forame oval e o &#237;ndice de excurs&#227;o do <italic>septum primum.</italic> O que se observou, foi uma fraca correla&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro do forame oval e o di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo do &#225;trio esquerdo, bem como entre o di&#226;metro do forame oval e a excurs&#227;o do <italic>septum primum</italic>, embora sem significado cl&#237;nico. </p>
    <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que a mobilidade do <italic>septum primum</italic> &#233; influenciada pela fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tanto em um modelo com diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia (hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica esquerda)<sup>6</sup> como em um modelo de aumento da complac&#234;ncia ventricular (respira&#231;&#227;o fetal)<sup>3</sup>. Um eventual vi&#233;s de confus&#227;o poderia ser representado pelo di&#226;metro do forame oval, motivo da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o. O posicionamento das bordas do forame oval observado em um mesmo momento do ciclo card&#237;aco, em conformidade com as mensura&#231;&#245;es efetuadas na literatura<sup>14-16</sup>, minimizam as eventuais limita&#231;&#245;es da mensura&#231;&#227;o do forame oval na imagem bidimensional.  </p>
    <p>Este trabalho constitui uma etapa de uma linha de pesquisa que visa estudar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo fetal. Estudos realizados com velocidade de fluxo atrav&#233;s do forame oval, cuja avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o fez parte do delineamento deste trabalho, mostraram-se &#250;teis para quantificar a complac&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda em fetos com hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="fn" rid="nt01"><sup>*</sup></xref>. Em conclus&#227;o, os dados da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o sugerem que as modifica&#231;&#245;es da excurs&#227;o diast&#243;lica do <italic>septum primum</italic> n&#227;o decorrem do grau de abertura interatrial em fetos normais.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dr. Paulo Zielinsky </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 - Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> 90620-001 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br </email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 11/8/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 26/1/04 </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt01">
        <label>*</label>
        <p> Zielinsky P, Scheid MM, Gus EI et al. Comportamento do fluxo pelo forame oval em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas com hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica [enviado para publica&#231;&#227;o em Arq Bras Cardiol]. </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Mobility of the Septum primum does not depend on the foramen ovale diameter in normal fetuses</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that a correlation exists between the maximum foramen ovale diastolic diameter and the excursion index (EI) of the septum primum in normal fetuses. METHODS: One hundred and two normal fetuses with gestational ages ranging from 20 to 40 weeks were submitted to echocardiography. The foramen ovale diameter and the "maximal excursion" of the septum primum were measured in a 4-chamber view. The data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The mean foramen ovale (FO) diameter was 5.06 &#177; 1.29 mm; the maximal excursion of the septum primum was 5.42 &#177; 1.41 mm; the left atrium diameter 11.47 &#177; 2.76 mm; the septum primum "excursion index" was 0.48 &#177; 0.09. Mean FO/EI ratio was 11.35 &#177; 3.94 mm. No FO/EI correlation (r = -0.03) existed, and a weak foramen ovale/left atrium correlation (r = 0.31) was observed, as well as a weak foramen ovale/excursion of septum primum correlation (r = 0.21). CONCLUSION: Septum primum mobility does not depend on the foramen ovale diameter in normal fetuses, suggesting that the modifications of its diastolic displacement is not influenced by the size of the interatrial opening.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>fetal echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>foramen ovale</kwd>
        <kwd>septum primum</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular diastolic function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mobility of the <italic>Septum primum</italic> does not depend on the foramen ovale diameter in normal fetuses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo Zielinsky; Marcelo Sallum; Fab&#237;ola Satler; Eduardo Ioschpe Gus; Luiz Henrique Nicoloso; Jo&#227;o Luiz M&#226;nica; Ant&#244;nio Luiz Piccoli Jr</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To test the hypothesis that a correlation exists between the maximum foramen ovale diastolic diameter and the excursion index (EI) of the <italic>septum primum</italic> in normal fetuses.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>One hundred and two normal fetuses with gestational ages ranging from 20 to 40 weeks were submitted to echocardiography. The foramen ovale diameter and the "maximal excursion" of the <italic>septum primum</italic> were measured in a 4-chamber view. The data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The mean foramen ovale (FO) diameter was 5.06 &#177; 1.29 mm; the maximal excursion of the <italic>septum primum</italic> was 5.42 &#177; 1.41 mm; the left atrium diameter 11.47 &#177; 2.76 mm; the <italic>septum primum</italic> "excursion index" was 0.48 &#177; 0.09. Mean FO/EI ratio was 11.35 &#177; 3.94 mm. No FO/EI correlation (r = -0.03) existed, and a weak foramen ovale/left atrium correlation (r = 0.31) was observed, as well as a weak foramen ovale/excursion of <italic>septum primum</italic> correlation (r = 0.21).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold><italic> Septum primum</italic> mobility does not depend on the foramen ovale diameter in normal fetuses, suggesting that the modifications of its diastolic displacement is not influenced by the size of the interatrial opening. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>fetal echocardiography, foramen ovale,<italic> septum primum,</italic> ventricular diastolic function</p>
      <p> In fetal life, the <italic>septum primum</italic> acts as a valve to close the foramen ovale when atrial contraction occurs. In diastole, it protrudes within the left atrium, enabling maximal opening and flow from right to left. This protrusion is used as a reference to identify the left atrium (LA) in fetal echocardiography <sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
      <p>In previous studies, the mobility of the <italic>septum primum</italic>, its evolvement during intrauterine life <sup>3</sup>, and its correlation with the presence of atrial extrasystoles <sup>4,5 </sup>were assessed. To quantify the excursion of the <italic>septum primum</italic> during the cardiac cycle, an index that correlates its maximal excursion with the left atrium diameter was created, the so-called "excursion index" (EI). </p>
      <p>A previous study <sup>6</sup> showed that the excursion index is decreased in fetuses with ventricular septal hypertrophy secondary to maternal diabetes after 32 weeks of gestational age. An inverse correlation was present between the excursion index and interventricular septal thickness, suggesting that the excursion index could be used as a more suitable index for ventricular diastolic function than those usually accepted, since it was shown a more accurate inverse correlation with interventricular septal hypertrophy than the atrioventricular flows. </p>
      <p>Another previous study has already demonstrated that, during fetal breathing, the excursion index of the <italic>septum primum</italic> is significantly increased; this finding was explained by an increase in left ventricular distensibility due to respiratory movements <sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Therefore, excursion of the <italic>septum primum </italic>depends on multiple factors, and its correlation with the foramen ovale size has not been studied. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that a correlation exists between the foramen ovale diameter and the maximal excursion of the <italic>septum primum </italic>in normal fetuses. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a noncontrolled, transversal study, assessing 102 fetuses without structural or functional abnormalities of the heart; mothers had no risk factors for heart disease. Fetal echocardiography being performed sequentially from 20 weeks of gestation through term, in a specialized center of Fetal Cardiology. </p>
      <p>We excluded from the study fetuses with anatomical or functional abnormalities of the heart or any other organs and systems; fetuses whose mothers had systemic disease or risk factors for fetal heart disease; those in which it was impossible to obtain a suitable echocardiographic window; and gestational age below 20 weeks. </p>
      <p>Fetal echocardiographic examinations were obtained following the segmental sequential approach<sup>8,9</sup>, starting at the maternal umbilical region, and using the fetal dorsal spine, liver, and <italic>septum primum </italic>as anatomic references. Atrial <italic>situs</italic> was determined, together with heart position in the chest, type and mode of atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections, aortic arch, and associated defects. </p>
      <p>ACUSON models XP-10 and ASPEN echocardiographic equipaments were used for two-dimensional images, with a 4 to 7 MHz convex transducer or a 2.25 to 5 MHz <italic>phased array</italic> transducer. </p>
      <p>The excursion index (EI) of the <italic>septum primum</italic> was determined from the following measures obtained at a 4-chamber view: A) maximal excursion of the <italic>septum primum</italic> towards the interior of the LA; B) maximum LA diastolic diameter. The ratio between A and B expresses EI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The foramen ovale diameter was measured in a 4-chamber view, at the end of diastole. This parameter was obtained using the electronic cursor of the equipment, and the largest distance between the free edges of the interatrial septum was considered (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Pearson's correlation coefficient was established between the foramen ovale diameter and the "excursion index" of the <italic>septum primum</italic>. The correlation coefficient between the foramen ovale and the maximum excursion of the <italic>septum primum</italic>, as well as left atrial diameter, were calculated as well. </p>
      <p>This research was approved by the Ethical Committee in Medical Research of the institution, and all the patients gave their written informed consent. The standard Research Unit form was used to ensure data confidentiality. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mean maternal age was 26.26 &#177; 6.18 years. Gestational age ranged from 20 to 40 weeks (mean 29.45 &#177; 4.15 weeks). </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3a-body2">Figure 3A</xref> shows the variation in the foramen ovale diameter among the 102 fetuses studied. The mean diameter was 5.06 &#177; 1.29 mm. </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig3a-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig3b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig3c-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig3d-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Values of the maximal excursion of the <italic>septum primum</italic> are displayed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3b-body2">figure 3B</xref>. The mean value obtained was 5.42 &#177; 1.41mm. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3c-body2">Figure 3C</xref> represents the maximal left atrium diastolic diameter of fetuses. The mean value obtained was 11.47 mm, with a 2.76 mm standard deviation. </p>
      <p>The mean value of the excursion index of the <italic>septum primum</italic> in the 102 fetuses was 0.48 &#177; 0.09, according to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3d-body2">figure 3D</xref>. </p>
      <p>The Pearson's correlation coefficient between the foramen ovale diameter and the excursion index of the s<italic>eptum primum</italic> was -0.03 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4a-body2">fig. 4A</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig4a-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig4b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig4c-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0300-00005-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The correlation coefficient between the foramen ovale size and the maximal left atrium diameter was 0.31. The correlation between the foramen ovale diameter and the excursion of the <italic>septum primum</italic> was 0.21 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4b-body2">fig. 4B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4c-body2">4C</xref>). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In human embryology, the development of the cardiac septum represents a continuous system of protrusions together with the development of the external forms of cardiac walls. The free edges grow toward each other until they merge <sup>10</sup>. Septation of the two atria starts when the <italic>septum primum </italic>begins to grow from the posterior/superior portion of the common cavity of the wall, towards the atrioventricular junctions, where the developing endocardial cushions are separating atria and ventricles <sup>11</sup>. The <italic>septum primum</italic> is a thin structure with fenestrations in its medium portion, which partially separates the two atria. The low portion of the <italic>septum primum</italic> merges with the tissue from the endocardial cushions <sup>12</sup>. Later, <italic>septum secundum</italic> is developed, parallel and towards the right of the anterior. It starts in the posterior/superior region of the atrial wall and grows toward the atrioventricular junction. It has a semilunar edge with a hollow anterior/inferior portion, and it only partially covers the central hole of the <italic>septum primum</italic>. This edge forms the <italic>crista dividens</italic> of the fetal heart. The space between the <italic>crista dividens</italic> and the free edges of the <italic>septum primum</italic> is called the foramen ovale. This hole will only close after birth, through apposition of these two structures <sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>The foramen ovale is important because of the decreased intrauterine pulmonary blood circulation. Most of the blood flow reaching the fetal heart comes from the right atrium, and then from this structure part of the blood reaches the left atrium, joining the blood flow that returns through the pulmonary veins. </p>
      <p>The literature has already studied the foramen ovale diameter, and suggests that it is approximately equal to the aortic diameter <sup>14</sup> or slightly smaller <sup>15,16</sup>. A restrictive foramen ovale (diameter &lt; 2mm of maximum opening) <sup>17,18</sup> has been associated with left ventricular hypoplasia, interatrial septum congenital aneurysms, supraventricular fetal tachycardia, and intrauterine heart failure <sup>19,20</sup>. </p>
      <p>Knowledge of the fetal cardiac circulatory dynamics has improved in recent years, with constant addition of new concepts. This study has tested the hypothesis that changes in the excursion of the <italic>septum primum,</italic> which correlates with alterations in left ventricle compliance and/or relaxation, could also be influenced by the foramen ovale diameter, which is the link between the two sides of the heart. </p>
      <p>However, the results obtained in the present study demonstrated that no correlation exists between foramen ovale diameter and the excursion index of the <italic>septum primum.</italic> A weak correlation between the foramen ovale diameter and the maximal left atrium diameter, as well as the foramen ovale diameter and the excursion of the <italic>septum primum</italic> was observed, although not clinically significant. </p>
      <p>Previous studies have demonstrated that <italic>septum primum</italic> mobility is influenced by left ventricle diastolic function, both in a model with a decrease in compliance (left myocardial hypertrophy) <sup>6</sup> and in a model with an increase in ventricular compliance (fetal breathing) <sup>3</sup>. A possible confusion bias could be represented by the foramen ovale diameter, thus prompting the present investigation. Positioning of the foramen ovale edges observed in the same moment of the cardiac cycle, according to measures described in the literature <sup>14-16</sup>, should minimize the possible limitations of measuring the foramen ovale in the cross-sectional echocardiographic image. </p>
      <p>This study is a step in the research line aiming at studying left ventricle diastolic function in fetuses. Studies performed with flow velocity through the foramen ovale, already under way and not part of this study, have proven to be useful to quantify left ventricular compliance in fetuses with myocardial hypertrophy. </p>
      <p> In conclusion, data from the present study suggest that alterations in diastolic excursion of the <italic>septum primum</italic> do not depend on the level of interatrial opening in normal fetuses. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Paulo Zielinsky </p>
          <p> IC/FUC - Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 - 90620-001</p>
          <p> Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> e-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br </email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 8/11/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 1/26/2004 </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
