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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WZSjZNj8WCktPgXQqZygSmJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001600004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300404</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001600004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O transplante em conjunto de c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas e mesenquimais (cocultivadas) na disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Cesar Guarita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Katherine Athayde Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rebelatto</surname>
            <given-names>Carmen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Senegaglia</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furuta</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miyague</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hansen</surname>
            <given-names>Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Julio C</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brofman</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Slud</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>288</fpage>
      <lpage>293</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: A terapia celular no mioc&#225;rdio tem sido realizada fundamentalmente com dois tipos celulares: as c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas (miog&#234;nicas) e as mesenquimais (angiog&#234;nicas) com resultados satisfat&#243;rios. Foi analisado o resultado do transplante em conjunto destas c&#233;lulas (CEM) em ratos infartados. M&#201;TODOS: Foram induzidos ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, por meio de ligadura da coron&#225;ria esquerda 26 ratos Wistar. Ap&#243;s uma semana, os animais foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE,%) e dos volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VDF, VSF,ml). Ap&#243;s dois dias os animais foram reoperados e divididos em dois grupos: 1) controle (n=10) que recebeu 0,15 ml de meio de cultura e 2) CEM (n=16) que recebeu 7.5x106 c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas e mesenquimais, heter&#243;logas, na regi&#227;o do infarto. As c&#233;lulas foram obtidas a partir da pun&#231;&#227;o da crista il&#237;aca e da bi&#243;psia do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, ambas submetidas &#224; cultura celular in vitro. Ap&#243;s um m&#234;s, os animais foram submetidos a nova ecocardiografia. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos quanto a FE, VDF e VSF nos valores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de base. Um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante, foram observados diminui&#231;&#227;o da FE no grupo controle (29.31 &#177; 5.6% para 23.54 &#177; 6.51% p=0.048) e acr&#233;scimo da FE no grupo CEM (24.03 &#177; 8.68% para 31.77 &#177; 9.06%, p=0.011). Identificou-se a presen&#231;a de neovasos e fibras musculares, nas regi&#245;es de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica no grupo CEM. CONCLUS&#195;O: O cocultivo das c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas e das c&#233;lulas mesenquimais &#233; funcionalmente efetivo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Transplante</kwd>
        <kwd>c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas</kwd>
        <kwd>c&#233;lulas mesenquimais</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O transplante em conjunto de c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas e mesenquimais (cocultivadas) na disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>Luiz Cesar Guarita Souza; Katherine Athayde Teixeira de Carvalho; Carmen Rebelatto; Alessandra Senegaglia; Marcus Furuta; Nelson Miyague; Paula Hansen; Julio C Francisco; Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman </p>
    <p> Curitiba, PR</p>
    <p>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>A terapia celular no mioc&#225;rdio tem sido realizada fundamentalmente com dois tipos celulares: as c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas (miog&#234;nicas) e as mesenquimais (angiog&#234;nicas) com resultados satisfat&#243;rios. Foi analisado o resultado do transplante em conjunto destas c&#233;lulas (CEM) em ratos infartados. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram induzidos ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, por meio de ligadura da coron&#225;ria esquerda 26 ratos Wistar. Ap&#243;s uma semana, os animais foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE,%) e dos volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VDF, VSF,ml). Ap&#243;s dois dias os animais foram reoperados e divididos em dois grupos: 1) controle (n=10) que recebeu 0,15 ml de meio de cultura e 2) CEM (n=16) que recebeu 7.5x106 c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas e mesenquimais, heter&#243;logas, na regi&#227;o do infarto. As c&#233;lulas foram obtidas a partir da pun&#231;&#227;o da crista il&#237;aca e da bi&#243;psia do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, ambas submetidas &#224; cultura celular in vitro. Ap&#243;s um m&#234;s, os animais foram submetidos a nova ecocardiografia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos quanto a FE, VDF e VSF nos valores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de base. Um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante, foram observados diminui&#231;&#227;o da FE no grupo controle (29.31 &#177; 5.6% para 23.54 &#177; 6.51% p=0.048) e acr&#233;scimo da FE no grupo CEM (24.03 &#177; 8.68% para 31.77 &#177; 9.06%, p=0.011). Identificou-se a presen&#231;a de neovasos e fibras musculares, nas regi&#245;es de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica no grupo CEM. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O cocultivo das c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas e das c&#233;lulas mesenquimais &#233; funcionalmente efetivo. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave<italic>: </italic></bold>Transplante, c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas, c&#233;lulas mesenquimais, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>Embora existam evid&#234;ncias de divis&#227;o mit&#243;tica no cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>1</sup> ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, na grande maioria das vezes, os cardiomi&#243;citos n&#227;o se regeneram e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pode ser uma das complica&#231;&#245;es. Os tratamentos atuais propostos, tanto cl&#237;nicos como cir&#250;rgicos, tratam, fundamentalmente, as conseq&#252;&#234;ncias do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Duas novas linhas de pesquisas est&#227;o sendo propostas para tratar a principal consequ&#234;ncia do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, que &#233; a perda da c&#233;lula contr&#225;til, objetivando a regenera&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: a administra&#231;&#227;o de fatores angiog&#234;nicos e o transplante de c&#233;lulas. </p>
    <p>As c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas<sup>2-5</sup> e as mesenquimais<sup>6-8</sup> (origin&#225;rias das c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea), est&#227;o sendo utilizadas em v&#225;rios estudos, tanto experimentais como cl&#237;nicos, com resultados satisfat&#243;rios. </p>
    <p>Apesar do transplante das c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas ter se mostrado efetivo no mioc&#225;rdio infartado, pois estas c&#233;lulas puderam se diferenciar em m&#250;sculo vi&#225;vel na fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, a sua n&#227;o diferencia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica em cardiomi&#243;cito, a aus&#234;ncia de discos intercalares entre as c&#233;lulas transplantadas e os cardiomi&#243;citos adultos nativos, dificultando a conex&#227;o entre eles, e a presen&#231;a de arritmia ventricular p&#243;s-transplante<sup>9</sup> (provavelmente de origem isqu&#234;mica) em alguns pacientes, apresentam alguns questionamentos. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, a caracter&#237;stica das c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea de se diferenciar de acordo com o meio em que estejam em contato<sup>10</sup>, abriu uma perspectiva, dentre v&#225;rias outras, para a regenera&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo infartado. As c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea podem sofrer dois processos de diferencia&#231;&#227;o<sup>11</sup>, a linhagem hematopoi&#233;tica, que originar&#225; as c&#233;lulas do sangue (linf&#243;citos, eosin&#243;filos, bas&#243;filos, neutr&#243;filos, c&#233;lulas vermelhas e plaquetas) e a linhagem mesenquimal que poder&#225; originar c&#233;lulas musculares, hepat&#243;citos, oste&#243;citos e condr&#243;citos. </p>
    <p>Alguns trabalhos<sup>6</sup>, no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sugerem uma melhora funcional ap&#243;s o transplante das c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea, outros uma diferencia&#231;&#227;o em cardiomi&#243;citos<sup>7</sup> e, outros ainda, apenas um potencial angiog&#234;nico<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma an&#225;lise funcional e anatomopatol&#243;gica do transplante em conjunto de c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas e mesenquimais, cocultivadas, no mioc&#225;rdio infartado. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os experimentos foram realizados de acordo com o "Guia de Cuidados de Animais", aprovado pela Sociedade Americana de Fisiologia. </p>
    <p> Foram operados 50 ratos Wistar com peso m&#233;dio de 250g. A indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica foi realizada com a administra&#231;&#227;o de 50mg/kg/ de ketamina e 10mg/kg/ de xylazina, ambas por via intramuscular. Os animais foram submetidos &#224; entuba&#231;&#227;o endotraqueal, sem exposi&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da traqu&#233;ia e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica com freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 55 ciclos/min com 2.5 ml de volume (<italic>Harvard<sup>&#174;</sup>, Inc., respirador modelo 683, Massachusetts, USA</italic>).</p>
    <p>Em todos os animais foi realizada toracotomia lateral esquerda, pela qual se procedeu &#224; pericardiotomia e, em seguida, &#224; ligadura da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, com fio poliproplilene 7/0 (<italic>Ethicon<sup>&#174;</sup>, Inc., Somerville, NJ</italic>), induzindo o infarto da parede &#226;ntero-lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Foi comprovada a efetividade do procedimento quando houve altera&#231;&#227;o da colora&#231;&#227;o da parede ventricular esquerda. Ocorreu uma mortalidade de 30% dos animais submetidos ao procedimento. </p>
    <p>Passados sete dias do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, os animais foram submetidos a anestesia com administra&#231;&#227;o de 50mg/kg/ de ketamina e 10mg/kg/ de xylazina, ambas por via intramuscular e a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transtor&#225;cica bidimensional (<italic>Hewlet Packard</italic> modelo Sonos 5500, com transdutores setorial S12 (5 -12 mHz) e limiar 15L6 (7-15mHz), permitindo uma an&#225;lise de at&#233; 160Hz e especificamente produzida para estudo ultra-s&#244;nico em pequenos animais. O transdutor foi posicionado na por&#231;&#227;o &#226;ntero-lateral esquerda do t&#243;rax e os cora&#231;&#245;es foram visualizados pelo modo bidimensional com vis&#227;o axial do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, incluindo a valva mitral, a&#243;rtica e o &#225;pex na mesma imagem. A convers&#227;o digital da imagem foi obtida pela delimita&#231;&#227;o do septo interventricular e a parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A seguir realizaram-se as seguintes medidas: superf&#237;cie sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica finais, comprimento sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, para posteriores c&#225;lculos dos volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico finais e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Todas as medidas foram realizadas pelo mesmo ecocardiografista, tr&#234;s vezes, sendo em seguida calculada a m&#233;dia de cada par&#226;metro, de forma cega, ou seja, o examinador desconhecia a fase do estudo e a qual grupo o animal pertencia. Somente foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo animais com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 40%, justamente para caracterizar disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os animais que apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; 40%, foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo, o que correspondeu a 18% dos animais. </p>
    <p>Volume ventricular-f&#243;rmula: V=8x(S)2/(3x3.1415926xC), onde V=volume, S=&#225;rea e C=peso. </p>
    <p>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo-f&#243;rmula: FE= VDF - VSF/VDF, onde FE = fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, VDF = volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, VSF = volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p>A partir deste momento os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: controle, n=10 e CEM (esquel&#233;tica e mesenquimal), n=16.</p>
    <p>O isolamento das c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas foi realizado ap&#243;s bi&#243;psia do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico do membro inferior, atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica de Delaporte<sup>13</sup> e o isolamento das c&#233;lulas mesenquimais foi realizado a partir da pun&#231;&#227;o aspirativa da medula &#243;ssea, da crista il&#237;aca p&#243;stero-superior de ratos Wistar<sup>14</sup>. Ap&#243;s a centrifuga&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas e separa&#231;&#227;o por gradiente de densidade, utilizando a solu&#231;&#227;o Ficoll-Paque PLUS (<italic>Amersham Biosciences</italic>), as c&#233;lulas mesenquimais aderiram &#224; superf&#237;cie das placas, ao passo que as de origem hematopoi&#233;ticas n&#227;o. Ap&#243;s centrifuga&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea, as c&#233;lulas mononucleares foram distribu&#237;das nos frascos e ap&#243;s 48h seguiu-se &#224; lavagem com PBS, restando aderidas apenas as c&#233;lulas estromais, que continham as c&#233;lulas mesenquimais. </p>
    <p>Foram realizados ensaios em frascos de 25cm<sup>2</sup> de &#225;rea e as c&#233;lulas semeadas na propor&#231;&#227;o 2 c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas para 1 c&#233;lula mesenquimal (2:1), cerca de 5 x10<sup>5</sup>/ml por 12 dias. O meio de cultura utilizado foi o DMEM (<italic>Dulbecco's Modified Eagle M&#233;dium</italic>), contendo 15% de FCS (<italic>Fetal Calf Serum</italic>) 1% de antibi&#243;tico e 10ng/ml de IGF-I (<italic>insuline growth factor</italic>)(<italic>Gibcco BRL, Life Technologies, Inc, Rockville, Md</italic>). As culturas foram mantidas em estufa com 5% de CO<sub>2</sub> &#225; 37<sup>&#186;</sup>C. Como trata-se de co-cultivo, combina&#231;&#245;es dessas c&#233;lulas foram distribu&#237;das por 12 dias, sendo o meio de cultura trocado a cada 48h. </p>
    <p>Realizada a an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica da cultura celular, a identifica&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas de origem muscular atrav&#233;s da marca&#231;&#227;o com o anticorpo anti-desmina (<italic>Dako-Anti-Human Desmin-Clone D33</italic>). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>) e das c&#233;lulas mesenquimais foi realizada atrav&#233;s da marca&#231;&#227;o com a prote&#237;na anti-vimentina (<italic>Imunoperoxidase-Sigma, IMMH-10-Vimentin S-20 Santa Cruz Biotechnology, FITC</italic>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A viabilidade das c&#233;lulas transplantadas variou de 85 a 95%, atrav&#233;s da colora&#231;&#227;o de azul de Tripan.</p>
    <p>Os estudos histol&#243;gicos, das pe&#231;as anat&#244;micas, foram realizados com a hematoxilina-eosina e tric&#244;mico de Gomori, para identifica&#231;&#227;o de zonas de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de novas estruturas na fibrose mioc&#225;rdica</p>
    <p>Utilizou-se o Anti-BrDu (<italic>Bromodeoxyuridine-monoclonal antibody detecting cells proliferation and activation, BD</italic>) por meio da imunofluoresc&#234;ncia direta, para marcar as c&#233;lulas antes do transplante e poder identific&#225;-las ap&#243;s o procedimento. </p>
    <p>  Nove dias ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, os animais foram reoperados, submetidos a uma esternotomia mediana. Ap&#243;s individualiza&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea do mioc&#225;rdio infartada, foi realizada inje&#231;&#227;o subepic&#225;rdica de 0.15 ml de meio de cultura (MEM a 57% e BSA a 0.5% <italic>Fraction V, Sigma</italic>) no grupo controle. O grupo CEM recebeu c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas e c&#233;lulas mesenquimais heter&#243;logas na quantidade de 7.5x10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas dilu&#237;das em 0,15 ml de meio de cultura. Todos os animais receberam ciclosporina (15mg/kg/peso/dia) antes da esternotomia e manteve-se a mesma dosagem at&#233; o dia do sacrif&#237;cio. </p>
    <p>Um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante das c&#233;lulas, todos os animais foram submetidos a uma nova avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, avaliando-se os mesmos par&#226;metros usados no exame pr&#233;-transplante. Em seguida, os animais foram sacrificados para avalia&#231;&#227;o anatomopatol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>Os dados foram apresentados sob a forma de m&#233;dias &#177; SD e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi aceita quando o p&lt;0.05. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos nos per&#237;odos de base e 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante foi realizada com teste t pareado. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o da homogeneidade da vari&#226;ncia e a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal dos dados, a an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia foi realizada para determinar a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em cada per&#237;odo (base e 1 m&#234;s). O teste de Fisher para analisar a propor&#231;&#227;o de casos que melhoraram ou mantiveram-se est&#225;veis ap&#243;s um m&#234;s do transplante. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os dois grupos, controle e CEM, nos par&#226;metros da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e dos volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e antes do transplante. Todos os animais foram considerados homog&#234;neos (29.31 &#177; 5.60% e 24.03 &#177; 8.68% p=0.10, 0,36 &#177; 0,09 e 0,37 &#177; 0,06 p=0.593 e 0.50 &#177; 0.11ml e 0.49 &#177; 0.08ml, p=0.757, respectivamente).</p>
    <p>Entretanto, 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante das c&#233;lulas, foi observada uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre o grupo CEM e o grupo controle no par&#226;metro da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (31.77 &#177; 9.06% vs 23.54&#177;6.51% p=0.020) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Analisando-se os grupos individualmente, observou-se um decr&#233;scimo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no grupo controle (29.31&#177;5.60% para 23.54&#177;6.51% p=0.048) e um acr&#233;scimo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o no grupo CEM (24.03&#177;8.68% para 31.77&#177;9.06% p=0.011) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Analisando-se o volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, n&#227;o foi identificada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre o grupo controle e o grupo CEM, ap&#243;s um m&#234;s do transplante (0.69 &#177; 0.19ml vs 0.67 &#177; 0.12ml, p=0.791, respectivamente). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). Entretanto, os grupos, controle e CEM, isoladamente, apresentaram um aumento do volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (0.50 &#177; 0.11ml para 0.69 &#177; 0.19ml p=0.008 e 0.49 &#177; 0.08ml para 0.67 &#177; 0.12ml p&lt;0.001, respectivamente). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Analisando-se o volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, n&#227;o foi identificada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre o grupo controle e o grupo CEM, um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante (0,54 &#177; 0,17ml vs 0,47 &#177; 0,12ml, p=0.233, respectivamente). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref>). Entretanto, os grupos, controle e CEM, isoladamente, apresentaram um aumento do volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (0,36 &#177; 0,09ml para 0,36 &#177; 0,09ml p=0.002 e 0,37 &#177; 0,06 para 0,47 &#177; 0,12ml p=0.011, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Analisando-se os animais individualmente em cada grupo, observou-se que no grupo CEM, dos 16 animais, 14 (87.5%) animais apresentaram melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. No grupo controle, dos 10 animais, oito apresentaram piora da fun&#231;&#227;o e apenas dois (20%) apresentaram melhora, apesar de n&#227;o terem sido submetidos ao transplante de c&#233;lulas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>). Os animais foram sacrificados um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante das c&#233;lulas, os cora&#231;&#245;es removidos e divididos em duas partes, o &#225;pex contendo a &#225;rea de infarto e a base. Cada parte foi congelada em nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido a -80&#176;C e submetida a cortes fracionados a cada cinco micra, envolvendo a zona de transi&#231;&#227;o entre o mioc&#225;rdio &#237;ntegro e a regi&#227;o de fibrose. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Identificaram-se c&#233;lulas transplantadas na regi&#227;o de infarto, ap&#243;s um m&#234;s, no grupo CEM, atrav&#233;s da colora&#231;&#227;o com hematoxilina-eosina e tric&#244;mico de Gomori.</p>
    <p>Morfologicamente, as c&#233;lulas identificadas apresentavam caracter&#237;stica de fibra muscular esquel&#233;tica que coloniza a regi&#227;o de fibrose. Identificou-se tamb&#233;m a forma&#231;&#227;o de novos vasos sang&#252;&#237;neos nessa regi&#227;o, no grupo CEM. No grupo controle, comparativamente, n&#227;o foi visualizada a presen&#231;a de m&#250;sculo e nem de vasos sang&#252;&#237;neos na regi&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6a">fig. 6a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig6b">b</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig6a">
      <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/WZSjZNj8WCktPgXQqZygSmJ/2e6769358b44f76ba3b8db8c9b803150c9d2782e.gif"/>
    <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No grupo CEM, as c&#233;lulas transplantadas foram identificadas com o anti-BrDu, 24h ap&#243;s o transplante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07">fig. 7</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na grande maioria dos estudos onde se realiza o transplante de mioblastos esquel&#233;ticos no mioc&#225;rdio tem-se objetivado a recoloniza&#231;&#227;o das regi&#245;es de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, com c&#233;lulas contr&#225;teis. Esses estudos, tanto experimentais<sup>2-4</sup> como cl&#237;nicos<sup>5</sup>, sugerem uma melhora funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o; entretanto a n&#227;o diferencia&#231;&#227;o dos mioblastos esquel&#233;ticos em cardiomi&#243;citos, a aus&#234;ncia das jun&#231;&#245;es <italic>GAP </italic>entre as c&#233;lulas transplantadas e o mioc&#225;rdio &#237;ntegro e as arritmias ventriculares identificadas em alguns pacientes operados<sup>9</sup>, n&#227;o poderiam deixar de serem questionadas. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, nos estudos com c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea, existem algumas diverg&#234;ncias em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua diferencia&#231;&#227;o em cardiomi&#243;citos e o real benef&#237;cio funcional que o transplante dessas c&#233;lulas poderia proporcionar. Orlic e cols.<sup>8</sup> realizaram o transplante de c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea na regi&#227;o de transi&#231;&#227;o entre o mioc&#225;rdio &#237;ntegro e o infartado, ap&#243;s 5h de oclus&#227;o de coron&#225;ria descendente anterior, identificando uma melhora funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o, com presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas endoteliais e m&#250;sculo liso nos animais estudados. Entretanto, c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea diferenciadas em cardiomi&#243;citos n&#227;o foram identificadas na regi&#227;o infartada, apenas na zona de transi&#231;&#227;o. A presen&#231;a de m&#250;sculo liso pode ser justificada pela estrutura da t&#250;nica m&#233;dia do vaso sang&#252;&#237;neo neoformado. </p>
    <p>Ferem e cols.<sup>15</sup>, acreditam que as c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea, quando transplantadas em pacientes com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, apresentam benef&#237;cios funcional e cl&#237;nico importantes. </p>
    <p>A caracter&#237;stica fundamental das c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea, principalmente das c&#233;lulas mesenquimais, &#233; a sua diferencia&#231;&#227;o meio dependente, ou seja, estas c&#233;lulas adquirem as caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas com que est&#227;o em contato. Por exemplo, as c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea, em contato com osso, ter&#227;o tend&#234;ncia de se diferenciar em osso; da mesma forma, as que estiverem em contato com c&#233;lulas do f&#237;gado, se diferenciar&#227;o em hepat&#243;citos; se em contato com c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas poder&#227;o diferenciar-se em cardiomi&#243;citos, e assim por diante<sup>16</sup>. Seguindo este mesmo racioc&#237;nio, quando essas c&#233;lulas fossem transplantadas para uma regi&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio cr&#244;nico, ou seja, com fibrose, essas c&#233;lulas, conseq&#252;entemente, teriam a tend&#234;ncia de se diferenciar em fibrose. Partindo deste princ&#237;pio, &#233; dif&#237;cil acreditar que as c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea poderiam recolonizar o mioc&#225;rdio infartado, cronicamente, com novas fibras musculares card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>Alguns trabalhos<sup>12,17</sup> t&#234;m demonstrado, &#224; anatomia patol&#243;gica, que quando se transplantam c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea (mononucleares e/ou mesenquimais) em modelos de infarto cr&#244;nico do mioc&#225;rdio, observa-se uma neoforma&#231;&#227;o de vasos sang&#252;&#237;neos na regi&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>A id&#233;ia de associa&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas, que de fato recolonizam o mioc&#225;rdio infartado com novas fibras musculares de origem esquel&#233;tica, e das c&#233;lulas derivadas de medula &#243;ssea, que estimulam a forma&#231;&#227;o de novos vasos na regi&#227;o de fibrose, foi justamente sustentada na hip&#243;tese de realizar uma regenera&#231;&#227;o &#226;ngio-muscular e n&#227;o somente muscular e ou angiog&#234;nica isoladamente. </p>
    <p>Analisando-se isoladamente o grupo CEM, a melhora funcional identificada entre o per&#237;odo ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante das c&#233;lulas foi significativa (24,03 &#177; 8,68% para 31,77 &#177; 9,06; p=0.011). O mesmo ocorre quando o grupo CEM &#233; comparado com o grupo controle ap&#243;s um m&#234;s do transplante (23,54 &#177; 6,51% vs 31,77 &#177; 9,06%; p=0.020). Estes dados sugerem a efetividade do transplante de c&#233;lulas cocultivadas. Entretanto, &#233; dif&#237;cil identificar qual das c&#233;lulas transplantadas, se n&#227;o ambas, &#233; a respons&#225;vel pelo aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Ainda na an&#225;lise funcional, utilizando-se apenas os animais que mantiveram est&#225;vel ou melhoraram a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, observou-se que o efeito placebo esteve presente em dois animais do grupo controle, pois apresentaram melhora mesmo sem qualquer tipo de tratamento. No grupo CEM 14 (87,5%) animais dentre os 16 apresentaram melhora. O fato de dois animais n&#227;o terem apresentado melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, pode ter sido atribu&#237;do a problemas t&#233;cnicos, como falha na inje&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas ou at&#233; sua emboliza&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Apesar da efetividade do transplante de c&#233;lulas no grupo CEM, no par&#226;metro da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, foi observado um aumento significativo do volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (p&lt;0.001) ap&#243;s um m&#234;s do transplante, sugerindo a ocorr&#234;ncia do remodelamento ventricular independentemente da melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. O grupo controle apresentou evolu&#231;&#227;o de forma semelhante, e foi diferen&#231;a significativa n&#227;o foi observada entre ambos os grupos neste par&#226;metro e no mesmo per&#237;odo. V&#225;rios trabalhos com transplante de miobl&#225;sto esquel&#233;tico<sup>2,4</sup> no mioc&#225;rdio infartado, apresentam o remodelamento ventricular, apesar da melhora funcional, inclusive em estudos cl&#237;nicos<sup>9</sup>. Acredita-se que a capacidade de regenera&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio infartado, com as c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas seja limitada apenas ao local onde as c&#233;lulas foram injetadas, n&#227;o tendo efeito global anti-remodelamento ventricular. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, observou-se um aumento tanto no grupo controle como no grupo CEM, ap&#243;s um m&#234;s do transplante, sugerindo uma perda da atividade contr&#225;til (p=0.002 e p=0.011, respectivamente). </p>
    <p>Em um estudo realizado por Pouzet e cols.<sup>18</sup>, onde foram analisados animais submetidos ao transplante de mioblastos esquel&#233;ticos associado ao tratamento cl&#237;nico com inibidor da angiotensina, observou-se uma limita&#231;&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, provavelmente, em decorr&#234;ncia dos efeitos do tratamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>Os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o transplante de mioblastos esquel&#233;ticos ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem definidos; acredita-se que possa ser por uma forma ativa, pela melhora da contratilidade regional e por que diminui a regi&#227;o de infarto. Entretanto &#233; importante ressaltar que existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas transplantadas e a melhora funcional<sup>19</sup> e que o benef&#237;cio do transplante depende tamb&#233;m da qualidade das c&#233;lulas transplantadas e da sua sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s o transplante<sup>20</sup>, visto que uma grande porcentagem de c&#233;lulas morre ap&#243;s o transplante. </p>
    <p>Em um outro estudo<sup>17</sup> comparando-se os efeitos do transplante isolado de mioblastos esquel&#233;ticos e c&#233;lulas mesenquimais no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, observou-se uma melhora significativa da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no grupo que recebeu c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle; j&#225; o grupo que recebeu c&#233;lulas mesenquimais apresentou uma estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Neste grupo, &#224; anatomia patol&#243;gica, n&#227;o se identificaram novas fibras musculares na regi&#227;o de infarto, local da inje&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas, e sim uma intensa neoangiog&#234;nese. Tal caracter&#237;stica que pode justificar a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, pois a forma&#231;&#227;o de novos vasos sang&#252;&#237;neos pode diminuir a apoptose, a expans&#227;o do infarto, preservando o mioc&#225;rdio. Resultado funcional semelhante foi tamb&#233;m observado em outro estudo<sup>21</sup>, onde foram comparadas as c&#233;lulas de linhagem hematopoi&#233;ticas (CD 133+) e as c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas. </p>
    <p> A presen&#231;a de arritmia, demonstrada por Menasch&#233; e cols.<sup>9</sup> em seus estudos com c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas, n&#227;o foi um achado isolado, Zhang e cols.<sup>22</sup>, tamb&#233;m, sugerem que as c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea embrion&#225;rias, quando transplantadas no mioc&#225;rdio infartado, tamb&#233;m podem apresentar caracter&#237;sticas arritmog&#234;nicas. </p>
    <p>A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, dentre outras, &#233; uma das causas de arritmias ventriculares. Assim, acredita-se que no grupo de estudo do Menasch&#233; e cols.<sup>9</sup>, a causa das arritmias possa ser isqu&#234;mica, pois ap&#243;s o transplante de c&#233;lulas esquel&#233;ticas em uma regi&#227;o de fibrose, a regi&#227;o tornou-se vi&#225;vel, visualizada por tomografia com emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons (PET-SCAN). Entretanto, nessa regi&#227;o, previamente infartada e agora vi&#225;vel, pode-se suspeitar que houve isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, pois o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo nos pacientes estudados estava ausente, em decorr&#234;ncia de uma oclus&#227;o coronariana sem circula&#231;&#227;o colateral. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, a identifica&#231;&#227;o, &#224; anatomia patol&#243;gica, de novas fibras musculares na regi&#227;o de fibrose e a presen&#231;a de novos vasos sang&#252;&#237;neos na regi&#227;o, corroboram com a hip&#243;tese da regenera&#231;&#227;o angiomuscular.</p>
    <p>Segundo Pouzet e cols.<sup>18</sup>, existe uma importante mortalidade das c&#233;lulas logo ap&#243;s o transplante, possivelmente em decorr&#234;ncia da pr&#243;pria rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria local do infarto ou mesmo da inje&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas. Um das causas da mortalidade tardia das c&#233;lulas transplantadas, poderia ser a isquemia cr&#244;nica na regi&#227;o. A presen&#231;a de novos vasos sang&#252;&#237;neos, na regi&#227;o onde as c&#233;lulas musculares foram transplantadas, pode auxiliar na preserva&#231;&#227;o das novas fibras musculares e diminuir a isquemia, atrofia e morte dos cardiomi&#243;citos.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a associa&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas miobl&#225;sticas esquel&#233;ticas e mesenquimais mostrou-se efetiva na regenera&#231;&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, com identifica&#231;&#227;o de novas fibras musculares esquel&#233;ticas e novos vasos sang&#252;&#237;neos na regi&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao Dr. Marcio Scorsin e &#224; CAPES. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para Correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Luiz C&#233;sar Guarita Souza </p>
        <p> Rua Silveira Peixoto, 1062/162 </p>
        <p> 80240-120 </p>
        <p> Curitiba &#150; PR </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="llccggss@hotmail.com">llccggss@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado para publica&#231;&#227;o em 03/04/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 22/06/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Combined transplantation of skeletal myoblasts and mesenchymal cells (cocultivation) in ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Cell therapy in the myocardium has been mainly performed with satisfactory results using 2 cell types: skeletal myoblasts (myogenic) and mesenchymal cells (angiogenic). This study assessed the combined transplantation of those 2 cell types (SMM) into infarcted rats. METHODS: Myocardial infarction was induced by ligature of the left coronary artery in 26 Wistar rats. After one week, the animals underwent echocardiography for assessing ejection fraction (EF%) and left ventricular end-diastolic and systolic volumes (EDV, ESV, mL). After 2 days, the animals were reoperated on and divided into 2 groups: 1) control (n=10), which received 0.15 mL of culture medium; and 2) SMM (n=16), which received 7.5x10(6) heterologous skeletal myoblasts and mesenchymal cells in the infarcted region. The cells were obtained from puncture of the iliac crest and biopsy of skeletal muscle, and were cultured in vitro. After one month, the animals underwent a new echocardiography. RESULTS: No significant difference in EF, EDV, and ESV was observed between the 2 groups on baseline echocardiographic values. One month after transplantation, the following was observed: a reduction in EF in the control group (29.31 &#177; 5.6% to 23.54 &#177; 6.51%; P=0.048); and an increase in EF in the SMM group (24.03 &#177; 8.68% to 31.77 &#177; 9.06%; P=0.011). The presence of neovascularization and muscle fibers was identified in the regions of myocardial fibrosis in the SMM group. CONCLUSION: Cocultivation of skeletal myoblasts and mesenchymal cells is functionally effective.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>skeletal myoblasts</kwd>
        <kwd>mesenchymal cells</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Combined transplantation of skeletal myoblasts and mesenchymal cells (cocultivation) in ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction </p>
      <p>Luiz Cesar Guarita Souza; Katherine Athayde Teixeira de Carvalho; Carmen Rebelatto; Alessandra Senegaglia; Marcus Furuta; Nelson Miyague; Paula Hansen; Julio C Francisco; Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman</p>
      <p> Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; - Curitiba </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>Cell therapy in the myocardium has been mainly performed with satisfactory results using 2 cell types: skeletal myoblasts (myogenic) and mesenchymal cells (angiogenic). This study assessed the combined transplantation of those 2 cell types (SMM) into infarcted rats.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Myocardial infarction was induced by ligature of the left coronary artery in 26 Wistar rats. After one week, the animals underwent echocardiography for assessing ejection fraction (EF%) and left ventricular end-diastolic and systolic volumes (EDV, ESV, mL). After 2 days, the animals were reoperated on and divided into 2 groups: 1) control (n=10), which received 0.15 mL of culture medium; and 2) SMM (n=16), which received 7.5x10<sup>6</sup> heterologous skeletal myoblasts and mesenchymal cells in the infarcted region. The cells were obtained from puncture of the iliac crest and biopsy of skeletal muscle, and were cultured in vitro. After one month, the animals underwent a new echocardiography.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>No significant difference in EF, EDV, and ESV was observed between the 2 groups on baseline echocardiographic values. One month after transplantation, the following was observed: a reduction in EF in the control group (29.31 &#177; 5.6% to 23.54 &#177; 6.51%; P=0.048); and an increase in EF in the SMM group (24.03 &#177; 8.68% to 31.77 &#177; 9.06%; P=0.011). The presence of neovascularization and muscle fibers was identified in the regions of myocardial fibrosis in the SMM group.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Cocultivation of skeletal myoblasts and mesenchymal cells is functionally effective. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>Transplantation, skeletal myoblasts, mesenchymal cells, ventricular dysfunction, myocardial infarction</p>
      <p> Despite the evidence of mitotic division in the heart <sup>1</sup> after myocardial infarction, most of the time, cardiomyocytes do not regenerate, and heart failure may be one of the complications. The current treatments proposed, both clinical and surgical, fundamentally manage the consequences of myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p>Two new research lines have been proposed to treat the major consequence of myocardial infarction, which is loss of the contractile cell, aiming at myocardial regeneration: the administration of angiogenic factors and cell transplantation. </p>
      <p>Skeletal myoblasts <sup>2-5</sup> and mesenchymal cells <sup>6-8</sup> (originating from bone marrow cells) have been used in several studies, both experimental and clinical, with satisfactory results. </p>
      <p>The transplantation of skeletal myoblasts has proved to be effective in the infarcted myocardium, because those cells can differentiate into viable muscle amidst myocardial fibrosis. However, the following facts may lead to questions: skeletal myoblasts do not morphologically differentiate into cardiomyocytes; the absence of intercalated disks between the transplanted cells and the native adult cardiomyocytes hinders the connection between them; and the presence of posttransplantation ventricular arrhythmia <sup>9</sup> (probably of ischemic origin) in some patients. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, the characteristic that bone marrow cells differentiate according to the medium they are in contact with <sup>10</sup> opened a new perspective for the regeneration of infarcted muscle. Bone marrow cells may undergo the following 2 processes of differentiation: the hematopoietic cell line, which generates blood cells (lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, red blood cells, and platelets); and the mesenchymal line, which may generate muscle cells, hepatocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes <sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>Regarding acute myocardial infarction, some studies <sup>6</sup> have suggested the occurrence of functional improvement after bone marrow cell transplantation; others have suggested the occurrence of differentiation into cardiomyocytes<sup>7</sup>; and, yet, others have suggested only the existence of an angiogenic potential <sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Thus, this study aimed at performing a functional and anatomicopathological assessment of combined transplantation of cocultivated skeletal myoblasts and mesenchymal cells for the treatment of infarcted myocardium.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All experiments were performed according to the "Guiding Principles in the Care and Use of Animals" of The American Physiological Society. </p>
      <p> Fifty Wistar rats with a mean weight of 250g were operated upon. Anesthetic induction was performed with the intramuscular administration of ketamine, 50 mg/kg, and xylazine, 10 mg/kg. The animals underwent endotracheal intubation, without surgical exposure of the trachea, and mechanical ventilation with a volume of 2.5 mL at a frequency of 55 cycles/minute (model 683 respirator, Harvard, Inc., Massachusetts, USA). </p>
      <p>All animals underwent left lateral thoracotomy, through which pericardiotomy was performed. Then, the left coronary artery was ligated with a 7/0 polypropylene thread (Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, NJ), inducing infarct in the left ventricular anterolateral wall. Effectiveness of the procedure was confirmed when an alteration in left ventricular wall coloration occurred. A 30% mortality was observed in the animals undergoing the procedure. </p>
      <p>Seven days after myocardial infarction, the animals were anesthetized with intramuscular administration of ketamine, 50 mg/kg, and xylazine, 10mg/kg, and underwent 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography with a Sonos 5500 model device (Hewlett Packard) with sectorial transducers S12 (5 -12 MHz) and threshold of 15L6 (7-15mHz), which allowed an analysis of up to 160Hz and was specifically produced for the ultrasound study of small animals. The transducer was positioned in the left anterolateral portion of the thorax, and the hearts were visualized by using 2-dimensional mode with the axial view of the left ventricle, including the mitral and aortic valves and the apex in the same image. Digital conversion of the image was obtained by delimiting the interventricular septum and the left ventricular posterior wall. Then, for the calculation of the left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes and ejection fraction, the following measurements were taken: left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic surfaces, end-systolic and end-diastolic length, and heart rate. All measures were taken 3 times by the same echocardiographer. Then, the mean for each parameter was blindly calculated, ie, the examiner ignored the phase of the study and the group the animal belonged to. The study included only the animals with left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 40%, which characterizes ventricular dysfunction. The animals with ejection fraction &gt; 40% were excluded from the study, which corresponded to 18% of the animals. </p>
      <p>The formula for calculating the ventricular volume was: V=8x(S)2/(3x3.1415926xC), where V=volume; S=area; and C=weight. </p>
      <p>The formula for calculating the left ventricular ejection fraction was: EF=EDV-ESV/EDV, where EF = left ventricular ejection fraction; EDV = left ventricular end-diastolic volume; ESV = left ventricular end-systolic volume. </p>
      <p>From this moment on, the animals were divided into 2 groups: control, n=10, and SMM (skeletal myoblasts and mesenchymal cells), n=16. </p>
      <p>Skeletal myoblasts were isolated after biopsy of the skeletal muscle of the lower limb, according to the technique of Delaporte <sup>13</sup>. Mesenchymal cells were isolated through bone marrow aspiration of the posterosuperior iliac crest of Wistar rats <sup>14</sup>. After cell centrifugation and separation according to density using the Ficoll-Paque PLUS solution (Amersham Biosciences), the mesenchymal cells adhered to the surface of the plate, while those of hematopoietic origin did not. After centrifugation of the bone marrow cells, the mononuclear cells were distributed in flasks, and, after 48 hours, they were washed with PBS, and only the stromal cells remained adhered, containing the mesenchymal cells. </p>
      <p>The assays were performed in 25-cm<sup>2</sup> flasks, and the cells were distributed in the proportion of 2 skeletal myoblasts to 1 mesenchymal cell (2:1), approximately 5 x10<sup>5</sup>/mL per 12 days. The culture medium used was DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium) containing 15% Fetal Calf Serum (FCS), 1% of antibiotics, and 10 ng/mL of insulin growth factor (IGF-I) (Gibcco BRL, Life Technologies, Inc, Rockville, MD). The cultures were maintained at 37&#176;C in the incubator with 5% of CO<sub>2</sub>. As this was a cocultivation, the mesenchymal cells and skeletal myoblasts were distributed for 12 days, and the culture medium was changed every 48 hours.</p>
      <p>The cell culture was histologically analyzed. Identification of the cells of muscular origin and of the mesenchymal cells was performed through labeling with the anti-desmin antibody (Dako-Anti-Human Desmin-Clone D33) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>) and the anti-vimentin protein (Immunoperoxidase-Sigma, IMMH-10-Vimentin S-20, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, FITC) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>), respectively. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The viability of transplanted cells, assessed through the trypan blue stain, ranged from 85 to 95%. </p>
      <p>The histological studies of the anatomical specimens were performed with hematoxylin-eosin and Gomori's trichrome for identifying areas of myocardial infarct and presence of new structures in myocardial fibrosis. </p>
      <p>The anti-BrDu antibody (Bromodeoxyuridine-monoclonal antibody detecting cells proliferation and activation, BD) through direct immunofluorescence was used to label the cells before transplantation, so that they could be identified after the procedure. </p>
      <p>Nine days after myocardial infarction, the animals were reoperated on through a median sternotomy. After individualization of the infarcted myocardial area, 0.15 mL of culture medium (57% MEM and 0.5% BSA, Fraction V, Sigma) was subepicardially injected in the control group. The SMM group received 7.5x10<sup>6</sup> skeletal myoblasts and heterologous mesenchymal cells diluted in 0.15 mL of culture medium. All animals received cyclosporine (15mg/kg/day) before sternotomy, and the same dose was maintained until the day of sacrifice. </p>
      <p>One month after cell transplantation, all animals underwent a new echocardiography, in which the same parameters used in the pretransplant examination were assessed. Then, the animals were euthanized for anatomicopathological analysis. </p>
      <p>All data are presented as means &#177; SD, and the statistical significance level adopted was P &lt; 0.05. The groups were compared at baseline and 1 month after transplantation with the paired <italic>t</italic> test. </p>
      <p>After assessing homogeneity of variance and normal distribution of data, analysis of variance was performed for determining the difference between the groups in each period (baseline and one month later). The Fisher exact test was used to analyze the proportion of cases that improved or were stable one month after transplantation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No statistical difference was observed between groups, control and SMM, in regard to left ventricular ejection fraction and end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes after myocardial infarction and before transplantation. All animals were considered homogeneous (29.31 &#177; 5.60% and 24.03 &#177; 8.68%, P=0.10; 0.36 &#177; 0.09 and 0.37 &#177; 0.06, P=0.593; and 0.50 &#177; 0.11 mL and 0.49 &#177; 0.08 mL, P=0.757; respectively). </p>
      <p>One month after cell transplantation, however, a significant difference in left ventricular ejection fraction was observed between the control and SMM groups (31.77&#177;9.06% vs 23.54&#177;6.51%, P=0.020) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Analyzing the groups individually, left ventricular ejection fraction decreased in the control group (from 29.31&#177;5.60% to 23.54&#177; 6.51%, P=0.048) and increased in the SMM group (from 24.03&#177; 8.68% to 31.77&#177;9.06%, P=0.011) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Analyzing the left ventricular end-diastolic volume, no statistical difference was identified between the control and SMM groups one month after transplantation (0.69 &#177; 0.19mL vs 0.67 &#177; 0.12mL, P=0.791, respectively) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). In isolation, however, the control and SMM groups showed an increase in the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (from 0.50 &#177; 0.11mL to 0.69 &#177; 0.19mL, P=0.008, and from 0.49 &#177; 0.08mL to 0.67 &#177; 0.12mL, P&lt;0.001, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Analyzing the left ventricular end-systolic volume, no statistical difference was identified between the control and SMM groups one month after transplantation (0.54 &#177; 0.17mL vs 0.47 &#177; 0.12mL, P=0.233, respectively) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">fig. 5</xref>). In isolation, the control and SMM groups had an increase in the left ventricular end-systolic volume (from 0.36 &#177; 0.09mL to 0.36 &#177; 0.09mL, P=0.002, and from 0.37 &#177; 0.06 to 0.47 &#177; 0.12mL, P=0.011, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Analyzing the animals per each group, in the SMM group, of the 16 animals, 14 (87.5%) improved their ejection fraction. In the control group, of the 10 animals, 8 worsened their ejection function, and only 2 (20%) improved their ejection fraction, although no cell was transplanted (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The animals were euthanized one month after cell transplantation, and their hearts were removed and divided into 2 parts, the apex containing the infarcted area and the base. Each part was frozen in liquid nitrogen at -80&#176;C, divided into fractioned sections every 5 microns, involving the zone of transition between the intact myocardium and the region of fibrosis. </p>
      <p>In the SMM group, one month after intervention, transplanted cells were identified in the infarcted region by use of the hematoxylin-eosin and Gomori's trichrome stains. Morphologically, the identified cells had characteristics of skeletal muscular fibers that colonize the region of fibrosis. The formation of new blood vessels was also identified in this region in the SMM group. In the control group, however, the presence of neither muscle nor blood vessels was visualized in the region of myocardial fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6a-body2">fig. 6a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig6b-body2">b</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig6a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/WZSjZNj8WCktPgXQqZygSmJ/23fb2818d05f7712770b02a1b223aa4ea96005b6.gif"/>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the SMM group, the transplanted cells were identified by use of the anti-BrDu antibody 24 hours after transplantation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07-body2">fig. 7</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-04-0288-00004-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The great majority of the studies about transplantation of skeletal myoblasts into the myocardium have aimed at recolonizing the regions of myocardial fibrosis with contractile cells. These studies, both experimental <sup>2-4</sup> and clinical <sup>5</sup>, have suggested the occurrence of functional improvement in the heart; however, the lack of differentiation of skeletal myoblasts into cardiomyocytes, the absence of GAP junctions between the transplanted cells and the intact myocardium, and the ventricular arrhythmias identified in some patients operated on <sup>9</sup>, could not pass unquestioned. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, the studies with bone marrow cells disagree in regard to their differentiation into cardiomyocytes and the real functional benefit that the transplantation of these cells may provide. Orlic et al <sup>8</sup> transplanted the bone marrow cells into the transition region between the intact and the infarcted myocardium 5 hours after occlusion of the anterior descending coronary. These authors reported cardiac functional improvement with the presence of endothelial cells and smooth muscle in the animals studied, but no bone marrow cells differentiated into cardiomyocytes were identified in the infarcted region, only in the transition zone. The smooth muscle may be justified by its presence in the tunica media of the neoformed blood vessels. Ferem et al <sup>15</sup> believe that the mononuclear cells of the bone marrow, when transplanted into patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, provide significant functional and clinical benefits. </p>
      <p>The fundamental characteristic of the bone marrow cells, mainly the mesenchymal cells, is their medium-dependent differentiation, ie, those cells acquire the characteristics of the cells they are in contact with. For example, the bone marrow cells in contact with bone tend towards differentiating into bone; similarly, those in contact with liver cells tend towards differentiating into hepatocytes; those in contact with cardiac cells tend towards differentiating into cardiomyocytes, and so forth <sup>16</sup>. Following this same rationale, when those cells are transplanted into the region of chronic myocardial infarct, ie, into the fibrotic area, they would consequently tend towards differentiating into fibrosis. Based on that principle, it is hard to believe that bone marrow cells could recolonize the chronically infarcted myocardium with new cardiac muscle fibers. </p>
      <p>Some studies <sup>12,17</sup> have shown by use of anatomicopathological analysis that, when bone marrow cells (mononuclear and/or mesenchymal cells) are transplanted into models of chronic myocardial infarct, neoformation of blood vessels is observed in the region of myocardial fibrosis. </p>
      <p>The idea of using a combination of skeletal myoblasts, which do really recolonize the infarcted myocardium with new muscle fibers of skeletal origin, and cells derived from the bone marrow, which stimulate the formation of new vessels in the region of fibrosis, was based on the hypothesis of providing an angiomuscular regeneration and not only an isolated muscular or angiogenic regeneration. </p>
      <p>Analyzing the SMM group separately, the functional improvement identified between the period after myocardial infarction and one month after cell transplantation was significant (form 24.03 &#177; 8.68% to 31.77 &#177; 9.06, P=0.011). The same was observed when the SMM group was compared with the control group one month after transplantation (23.54 &#177; 6.51% vs 31.77 &#177; 9.06%, P=0.020). These data suggest the effectiveness of the transplantation of cocultivated cells. However, it is difficult to identify which transplanted cell, if not both, is responsible for the increase in left ventricular ejection fraction. </p>
      <p>Still in regard to functional analysis and considering only the animals that maintained their left ventricular ejection fraction as stable or improved it, the placebo effect was present in 2 of the control group animals, because their ejection fraction improved even without any type of treatment. In the SMM group, 14 (87.5%) animals of the 16 improved their ejection fraction. The fact that 2 animals had no improvement in their cardiac function may be attributed to technical problems, such as a failure in cell injection or even embolization. </p>
      <p>Despite the effectiveness of cell transplantation in the SMM group in regard to left ventricular ejection fraction, a significant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (P&lt;0.001) was observed one month after transplantation, suggesting the occurrence of ventricular remodeling independent of improvement in cardiac function. The outcome of the control group was similar, and no significant difference was observed between both groups in regard to that parameter in the same period. Other studies <sup>2,4</sup> on transplantation of skeletal myoblasts into the infarcted myocardium, including some clinical studies <sup>9</sup>, reported the occurrence of ventricular remodeling despite the functional improvement. The capacity of regeneration of the infarcted myocardium with skeletal myoblasts is believed to be limited to the site of cell injection with no overall anti-ventricular remodeling effect. </p>
      <p>In regard to left ventricular end-systolic volume, an increase was observed in the control and SMM groups one month after cell transplantation, suggesting a decrease in the contractile activity (P=0.002 and P=0.011, respectively). </p>
      <p>Pouzet et al <sup>18</sup>, in a study of animals undergoing transplantation of skeletal myoblasts in association with clinical treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, reported a limitation in left ventricular dilation, probably due to the effects of clinical treatment. </p>
      <p>The mechanisms responsible for the improvement in cardiac function after transplantation of skeletal myoblasts have not been well established. That improvement is believed to result from an active process due to the improvement in the regional contractility and a decrease in the infarcted region. However, it is worth emphasizing that a direct relation exists between the number of cells transplanted and functional improvement <sup>19</sup>, and that the benefit of the intervention also depends on the quality of the cells transplanted and their survival after the procedure <sup>20</sup>, because a large percentage of cells die after transplantation. </p>
      <p> Another study <sup>17</sup>, which compared the effects of the transplantation of skeletal myoblasts alone and mesenchymal cells alone into myocardial infarct, reported a significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction in the group receiving the skeletal myoblasts as compared with that in the control group; on the other hand, the group receiving the mesenchymal cells showed stabilization of left ventricular ejection fraction. The anatomicopathological examination of the group receiving the mesenchymal cells revealed no new muscular fibers in the infarcted region, where the cells had been injected, but an intense neoangiogenesis. This fact may explain the stabilization of left ventricular ejection fraction, because the formation of new blood vessels can reduce apoptosis and the expansion of the infarct, thus preserving the myocardium. A similar functional result has also been reported in another study <sup>21</sup>, which compared cells of the hematopoietic line (CD 133+) and skeletal myoblasts. </p>
      <p>The presence of arrhythmia reported by Menasch&#233; et al <sup>9</sup> in their studies with skeletal myoblasts was not an isolated finding. Zhang et al <sup>22</sup> have also suggested that bone marrow embryonic cells, when transplanted into the infarcted myocardium, may also show arrhythmogenic characteristics. </p>
      <p>Myocardial ischemia is one of the causes of ventricular arrhythmias. Therefore, in the study by Menasch&#233; et al <sup>9</sup>, the cause of arrhythmias is believed to be ischemic, because after the transplantation of skeletal cells into a region of fibrosis, that region became viable, visualized on positron emission tomography (PET-SCAN). However, in that viable region, which was previously infarcted, myocardial ischemia may be suspected, because blood supply to the patients studied was absent due to one coronary artery occlusion without collateral circulation. </p>
      <p>On anatomicopathological examination in this study, the identification of new muscular fibers in the region of fibrosis and the presence of new blood vessels in the region confirm the hypothesis of angiomuscular regeneration. </p>
      <p>Pouzet et al <sup>18</sup> reported the existence of a significant cell mortality right after cell transplantation, possibly due to the local inflammatory reaction of the infarct or even of cell injection. One cause of late mortality of transplanted cells could be the chronic ischemia in the region. The presence of new blood vessels in the region into which the muscular cells were transplanted may help to preserve the new muscular fibers and reduce ischemia, atrophy, and cardiomyocyte death. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the combination of skeletal myoblasts and mesenchymal cells proved to be effective in the regeneration of myocardial fibrosis, with identification of new skeletal muscular fibers and new blood vessels in the region of myocardial fibrosis. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank Dr. Marcio Scorsin and CAPES. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Luiz C&#233;sar Guarita Souza </p>
          <p> Rua Silveira Peixoto, 1062/162 </p>
          <p> 80240-120 </p>
          <p> Curitiba, PR, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="llccggss@hotmail.com">llccggss@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 04/03/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 06/22/2004</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
