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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8RmdLvSmLY8HLHkkjRQPgHN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001600003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001600003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Homoenxerto a&#243;rtico criopreservado no tratamento cir&#250;rgico das les&#245;es da valva a&#243;rtica: resultados imediatos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gerola</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Wesley</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kin</surname>
            <given-names>Hyong C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela E. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Armindo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vargas</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Flora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buffolo</surname>
            <given-names>Enio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Disciplina de Cirurgia Cardiovascular</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>280</fpage>
      <lpage>283</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados imediatos, cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, com o uso do homoenxerto a&#243;rtico criopreservado no tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valva a&#243;rtica. MATERIAL: Dezoito pacientes com les&#227;o na valva a&#243;rtica receberam homoenxerto a&#243;rtico criopreservado, sendo 15 homens, 10 com insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica e oito, estenose a&#243;rtica. A idade variou de 18 a 65 (m&#233;dia de 44,5 &#177; 18,14) anos. Quatro pacientes apresentavam endocardite bacteriana em atividade, 12 estavam em classe funcional II, seis em classe funcional III (NYHA). A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda era normal em 15 pacientes. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 5,5% (um paciente), por insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, os demais receberam alta hospitalar entre o 5&#176; e 8&#176; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em classe funcional I. O gradiente transvalvar a&#243;rtico m&#225;ximo, ao ecocardiograma, variou de zero a 30 mmhg, com m&#233;dia de 10,9 &#177; 9,2 mmhg. Cinco pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam nenhum grau de refluxo pelo homoenxerto, 11 (61,1%) tinham refluxo m&#237;nimo e dois apresentavam refluxo leve. O tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea variou de 130 a 220 (m&#233;dia de 183,9 &#177; 36,7) minutos. O tempo de pin&#231;amento da aorta variou de 102 a 168 (m&#233;dia de 139,14 &#177; 25,10) minutos. O sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio variou 210 a 1220 ml, com m&#233;dia de 511,4 &#177; 335,1 ml e n&#227;o houve reopera&#231;&#245;es. O tempo de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal variou de 2h e 50min a 17 h com m&#233;dia de 9,14 &#177; 3,6 h. CONCLUS&#195;O: O homoenxerto a&#243;rtico criopreservado pode ser utilizado rotineiramente com baixa morbi-mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>homoenxerto a&#243;rtico</kwd>
        <kwd>troca valvar</kwd>
        <kwd>valvopatia a&#243;rtica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Homoenxerto a&#243;rtico criopreservado no tratamento cir&#250;rgico das les&#245;es da valva a&#243;rtica. Resultados imediatos</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Lu&#237;s Roberto Gerola; Wesley Ara&#250;jo; Hyong C. Kin; Gabriela E. F. Silva; Armindo Pereira Filho; Guilherme Flora Vargas; Enio Buffolo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>S&#227;o Paulo, SP </bold>
    </p>
    <p> Disciplina de Cirurgia Cardiovascular da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp/ EPM)</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Analisar os resultados imediatos, cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, com o uso do homoenxerto a&#243;rtico criopreservado no tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valva a&#243;rtica. </p>
    <p><bold>MATERIAL:</bold> Dezoito pacientes com les&#227;o na valva a&#243;rtica receberam homoenxerto a&#243;rtico criopreservado, sendo 15 homens, 10 com insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica e oito, estenose a&#243;rtica. A idade variou de 18 a 65 (m&#233;dia de 44,5 &#177; 18,14) anos. Quatro pacientes apresentavam endocardite bacteriana em atividade, 12 estavam em classe funcional II, seis em classe funcional III (NYHA). A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda era normal em 15 pacientes. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 5,5% (um paciente), por insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, os demais receberam alta hospitalar entre o 5&#176; e 8&#176; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em classe funcional I. O gradiente transvalvar a&#243;rtico m&#225;ximo, ao ecocardiograma, variou de zero a 30 mmhg, com m&#233;dia de 10,9 &#177; 9,2 mmhg. Cinco pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam nenhum grau de refluxo pelo homoenxerto, 11 (61,1%) tinham refluxo m&#237;nimo e dois apresentavam refluxo leve. O tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea variou de 130 a 220 (m&#233;dia de 183,9 &#177; 36,7) minutos. O tempo de pin&#231;amento da aorta variou de 102 a 168 (m&#233;dia de 139,14 &#177; 25,10) minutos. O sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio variou 210 a 1220 ml, com m&#233;dia de 511,4 &#177; 335,1 ml e n&#227;o houve reopera&#231;&#245;es. O tempo de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal variou de 2h e 50min a 17 h com m&#233;dia de 9,14 &#177; 3,6 h. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O homoenxerto a&#243;rtico criopreservado pode ser utilizado rotineiramente com baixa morbi-mortalidade hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>homoenxerto a&#243;rtico, troca valvar, valvopatia a&#243;rtica </p>
    <p>A id&#233;ia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de homoenxerto a&#243;rtico (v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica de cad&#225;ver) para o tratamento das les&#245;es da valva a&#243;rtica n&#227;o &#233; nova, e se confunde com a pr&#243;pria hist&#243;ria da cirurgia da valva a&#243;rtica. Na realidade, os homoenxertos foram as primeiras pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas utilizadas, com sucesso, em posi&#231;&#227;o ortot&#243;pica por Ross<sup>1</sup> e Barrat-Boyes<sup>2</sup> em 1962. Esses autores, trabalhando independentemente, utilizaram a t&#233;cnica subcoronariana proposta por Duram e Gunning<sup>3</sup>, e usavam homoenxertos frescos, esterilizados em solu&#231;&#245;es de antibi&#243;ticos e mantidos em solu&#231;&#245;es nutrientes, que permitiam armazenamento por at&#233; um m&#234;s. </p>
    <p>As dificuldades de obten&#231;&#227;o, t&#233;cnicas pouco eficazes de esteriliza&#231;&#227;o e maior risco de regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar, devido a distor&#231;&#245;es ou desalinhamento das comissuras, observadas na t&#233;cnica subcoronariana, utilizada nas primeiras s&#233;ries, representavam limita&#231;&#245;es no uso dos homoenxertos<sup>4-10</sup>. Por outro lado, o desenvolvimento de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas e pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas heter&#243;logas, que apresentam grande facilidade de obten&#231;&#227;o e t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria mais simples, fizeram com que os homoenxertos fossem progressivamente substitu&#237;dos. </p>
    <p>Posteriormente, com o desenvolvimento da criopreserva&#231;&#227;o<sup>11</sup>, que permite a estocagem por longos per&#237;odos (at&#233; 10 anos) e a obten&#231;&#227;o de valvas de doadores, com o cora&#231;&#227;o ainda batendo, com maior viabilidade celular, fez com que ressurgisse o interesse no uso dos homoenxertos, pois estes apresentam excelente perfil hemodin&#226;mico, baixos gradientes transvalvares, m&#237;nima incid&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo e endocardite<sup>6,12-14</sup>. Al&#233;m disto, s&#227;o consideradas as pr&#243;teses ideais para tratamento cir&#250;rgico na vig&#234;ncia de endocardite ativa<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; apresentar os resultados imediatos, at&#233; 30 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, com uso de homoenxertos a&#243;rtico criopreservado, em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, no tratamento das les&#245;es da valva a&#243;rtica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados para receber o homoenxerto a&#243;rtico criopreservado 18 pacientes com les&#227;o na valva a&#243;rtica, e indica&#231;&#227;o para tratamento cir&#250;rgico. O uso de homoenxerto a&#243;rtico criopreservado foi aprovado pelas normas do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica M&#233;dica. </p>
    <p>Quinze pacientes eram homens, 10 tinham insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica e oito estenose a&#243;rtica. A idade variou de 18 a 65, (m&#233;dia 44,5 &#177; 18,14) anos. Quatro pacientes apresentavam endocardite bacteriana em atividade, sendo um deles complicada com dois abscessos de anel. Doze pacientes estavam em classe funcional II, seis em classe funcional III (NYHA). </p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda era normal em 15 pacientes, dois apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o leve e um com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p>Foram crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: reopera&#231;&#245;es valvares, associa&#231;&#227;o com les&#245;es coronarianas, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, arteriopatias perif&#233;ricas com grave comprometimento cl&#237;nico, associa&#231;&#227;o com les&#245;es carot&#237;deas, associa&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es valvares graves. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram operados atrav&#233;s de esternotomia mediana longitudinal. Instalado circuito de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, com canula&#231;&#227;o da aorta e &#225;trio direito. A opera&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com hipotermia moderada a 28&#176;C. </p>
    <p>A prote&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foi feita atrav&#233;s de cardioplegia retr&#243;grada cont&#237;nua pelo seio coronariano em 10 pacientes e, em oito foi anter&#243;grada, pelos &#243;stios coron&#225;rios, intermitente, a cada 20min. A composi&#231;&#227;o da cardioplegia era sang&#252;&#237;nea hipot&#233;rmica com acr&#233;scimo de pot&#225;ssio (15mEq/L), somente na indu&#231;&#227;o, nas doses subseq&#252;entes foi administrado o pr&#243;prio sangue do perfusato, sem qualquer adi&#231;&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio ou outras subst&#226;ncias. </p>
    <p>Utilizamos, em todos os pacientes, &#225;cido tranex&#226;nico, albumina, corticoester&#243;ides e realizamos ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o do perfusato, durante todo o per&#237;odo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria utilizada foi a troca da raiz da aorta com reimplante das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. (<italic>root replacement</italic>). </p>
    <p>Iniciamos pela sec&#231;&#227;o total da aorta, aproximadamente 2cm acima da jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular, ressec&#231;&#227;o das v&#225;lvulas da valva a&#243;rtica, descalcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar, quando necess&#225;rio, e mensura&#231;&#227;o do anel a&#243;rtico. </p>
    <p>Com a mensura&#231;&#227;o do anel a&#243;rtico, escolhemos o homoenxerto a&#243;rtico criopreservado, habitualmente de 1 a 2mm menor que o anel a&#243;rtico. Em seguida, realiz&#225;vamos o descongelamento na sala de opera&#231;&#227;o, em 15min (descongelamento r&#225;pido). </p>
    <p>Enquanto o descongelamento era realizado, isolamos os &#243;stios coronarianos direito e esquerdo. Pontos simples de poli&#233;ster 3-0 foram passados em todo o anel valvar a&#243;rtico e no anel valvar do homoenxerto a&#243;rtico. Abaixamos o homoenxerto at&#233; o anel e amarramos todos os pontos deixando uma fita de teflon fixada dentro de cada ponto amarrado, com isto, procuramos refor&#231;ar a hemostasia e evitar dilata&#231;&#245;es futuras do anel a&#243;rtico. Depois de abaixado o homoenxerto &#233; realizado o re-implante das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, com sutura cont&#237;nua, com prolene 6-0. Ap&#243;s isto, realizamos a anastomose termino-termimal entre a aorta do paciente e a aorta do homoenxerto com prolene 4-0 sutura cont&#237;nua. </p>
    <p>Durante toda a opera&#231;&#227;o as c&#226;maras esquerdas foram descomprimidas atrav&#233;s de um aspirador posicionado no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo atrav&#233;s da veia pulmonar superior direita ou atrav&#233;s da ponta do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Esta aspira&#231;&#227;o &#233; utilizada, tamb&#233;m, para a retirada de ar e auxiliar na recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, ap&#243;s a abertura da pin&#231;a da aorta. </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo intraoperat&#243;rio foram avaliados os tempos de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e de an&#243;xia mioc&#225;rdica (tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico), que eram obtidos diretamente da ficha de perfus&#227;o, al&#233;m da necessidade de se realizar procedimentos associados. </p>
    <p>No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram avaliadas as principais morbidades cl&#237;nicas, como a presen&#231;a de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, sangramento, necessidade de reopera&#231;&#227;o, tempo de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias. Al&#233;m disto, todos os pacientes realizaram ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico antes da alta hospitalar entre o 5&#176; e 8&#176; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em seis pacientes foi utilizado homoenxerto a&#243;rtico n&#250;mero 20, em 10 o n&#250;mero 22 e em dois o n&#250;mero 24. </p>
    <p>Em cinco pacientes foram realizados procedimentos associados, como: amplia&#231;&#227;o posterior do anel a&#243;rtico (Manuguian) em dois pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica cong&#234;nita, em dois pacientes foi realizado plastia da valva mitral. Um paciente foi operado na fase ativa da endocardite infecciosa com abscessos de anel, sendo feito a exclus&#227;o desses abscessos com remendos de peric&#225;rdio bovino e posterior coloca&#231;&#227;o do homoenxerto a&#243;rtico. </p>
    <p>O tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea variou de 130 a 220 (m&#233;dia de 183,9 &#177; 36,7) min. O tempo de pin&#231;amento da aorta variou de 102 a (m&#233;dia de 139,14 &#177; 25,10) min. </p>
    <p>A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 5,5% (um paciente). Este paciente apresentou sangramento ao n&#237;vel do anel a&#243;rtico, no final da opera&#231;&#227;o, de dif&#237;cil resolu&#231;&#227;o sendo necess&#225;rio entrar novamente em circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Por esta raz&#227;o, o tempo total de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi prolongado, desenvolvendo, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria por edema pulmonar n&#227;o cardiog&#234;nico que foi a causa do &#243;bito no 7&#176;dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>Nenhum paciente apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas sugestivas de isquemia ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pela mobiliza&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;stios coronarianos, assim como, nenhum paciente apresentou s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>O sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio variou de 210 a 1220 (m&#233;dia de 511,4 &#177; 335,1) ml e n&#227;o houve reopera&#231;&#245;es por sangramento ou coagulopatia. </p>
    <p>Nenhum paciente apresentou complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas. </p>
    <p>O tempo de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal variou de 2hs e 50min a 17h (m&#233;dia de 9,14 &#177; 3,6 h). N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias que necessitassem reintuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes receberam alta hospitalar entre o 5&#176; e 8&#176; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em classe funcional I (NHYA). </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram ecocardiograma bidimensional antes da alta hospitalar no 5&#176; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>O gradiente transvalvar a&#243;rtico m&#225;ximo variou de zero a 30 mmhg, com m&#233;dia de 10,9 &#177; 9,2mmhg. Em dois pacientes o laudo do ecocardiograma veio como valva a&#243;rtica normal. </p>
    <p>Cinco pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam nenhum grau de refluxo pelo homoenxerto, 11 (61,1%) tinham refluxo m&#237;nimo e dois pacientes apresentavam refluxo leve. </p>
    <p>Nenhum paciente apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o do homoenxerto que necessitasse reopera&#231;&#227;o para troca do homoenxerto.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de homoenxerto a&#243;rtico criopreservado com a t&#233;cnica <italic>root replacement</italic> pode ser realizada com baixa mortalidade e baixa morbidade. Al&#233;m disto, o homoenxerto a&#243;rtico criopreservado apresentou excelente desempenho hemo-din&#226;mico com baixo gradiente transvalvar, m&#237;nimo refluxo e nenhum paciente apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o do homoenxerto que necessitasse re-interven&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato. </p>
    <p>No desenvolvimento dos homoenxertos houve duas vari&#225;veis que influenciaram os resultados cl&#237;nicos: o modo de preserva&#231;&#227;o e a t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria. Por estas raz&#245;es, resultados heterog&#234;neos s&#227;o observados na literatura<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A efici&#234;ncia numa t&#233;cnica de preserva&#231;&#227;o &#233; avaliada pela capacidade de preserva&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade celular e isto &#233; medido pelo percentual de fibroblastos vivos por ocasi&#227;o do implante valvar<sup>16,17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os homoenxertos s&#227;o classificados segundo o grau de viabilidade celular em: homovitais, vi&#225;veis e n&#227;o vi&#225;veis<sup>17</sup>. A diferen&#231;a est&#225; no grau de viabilidade celular, que varia conforme t&#233;cnica de preserva&#231;&#227;o utilizada. </p>
    <p>Os <italic>Homovitais</italic> s&#227;o retirados de doadores, com o cora&#231;&#227;o batendo, preservados em solu&#231;&#245;es nutrientes e s&#227;o implantados num per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de 48hs. <italic>Homoenxertos vi&#225;veis</italic> s&#227;o aqueles que apresentam pelo menos 50% de fibroblastos vivos e &#233; conseguido com a criopreserva&#231;&#227;o<sup>11</sup>. Os n&#227;o vi&#225;veis s&#227;o aqueles que n&#227;o apresentam elementos celulares vivos, perdidos durante o tempo de isquemia quente ou durante o processo de esteriliza&#231;&#227;o e preserva&#231;&#227;o. Isto ocorre com a preserva&#231;&#227;o em meios nutrientes &#224; 4&#176;C<sup>17,18</sup></p>
    <p>Vale ressaltar que a preserva&#231;&#227;o em meios nutrientes a 4&#176;C permite uma estocagem por curto per&#237;odo e esse homoenxerto dever&#225; ser utilizado num prazo m&#225;ximo de 4 a 6 semanas, enquanto que a criopreserva&#231;&#227;o permite grandes per&#237;odos de armazenamento (at&#233; 10 anos). </p>
    <p>Pela viabilidade celular e pelo maior tempo de estocagem dispon&#237;vel, a criopreserva&#231;&#227;o tornou-se o m&#233;todo mais utilizado atualmente. Al&#233;m disto, v&#225;rios estudos v&#234;m demonstrando melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos, menor incid&#234;ncia de refluxo valvar e menor necessidade de reopera&#231;&#245;es, com os homoenxertos criopreservados (vi&#225;veis) quando comparados com os homoenxertos preservados em solu&#231;&#245;es nutrientes (n&#227;o vi&#225;veis)<sup>19-22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Do mesmo modo que os m&#233;todos de preserva&#231;&#227;o valvar influenciam nos resultados cl&#237;nicos, a t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria &#233; outro fator de igual import&#226;ncia nos resultados cl&#237;nicos imediatos e tardios. </p>
    <p>Existem, basicamente, tr&#234;s tipos de t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria para o implante do homoenxerto valvar a&#243;rtico. A primeira t&#233;cnica a ser utilizada foi a t&#233;cnica subcoronariana ou <italic>free-hand,</italic> na qual s&#227;o feitas duas linhas de sutura, a primeira, subanular, iniciada na por&#231;&#227;o mais baixa do anel da valva a&#243;rtica, num plano &#250;nico, e outra sutura, subcoron&#225;ria, contornando os &#243;stios coronarianos. </p>
    <p>A segunda t&#233;cnica &#233; a troca da raiz da aorta (root replacement), mais elaborada, em que toda a raiz da aorta &#233; trocada e necessita o reimplante das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. A terceira &#233; a t&#233;cnica da inclus&#227;o (mini-root) em que a aorta do paciente &#233; mantida e reveste o homoenxerto colocado em seu interior, tamb&#233;m necessitando o reimplante das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>Embora v&#225;rios estudos relataram bons resultados aplicando a t&#233;cnica subcoronariana<sup>19,21</sup>, esta t&#233;cnica apresenta maior risco de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica. Recentemente, t&#234;m sido descrito elevada incid&#234;ncia de refluxo valvar a&#243;rtico, variando de 46 a 80%<sup>8,23,24</sup>. Rota&#231;&#227;o e invers&#227;o da valva, uso de sutura cont&#237;nua, mas principalmente, dilata&#231;&#245;es da jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular, dificultando o adequado alinhamento das comissuras, s&#227;o considerados os principais motivos de insufici&#234;ncia valvar no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>25,26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, an&#225;lises comparativas v&#234;m demonstrando melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos com homoenxertos utilizados com a t&#233;cnica de troca da raiz da aorta, com menor incid&#234;ncia de refluxo valvar, menores gradientes e menor necessidade de reopera&#231;&#245;es<sup>23,27</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, todos os homoenxertos foram criopreservados e utilizamos a t&#233;cnica <italic>root replacement</italic> em todos os pacientes. Somente um pacientes apresentou insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica leve no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio hospitalar, os demais tiveram m&#237;nimo ou nenhum grau de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica. Al&#233;m disto, os gradientes transvalvares foram baixos, (m&#233;dia de 10,9 mmHg). Somente um paciente apresentou gradiente m&#225;ximo mais elevado (30 mmhg); sendo um caso de estenose cong&#234;nita que necessitou amplia&#231;&#227;o do anel a&#243;rtico e pode ter ficado aqu&#233;m do ideal. </p>
    <p>Estes baixos gradientes e praticamente aus&#234;ncia de refluxo, confirmam o excelente desempenho hemodin&#226;mico dos homoenxertos a&#243;rticos criopreservado utilizados com a t&#233;cnica de troca da raiz da aorta (<italic>root replacement</italic>). </p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de suporte valvar e a preserva&#231;&#227;o da integridade da jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular determinam adequado fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo atrav&#233;s da raiz da aorta, nos seios de Valsalva e &#243;stios coron&#225;rios. Com isto, teremos menor incid&#234;ncia de refluxo valvar e menor gradiente transvalvar quando comparados com as pr&#243;teses convencionais (mec&#226;nicas ou biol&#243;gicas) montadas com suporte<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
    <p>A repercuss&#227;o destes baixos gradientes transvalvares ser&#225; na completa regress&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular<sup>28</sup>, com melhor desempenho da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<sup>30</sup>; o que pode determinar um aumento na sobrevida tardia<sup>31</sup>. </p>
    <p>Assim, podemos inferir que o uso dos homoenxertos a&#243;rticos, al&#233;m de melhorar as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes, promove um remodelamento ventricular com poss&#237;vel impacto positivo na sobrevida tardia. </p>
    <p>Outra quest&#227;o sempre debatida &#233; fato das opera&#231;&#245;es com homoenxertos serem mais prolongadas, devido &#224; t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria mais elaborada, e com isto necessitar maior tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e maior tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico (an&#243;xia mioc&#225;rdica). Este argumento muitas vezes &#233; utilizado considerando a opera&#231;&#227;o de maior risco e um fator de complica&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Embora o tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e o tempo de an&#243;xia sejam, realmente, fatores de complica&#231;&#227;o, a literatura vem demonstrando que este maior tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea &#233; bem tolerado e n&#227;o &#233; o principal fator de morbidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>Em nosso material, tivemos uma complica&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica no intra-operat&#243;rio que causou um tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea prolongado e com isto houve mortalidade. Nos 17 pacientes em que n&#227;o houve problemas na t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria, o tempo m&#233;dio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea de 183,9 minutos foi bem tolerado e n&#227;o tivemos sangramento, baixo d&#233;bito, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou outras morbidades atribu&#237;das a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea ou &#224; an&#243;xia mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p>A mortalidade hospitalar com o uso de homoenxertos varia de 1,7 a 17%<sup>27,32,33</sup>. Esta grande variabilidade &#233; atribu&#237;da a heterogeneidade da popula&#231;&#227;o em que foram utilizados os homoenxertos. Por apresentarem grande resist&#234;ncia ao desenvolvimento de endocardite, os homoenxertos a&#243;rticos t&#234;m sido utilizados nos pacientes com endocardite ativa, com abscesso de anel, al&#233;m de doen&#231;as com dilata&#231;&#245;es na raiz da aorta. </p>
    <p> Dossche e cols.<sup>32</sup>, utilizando a t&#233;cnica <italic>root replacement</italic>, relataram 9,1% de mortalidade hospitalar, atribuindo esta maior mortalidade devido &#224; complexidade de les&#245;es associadas ao tratamento da valva a&#243;rtica, como dilata&#231;&#245;es da aorta, endocardite e abscesso de anel. Comentam que somente um paciente, no in&#237;cio da experi&#234;ncia, faleceu por falha na t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, Prager e cols. <sup>27</sup> apresentam mortalidade de 17% atribu&#237;da a morbidades associadas como dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta e extensas infec&#231;&#245;es na raiz da aorta. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, O'Brien e cols. <sup>33</sup>, relataram mortalidade de 1,7% utilizando a t&#233;cnica de troca da raiz da aorta (<italic>root replacement</italic>) e Yacoub e cols.<sup>34</sup>, com &#237;ndices semelhantes de mortalidade, n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;as quando utilizaram a t&#233;cnica subcoron&#225;ria (<italic>free-hand</italic>) ou troca da <italic>raiz (root replacement</italic>). </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, tivemos um paciente com endocardite complicada com abscesso de anel; procedimentos associados, como amplia&#231;&#227;o de anel a&#243;rtico posterior, em dois pacientes, e um paciente com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. Apesar destas morbidades, nosso &#250;nico &#243;bito (5,5%) foi no 3&#176; paciente operado, sem morbidades, que apresentou sangramento ao n&#237;vel do anel a&#243;rtico, por uma falha t&#233;cnica, que pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; curva de aprendizado do procedimento. Os 15 pacientes operados subseq&#252;entes foram sem mortalidade e sem nenhuma morbidade hospitalar. Portanto, para pacientes com les&#245;es isoladas da valva a&#243;rtica o uso de homoenxerto criopreservado n&#227;o ir&#225; aumentar a morbi-mortalidade hospitalar, estando as poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas mais &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias como fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, infec&#231;&#227;o ativa e outras co-morbidades do que relacionadas diretamente com a t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p>A partir dos resultados obtidos, considerando o excelente desempenho hemodin&#226;mico dos homoenxertos, com baixos gradientes transvalvares e m&#237;nimo refluxo, acreditamos que os homoenxertos a&#243;rticos criopreservados podem ser utilizados rotineiramente nos pacientes com les&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valva a&#243;rtica e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao Banco de Homoenxertos da Santa Casa de Curitiba e Drs. Francisco Costa e Marise Costa, pelo apoio e orienta&#231;&#227;o recebidos. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rua Napole&#227;o de Barros, 1315 </p>
        <p> Apto 102 - Vila Clementino </p>
        <p> Cep 04024-003 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail:</p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gerola@uol.com.br">gerola@uol.com.br </email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 07/12/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 24/03/2004 </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cryopreserved aortic homograft for aortic valve replacement: immediate results</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess immediate clinical and echocardiographic results of the use of cryopreserved aortic homografts for aortic valve replacement. METHODS: Eighteen patients with aortic valve disease underwent aortic valve replacement, receiving a cryopreserved aortic homograft, 15 were male, 10 had aortic regurgitation, and 8 had aortic stenosis. Age ranged from 18 to 65 years (mean, 44.5 &#177; 18.14 years). Four patients had infective endocarditis, 12 patients were in functional class II, and 6 patients were in functional class III (NYHA). Left ventricular function was normal in 15 patients. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 5.5% (1 patient) due to respiratory distress; the other patients were discharged from the hospital between the fifth and eighth postoperative days in functional class I. Maximal aortic transvalvular gradient, on echocardiography, ranged from 0 to 30 mmHg, with a mean of 10.9 &#177; 9.2 mmHg. Five patients did not have any degree of regurgitation through the aortic homograft, 11 patients (61.1%) had minimal regurgitation, and 2 had mild regurgitation. Duration of extracorporeal circulation ranged from 130 to 220 minutes (mean, 183.9 &#177; 36.7 minutes). Duration of aortic clamping ranged from 102 to 168 minutes (mean, 139.14 &#177; 25.10 minutes). Bleeding in the postoperative period ranged from 210 to 1220 mL, with a mean of 511.4 &#177; 335.1 mL. Reoperations were not necessary. Duration of orotracheal intubation ranged from 2 hours 50 minutes to 17 hours with a mean of 9.14 &#177; 3.6 hours. CONCLUSION: Cryopreserved aortic homografts may be routinely used with low hospital morbidity and mortality.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>aortic homograft</kwd>
        <kwd>valve replacement</kwd>
        <kwd>aortic valve disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cryopreserved aortic homograft for aortic valve replacement. Immediate results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Lu&#237;s Roberto Gerola; Wesley Ara&#250;jo; Hyong C. Kin; Gabriela E. F. Silva; Armindo Pereira Filho; Guilherme Flora Vargas; Enio Buffolo</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </bold>
      </p>
      <p> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp/EPM) </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2"> Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess immediate clinical and echocardiographic results of the use of cryopreserved aortic homografts for aortic valve replacement.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Eighteen patients with aortic valve disease underwent aortic valve replacement, receiving a cryopreserved aortic homograft, 15 were male, 10 had aortic regurgitation, and 8 had aortic stenosis. Age ranged from 18 to 65 years (mean, 44.5 &#177; 18.14 years). Four patients had infective endocarditis, 12 patients were in functional class II, and 6 patients were in functional class III (NYHA). Left ventricular function was normal in 15 patients.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Hospital mortality was 5.5% (1 patient) due to respiratory distress; the other patients were discharged from the hospital between the fifth and eighth postoperative days in functional class I. Maximal aortic transvalvular gradient, on echocardiography, ranged from 0 to 30 mmHg, with a mean of 10.9 &#177; 9.2 mmHg. Five patients did not have any degree of regurgitation through the aortic homograft, 11 patients (61.1%) had minimal regurgitation, and 2 had mild regurgitation. Duration of extracorporeal circulation ranged from 130 to 220 minutes (mean, 183.9 &#177; 36.7 minutes). Duration of aortic clamping ranged from 102 to 168 minutes (mean, 139.14 &#177; 25.10 minutes). Bleeding in the postoperative period ranged from 210 to 1220 mL, with a mean of 511.4 &#177; 335.1 mL. Reoperations were not necessary. Duration of orotracheal intubation ranged from 2 hours 50 minutes to 17 hours with a mean of 9.14 &#177; 3.6 hours.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Cryopreserved aortic homografts may be routinely used with low hospital morbidity and mortality. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>aortic homograft, valve replacement, aortic valve disease</p>
      <p> The idea of using an aortic homograft (grafts derived from humans) for the treatment of aortic valve disease is not new and is often mixed with the history of aortic valve replacement. Actually, homografts were the first biological prostheses successfully used in the orthostatic position by Ross <sup>1</sup> and Barrat-Boyes <sup>2</sup> in 1962. These authors, working independently, used the subcoronary technique proposed by Duram and Gunning <sup>3</sup> and used "fresh" homografts, sterilized in antibiotic solutions and maintained in a nutritional solution, enabling storage for up to a month. </p>
      <p>The limitations on the use of homografts included the difficulties in obtaining them, inefficient sterilization techniques, and the greater risk of valve regurgitation due to distorted or unaligned commissures, observed in the subcoronary technique, used in the first series <sup>4-10</sup>. On the other hand, the development of mechanical prostheses and biological prostheses, which were easier to obtain and maneuver, led to the replacement of the homograft.</p>
      <p>Subsequently, the development of cryopreservation <sup>11</sup> enabling storage for long periods (up to 10 years) and obtaining valves from donors, with the heart still beating, and greater cell viability, aroused interest in homografts again, because of their excellent hemodynamic profile, low transvalvular gradients, and minimal incidence of thromboembolism and endocarditis <sup>6,12-14</sup>. Additionally, they are considered the ideal replacement prostheses in patients with active endocarditis <sup>15</sup><bold>.</bold> </p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to present immediate results, up to 30 days after replacement, with the use of cryopreserved aortic homografts, in the aortic position, for the treatment of aortic valve disease. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Eighteen patients with aortic valve disease and an indication for replacement were selected to receive cryopreserved aortic homografts. The use of cryopreserved aortic homografts was approved in accordance with the guidelines of the Medical Ethics Committee. </p>
      <p>Fifteen patients were male, 10 had aortic regurgitation, and 8 had aortic stenosis. Age ranged from 18 to 65, (mean, 44.5&#177;18.14 years). Four patients had infective endocarditis, and in 1 patient endocarditis was complicated by 2 valve ring abscesses. Twelve patients were in functional class II, and 6 patients were in functional class III (NYHA). </p>
      <p>Left ventricular function was normal in 15 patients, 2 had mild dysfunction, and 1 had severe left ventricular dysfunction. </p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were: valvular reoperations, associated coronary disease, chronic renal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral artery diseases with severe clinical involvement, associated carotid lesions, associated multiple severe valvular diseases.  </p>
      <p>Patients underwent a midline sternotomy. Extracorporeal circulation was installed, with aortic and right atrial cannulation. Surgery was performed with mild hypothermia at 28&#176;C. </p>
      <p>Myocardial protection was performed through continuous retrograde cardioplegia through the coronary sinus in 10 patients and, in 8 patients, it was anterograde, through the coronary ostia, intermittent, every 20 minutes. Cold blood cardioplegia was used with potassium added (15mEq/L), only during induction, in the dosages. Perfusate blood was used without adding any potassium or other substances. </p>
      <p>We used in all patients, tranexamic acid, albumin, corticosteroids, and we performed perfusate ultrafiltration, during the entire period of extracorporeal circulation. </p>
      <p>The replacement technique used was the aortic root replacement with reimplantation of coronary arteries (<italic>root replacement</italic>).</p>
      <p>We started with total aortic section, approximately 2cm above the sinus tubular junction. We performed aortic valve leaflet resection, valvular annulus decalcification when necessary, and measured the aortic annulus. </p>
      <p>With the measurement of the aortic annulus, the cryopreserved aortic homograft was chosen, usually being 1- to 2-mm smaller than the aortic annulus. Next, thawing was performed in the operating room in 15 minutes (fast defrost). </p>
      <p>While thawing was taking place, left and right coronary ostia were isolated. Simple 3-0 polyester stitches were passed over the aortic valvular annulus and in the valvular annulus of the aortic homograft. The homograft was lowered until the annulus and all the stitches were tied, leaving a Teflon tape fixed within each tied stitch, aiming at reinforcing hemostasia, and avoiding future dilations of the aortic annulus. Next, reimplantation of the coronary arteries was performed, with continuous sutures, using <strike>a</strike> 6/0 polypropylene. End-to-end anastomosis was performed of the distal end of the homograft and of the patient's aorta with a continuous suture 4/0 polypropylene. </p>
      <p>During the procedure, left chambers were decompressed through a vacuum positioned in the left ventricle through the right superior pulmonary vein or through the tip of the left ventricle. This suction is also used to withdraw air and help in the restoration of left ventricular function, after aortic declamping. </p>
      <p>In the intraoperative period, duration of extracorporeal circulation and myocardial anoxia (duration of aortic clamping) were assessed, obtained right from the perfusion chart. The need for performing associated procedures was also assessed. </p>
      <p>In the postoperative period, the main clinical morbidities, such as the presence of myocardial infarction, stroke, acute renal failure, bleeding, need for reoperation, duration of orotracheal intubation, and respiratory complications, were assessed. Additionally, all patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography before hospital discharge, between the fifth and eighth postoperative days. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aortic homograft number 20 was used in 6 patients, number 22 in 10 patients, and number 24 in 2 patients. </p>
      <p>Five patients underwent associated procedures, such as posterior enlargement of aortic annulus (Managuan) in 2 patients with congenital aortic stenosis, mitral valve plastia in 2 patients, and replacement in 1 patient who had infective endocarditis with ring abscess. Those abscesses were resected using bovine pericardium, and later placement of the aortic homograft. </p>
      <p>Duration of extracorporeal circulation ranged from 130 to 220 minutes (mean, 183.9 &#177; 36.7). Duration of aortic clamping ranged from 102 (mean, 139.14 &#177; 25.10) minutes. </p>
      <p>Hospital mortality was 5.5% (1 patient). This patient experienced bleeding in the aortic annulus at the end of the procedure, and it was necessary to resort to extracorporeal circulation. Because of that, total duration of extracorporeal circulation was prolonged, and the patient developed, in the postoperative period, respiratory failure from noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, leading to death on the seventh postoperative day. </p>
      <p>None of the patients had electrocardiographic alterations that suggested ischemia or myocardial infarction due to coronary ostia mobilization; likewise, neither of the patients had low cardiac output syndrome. </p>
      <p>Bleeding in the postoperative period ranged from 210 to 1220 mL (mean, 511.4 &#177; 335.1). No reoperations were necessary because of bleeding or coagulopathy. </p>
      <p>None of the patients experienced neurological complications. </p>
      <p>The orotracheal intubation period ranged from 2 hours and 50 minutes to 17 hours (mean, 9.14 &#177; 3.6). No respiratory complications occurred that required orotracheal reintubation. </p>
      <p>All patients were discharged from the hospital between the fifth and eighth postoperative days in functional class I (NHYA). </p>
      <p>All patients underwent bidimensional echocardiography before hospital discharge on the fifth postoperative day. </p>
      <p>The maximal aortic transvalvular gradient ranged from zero to 30 mm Hg, with a mean of 10.9 &#177; 9.2 mmHg. In 2 patients, the echocardiogram revealed a normal aortic valve. </p>
      <p>Five patients did not have any level of regurgitation by the homograft, 11 patients (61.1%) had minimal regurgitation, and 2 patients had mild regurgitation. </p>
      <p>None of the patients experienced homograft dysfunction that required reoperation to exchange the homograft. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, it was found that implantation of cryopreserved aortic homografts by using the root replacement technique may be performed with low morbidity and mortality. Additionally, cryopreserved aortic homografts have excellent hemodynamic performance with a low transvalvular gradient, minimal regurgitation, and none of the patients experienced homograft dysfunction requiring intervention in the immediate postoperative period. </p>
      <p>The following 2 variables influenced the clinical outcome in the development of the homografts: the preservation and the replacement technique. For these reasons, heterogeneous results are observed in the literature <sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Efficiency of the preservation technique is assessed by the ability to preserve cellular viability, and this is assessed by the percentage of viable fibroblasts after valve implantation <sup>16,17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Homografts are classified according to the level of cell viability into homovital, viable, and nonviable <sup>17</sup>. The difference is in the level of cellular viability, which varies depending on the preservation technique used. </p>
      <p>"<italic>Homovital" (fresh) </italic>grafts are withdrawn from donors with the heart still beating, preserved in nutrient solutions, and implanted within 48 hours. <italic>Viable homografts </italic>are those that contain at least 50% of the live fibroblasts, achieved with cryopreservation <sup>11</sup>. The nonviable homografts are those that do not contain live cell elements, lost during a warm ischemia period or during the sterilization and the preservation process. This preservation takes place in media nutrients at 4&#176;C temperature <sup>17,18</sup>. </p>
      <p>It is important to point out that this kind of preservation allows for a short period of storage, and this homograft must be used within 4 to 6 weeks at the most, whereas cryopreservation allows for long storage periods (up to 10 years). </p>
      <p>Because of the cellular viability and the longer storage period available, cryopreservation has become the most common method currently used. In addition, several studies have demonstrated more favorable clinical results, reduced valvular regurgitation index, and need for reoperation, with cryopreserved homografts (viable) when compared with homografts preserved in nutrient solution (nonviable)<sup> 19-22</sup>. </p>
      <p>Just as the valvular preservation methods influence the clinical results, the replacement technique is another extremely important factor in the immediate and late clinical outcomes. </p>
      <p>Three types of replacement techniques are available for implantation of the aortic valve homograft. The first technique used was the subcoronary technique also known as <italic>free-hand,</italic> with 2 suture lines; the lower suture line is initiated in the lower part of the aortic valve annulus continuously, and the other suture line is subcoronary and by-passing the coronary ostia. </p>
      <p>The second technique is the root replacement technique, more elaborated, where all of the aortic root is replaced and requires reimplantation of coronary arteries. </p>
      <p>The third is the mini-root technique where the patient's aorta is maintained and covers the homograft, which is placed within it. Coronary artery reimplantation is also necessary. </p>
      <p>Although several studies have reported satisfactory results using the subcoronary technique<sup>19,21</sup>, this technique has a greater risk of aortic regurgitation. Recently, a high incidence of aortic valvular regurgitation has been described, ranging from 46 to 80% <sup>8,23,24</sup>. Rotating and turning the valve upside down, using continuous sutures, and especially dilating the sinus tubular junction, hindering proper alignment of the commissures, are considered the main reasons for valvular regurgitation in the postoperative period <sup>25,26</sup>. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, comparative analyses have demonstrated more satisfactory clinical results with homografts using the root replacement technique, with a lower occurrence of valvular regurgitation, lower gradients, and a decreased need for reoperations <sup>23,27</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the present study, all homografts were cryopreserved, and the root replacement technique was used in all patients. Only 1 patient had mild aortic regurgitation in the postoperative period in the hospital, and the remaining patients had minimal or no aortic failure. Additionally, transvalvular gradients were low (mean, 10.9 mmHg). Only 1 patient had an increased maximal gradient (30 mmHg); 1 case was congenital stenosis, requiring enlargement of the aortic annulus, which may not have been ideal. </p>
      <p>The occurrence of these low gradients and the absence of regurgitation confirm the excellent hemodynamic performance of cryopreserved aortic homografts used with the root replacement technique. </p>
      <p>The absence of valvular support and the preservation of sinus tubular junction integrity determine proper blood flow throughout the aortic root, in the Valsalva sinus, and coronary ostia. Then, there will be a lower incidence of valvular regurgitation and a lower transvalvular gradient when compared with conventional prostheses (mechanical or biological) placed with support <sup>28,29</sup>. </p>
      <p>These low transvalvular gradients will reflect in the complete remission of ventricular hypertrophy <sup>28</sup>, with improved left ventricular function <sup>30</sup>, which may result in an increase in late survival <sup>31</sup>. </p>
      <p>Thus, it is possible to infer that the use of aortic homografts leads to an improvement in the clinical condition of the patients, and a ventricular reshaping with a possible impact on their late survival. </p>
      <p>Another issue that has always been discussed is that surgery for replacement with homografts is longer, because of the more difficult operative technique, thus requiring a longer duration of extracorporeal circulation and aortic clamping (myocardial anoxia). This fact is often used to indicate that homograft surgery is a riskier procedure and may cause complications in the postoperative period. </p>
      <p>Although the duration of extracorporeal circulation and anoxia is a real complicating factor, the literature has demonstrated that a longer duration of extracorporeal circulation is well tolerated, and it is not the main morbidity factor in the postoperative period. </p>
      <p>A technical complication occurred in our material in the intraoperative period, leading to a prolonged duration of extracorporeal circulation and mortality. In the 17 patients without operative technique problems, the mean 183.9-minute duration of extracorporeal circulation was well tolerated, and no bleeding, low cardiac output, myocardial infarction, or other morbidities occurred related to extracorporeal circulation or to myocardial anoxia. </p>
      <p>Hospital mortality with the use of homografts varies from 1.7 to 17% <sup>27,32,33</sup>. This great variability is given to the heterogenous population receiving the homografts. Because they are resistant to the development of endocarditis, aortic homografts have been used in patients with infective endocarditis, with annulus abscess, in addition to diseases with aortic root dilations. </p>
      <p>Dossche and cols.<sup>32</sup>, using the root replacement technique, reported a hospital mortality of 9.1%, explaining that this mortality was due to the complexity of the lesions associated with the aortic valve treatment, such as aortic dilations, endocarditis, and annulus abscess. They report only 1 death in the beginning of the study from replacement technique failure. </p>
      <p>Likewise, Prager and cols. <sup>27</sup> had a 17% mortality due to morbidities associated with aortic dissection and extensive infections in the aortic root. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, O'Brien and cols. <sup>33</sup> reported a 1.7% mortality using the root replacement technique, and Yacoub and cols.<sup>34</sup>, reporting similar mortality rates, did not observe differences between the subcoronary technique free-hand, or the root replacement technique. </p>
      <p>In our study, 1 patient had complicated endocarditis and annulus abscess; 2 patients underwent associated procedures, such as posterior aortic annulus enlargement, and 1 patient had severe ventricular preoperative dysfunction. Despite these morbidities, our only death (5.5%) occurred in the third patient undergoing replacement, without morbidities who had aortic bleeding at the aortic annulus, because of a technical failure that may be attributed to the learning curve of the procedure. In the next 15 patients undergoing replacement, no mortality or hospital morbidity occurred. Therefore, for patients with isolated aortic valve disease, cryopreserved homograft will not increase hospital morbidity and mortality, and the possible complications are more commonly associated with preoperative conditions, such as ventricular function, infective endocarditis, and other related morbidities, rather than with the replacement technique itself. </p>
      <p>From the results obtained, considering the excellent hemodynamic performance of cryopreserved homografts, with low transvalvular gradients, and minimal regurgitation, we believe that cryopreserved aortic homografts may be routinely used in patients with aortic valve disease and preserved left ventricular function. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p> To the Bank of Homografts at Santa Casa from Curitiba and to Drs. Francisco Costa and Marise Costa, for the received support and guidance. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Lu&#237;s Roberto Gerola</p>
          <p> Rua Napole&#227;o de Barros, 1315/102 </p>
          <p> Cep 04024-003 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="gerola@uol.com.br">gerola@uol.com.br </email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received 12/07/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted 3/24/2004 </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
