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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WcPbzrNqxkJwsp6jSGs8c5Q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001500008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001500008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre comissurotomia e valvoplastia por cateter-bal&#227;o na estenose mitral: cinco anos de acompanhamento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pomerantzeff</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo Maria Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rati</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Antonio Neves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Cesar Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Virgen</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>243</fpage>
      <lpage>247</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar dados cl&#237;nicos-laboratoriais em portadores de estenose mitral submetidos &#224; comissurotomia ou valvoplastia por cateter-bal&#227;o, obtidos ao longo de 5 anos de acompanhamento. M&#201;TODOS: Foram acompanhados, prospectivamente, 81 pacientes no pr&#233; (PR&#201;), imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento (POI), e ao longo de cinco anos (PO12M, PO24M,..., PO60M) e randomizados em dois grupos: GC: 37 pacientes (32,4 &#177; 7,2 anos e 89,2% mulheres) e GV: 44 pacientes (32,9 &#177; 9,5 anos e 90,9% mulheres). A avalia&#231;&#227;o compreendeu: classe funcional, ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos, eletrocardiograma e ecodopplercardiograma. RESULTADOS: Houve melhora expressiva da classe funcional na maioria dos pacientes, tr&#234;s casos do GC e do GV estavam em classe funcional III no PO60M. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao gradiente mitral entre os grupos. Houve diferen&#231;a das m&#233;dias de &#225;rea valvar mitral entre os grupos durante toda avalia&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o ocorreram &#243;bitos. No POI do GC observamos 3 casos com insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) moderada, 3 com sangramento (1 reoperado) e, no GV, 4 casos com IM moderada, 1 com IM importante, 2 com tamponamento card&#237;aco, 1 caso necessitou cirurgia por IM importante. Ao longo de 60 meses, no GV, 9 casos evoluiram com IM moderada ou importante e no GC, 6 casos evoluiram com IM moderada ou importante e outros dois necessitaram cirurgia por dupla disfun&#231;&#227;o mitral. CONCLUS&#195;O: Ambos os m&#233;todos obtiveram 100% de sucesso com baixa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es. No seguimento, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o discreta do gradiente mitral e queda de &#225;rea valvar mitral em ambos os grupos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>estenose da valva mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>febre reum&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>comissurotomia mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre comissurotomia e valvoplastia por cateter-bal&#227;o na estenose mitral. Cinco anos de acompanhamento</p>
    <p>Luiz Francisco Cardoso; Max Grinberg; Pablo Maria Alberto Pomerantzeff; Miguel Antonio Neves Rati; Caio Cesar Jorge Medeiros; Marcelo Luiz Vieira; Luiz Virgen; Fl&#225;vio Tarasoutchi </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina - USP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar dados cl&#237;nicos-laboratoriais em portadores de estenose mitral submetidos &#224; comissurotomia ou valvoplastia por cateter-bal&#227;o, obtidos ao longo de 5 anos de acompanhamento. </p>
    <p>M&#201;TODOS: Foram acompanhados, prospectivamente, 81 pacientes no pr&#233; (PR&#201;), imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento (POI), e ao longo de cinco anos (PO12M, PO24M,..., PO60M) e randomizados em dois grupos: GC: 37 pacientes (32,4 &#177; 7,2 anos e 89,2% mulheres) e GV: 44 pacientes (32,9 &#177; 9,5 anos e 90,9% mulheres). A avalia&#231;&#227;o compreendeu: classe funcional, ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos, eletrocardiograma e ecodopplercardiograma. </p>
    <p>RESULTADOS: Houve melhora expressiva da classe funcional na maioria dos pacientes, tr&#234;s casos do GC e do GV estavam em classe funcional III no PO60M. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao gradiente mitral entre os grupos. Houve diferen&#231;a das m&#233;dias de &#225;rea valvar mitral entre os grupos durante toda avalia&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o ocorreram &#243;bitos. No POI do GC observamos 3 casos com insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) moderada, 3 com sangramento (1 reoperado) e, no GV, 4 casos com IM moderada, 1 com IM importante, 2 com tamponamento card&#237;aco, 1 caso necessitou cirurgia por IM importante. Ao longo de 60 meses, no GV, 9 casos evoluiram com IM moderada ou importante e no GC, 6 casos evoluiram com IM moderada ou importante e outros dois necessitaram cirurgia por dupla disfun&#231;&#227;o mitral. </p>
    <p>CONCLUS&#195;O: Ambos os m&#233;todos obtiveram 100% de sucesso com baixa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es. No seguimento, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o discreta do gradiente mitral e queda de &#225;rea valvar mitral em ambos os grupos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave<italic>: </italic></bold>estenose da valva mitral, febre reum&#225;tica, comissurotomia mitral, valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, o tratamento da estenose mitral reum&#225;tica tem mudado significativamente<sup>1,2</sup>. A valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o, introduzida por Inoue e cols.<sup>3</sup> em 1984, tornou-se m&#233;todo atrativo com bons resultados em pacientes selecionados<sup>4-6</sup>. Embora compara&#231;&#245;es dos resultados imediatos e a curto prazo, entre comissurotomia a c&#233;u aberto e valvoplastia por cateter bal&#227;o na estenose mitral, tenham demonstrado resultados similares, a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados a longo prazo entre esses dois m&#233;todos, freq&#252;entemente, n&#227;o tem sido realizada.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo comparou dados obtidos atrav&#233;s de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial n&#227;o invasiva - eletrocardiograma e ecodopplercardiograma &#150; da aplica&#231;&#227;o de comissurotomia a c&#233;u aberto ou de valvoplastia por cateter-bal&#227;o, a casos selecionados de estenose mitral sintom&#225;ticos sob aleatoriza&#231;&#227;o, em per&#237;odo imediato e ao longo de cinco anos de seguimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados 81 portadores de estenose mitral matriculados no Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiopatias Valvares do InCor do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, com as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: a) presen&#231;a de sintomas de hipertens&#227;o veno-capilar pulmonar, ou seja classe funcional II,III e IV atrav&#233;s dos crit&#233;rios da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>; b) escore ecocardiogr&#225;fico<sup>7</sup><underline>&lt;</underline> 9; c) idade <underline>&lt;</underline> 60 anos; d) aus&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia mitral al&#233;m de grau discreto; e) aus&#234;ncia de outra cardiopatia com indica&#231;&#227;o operat&#243;ria; f) aus&#234;ncia de embolia pr&#233;via; g) aus&#234;ncia de imagem compat&#237;vel com trombo intracavit&#225;rio ao ecodopplercardiograma transtor&#225;cico.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos segundo randomiza&#231;&#227;o por tabela de n&#250;meros aleat&#243;rios gerada em <italic>software</italic>: a) grupo comissurotomia (GC) - composto por 37 casos, encaminhados para comissurotomia mitral a c&#233;u aberto, realizada por &#250;nico cirurgi&#227;o; b) grupo valvoplastia (GV) - composto por 44 casos submetidos &#224; valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o, realizada por &#250;nico hemodinamicista.</p>
    <p>Procedidas assepsia e antisepsia, foi realizada via de acesso ao cora&#231;&#227;o por toracotomia mediana ou toracotomia &#226;ntero-lateral direita no 4&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal e instalada circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea com coloca&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;nulas separadas para as veias cavas superior e inferior. A c&#226;nula arterial foi sempre colocada na aorta ascendente, mesmo nas toracotomias laterais. A prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi feita com hipotermia moderada a 28&#176;C e induzida pela circula&#231;&#227;o extra-corp&#243;rea e cardioplegia cristal&#243;ide em todos os casos. O acesso &#224; valva mitral foi atrav&#233;s de atriotomia esquerda, procedendo-se &#224; comissurotomia mitral e, quando pertinente, tamb&#233;m &#224; papilarotomia e &#224; ex&#233;rese de c&#225;lcio valvar.</p>
    <p>A valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o foi realizada por pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, segundo t&#233;cnica descrita previamente<sup>8</sup>. Tr&#234;s (6,8%) pacientes realizaram valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o, segundo a t&#233;cnica do duplo bal&#227;o preconizada por Al Zaibag e cols<sup>9</sup>. O n&#250;mero de insufla&#231;&#245;es foi determinado de acordo com o aspecto visual do desaparecimento da impress&#227;o negativa deixada pela valva mitral sobre os bal&#245;es, queda do gradiente entre o &#225;trio esquerdo e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, melhora da ausculta card&#237;aca e aus&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia mitral significativa ou outra complica&#231;&#227;o. Sete (15,9%) pacientes foram submetidos &#224; valvoplastia com bal&#227;o <italic>bifoil (Schneider Medintag)</italic> e 34 (77,2%) &#224; valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o pela t&#233;cnica de Inoue<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram estudados nos seguintes momentos cl&#237;nicos: a) antes dos procedimentos (PR&#201;); b) imediatamente antes da alta hospitalar (POI); c) ap&#243;s cada 12 meses de acompanhamento (PO12M, PO24M, PO36M, PO48M e PO60M).</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-laboratorial compreendeu: a) dados de classe funcional, complica&#231;&#245;es no POI e tardias, al&#233;m de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos em todos os momentos do estudo; b) eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es obtido nos momentos PR&#201; e PO60M e c) ecodopplercardiograma transtor&#225;cico realizado por &#250;nico observador. As incid&#234;ncias, medidas e interpreta&#231;&#245;es obedeceram &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de Ecocardiografia, utilizando transdutores eletr&#244;nicos de 3,5/2,0 MHz e de 2,5 MHz e mec&#226;nicos de 3,0 e 2,0 MHz, respectivamente, capaz de realizar ecodopplercardiograma modo M, bidimensional e mapeamento de fluxo a cores. Os registros foram efetuados em papel termossens&#237;vel em todos os momentos do estudo.</p>
    <p>Os dados referentes &#224; idade, sexo, classe funcional, ritmo card&#237;aco e do ecodopplercardiograma no PR&#201; encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela I</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0243-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Foi aplicado o crit&#233;rio cl&#225;ssico de sucesso na an&#225;lise da efic&#225;cia dos procedimentos, ou seja, &#225;rea valvar mitral no POI calculada pelo ecodopplercardiograma <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,5 cm<sup>2</sup> ou pelo menos 50% superior &#224; do pr&#233;-procedimento.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados consistiu do c&#225;lculo das m&#233;dias e desvio-padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas e do c&#225;lculo de freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas. Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, compararam-se as m&#233;dias atrav&#233;s do teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas, a hip&#243;tese de homogeneidade de propor&#231;&#245;es entre os dois grupos foi avaliada, utilizando-se o teste de McNemar, teste de qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher. As vari&#225;veis do ecodopplercardiograma do GC e do GV foram comparadas em todos momentos estudados atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional no PR&#201;, POI e PO60M, em ambos os grupos acha-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figura 1</xref>. Houve melhora expressiva da classe funcional em ambos os grupos. No GC, 3 (8,1%) casos estavam em classe funcional I/II e 34 (91,9%) em classe funcional III/IV no POI. No PO60M, houve manuten&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,0001) da classe funcional na maioria dos pacientes, com 34 (91,9%) casos, evoluindo em classe funcional I/II e 3 (8,1%) casos em classe funcional III/IV. Tamb&#233;m comparamos a evolu&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional entre os momentos POI e PO60M e entre PO12M e PO60M e n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os dois momentos (p &lt; 0,2482), demonstrando a manuten&#231;&#227;o dos resultados cl&#237;nicos obtidos imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento. Todos os tr&#234;s casos, evoluindo em classe funcional III/IV no PO60M, apresentavam diagn&#243;stico de reestenose mitral: dois estavam aguardando novo procedimento e um submeteu-se a valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o. No GV havia 40 (91,9%) casos em classe funcional I/II e 2 (8,1%) em classe funcional III/IV no POI. No entanto, houve melhora expressiva no PO60M (p &lt; 0,0001) da classe funcional com 37 (92,5%) casos evoluindo em classe funcional I/II e apenas 3 (7,5%) em CF III/IV. Dois (5,0%) casos foram submetidos &#224; troca de valva mitral por biopr&#243;tese devido a dupla disfun&#231;&#227;o mitral, um (2,5%) &#224; pl&#225;stica de valva mitral por insufici&#234;ncia mitral significativa no POI e outro &#224; comissurotomia mitral por reestenose mitral. Quando comparamos a evolu&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional no GV entre os momentos POI e PO60M e PO12M e PO60M n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a siginificativa (p = 1,0000), demonstrando a manuten&#231;&#227;o dos resultados cl&#237;nicos observados ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0243-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O comportamento da m&#233;dia do gradiente transvalvar mitral mostrou comportamento semelhante entre os grupos ao longo do estudo (p=0,56799) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. II</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). Os valores m&#233;dios mostraram-se diferentes entre os momentos avaliados (p=0,0001). Houve diferen&#231;a dos valores das m&#233;dias entre o PR&#201; e todos os outros momentos estudados (p = 0,0001).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0243-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0243-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Observamos 100% de sucesso em ambos os grupos. Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p=0,0005) do comportamento dos valores m&#233;dios da &#225;rea valvar mitral ao longo das avalia&#231;&#245;es entre GC e o GV. Os resultados est&#227;o expostos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">figura 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela II</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0243-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0243-00008-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Os dados evolutivos sobre o ritmo card&#237;aco em ambos os grupos entre o PR&#201; e PO60M revelaram que a maioria (91,9%) dos pacientes do GC n&#227;o sofreu modifica&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco, entretanto dos dois (2,7%) pacientes que apresentavam ritmo juncional no PR&#201;, um (2,7%) evoluiu para ritmo sinusal e outro para ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no PO60M. Al&#233;m disso, um (2,7%) que estava em ritmo sinusal evoluiu para ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no PO60M. Nenhum paciente do GV sofreu modifica&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco ao longo de 60 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No POI do GC, insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada foi reconhecida em 3 casos (2 ausentes no PR&#201;), insufici&#234;ncia mitral discreta em 11 (7 ausentes e duas discretas no PR&#201;). No PO60M, dos 14 casos que apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia mitral observada pelo ecodopplercardiograma no POI, houve diminui&#231;&#227;o do grau em 7 (50,0%) e aumento em quatro (28,6%). Insufici&#234;ncia mitral apareceu em 13 (56,5%) dos 23 casos em que ela estava ausente no POI.</p>
    <p>No POI do GV, o estudo ecodopplercardiogr&#225;fico permitiu identificar insufici&#234;ncia mitral importante em 1 caso (ausente no PR&#201;), encaminhado &#224; cirurgia de pl&#225;stica de valva mitral; insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada em 4 casos (3 ausentes e outra discreta no PR&#201;) e insufici&#234;ncia mitral discreta em 23 (17 ausentes e 6 com insufici&#234;ncia mitral discreta no PR&#201;). No PO60M, dentre 27 casos que apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia mitral discreta ou moderada no POI, houve diminui&#231;&#227;o do grau em 10 (35,7%) e aumento em quatro (14,3%) (2 implantes de biopr&#243;tese, 1 pl&#225;stica de valva mitral e outra comissurotomia mitral ).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento da insufici&#234;ncia mitral (p=0,0233).</p>
    <p>No GC, tr&#234;s (8,1%) pacientes apresentaram sangramento, sendo que um deles necessitou de reopera&#231;&#227;o e outro (2,7%) submeteu-se a implante de marcapasso provis&#243;rio devido a bradicardia juncional. No GV, dois (4,6%) pacientes apresentaram tamponamento card&#237;aco e outros dois (4,6%) perfura&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras card&#237;acas sem tamponamento card&#237;aco, sendo submetidos a drenagem peric&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o ocorreram &#243;bitos ao longo de 60 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o. No GC, um (2,7%) caso apresentou acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico devido a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica sem uso de anticoagulante oral e outros dois (5,4%) evoluiram com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica. No GV, dois (4,6%) casos evoluiram com dupla disfun&#231;&#227;o mitral e foram submetidos a implante de biopr&#243;tese com 42 dias e 45 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente. Um (2,3%) caso evoluiu com reestenose mitral sendo submetido a comissurotomia mitral 48 meses ap&#243;s a valvoplatia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o. Um caso (2,3%) evoluiu com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica e outro (2,3%) apresentou epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, apesar de ritmo sinusal, sendo introduzida anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Atualmente, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, &#233; ainda muito freq&#252;ente observar pacientes com estenose mitral isolada. O tratamento cir&#250;rgico, atrav&#233;s de comissurotomia mitral a c&#233;u aberto ou fechado, tem apresentado &#243;timos resultados com taxa de letalidade n&#227;o superior a 3%, vari&#225;vel de acordo com o estado cl&#237;nico do paciente e da experi&#234;ncia do grupo cir&#250;rgico<sup>10-12</sup>. A partir de 1984, a valvoplastia por cateter-bal&#227;o foi incorporada &#224; pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria no tratamento de portadores selecionados de estenose mitral<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nossa sele&#231;&#227;o considerou apenas os candidatos ideais para valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o. A an&#225;lise do escore ecocardiogr&#225;fico n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;a entre os grupos indicando que os aspectos da morfologia valvar n&#227;o exerceram influ&#234;ncia sobre a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos.</p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o de valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o produz resultados semelhantes sobre a classe funcional aos dos obtidos atrav&#233;s de comissurotomia a c&#233;u aberto<sup>13,14</sup> . Entretanto, Patel e cols.<sup>15</sup> e Shrivastava e cols<sup>16</sup> demonstraram que os resultados da valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o foram superiores aos da comissurotomia mitral a c&#233;u fechado. Acredita-se que a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos de comissutoromia mitral, papilaratomia, descalcifica&#231;&#227;o e retirada de trombos do &#225;trio esquerdo durante comissurotomia a c&#233;u aberto s&#227;o fatores considerados de influ&#234;ncia sobre os resultados da &#225;rea valvar mitral.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, as causas determinantes de n&#227;o regress&#227;o da classe funcional, ap&#243;s o procedimento, s&#227;o o insucesso, desenvolvimento de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral ou reestenose.</p>
    <p>A melhora hemodin&#226;mica expressa atrav&#233;s da queda significativa e similar do gradiente transvalvar mitral (mmHg), em ambos os grupos no POI e sua manuten&#231;&#227;o ao longo de 60 meses de acompanhamento, demonstra a capacidade dos dois m&#233;todos terap&#234;uticos em aliviar imediatamente as press&#245;es no &#225;trio esquerdo e, consequentemente, na circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. A medida da &#225;rea valvar mitral &#233; o crit&#233;rio mais importante para avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de sucesso da interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Adiciona-se o fato de que o valor de &#225;rea valvar mitral no POI est&#225; relacionado a progn&#243;stico a longo prazo. Alguns autores<sup>17</sup> demonstraram que &#225;rea valvar mitral, imediatamente ap&#243;s valvoplastia por cateter-bal&#227;o pr&#243;ximo a 2,0cm<sup>2</sup>, associou-se &#224; menor chance de ocorr&#234;ncia de reestenose.</p>
    <p>Obtivemos 100% de sucesso em ambos os grupos, o que deve ter ocorrido em fun&#231;&#227;o da aplica&#231;&#227;o de limite superior a 9 do escore ecocardiogr&#225;fico a todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s os primeiros resultados promissores da valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o come&#231;aram a surgir os primeiros trabalhos na literatura, comparando os resultados entre o procedimento cir&#250;rgico e esta nova t&#233;cnica percut&#226;nea<sup>18,19</sup>. Nossos resultados est&#227;o em oposi&#231;&#227;o aos encontrados por Patel e cols.<sup>15</sup> que compararam os resultados da valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o e a comissurotomia a c&#233;u fechado e por Reyes e cols.<sup>20</sup> que mostraram &#225;rea valvar mitral ap&#243;s valvoplastia por cateter-bal&#227;o superior &#224; p&#243;s comissurotomia mitral, atrav&#233;s de estudo hemodin&#226;mico. Acreditamos que esta diverg&#234;ncia ocorreu pela diferen&#231;a das t&#233;cnicas empregadas e dos m&#233;todos na obten&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea valvar mitral.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, ao longo de 60 meses de acompanhamento, observamos diminui&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea valvar mitral em ambos os grupos. Demonstrou-se assim, que nenhum dos dois m&#233;todos deixa a valva mitral livre de alguma progress&#227;o, provavelmente de natureza cicatricial. Este processo de redu&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea valvar mitral ocorreu, mais notadamente, no GC.</p>
    <p>A valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o apresentou taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es superior ao da comissurotomia mitral, sobretudo as relacionadas &#224; pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, manipula&#231;&#227;o de guias e cateteres dentro das cavidades card&#237;acas. Atualmente, a taxa de mortalidade em v&#225;rias s&#233;ries tem variado de 1 a 2%, o que pode ainda ser minimizado com a melhora da curva de aprendizagem. Recentes estudos<sup>21</sup> indicam que este limite situa-se, presentemente, aqu&#233;m de 1%. A experi&#234;ncia do hemodinamicista, a sele&#231;&#227;o adequada dos pacientes e o incremento na t&#233;cnica empregada contribuiram para diminuir a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>O aparecimento de insufici&#234;ncia mitral significativa no intra e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de comissurotomia<sup>1</sup> pode ocorrer na faixa de 4% e &#233; influenciado pela presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia mitral e de calcifica&#231;&#227;o nas c&#250;spides no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Ap&#243;s valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o, observa-se que cerca de um ter&#231;o a 50% dos pacientes<sup>22</sup> podem apresentar insufici&#234;ncia mitral de grau discreto. No entanto, a presen&#231;a de graus maiores de insufici&#234;ncia mitral pode ser observada na faixa de 4-8%.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, observamos no POI, atrav&#233;s do ecodopplercardiograma, presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia mitral importante em apenas um (2,3%) caso do grupo valvoplastia, o qual foi submetido &#224; cirurgia reparadora sobre a mitral. A necessidade de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de insufici&#234;ncia mitral significativa, ap&#243;s valvoplastia por cateter-bal&#227;o, geralmente leva a substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar. No entanto, dependendo do mecanismo que a produziu &#233; poss&#237;vel realizar cirurgia conservadora.</p>
    <p>Tamponamento card&#237;aco, ap&#243;s valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o, pode ocorrer na faixa de 0 a 9,3%<sup>23</sup>. Esse tipo de complica&#231;&#227;o, com incid&#234;ncia declinante desde o inicio da experi&#234;ncia com este m&#233;todo deve ser creditado &#224; curva de aprendizado com a t&#233;cnica da pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal. Em nossa s&#233;rie, ocorreram dois casos de tamponamento card&#237;aco com diagn&#243;stico posterior ao t&#233;rmino do procedimento, havendo a necessidade apenas de drenagem peric&#225;rdica sem complementa&#231;&#227;o com comissurotomia mitral.</p>
    <p>Apesar de extensa literatura, a determina&#231;&#227;o de fatores preditivos de bons resultados a m&#233;dio e longo prazo de pacientes submetidos a valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o &#233; ainda controversa. Chen e cols.<sup>24</sup> observaram &#237;ndice de reestenose de 5,2%. Vahanian e cols.<sup>25</sup>, na Fran&#231;a, identificaram como fatores preditores de boa evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo o escore ecocardiogr&#225;fico, classe funcional, &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico e &#225;rea valvar antes do procedimento. Em nosso estudo, um (2,3%) caso evoluiu com reestenose, sendo submetido a comissurotomia mitral a c&#233;u aberto 48 meses ap&#243;s a valvoplastia por cateter-bal&#227;o. Por outro lado, a ocorr&#234;ncia de dois (4,6%) casos, que evoluiram com dupla disfun&#231;&#227;o mitral e necessitaram cirurgia com 42 dias e 45 meses ap&#243;s a valvoplastia por cateter-bal&#227;o, est&#225; aqu&#233;m do relatado na literatura<sup>26</sup>. A ocorr&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o na abertura valvar em ambos os grupos demonstra que o processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o, provocado provavelmente pela a&#231;&#227;o do jato de sangue sobre a mitral, &#233; inerente aos dois m&#233;todos. Este achado tamb&#233;m foi observado por Cardoso e cols.<sup>27</sup>, em casu&#237;stica semelhante, j&#225; no segundo ano de seguimento cl&#237;nico, determinando que os dois m&#233;todos n&#227;o necessariamente provocam modifica&#231;&#245;es definitivas na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a valvar.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, ambos os m&#233;todos obtiveram 100% de sucesso com baixa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es associado &#224; queda da classe funcional, queda do gradiente mitral e aumento da &#225;rea valvar mitral no POI. Durante o acompanhamento, houve manuten&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional na maioria dos casos, eleva&#231;&#227;o discreta do gradiente mitral e queda de &#225;rea valvar mitral, em ambos os grupos, mais notadamente, no grupo comissurotomia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Creuza Maria Roveri Dal B&#243; pelo auxilio na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luiz Francisco Cardoso - InCor - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de </p>
        <p>Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - CEP 05403-000 </p>
        <p> e-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="val_cardoso@incor.usp.br">val_cardoso@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 16/10/02 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 13/5/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of open commissurotomy and balloon valvuloplasty in mitral stenosis: a five-year follow-up</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical and laboratory data in patients with mitral stenosis undergoing open commissurotomy or balloon valvuloplasty, who were followed up for 5 years. METHODS: Eighty-one patients were prospectively assessed prior to the procedure (PRE) and immediately after the procedure, in the immediate postoperative period (IPO), and followed up yearly for 5 years (PO12M, PO24M, PO36M, PO48M, and PO60M). They were randomized into the following 2 groups: GC (group undergoing open commissurotomy): 37 patients (32.4 &#177; 7.2 years; 89.2% females); and GV (group undergoing balloon valvuloplasty): 44 patients (32.9 &#177; 9.5 years; 90.9% females). The patients' assessment comprised the following items: functional class, occurrence of events, electrocardiography, and Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: A significant improvement in functional class occurred in most patients. Three patients in GC and in GV were in functional class III in PO60M. No difference in the mitral gradient was observed between the groups. A difference in the mean mitral valve areas was observed between the groups during the entire evaluation. No patients died. In regard to the IPO of GC, 3 patients had moderate mitral insufficiency (MI), and 3 had bleeding (1 was reoperated upon). In the IPO of GV, 4 patients had moderate MI, 1 had severe MI, 2 had cardiac tamponade, and 1 patient required surgery due to severe MI. Over 60 months, 9 GV patients evolved to moderate or severe MI, while 6 GC patients evolved to moderate or severe MI, and 2 other GC patients required surgery due to double mitral dysfunction. CONCLUSION: The rate of success in open mitral commissurotomy and balloon mitral valvuloplasty was 100%, and the rate of complications was low. During follow-up, a mild elevation in mitral gradient and a drop in mitral valve area were observed in both groups.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>mitral valve stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>rheumatic fever</kwd>
        <kwd>mitral commissurotomy</kwd>
        <kwd>balloon mitral valvuloplasty</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Comparison of open commissurotomy and balloon valvuloplasty in mitral stenosis. A five-year follow-up</p>
      <p>Luiz Francisco Cardoso; Max Grinberg; Pablo Maria Alberto Pomerantzeff; Miguel Antonio Neves Rati; Caio Cesar Jorge Medeiros; Marcelo Luiz Vieira; Luiz Virgen; Fl&#225;vio Tarasoutchi</p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To compare clinical and laboratory data in patients with mitral stenosis undergoing open commissurotomy or balloon valvuloplasty, who were followed up for 5 years.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Eighty-one patients were prospectively assessed prior to the procedure (PRE) and immediately after the procedure, in the immediate postoperative period (IPO), and followed up yearly for 5 years (PO12M, PO24M, PO36M, PO48M, and PO60M). They were randomized into the following 2 groups: GC (group undergoing open commissurotomy): 37 patients (32.4 &#177; 7.2 years; 89.2% females); and GV (group undergoing balloon valvuloplasty): 44 patients (32.9 &#177; 9.5 years; 90.9% females). The patients' assessment comprised the following items: functional class, occurrence of events, electrocardiography, and Doppler echocardiography.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>A significant improvement in functional class occurred in most patients. Three patients in GC and in GV were in functional class III in PO60M. No difference in the mitral gradient was observed between the groups. A difference in the mean mitral valve areas was observed between the groups during the entire evaluation. No patients died. In regard to the IPO of GC, 3 patients had moderate mitral insufficiency (MI), and 3 had bleeding (1 was reoperated upon). In the IPO of GV, 4 patients had moderate MI, 1 had severe MI, 2 had cardiac tamponade, and 1 patient required surgery due to severe MI. Over 60 months, 9 GV patients evolved to moderate or severe MI, while 6 GC patients evolved to moderate or severe MI, and 2 other GC patients required surgery due to double mitral dysfunction.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The rate of success in open mitral commissurotomy and balloon mitral valvuloplasty was 100%, and the rate of complications was low. During follow-up, a mild elevation in mitral gradient and a drop in mitral valve area were observed in both groups.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>mitral valve stenosis, rheumatic fever, mitral commissurotomy, balloon mitral valvuloplasty</p>
      <p>In recent years, the treatment of rheumatic mitral stenosis has significantly changed <sup>1,2</sup>. Balloon mitral valvuloplasty, introduced by Inoue et al <sup>3</sup> in 1984, has become an attractive method with good results for certain patients <sup>4-6</sup>. Although the comparison of immediate and short-term results between open commissurotomy and balloon valvuloplasty in mitral stenosis has had similar results, the comparison of long-term results between these 2 methods has not been frequently performed.</p>
      <p>Our study compared data obtained through noninvasive clinical and laboratory assessment &#151; electrocardiography and Doppler echocardiography &#151; about the use of open commissurotomy or balloon valvuloplasty in randomly selected patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis. Those data referred to the periods immediately after the procedure and a 5-year follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Eighty-one patients with mitral stenosis registered in the outpatient clinics for Valvular Heart Diseases at InCor of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Medical School of the University of S&#227;o Paulo were selected with the following characteristics: a) symptoms of pulmonary veno-capillary hypertension, ie, New York Heart Association functional classes II, III, and IV; b) echocardiographic score <sup>7</sup><underline>&lt;</underline> 9; c) age <underline>&lt;</underline> 60 years; d) absence of mitral insufficiency beyond a mild degree; e) no other heart disease with a surgical indication; f) no previous embolism; g) no image compatible with intracavitary thrombus on transthoracic Doppler echocardiography.</p>
      <p>The patients were distributed into 2 groups according to randomization in a table of numbers generated by a software program as follows: a) group undergoing commissurotomy (GC) &#151; composed by 37 patients referred for open mitral commissurotomy performed by the same surgeon; b) group undergoing valvuloplasty (GV) - composed of 44 patients undergoing mitral balloon valvuloplasty performed by the same hemodynamics technician.</p>
      <p>After asepsis, the access route to the heart was performed through a median thoracotomy or right anterolateral thoracotomy in the 4th intercostal space, and extracorporeal circulation was installed with separated cannulas for the superior and inferior venae cava. The arterial cannula was always placed in the ascending aorta, even in lateral thoracotomies. Myocardial protection was provided with moderate hypothermia at 28&#176;C, induced by extracorporeal circulation and crystalloid cardioplegia in all patients. Access to the mitral valve was through a left atriotomy, mitral commissurotomy being then performed, and, when pertinent, section of the papillary muscle and exeresis of the valvular calcium as well.</p>
      <p>Balloon mitral valvuloplasty was performed through a transeptal puncture according to the previously reported technique <sup>8</sup>. Three (6.8%) patients underwent balloon mitral valvuloplasty according to the double-balloon technique recommended by Al Zaibag et al <sup>9</sup>. The number of inflations was determined by the following: the visual aspect of the disappearance of the negative impression left by the mitral valve on the balloons; the drop in the gradient between the left atrium and the left ventricle; improvement in heart auscultation; and the absence of significant mitral insufficiency or other complications. Seven (15.9%) patients underwent mitral valvuloplasty with the bifoil balloon (Schneider Medintag), and 34 (77.2%) underwent balloon mitral valvuloplasty according to the Inoue technique <sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The patients were studied in the following clinical periods: a) prior to the procedure (PRE); b) immediately after the procedure and before hospital discharge (IPO); c) at every 12 months of follow-up (PO12M, PO24M, PO36M, PO48M, and PO60M).</p>
      <p>Clinical and laboratory assessment comprised the following: a) data about functional class, IPO and late complications, in addition to the occurrence of an event during any period of the study; b) 12-lead electrocardiogram obtained in the PRE and PO60M periods; and c) transthoracic Doppler echocardiography performed by the same technician. The incidences, measurements, and interpretations abided by the recommendations of the American Association of Echocardiography. Electronic 3.5/2.0 MHz and 2.5 MHz transducers and mechanical 3.0 and 2.0 MHz transducers were used, respectively, for M-mode Doppler echocardiography, 2-dimensional echocardiography, and color-flow mapping. Thermosensitive paper was used for the recordings during the entire study.</p>
      <p>Data referring to age, sex, functional class, cardiac rhythm, and Doppler echocardiography in the PRE period are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21431t1-body2">table I</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_21431t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0243-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>For the analysis of the efficiency of the procedures, the classical criterion of success was used, ie, the mitral valve area calculated in the IPO period on Doppler echocardiography should be <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.5 cm<sup>2</sup> or at least 50% greater than that prior to the procedure.</p>
      <p>The descriptive analysis for quantitative variables consisted of the calculation of the means and standard deviation, and the descriptive analysis for qualitative variables consisted of the calculation of the absolute and relative frequencies. For quantitative variables, the means were compared by using the Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples. For qualitative variables, the hypothesis of the homogeneity of proportions between the 2 groups was evaluated by using the McNemar test, chi-square test, or Fisher exact test. The Doppler echocardiographic variables in GC and GV during all periods studied were compared by using repeated-measures analysis of variance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The evolution of the functional classes in the PRE, IPO, and PO60M periods in both groups is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">figure 1</xref>. A significant improvement in functional class was observed in both groups.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0243-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In GC, 3 (8.1%) patients were in functional class I/II, and 34 (91.9%) patients in functional class III/IV in the IPO period. Assessment in the PO60M period showed maintenance (P&lt;0.0001) of the functional class in most patients, 34 (91.9%) of whom evolved to functional class I/II, and 3 (8.1%) to functional class III/IV. The evolution of the functional class between the IPO and PO60M periods and between the PO12M and PO60M periods was compared, and no statistical difference between the 2 periods was observed (P&lt;0.2482), showing maintenance of the clinical results obtained immediately after the procedure. All 3 patients in functional class III/IV in the PO60M period were diagnosed with mitral restenosis; 2 were waiting for a new procedure and another underwent balloon mitral valvuloplasty.</p>
      <p>In GV, 40 (91.9%) patients were in functional class I/II and 2 (8.1%) in functional class III/IV in the IPO period. However, a significant improvement in functional class was observed in the PO60M period (P&lt;0.0001) as follows: 37 (92.5%) patients in functional class I/II and only 3 (7.5%) patient in functional class III/IV. Two (5.0%) patients underwent mitral valve replacement with a bioprosthesis due to double mitral dysfunction, 1 (2.5%) underwent mitral valvuloplasty due to significant mitral insufficiency during the IPO period, and another underwent mitral commissurotomy due to mitral restenosis. When comparing the functional class evolution in GV between the IPO and PO60M periods and between the PO12M and PO60M periods, no significant difference (P=1.0000) was observed, showing maintenance of the clinical results observed after the procedure.</p>
      <p>The behavior of the mean mitral transvalvular gradient showed a similar behavior between the groups throughout the study (P=0.56799) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21431t2-body2">tab. II</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>). The mean values were different between the periods assessed (P=0.0001). A difference between the means of the PRE and all other periods studied was observed (P=0.0001).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_21431t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0243-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0243-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A 100% success rate was observed in both groups. The behavior of the mean values of the mitral valve area throughout the assessments between GC and GV showed a statistically significant difference (P=0.0005). The results are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">figure 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21431t2-body2">table II</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0243-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0243-00008-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Data on the evolution of cardiac rhythm in both groups between the PRE and PO60M periods revealed that most (91.9%) patients in GC had no change in cardiac rhythm; however, of the 2 (2.7%) patients with junctional rhythm in the PRE period, 1 (2.7%) evolved to sinus rhythm and the other to atrial fibrillation rhythm in the PO60M period. On the other hand, 1 (2.7%) patient who had sinus rhythm evolved to atrial fibrillation rhythm at the PO60M. No GV patient had changes in cardiac rhythm throughout the 60 months of follow-up.</p>
      <p>In regard to the IPO period, in GC, moderate mitral insufficiency was recognized in 3 patients (2 of whom did not have it in the PRE period) and mild mitral insufficiency in 11 (7 of whom did not have it in the PRE period, and 2 already had mild mitral insufficiency in the PRE period). In regard to the PO60M period, of the 14 patients diagnosed with mitral insufficiency on Doppler echocardiography in the IPO period, 7 (50.0%) patients had a reduction in the degree of mitral insufficiency, while 4 (28.6%) had an increase in it. Mitral insufficiency appeared in 13 (56.5%) of the 23 patients who did not have it in the IPO period.</p>
      <p>In regard to the IPO period, in GV, the Doppler echocardiographic study allowed the identification of the following degrees of mitral insufficiency: severe in 1 patient, who did not have it in the PRE period and was referred for mitral valvuloplasty; moderate mitral insufficiency in 4 patients, 3 of whom did not have it and 1 had it to a mild degree in the PRE period; and mild mitral insufficiency in 23 patients, 17 of whom did not have it and 6 with a mild degree in the PRE period. In regard to the PO60M period, of the 27 patients with mild or moderate mitral insufficiency in the IPO period, a reduction in the insufficiency degree was observed in 10 (35.7%) patients, while an increase was observed in 4 (14.3%) patients, 2 of whom had a bioprosthesis implanted, 1 had undergone mitral valvuloplasty, and another had undergone mitral commissurotomy.</p>
      <p>No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in regard to the behavior of the mitral insufficiency (P=0.0233).</p>
      <p>In regard to GC, 3 (8.1%) patients experienced bleeding, 1 of whom required reoperation, and the other (2.7%) underwent implantation of a transient pacemaker due to junctional bradycardia. In regard to GV, 2 (4.6%) patients had cardiac tamponade and 2 others (4.6%) had perforation of cardiac chambers with no cardiac tamponade, undergoing, then, pericardial drainage.</p>
      <p>No patients died during the 60-month follow-up. In GC, 1 (2.7%) patient had an ischemic stroke due to chronic atrial fibrillation with no oral anticoagulant use, and 2 others (5.4%) evolved with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. In GV, 2 (4.6%) patients evolved with double mitral dysfunction and underwent bioprosthesis implantation on the 42nd day and 45th month of follow-up. One (2.3%) patient evolved with mitral restenosis and underwent mitral commissurotomy 48 months after balloon mitral valvuloplasty. One (2.3%) patient evolved with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and another (2.3%) had a transient ischemic episode, despite his sinus rhythm, oral anticoagulation then being introduced.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Currently, patients with isolated mitral stenosis are very frequently encountered in clinical practice. Surgical treatment through open or closed mitral commissurotomy has provided excellent results with the mortality rate not exceeding 3% and varying according to the clinical status of the patient and the experience of the surgical team <sup>10-12</sup>. From 1984 onwards, balloon valvuloplasty has been incorporated to daily practice for the treatment of patients selected with mitral stenosis <sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, only ideal candidates for balloon mitral valvuloplasty were selected. The analysis of the echocardiographic score showed no difference between the groups indicating that the valve morphology features had no influence on the comparison between groups.</p>
      <p>In regard to functional class, the results provided by balloon mitral valvuloplasty are similar to those obtained with open commissurotomy <sup>13,14</sup>. However, Patel et al <sup>15</sup> and Shrivastava et al <sup>16</sup> reported that the results of balloon mitral valvuloplasty were better than those of closed mitral commissurotomy. The procedures of section of the papillary muscle, decalcification, and removal of left atrium thrombi performed during open commissurotomy are believed to influence the results of the mitral valve area.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the causes determining nonregression of the functional class after the procedure are nonsuccess and development of mitral regurgitation or restenosis.</p>
      <p>The hemodynamic improvement expressed as a significant and similar drop in the mitral transvalvular gradient (mmHg) in both groups in the IPO period and its maintenance throughout the 60-month follow-up shows the capacity of the 2 therapeutic methods to immediately relieve the pressure in the left atrium, and, consequently, in the pulmonary circulation. Measurement of the mitral valve area is the most important criterion to assess the degree of success of the therapeutic intervention. In addition, the value of the mitral valve area in the IPO period is related to long-term prognosis. Some authors <sup>17</sup> have shown that a mitral valve area close to 2.0 cm<sup>2</sup> immediately after balloon valvuloplasty was associated with a lower chance of restenosis.</p>
      <p>The 100% rate of success obtained in both groups may have resulted from the application of the upper limit of 9 of the echocardiographic score to all patients.</p>
      <p>After the first promising results of balloon mitral valvuloplasty, the first studies comparing the results of the surgical procedure and that new percutaneous technique <sup>18,19</sup> began to be reported. Our results do not agree with those found by Patel et al <sup>15</sup>, who compared the results of balloon mitral valvuloplasty with those of closed commissurotomy. Our results also do not agree with those found by Reyes et al <sup>20</sup>, who reported a mitral valve area after balloon valvuloplasty greater than that obtained with mitral commissurotomy by using hemodynamics. We believe that this divergence occurred due to differences in the techniques and methods used for obtaining the mitral valve area.</p>
      <p>In our study, throughout the 60-month follow-up, a reduction in the mitral valve area was observed in both groups. This confirms that neither of the 2 methods leaves the mitral valve free from progression, which may be of a scarring nature. This process of reduction in the mitral valve area was more evident in the GC.</p>
      <p>Balloon mitral valvuloplasty had more complications than mitral commissurotomy did, mainly those related to transeptal puncture and manipulation of guidewires and catheters inside the cardiac cavities. Currently, the mortality rate in several series has ranged from 1 to 2%, which may be even minimized with improvement in the learning curve. Recent studies <sup>21</sup> have shown that this limit is currently below 1%. The experience of the hemodynamics technician, the appropriate selection of patients, and the improvement in the technique used have contributed to decrease the rate of complications.</p>
      <p>Significant mitral insufficiency during commissurotomy and in its postoperative period <sup>1</sup> may appear in 4% of patients, being influenced by the presence of mitral insufficiency and calcification in the leaflets in the preoperative period. After balloon mitral valvuloplasty, approximately one third to 50% of patients <sup>22</sup> may have mild mitral insufficiency. However, the presence of greater degrees of mitral insufficiency may range from 4 to 8%.</p>
      <p>In our study, significant mitral insufficiency in the IPO period was observed on Doppler echocardiography in only 1 (2.3%) GV patient, who underwent surgical repair of the mitral valve. The need for surgical correction of significant mitral insufficiency following balloon valvuloplasty usually leads to valve replacement. However, depending on the mechanism that caused the mitral insufficiency, a conservative surgery may be possible.</p>
      <p>The incidence of cardiac tamponade after balloon mitral valvuloplasty may range from 0 to 9.3% <sup>23</sup>, and it has been decreasing since the beginning of the experience with this method. This decrease in the incidence of cardiac tamponade may be attributed to the learning curve with the transeptal puncture technique. In our series, 2 patients had cardiac tamponade diagnosed later, after the end of the procedure, which required only pericardial drainage without complementation with mitral commissurotomy.</p>
      <p>Despite the extensive literature, the determination of predictive factors of medium- and long-term good results in patients undergoing balloon mitral valvuloplasty is still controversial. Chen and Cheng <sup>24</sup> reported indices of restenosis of 5.2%. In France, Lung et al <sup>25</sup> identified the following predictive factors of long-term good evolution: echocardiographic score, functional class, cardiothoracic index, and valve area prior to the procedure. In our study, 1 (2.3%) patient evolved with restenosis, undergoing open mitral commissurotomy 48 months after balloon valvuloplasty. On the other hand, the occurrence of 2 (4.6%) patients evolving with double mitral dysfunction and requiring surgery on the 42nd day and in the 45th month after balloon valvuloplasty is below that reported in the literature <sup>26</sup>. The occurrence of a reduction in the valvular opening in both groups shows that the scarring process probably caused by the action of the blood jet on the mitral valve is inherent to both methods. This finding has also been observed in a study by Cardoso et al <sup>27</sup> with a similar case series in the second year of clinical follow-up, confirming that the 2 methods do not necessarily cause definitive changes in the progression of the valvular heart disease.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, both methods provided a 100% rate of success and a low rate of complications associated with a drop in functional class and mitral gradient, and an increase in mitral valve area in the IPO period. During follow-up, the functional class did not change in most patients, and a mild elevation in the mitral gradient and a decrease in the mitral valve area were observed in both groups, mainly in the patients undergoing commissurotomy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank Creuza Maria Roveri Dal B&#243; for her support in the statistical analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luiz Francisco Cardoso - InCor </p>
          <p> Av. Dr. Eneas C. Aguiar, 44 - 05403-000 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> e-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="val_cardoso@incor.usp.br">val_cardoso@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received 10/16/02</p>
      <p>Accepted 5/13/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
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  </sub-article>
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