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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WNSnJNVP4GrqsJyGbsyVmSw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001500006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001500006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Massa ventricular esquerda em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markus</surname>
            <given-names>Marcello Ricardo Paulista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto Fel&#237;cio Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chizzola</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gisela Tunes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Pedroso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>227</fpage>
      <lpage>231</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a massa ventricular esquerda em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, as correla&#231;&#245;es com outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e com o progn&#243;stico. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 587 pacientes com idades entre 13,8 anos e 68,9 anos, 461 (78,5%) homens e 126 (21,5%) mulheres. A massa ventricular esquerda foi estimada com o uso do ecocardiograma no modo M e indexada pela altura. RESULTADOS: O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda variou de 35,3 g/m a 333,5 g/m e aumentou conforme a idade. O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda foi maior nos homens (m&#233;dia 175,7 g/m) do que nas mulheres (m&#233;dia 165,7 g/m). O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda foi maior nos portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertensiva (m&#233;dia 188,1 g/m), de cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica (m&#233;dia 177,7 g/m) e de cardiomiopatias de outras etiologias (m&#233;dia 175,1 g/m) do que nos portadores de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica (m&#233;dia 164,3 g/m) e isqu&#234;mica (m&#233;dia 162 g/m). O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda de portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o com a idade, o sexo, a etiologia e o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo. A correla&#231;&#227;o com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi negativa - o aumento do &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda associou-se &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. O risco relativo de &#243;bito foi 1,22 para cada acr&#233;scimo de 50 g/m no &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda. CONCLUS&#213;ES: A estima&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular esquerda pode contribuir para a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>massa ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertrofia ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Massa ventricular esquerda em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
    <p>Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus; Humberto Fel&#237;cio Gon&#231;alves de Freitas; Paulo Roberto Chizzola; Gisela Tunes da Silva; Antonio Carlos Pedroso de Lima; Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a massa ventricular esquerda em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, as correla&#231;&#245;es com outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e com o progn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram estudados 587 pacientes com idades entre 13,8 anos e 68,9 anos, 461 (78,5%) homens e 126 (21,5%) mulheres. A massa ventricular esquerda foi estimada com o uso do ecocardiograma no modo M e indexada pela altura. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda variou de 35,3 g/m a 333,5 g/m e aumentou conforme a idade. O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda foi maior nos homens (m&#233;dia 175,7 g/m) do que nas mulheres (m&#233;dia 165,7 g/m). O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda foi maior nos portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertensiva (m&#233;dia 188,1 g/m), de cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica (m&#233;dia 177,7 g/m) e de cardiomiopatias de outras etiologias (m&#233;dia 175,1 g/m) do que nos portadores de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica (m&#233;dia 164,3 g/m) e isqu&#234;mica (m&#233;dia 162 g/m). O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda de portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o com a idade, o sexo, a etiologia e o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo. A correla&#231;&#227;o com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi negativa - o aumento do &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda associou-se &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. O risco relativo de &#243;bito foi 1,22 para cada acr&#233;scimo de 50 g/m no &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES: </bold>A estima&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular esquerda pode contribuir para a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>massa ventricular esquerda, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, progn&#243;stico</p>
    <p>A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda foi identificada como um fator de risco de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular no estudo de Framingham<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sofrem modifica&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas card&#237;acas que foram reunidas no conceito de remodelamento card&#237;aco<sup>4</sup>. O remodelamento se desenvolve nas diversas circunst&#226;ncias cl&#237;nicas e em diferentes pacientes de modo heterog&#234;neo.</p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, observamos grandes diferen&#231;as na massa ventricular esquerda, estimada no exame f&#237;sico, no eletrocardiograma ou na dimens&#227;o da imagem card&#237;aca na radiografia do t&#243;rax. Observamos tamb&#233;m, em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de uma mesma etiologia, pacientes com condi&#231;&#227;o funcional semelhante, mas com diferentes magnitudes da imagem card&#237;aca na radiografia do t&#243;rax.</p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista ecocardiogr&#225;fico, foram verificadas maior mortalidade e maior taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. A estima&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da massa ventricular esquerda acrescentou informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica a outros fatores de risco cardiovascular. Entretanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, em rela&#231;&#227;o a outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, sugeriu a independ&#234;ncia entre a hipertrofia e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>5</sup>, achado diferente de estudo inicial que realizamos. Os testes de correla&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular esquerda com a idade, a dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e as press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar n&#227;o revelaram valores estatisticamente significativos. A correla&#231;&#227;o foi significativa com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo calculada pelo ecocardiograma. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o <italic>stepwise</italic> demonstrou correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a massa ventricular esquerda e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em estudo de necr&#243;psia, verificou-se que portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertensiva, isqu&#234;mica e idiop&#225;tica apresentavam pesos semelhantes e superiores ao de portadores de cardiomiopatia da doen&#231;a de Chagas<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Portanto, a observa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, os estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e de necr&#243;psia permitem a hip&#243;tese que a massa ventricular esquerda possa ser uma vari&#225;vel relevante no progn&#243;stico de portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Nesse contexto, formulamos a hip&#243;tese que a massa ventricular esquerda tamb&#233;m possa oferecer informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>Nosso objetivo foi verificar, em casu&#237;stica numerosa de portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em acompanhamento por mais de dez anos, a distribui&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular esquerda estimada no ecocardiograma, suas correla&#231;&#245;es com outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e a sua potencial influ&#234;ncia progn&#243;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi constitu&#237;da uma coorte de pacientes ambulatoriais portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, na qual foi realizado um corte transversal<sup>8</sup> para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi feito com base nos crit&#233;rios de Framingham<sup>9</sup> e o diagn&#243;stico da etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca baseado em crit&#233;rios pr&#233;vios<sup>10</sup> e na Classifica&#231;&#227;o Estat&#237;stica Internacional de Doen&#231;as e Problemas Relacionados &#224; Sa&#250;de, d&#233;cima revis&#227;o, 1993 (CID 10).</p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, pacientes com idade &lt; 75 anos e com o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por cardiomiopatias pass&#237;veis de tratamento cir&#250;rgico (revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, aneurismectomia, pl&#225;stica ou substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar) e pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio recente e angina inst&#225;vel. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com clearance de creatinina inferior a 30ml/kg/min, insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, diabetes mellitus tipo I, infec&#231;&#227;o recente, neoplasias ou doen&#231;a p&#233;ptica ulcerosa ativa.</p>
    <p>Foram estudados 587 portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com idade de 13,8 anos a 68,9 anos (m&#233;dia 45,6 anos, desvio padr&#227;o 10,3 anos), 461 (78,5%) homens e 126 (21,5%) mulheres, no per&#237;odo de abril de 1991 a dezembro de 2000.</p>
    <p>O tempo decorrido, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a entrada no estudo variou de 6,9 dias a 243,5 meses (m&#233;dia 50,1 meses, desvio padr&#227;o 49 meses).</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi atribu&#237;da &#224; cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica em 114 (19,4%) pacientes, chag&#225;sica em 97 (16,5%), hipertensiva em 82 (14%) e &#224; outras etiologias em 73 (12,4%). Em 221 (37,7%) pacientes a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi atribuida &#224; cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, radioisot&#243;picas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e funcionais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0227-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados ambulatorialmente. O tratamento cl&#237;nico incluiu a orienta&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica e dos princ&#237;pios gerais do tratamento e a receita de medicamentos ajustados &#224;s suas necessidades e toler&#226;ncia. Os medicamentos inclu&#237;ram inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina, diur&#233;ticos e digit&#225;licos entre outros. Os betabloqueadores foram introduzidos, progressivamente, no tratamento a partir de 1997.</p>
    <p>Dados evolutivos foram complementados com consultas aos registros hospitalares, contato telef&#244;nico pelos pesquisadores e pesquisa no ProAim - Programa de Aprimoramento de Informa&#231;&#245;es de Mortalidade do Munic&#237;pio da Cidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas de acordo com os crit&#233;rios recomendados pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A massa ventricular esquerda foi estimada com o emprego da express&#227;o<sup>12</sup>: MVE (gramas) = 0,8 X {1,04 X [(DIVE + ESI + EPP)<sup>3</sup>- (DIVE)<sup>3</sup>]} + 0,6 na qual: MVE = massa ventricular esquerda, EPP = espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, ESI = espessura do septo interventricular, DIVE = di&#226;metro interno do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>A massa ventricular esquerda foi indexada para a altura do paciente (g/m)<sup>12</sup>. Em virtude desta indexa&#231;&#227;o, passamos a utilizar o termo &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda. Para compara&#231;&#245;es com o &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda, esta indexa&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi feita para as outras vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda foi estudado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, ao sexo, &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e direito pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica, ao consumo m&#225;ximo de O<sub>2</sub> no exame ergoespirom&#233;trico e &#224;s freq&#252;&#234;ncias card&#237;acas m&#225;xima e m&#237;nima e &#224; presen&#231;a de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada no eletrocardiograma din&#226;mico de 24 horas.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e funcionais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e do &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda foram inicialmente examinadas por meio de an&#225;lise descritiva explorat&#243;ria, identificando-se os valores m&#237;nimo, m&#225;ximo, m&#233;dio, mediano e do desvio padr&#227;o das vari&#225;veis estudadas. Em seguida, foi estudado o &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda quanto &#224; probabilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia com o emprego do m&#233;todo de Kaplan Meier<sup>13</sup>. O &#243;bito foi considerado evento; interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas, incluindo o transplante, foram consideradas censura. As compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas com os testes de <italic>log - rank</italic> e Breslow<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para avaliar as rela&#231;&#245;es do &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda com as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e funcionais, foi utilizada a regress&#227;o linear multivariada.</p>
    <p>O risco relativo de &#243;bito foi estimado por meio do modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox<sup>14</sup>. Foi feita uma an&#225;lise de res&#237;duos para verificar se as suposi&#231;&#245;es feitas para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do modelo de Cox tinham sido satisfeitas. Os resultados est&#227;o apresentados como risco relativo, valor de p e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
    <p>Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significantes. Os c&#225;lculos foram realizados com o emprego do software SPSS, vers&#227;o 10.0 e SAS, vers&#227;o 8.2.</p>
    <p>O protocolo foi aprovado pela Comit&#234; Institucional de Pesquisa em Seres Humanos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O &#205;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda variou de 35,3 g/m a 333,5 g/m (m&#233;dia 173,5 g/m, desvio padr&#227;o 44 g/m) e aumentou conforme a idade categorizada em quartis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>). O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda variou de 79,7 g/m a 332,6 g/m (m&#233;dia 168,5 g/m, desvio padr&#227;o 41,4 g/m) nos pacientes com idade &lt; 39,3 anos; de 96,2 g/m a 333,5 g/m (m&#233;dia 173,2 g/m, desvio padr&#227;o 46,8 g/m), nos pacientes com idade de 39,3 anos a 46,4 anos; de 86,5 g/m a 325,5 g/m (m&#233;dia 175,3 g/m, desvio padr&#227;o 44,4 g/m) nos pacientes com idade de 46,4 anos a 52,9 anos e de 35,3 g/m a 309,3 g/m (m&#233;dia 176,1 g/m, desvio padr&#227;o 42,6 g/m) nos pacientes com idade &gt; 52,9 anos.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0227-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda foi maior nos homens (variou de 35,3 g/m a 333,5 g/m [m&#233;dia 175,7 g/m; desvio padr&#227;o 44,3 g/m]) do que nas mulheres (variou de 88,2 g/m a 332,6 g/m [m&#233;dia 165,7 g/m, desvio padr&#227;o 42,3 g/m]) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0227-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda foi menor nos portadores de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica e isqu&#234;mica do que nos portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertensiva, de cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica e de cardiomiopatias de outras etiologias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>). O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda variou de 96,2 g/m a 309,3 g/m (m&#233;dia 188,1 g/m, desvio padr&#227;o 44,6 g/m) nos portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertensiva; de 35,3 g/m a 332,6 g/m (m&#233;dia 177,7 g/m, desvio padr&#227;o 45,9 g/m) nos portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica; de 88,2 g/m a 333,5 g/m (m&#233;dia 175,1 g/m, desvio padr&#227;o 50,3 g/m) nos portadores de cardiomiopatia de outras etiologias; de 97,5 g/m a 239,6 g/m (m&#233;dia 164,3 g/m, desvio padr&#227;o 33,7 g/m) nos portadores de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica e de 86,5 g/m a 264,2 g/m (m&#233;dia 162 g/m; desvio padr&#227;o 39,5 g/m) nos portadores de cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0227-00006-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda, categorizada em quartis, n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; probabilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0227-00006-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda aumentou 0,39 g/m para cada aumento de um ano na idade do paciente, mantendo-se as demais vari&#225;veis (sexo, etiologia, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica e di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo) constantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. II</xref>). O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda de pacientes do sexo masculino foi 11,2 g/m maior que o &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda de pacientes do sexo feminino.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0227-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda de portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertensiva, quando comparados com portadores de cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica, apresentou um valor 27,4 g/m maior. Portadores de cardiomiopatia sem etiologia identificada e com cardiomiopatia de outras etiologias apresentaram, respectivamente, um valor 16,7 g/m e 12,9 g/m maior e portadores de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a, estatisticamente, significante no &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dos portadores de cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda aumentou 6,96 g/m para cada aumento de 5 mm/m no di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda, pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica, apresentou uma rela&#231;&#227;o negativa com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda diminuiu 1,2 g/m para cada aumento de uma unidade na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Para cada acr&#233;scimo de um g/m no &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda, o risco relativo de &#243;bito aumentou 0,4% (p = 0,0418) (IC 95% 0 a 1%) Como o &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda, na nossa casu&#237;stica variou de 35,35 a 333,52 g/m, o risco relativo de &#243;bito foi 1,22 (IC 95% 1 a 1,49) para cada acr&#233;scimo de 50 g/m.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudamos coorte numerosa, de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica de diferentes etiologias, incluindo a cardiopatia da doen&#231;a de Chagas, atendidos na rotina ambulatorial em uma &#250;nica institui&#231;&#227;o e acompanhados por uma d&#233;cada. Foram mais freq&#252;entes os portadores de cardiomiopatia sem etiologia identificada (idiop&#225;tica, 37,7%), seguidos de portadores de cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica (19,4%), chag&#225;sica (16,5%) e hipertensiva (14%). Esta distribui&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica difere de outras casu&#237;sticas, nas quais predominaram a cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica (34% a 60% dos casos)<sup>15-17</sup>, a cardiomiopatia idiop&#225;tica (18,2% a 59% dos casos)<sup>16,17</sup> e a etiologia hipertensiva (3,8% a 23,6% dos casos)<sup>16</sup>. Portanto, nossos resultados foram verificados de acordo com essas caracter&#237;sticas, incluindo a distribui&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>Empregamos o ecocardiograma modo M para avaliar a massa ventricular esquerda. Altera&#231;&#245;es na dimens&#227;o e na geometria ventriculares podem induzir a imprecis&#245;es na estimativa do &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda. A massa ventricular esquerda foi indexada pela altura pois portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca podem apresentar varia&#231;&#245;es de peso por reten&#231;&#227;o ou perda h&#237;drica. Esta indexa&#231;&#227;o foi validada na literatura, em estudo de alto rigor metodol&#243;gico, que avaliou 864 indiv&#237;duos observando uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a massa ventricular esquerda e a altura (r = 0,39, p &lt; 0,001 em homens; r = 0,23, p &lt; 0,001 em mulheres)<sup>12</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a altura &#233; fortemente associada com a massa corp&#243;rea magra, a qual &#233; uma excelente preditora da massa ventricular esquerda<sup>18</sup>. Apesar de restri&#231;&#245;es, o ecocardiograma modo M tem sido utilizado em grandes estudos populacionais, incluindo aqueles que t&#234;m demonstrado a importante rela&#231;&#227;o entre a massa ventricular esquerda e a morbidade e mortalidade cardiovasculares<sup>12,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>A idade influiu de modo independente no &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda. O aumento de um ano na idade associou-se ao acr&#233;scimo de 0,39 g/m no &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o difere de estudos populacionais anteriores, de indiv&#237;duos sem cardiomiopatia, nos quais a idade n&#227;o teve influ&#234;ncia sobre a massa ventricular esquerda<sup>20,21</sup>. Por outro lado, demonstrou-se no estudo de Framingham a associa&#231;&#227;o da idade com a massa ventricular esquerda em portadores de cardiomiopatia, mas n&#227;o se demonstrou tal associa&#231;&#227;o nos indiv&#237;duos sem cardiomiopatia<sup>22</sup>. Portanto, o aparecimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pode representar fator modulador das rela&#231;&#245;es entre a massa ventricular esquerda e a idade.</p>
    <p>O sexo influiu de modo independente no &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda ajustada para altura; o &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda foi 11,2 g/m maior nos homens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres. Esse achado confirma dados anteriores de estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos que inclu&#237;ram pacientes hipertensos<sup>12,21,23,24</sup>. Assim, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo e ajustadas as outras vari&#225;veis de compara&#231;&#227;o, portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mant&#233;m a diferen&#231;a na massa ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda foi mais elevado nos portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertensiva, seguida dos portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica. O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda nos portadores de cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica e da cardiomiopatia da doen&#231;a de Chagas n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante. Estudo de portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica mostrou que o aumento na massa ventricular esquerda resultou de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia e hiperplasia de mi&#243;citos<sup>25</sup>. Portanto, os mecanismos que operam no aumento da massa ventricular provavelmente operam de modo diferente conforme a etiologia da cardiomiopatia que acarreta a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Examinamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo no ecocardiograma e o &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda. O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda aumentou 6,96 g para cada aumento de 5 mm no di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo. &#201; de interesse neste estudo a estimativa num&#233;rica dessa rela&#231;&#227;o. Uma hip&#243;tese &#233; que as mesmas vari&#225;veis que influem na massa ventricular tamb&#233;m possam influir no di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo<sup>26,27</sup>. Alternativamente, o aumento da massa ventricular esquerda poderia contribuir para o aumento das dimens&#245;es atriais, seja por fatores hemodin&#226;micos ou bioqu&#237;micos. Embora a hip&#243;tese de aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo secund&#225;rio &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo seja atraente, estudo em portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial, com o uso de &#237;ndices diast&#243;licos de Doppler, n&#227;o demonstraram essa ocorr&#234;ncia<sup>28</sup>. Por outro lado, esse mesmo estudo mostrou que o tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo, em hipertensos com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda pelo eletrocardiograma, era independente da massa ventricular esquerda<sup>28</sup>, o que demonstra a rela&#231;&#227;o entre di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo com a massa ventricular esquerda em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mas n&#227;o na hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica dos portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica, apresentou uma rela&#231;&#227;o negativa com o &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda. O aumento de uma unidade na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o se associou a um decr&#233;scimo de 1,2 g/m no &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda. A associa&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica, pode contribuir para explicar a menor sobrevida decorrente do aumento do &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda. A influ&#234;ncia da diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o levando a um aumento na mortalidade foi observado em outros estudos<sup>15,29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a compara&#231;&#227;o das probabilidades de sobrevida dos pacientes, categorizados em quartis do &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda, n&#227;o demonstrasse diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante, o modelo dos riscos proporcionais de Cox revelou que para cada acr&#233;scimo de um g/m no &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda, o risco relativo de &#243;bito aumentou 0,4%. Como o &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda, na nossa casu&#237;stica, variou de 35,35 g/m a 333,52 g/m, o risco relativo de &#243;bito foi 1,22 para cada acr&#233;scimo de 50 g/m no &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda. No estudo de Framingham, com pacientes sem cardiomiopatia, para cada acr&#233;scimo de 50 g/m na massa ventricular esquerda, foi observado um risco relativo de &#243;bito por doen&#231;as card&#237;acas de 1,73 nos homens e de 2,12 nas mulheres<sup>30</sup>. Numa casu&#237;stica de pacientes idosos sem cardiomiopatia, cuja idade variou de 59 anos a 90 anos, a incid&#234;ncia de eventos coronarianos, para cada acr&#233;scimo de 50 g/m na massa ventricular esquerda, foi de 1,67 nos homens e de 1,60 nas mulheres<sup>31</sup>. Portanto, o aumento do &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda representa um fator progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Deve-se destacar que a casu&#237;stica estudada &#233; de pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, em fase avan&#231;ada da doen&#231;a. Estas observa&#231;&#245;es, no entanto, podem n&#227;o ser aplic&#225;veis &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral, ou portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em outra fase de evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, a influ&#234;ncia da massa ventricular esquerda n&#227;o foi muito forte, mas poderia contribuir para a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica dos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso, em virtude desta verifica&#231;&#227;o, as associa&#231;&#245;es com outras vari&#225;veis, incluindo a correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica, requerem estudos adicionais.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dr. Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> Cep 05403-000 - E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="marcellomarkus@incor.usp.br">marcellomarkus@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 19/11/02 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 17/3/04</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Left ventricular mass in patients with heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess left ventricular mass in patients with heart failure and its correlations with other clinical variables and prognosis. METHODS: The study comprised 587 patients aged from 13.8 years to 68.9 years, 461 (78.5%) being males and 126 (21.5%) females. Left ventricular mass was estimated by using M-mode echocardiography and was indexed by height. RESULTS: The left ventricular mass index ranged from 35.3 g/m to 333.5 g/m and increased with age. The left ventricular mass index was greater in males (mean, 175.7 g/m) than in females (mean, 165.7 g/m). The left ventricular mass index was greater in patients with hypertensive cardiomyopathy (mean of 188.1 g/m), with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (mean, 177.7 g/m) and with cardiomyopathies of other etiologies (mean, 175.1 g/m) than in patients with chagasic (mean, 164.3 g/m) or ischemic (mean, 162 g/m) cardiomyopathy. The left ventricular mass index in patients with heart failure showed a correlation with age, sex, etiology, and left atrial diameter. The correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction was negative: the increase in the left ventricular mass index was associated with a reduction in ejection fraction. The relative risk of death was 1.22 for each 50-g/m increase in the left ventricular mass index. CONCLUSIONS: The estimate of left ventricular mass may contribute to the prognostic assessment of patients with heart failure.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>left ventricular mass</kwd>
        <kwd>left ventricular hypertrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Left ventricular mass in patients with heart failure</p>
      <p>Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus; Humberto Fel&#237;cio Gon&#231;alves de Freitas; Paulo Roberto Chizzola; Gisela Tunes da Silva; Antonio Carlos Pedroso de Lima; Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur</p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Heart Institute (InCor) University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess left ventricular mass in patients with heart failure and its correlations with other clinical variables and prognosis.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The study comprised 587 patients aged from 13.8 years to 68.9 years, 461 (78.5%) being males and 126 (21.5%) females. Left ventricular mass was estimated by using M-mode echocardiography and was indexed by height.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The left ventricular mass index ranged from 35.3 g/m to 333.5 g/m and increased with age. The left ventricular mass index was greater in males (mean, 175.7 g/m) than in females (mean, 165.7 g/m). The left ventricular mass index was greater in patients with hypertensive cardiomyopathy (mean of 188.1 g/m), with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (mean, 177.7 g/m) and with cardiomyopathies of other etiologies (mean, 175.1 g/m) than in patients with chagasic (mean, 164.3 g/m) or ischemic (mean, 162 g/m) cardiomyopathy. The left ventricular mass index in patients with heart failure showed a correlation with age, sex, etiology, and left atrial diameter. The correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction was negative: the increase in the left ventricular mass index was associated with a reduction in ejection fraction. The relative risk of death was 1.22 for each 50-g/m increase in the left ventricular mass index.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> The estimate of left ventricular mass may contribute to the prognostic assessment of patients with heart failure.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>left ventricular mass, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, prognosis</p>
      <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy was identified as a risk factor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Framingham Study <sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with heart failure due to ventricular dysfunction undergo cardiac anatomical changes, which are included under the concept of cardiac remodeling <sup>4</sup>. Remodeling occurs in different clinical circumstances and in different patients in heterogeneous ways.</p>
      <p>From the clinical point of view, great differences are observed in the left ventricular mass estimated on physical examination, on electrocardiography, or by use of the dimension of the cardiac image on chest radiography. Among patients with heart failure of the same etiology, some with a similar functional condition were observed to have different magnitudes of the cardiac image on chest radiography.</p>
      <p>From the echocardiographic point of view, greater mortality and hospitalization rates due to cardiovascular diseases were observed in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy. The echocardiographic estimate of left ventricular mass added prognostic information to other cardiovascular risk factors. However, assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy, as compared with other clinical variables, suggested independence between left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular ejection fraction <sup>5</sup>, a different finding from that of our initial study. The correlation tests of left ventricular mass with age, duration of symptoms, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and pulmonary artery systolic and occlusion pressures did not show statistically significant values. However, the correlation with the left ventricular ejection fraction calculated on echocardiography was significant. The stepwise regression analysis showed a negative correlation between left ventricular mass and left ventricular ejection fraction<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>On autopsy study, patients with hypertensive, ischemic, and idiopathic cardiomyopathies had similar weights, which were greater than those of patients with cardiomyopathy due to Chagas' disease<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the clinical observation, echocardiographic data, and autopsy studies allow the hypothesis that the left ventricular mass may be a relevant variable for the prognosis of patients with heart failure. In this context, we formulated the hypothesis that left ventricular mass may also provide prognostic information about patients with symptomatic heart failure.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing, in a large case series of patients with heart failure being followed up for more than 10 years, the distribution of left ventricular mass on echocardiography, its correlations with other clinical variables, and its potential prognostic influence.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cross-sectional study <sup>8</sup> was carried out for assessing left ventricular mass in a cohort of patients with heart failure being followed up on an outpatient basis.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of heart failure was established based on the Framingham criteria <sup>9</sup>, and the diagnosis of the etiology of heart failure was based on previously established criteria <sup>10</sup> and on the International Classification of Diseases 1993, 10th review (ICD 10).</p>
      <p>Patients aged &lt; 75 years diagnosed with symptomatic heart failure due to systolic ventricular dysfunction were included in the study.</p>
      <p>Patients with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: heart failure due to cardiomyopathies indicated for surgical treatment (myocardial revascularization, aneurysmectomy, valvuloplasty, or valvular replacement); hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; recent acute myocardial infarction; and unstable angina. Patients with the following characteristics were also excluded from the study: creatinine clearance lower than 30 mL/kg/min; liver failure; peripheral arterial disease; cerebrovascular disease; type I diabetes mellitus; recent infection; neoplasias; or active peptic ulcer disease.</p>
      <p>This study comprised 587 patients with heart failure, who were followed up from April 1991 to December 2000. Their ages ranged from 13.8 to 68.9 years (mean of 45.6 years, standard deviation of 10.3 years), 461 (78.5%) were males and 126 (21.5%) were females.</p>
      <p>The time elapsed between symptom onset and entrance into the study ranged from 6.9 days to 243.5 months (mean, 50.1 months; standard deviation, 49 months).</p>
      <p>Heart failure was attributed to ischemic cardiomyopathy in 114 (19.4%) patients, chagasic cardiomyopathy in 97 (16.5%), hypertensive cardiomyopathy in 82 (14%), and other etiologies in 73 (12.4%). In 221 (37.7%) patients, heart failure was attributed to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>Echocardiographic, radioisotopic, electrocardiographic, and functional characteristics of the population studied are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0227-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The patients were followed up on an outpatient care basis. The clinical treatment included dietary guidance, instruction about the general principles of treatment, and prescription of medications adjusted to their needs and tolerance. The medications included angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, and digitalis. Beta-blockers were gradually introduced in the treatment from 1997 onwards.</p>
      <p>Data on evolution were supplemented by a review of hospital records, telephone contact by the researchers, and research in the ProAim (Programa de Aprimoramento de Informa&#231;&#245;es de Mortalidade do Munic&#237;pio da Cidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#151; Program on improvement of the information on mortality in the city of S&#227;o Paulo).</p>
      <p>Echocardiographic measurements were taken according to the criteria recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Left ventricular mass was estimated by use of the following formula <sup>12</sup>: LVM (grams) = 0.8 X {1.04 X [(LVID + IST + PWT)<sup>3</sup>- (LVID)<sup>3</sup>]} + 0.6, where: LVM = left ventricular mass; PWT = left ventricular posterior wall thickness; IST = interventricular septum thickness; LVID = left ventricular inner diameter.</p>
      <p>The left ventricular mass was indexed by the patient's height (g/m) <sup>12</sup>, and the term "ventricular mass index" began to be used. For comparisons with the left ventricular mass index, this indexation was also performed for other echocardiographic variables.</p>
      <p>The left ventricular mass index was studied in regard to age, sex, duration of symptoms, left and right ventricular ejection fraction on radioisotopic ventriculography, maximum O<sub>2</sub> consumption on cardiopulmonary exercise testing, maximum and minimum heart rates, and the presence of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on 24-hour dynamic electrocardiography.</p>
      <p>The demographic and functional variables of the population studied and the left ventricular mass index were initially examined by using exploratory descriptive analysis, with identification of the minimum, maximum, and mean values, median, and standard deviation of the variables studied. Then the left ventricular mass index was studied in regard to the probability of survival by using the Kaplan Meier method <sup>13</sup>. Death was considered an event; the surgical interventions, including transplantation, were considered censored data. The comparisons were performed by means of the log-rank and Breslow tests <sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>To assess the relations of the left ventricular mass index with the demographic and functional variables, multivariate linear regression was used.</p>
      <p>The relative risk of death was estimated by using the Cox proportional hazards regression model <sup>14</sup>. An analysis of residues was performed to assess whether the suppositions performed when using the Cox model were satisfied. The results are shown as relative risk, P value, and respective 95% confidence intervals.</p>
      <p>The statistical significance level adopted was P &lt; 0.05. The calculations were performed by using SPSS software, version 10.0, and SAS software, version 8.2.</p>
      <p>The protocol was approved by the Institutional Committee of Research in Human Beings.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The left ventricular mass index ranged from 35.3 g/m to 333.5 g/m (mean, 173.5 g/m; standard deviation, 44 g/m) and increased according to age categorized in quartiles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>). The left ventricular mass index ranges according to the age groups were as follows: from 79.7 g/m to 332.6 g/m (mean, 168.5 g/m; standard deviation, 41.4 g/m) in patients aged &lt; 39.3 years; from 96.2 g/m to 333.5 g/m (mean, 173.2 g/m; standard deviation, 46.8 g/m) in patients aged from 39.3 years to 46.4 years; from 86.5 g/m to 325.5 g/m (mean, 175.3 g/m; standard deviation, 44.4 g/m) in patients aged from 46.4 to 52.9 years; and from 35.3 g/m to 309.3 g/m (mean, 176.1 g/m; standard deviation, 42.6 g/m) in patients aged &gt; 52.9 years.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0227-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The left ventricular mass index was greater among males [range, 35.3 g/m to 333.5 g/m (mean, 175.7 g/m; standard deviation, 44.3 g/m)] than among females [range, 88.2 g/m to 332.6 g/m (mean, 165.7 g/m; standard deviation, 42.3 g/m)] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0227-00006-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Left ventricular mass index was lower in patients with chagasic and ischemic cardiomyopathies than in those with hypertensive cardiomyopathy, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, and cardiomyopathies of other etiologies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref>). The left ventricular mass index ranges according to the etiologies of cardiomyopathy were as follows: from 96.2 g/m to 309.3 g/m (mean, 188.1 g/m; standard deviation, 44.6 g/m) in patients with hypertensive cardiomyopathy; from 35.3 g/m to 332.6 g/m (mean, 177.7 g/m; standard deviation, 45.9 g/m) in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy; from 88.2 g/m to 333.5 g/m (mean, 175.1 g/m; standard deviation, 50.3 g/m) in patients with cardiomyopathy of other etiologies; from 97.5 g/m to 239.6 g/m (mean, 164.3 g/m; standard deviation, 33.7 g/m) in patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy; and from 86.5 g/m to 264.2 g/m (mean, 162 g/m; standard deviation, 39.5 g/m) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0227-00006-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The left ventricular mass index categorized into quartiles showed no significant difference in regard to the probability of survival (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0227-00006-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The left ventricular mass index increased 0.39 g/m for each increase in year of the patient's age, and the other variables (sex, etiology, left ventricular ejection fraction on radioisotopic ventriculography, left atrial diameter) remained constant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">tab. II</xref>). The left ventricular mass index in male patients was 11.2 g/m greater than that in female patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0227-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The left ventricular mass index in patients with hypertensive cardiomyopathy, compared with that in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, was 27.4 g/m greater. The left ventricular mass indices of patients with cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology and with cardiomyopathy of other etiologies were 16.7 g/m and 12.9 g/m greater, respectively, and that of patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy showed no statistically significant difference when compared with that in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>The left ventricular mass index increased 6.96 g/m for each 5-mm/m increase in the left atrial diameter.</p>
      <p>The left ventricular mass index on radioisotopic ventriculography had a negative relation with left ventricular ejection fraction. The left ventricular mass index decreased 1.2 g/m for each 1-unit increase in ejection fraction.</p>
      <p>For each 1-g/m increase in the left ventricular mass index, the relative risk of death increased 0.4% (P = 0.0418) (95% CI: 0 to 1%). Because the left ventricular mass index in our case series ranged from 35.35 to 333.52 g/m, the relative risk of death was 1.22 (95% CI: 1 to 1.49) for each 50-g/m increase.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study comprised a large cohort of patients with symptomatic heart failure of different etiologies, including Chagas' heart disease, who were followed up on an outpatient care basis at a single institution for 10 years. Patients with cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology (idiopathic, 37.7%) were the most frequent, followed by patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (19.4%), chagasic cardiomyopathy (16.5%), and hypertensive cardiomyopathy (14%). This etiologic distribution differs from that of other case series, in which ischemic cardiomyopathy (34% to 60% of the cases)<sup>15-17</sup>, idiopathic cardiomyopathy (18.2% to 59% of the cases)<sup>16,17</sup>, and hypertensive cardiomyopathy (3.8% to 23.6% of cases)<sup>16</sup> predominated. Therefore, our results were assessed according to these characteristics, including the etiologic distribution.</p>
      <p>M-mode echocardiography was used to assess left ventricular mass. Alterations in ventricular dimension and geometry may induce inaccuracies in the estimate of left ventricular mass index. The left ventricular mass was indexed by height because patients with heart failure may vary in weight due to fluid retention or loss. This indexation was validated in the literature in a study with extreme methodological strictness, which assessed 864 individuals and found an association between left ventricular mass and height (r=0.39, P &lt; 0.001 in males; r=0.23, P &lt; 0.001 in females) <sup>12</sup>. In addition, height is strongly associated with lean body mass, which is an excellent predictor of left ventricular mass <sup>18</sup>. Despite of restrictions, M-mode echocardiography has been used in large population studies, including those showing the important relation between left ventricular mass and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality <sup>12,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Age influenced left ventricular mass index in an independent way. The 1-year increase in age was associated with a 0.39-g/m increase in left ventricular mass index. This observation differs from the previous population studies of individuals with no cardiomyopathy, in which age had no influence on left ventricular mass <sup>20,21</sup>. On the other hand, the Framingham study showed a relation between age and left ventricular mass in patients with cardiomyopathy, but this relation was not shown in patients without cardiomyopathy <sup>22</sup>. Therefore, the appearance of heart failure may represent a modulatory factor of the relations between left ventricular mass and age.</p>
      <p>Sex influenced the left ventricular mass index adjusted for height in an independent way; the left ventricular mass index was 11.2 g/m greater in males as compared with that in females. This finding confirms data of previous epidemiologic studies including hypertensive patients <sup>12,21,23,24</sup>. Therefore, in regard to sex and with adjustment of the other variables of comparison, patients with heart failure maintain the difference in left ventricular mass.</p>
      <p>The left ventricular mass index was higher in patients with hypertensive cardiomyopathy, followed by those with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The left ventricular mass index in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and chagasic cardiomyopathy did not show a statistically significant difference. A study of patients with aortic stenosis showed that the increase in left ventricular mass resulted from a combination of hypertrophy and hyperplasia of myocytes <sup>25</sup>. Therefore, the mechanisms acting on the increase in ventricular mass may act differently according to the etiology of the cardiomyopathy that causes heart failure.</p>
      <p>The relation between the left atrial diameter on echocardiography and the left ventricular mass index was assessed. The left ventricular mass index increased 6.96 g for each 5-mm increase in the left atrial diameter. In this study, the numerical estimate of this relation is noteworthy. One hypothesis is that the same variables that influence ventricular mass may also influence left atrial diameter <sup>26,27</sup>. On the other hand, the increase in left ventricular mass could contribute to an increase in the atrial dimensions, due to both hemodynamic and biochemical factors. Although the hypothesis of the left atrial enlargement secondary to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction may be attractive, a study in patients with arterial hypertension by use of Doppler diastolic indices did not show this occurrence <sup>28</sup>. On the other hand, this same study showed that the left atrial size in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiography did not depend on left ventricular mass <sup>28</sup>. Therefore, a relation between left atrial diameter and left ventricular mass in patients with heart failure exists, but not in myocardial hypertrophy of patients with arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p>The left ventricular ejection fraction on radioisotopic ventriculography showed a negative relation with the left ventricular mass index. A 1-unit increase in ejection fraction was associated with a 1.2-g/m decrease in the left ventricular mass index. The association of left ventricular mass index and left ventricular ejection fraction on radioisotopic ventriculography may contribute to explain the lower survival resulting from an increase in left ventricular mass index. The influence of the decrease in ejection fraction leading to an increase in mortality was observed in other studies <sup>15,29</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the comparison of the probabilities of survival of patients, whose left ventricular mass indices were categorized in quartiles, showed no statistically significant difference, the Cox proportional hazards regression model revealed that for each 1-g/m increase in left ventricular mass index, the relative risk of death increased 0.4%. Because the left ventricular mass index in our case series ranged from 35.35 g/m to 333.52 g/m, the relative risk of death was 1.22 for each 50-g/m increase in the left ventricular mass index. In the Framingham study with patients without cardiomyopathy, for each 50-g/m increase in the left ventricular mass, a relative risk of death due to heart diseases of 1.73 was observed in males and of 2.12 in females <sup>30</sup>. In a case series of elderly patients without cardiomyopathy, whose ages ranged from 59 years to 90 years, the incidence of coronary events for each 50-g/m increase in left ventricular mass was 1.67 in males and 1.60 in females <sup>31</sup>. Therefore, the increase in left ventricular mass index is an unfavorable prognostic factor.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that the case series studied comprises symptomatic patients in an advanced phase of the disease. These observations, however, may not be applicable to the general population or patients with heart failure in another phase of clinical evolution.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the influence of left ventricular mass was not very strong, but could contribute to the prognostic assessment of patients with heart failure. Therefore, the relations with other variables, including the negative correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction on radioisotopic ventriculography, require further studies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus </p>
          <p> Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
          <p> Cep 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="marcellomarkus@incor.usp.br">marcellomarkus@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 11/19/02</p>
      <p>Accepted for publication: 3/17/04</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
