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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">phKCkGPCvxK8xRw5SGmKHNQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001500005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001500005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Variabilidade entre cardiologistas na abordagem aos pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alboim</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Candice</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mello</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Bandeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosito</surname>
            <given-names>Guido Aranha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ambulat&#243;rio Especializado em Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>219</fpage>
      <lpage>222</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar o manejo dos pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, atendidos por cardiologistas em ambulat&#243;rio geral de cardiologia, com aquele realizado em ambulat&#243;rio espec&#237;fico de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, dando &#234;nfase &#224; solicita&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico e ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico prescrito. M&#201;TODOS: Dados obtidos de prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico de 52 pacientes consecutivos atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (grupo I) e de 43 acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia geral (grupo II), sendo o diagn&#243;stico anat&#244;mico de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, condi&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica para sua inclus&#227;o. Considerou-se crit&#233;rio para dislipidemia, colesterol total &gt; 200mg/dl e/ou LDL colesterol &gt; 100 mg/dl em pacientes em uso ou n&#227;o de hipolipemiantes e o uso de drogas hipolipemiantes, mesmo quando os n&#237;veis de colesterol total e/ou LDL colesterol eram &lt; a 200 mg/dl e 100 mg/dl, respectivamente. Usou-se teste exato de Fischer para compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis, aceitando como significativo p bicaudal &lt; 0,05. RESULTADOS: Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, fatores de risco observados para cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, preval&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;vios n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os pacientes do grupo I e II. Observou-se que os pacientes do grupo I receberam aspirina em 98% dos casos, enquanto que no grupo II, sua prescri&#231;&#227;o foi de 83% (p=0,02). Em rela&#231;&#227;o a drogas hipolipemiantes, as preval&#234;ncias foram de 60% no grupo I e de 19% no grupo II (p=0,001). Exames de perfil lip&#237;dico foram solicitados para 98% dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo I e 79% do grupo II (p=0,003). CONCLUS&#195;O: Houve maior fidedignidade de condutas no ambulat&#243;rio espec&#237;fico de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s novas evid&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas, principalmente no que tange &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o de aspirina e de drogas hipolipemiantes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>coorte ambulatorial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Variabilidade entre cardiologistas na abordagem aos pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</p>
    <p>Ricardo Stein; Caroline Alboim; Candice Campos; Renato Bandeira de Mello; Guido Aranha Rosito; Carisi Anne Polanczyk </p>
    <p> Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Ambulat&#243;rio Especializado em Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Comparar o manejo dos pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, atendidos por cardiologistas em ambulat&#243;rio geral de cardiologia, com aquele realizado em ambulat&#243;rio espec&#237;fico de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, dando &#234;nfase &#224; solicita&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico e ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico prescrito. </p>
    <p>M&#201;TODOS: Dados obtidos de prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico de 52 pacientes consecutivos atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (grupo I) e de 43 acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia geral (grupo II), sendo o diagn&#243;stico anat&#244;mico de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, condi&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica para sua inclus&#227;o. Considerou-se crit&#233;rio para dislipidemia, colesterol total <underline>&gt;</underline> 200mg/dl e/ou LDL colesterol &gt; 100 mg/dl em pacientes em uso ou n&#227;o de hipolipemiantes e o uso de drogas hipolipemiantes, mesmo quando os n&#237;veis de colesterol total e/ou LDL colesterol eram &lt; a 200 mg/dl e 100 mg/dl, respectivamente. Usou-se teste exato de Fischer para compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis, aceitando como significativo p bicaudal &lt; 0,05. </p>
    <p>RESULTADOS: Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, fatores de risco observados para cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, preval&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;vios n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os pacientes do grupo I e II. Observou-se que os pacientes do grupo I receberam aspirina em 98% dos casos, enquanto que no grupo II, sua prescri&#231;&#227;o foi de 83% (p=0,02). Em rela&#231;&#227;o a drogas hipolipemiantes, as preval&#234;ncias foram de 60% no grupo I e de 19% no grupo II (p=0,001). Exames de perfil lip&#237;dico foram solicitados para 98% dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo I e 79% do grupo II (p=0,003). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Houve maior fidedignidade de condutas no ambulat&#243;rio espec&#237;fico de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s novas evid&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas, principalmente no que tange &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o de aspirina e de drogas hipolipemiantes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras chaves: </bold>cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, coorte ambulatorial</p>
    <p>O alto risco de morbimortalidade subseq&#252;ente &#224; manifesta&#231;&#227;o da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica torna fundamental a institui&#231;&#227;o de regimes preventivos efetivos como parte do manejo geral de pacientes coronariopatas. Cerca de 8% dos sobreviventes de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio morrem ao longo do 1&#186; ano de seguimento. A partir do 2&#186; ano ap&#243;s evento agudo, a mortalidade varia entre 2 e 4% ao ano<sup>1</sup>. Cabe salientar que propor&#231;&#227;o adicional de pacientes apresenta como primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o novo infarto ou morte, sendo assim justificado o emprego de medicamentos ou de interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas, inclusive para os portadores de doen&#231;a assintom&#225;tica<sup>2</sup>. Essas medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria incluem controle dos fatores de risco coronarianos, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, uso de medicamentos, como betabloqueadores, inibidores da ECA, hipolipemiantes e anti-agregantes plaquet&#225;rios e ainda, quando indicados, procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar das evid&#234;ncias do benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico dessas interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas, s&#227;o observadas varia&#231;&#245;es importantes na abordagem terap&#234;utica prescrita na doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. Alguns f&#225;rmacos que se encontram formalmente indicados para o tratamento da coronariopatia parecem ser subutilizados. Al&#233;m disso, em outras circunst&#226;ncias, quando estes f&#225;rmacos s&#227;o prescritos, as doses utilizadas s&#227;o menores do que as testadas e comprovadas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos. Logo, parece clara a exist&#234;ncia de uma lacuna entre o tratamento baseado nas melhores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas, com efic&#225;cia comprovada em ensaios cl&#237;nicos, e a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica usual<sup>4</sup>. Estudos recentes conduzidos em outros pa&#237;ses apontaram diferen&#231;as no manejo da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica entre m&#233;dicos cardiologistas e generalistas, com impacto inclusive na morbimortalidade desses pacientes<sup>5-7</sup>. As diferen&#231;as descritas entre especialistas podem ser resultantes da forma&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, infra-estrutura e motivadores para pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica ou fatores culturais, n&#227;o ficando claro qual fator &#233; predominante e se esses achados podem ser extrapol&#225;veis para o nosso meio.</p>
    <p>Foi nosso objetivo comparar o manejo dos pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica atendidos por cardiologistas em ambulat&#243;rio geral de cardiologia, com aquele realizado em ambulat&#243;rio especializado em cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, verificando a qualidade do atendimento em ambos modelos assistenciais aplicados dentro de um centro de refer&#234;ncia terci&#225;rio de Porto Alegre.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre os meses de abril e setembro de 2002, foram atendidos de forma consecutiva, 95 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Para fins desta investiga&#231;&#227;o, considerou-se como cardiopata isqu&#234;mico o indiv&#237;duo com achados de cateterismo card&#237;aco evidenciando les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica com estenose luminal &gt; 50% em pelo menos uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (diagn&#243;stico anat&#244;mico). Esses pacientes, dependendo do grupo a que pertenciam, foram atendidos em um de dois grupos ambulatoriais da cardiologia do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA): ambulat&#243;rio especializado em cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e ambulat&#243;rio geral de cardiologia.</p>
    <p>Por meio de estudo transversal retrospectivo, foram coletados, de forma padronizada, dados de prontu&#225;rios de pacientes. O HCPA &#233; um hospital de aten&#231;&#227;o terci&#225;ria, p&#250;blico, que atende predominantemente pacientes do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de. Dentro de suas depend&#234;ncias, seis estudantes de medicina previamente treinados revisaram os prontu&#225;rios e coletaram os dados das prescri&#231;&#245;es contidas na &#250;ltima consulta ambulatorial do paciente. Foram atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica 52 indiv&#237;duos que constitu&#237;ram o grupo I, enquanto outros 43 foram atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia geral, formando o grupo II. No ambulat&#243;rio de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, os pacientes eram atendidos por alunos de gradua&#231;&#227;o e p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), com orienta&#231;&#227;o de mestres e doutores cardiologistas. No ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia Geral, o atendimento era prestado por m&#233;dicos residentes sob a supervis&#227;o de m&#233;dicos cardiologistas e professores do HCPA.</p>
    <p>Coletaram-se dados demogr&#225;ficos, hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, exames laboratoriais e procedimentos pr&#233;vios, com &#234;nfase na solicita&#231;&#227;o de perfil lip&#237;dico e no tratamento farmacol&#243;gico prescrito. No presente estudo, considerou-se crit&#233;rio para dislipidemia, colesterol total <underline>&gt;</underline> 200mg/dl e/ou LDL colesterol &gt; 100 mg/dl em pacientes em uso ou n&#227;o de hipolipemiantes. Tamb&#233;m foi utilizado como crit&#233;rio para dislipidemia o uso de drogas hipolipemiantes, mesmo quando os n&#237;veis de colesterol total e/ou LDL colesterol eram &lt; a 200 mg/dl e 100 mg/dl, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Os dados de ambos grupos foram comparados, sendo utilizado o teste exato de Fischer para determinar diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre eles. Considerou-se significativo o valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, os fatores de risco observados para cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, preval&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;vios n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os pacientes atendidos, tanto no ambulat&#243;rio espec&#237;fico de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, quanto no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia geral (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>). Cabe salientar, especificamente, que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a dados de perfil lip&#237;dico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0219-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0219-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A prescri&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa dos dois grupos foi comparada e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa quanto ao uso de betabloqueadores, inibidores da ECA, nitratos e antagonistas do c&#225;lcio. Observou-se que os pacientes atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio especializado de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica receberam mais aspirina em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia geral (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. III</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0219-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Durante o estudo, a solicita&#231;&#227;o de perfil lip&#237;dico foi mais freq&#252;entemente avaliada nos pacientes do grupo I do que nos do grupo II. Entre os pacientes com dislipidemia (n=51), houve maior prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas no grupo I em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo II (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. III</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, grande &#234;nfase foi dada para identifica&#231;&#227;o de tratamentos que produzissem impacto sobre a morbimortalidade na cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Entretanto, as evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas n&#227;o s&#227;o adotadas como pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em muitas institui&#231;&#245;es. Neste estudo retrospectivo de delineamento transversal foram demonstradas algumas diferen&#231;as, tanto no controle dos fatores de risco de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica quanto no tratamento propriamente dito nos ambulat&#243;rios estudados. O perfil lip&#237;dico foi mais solicitado no ambulat&#243;rio espec&#237;fico de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e, conseq&#252;entemente, o uso de hipolipemiante nesse ambulat&#243;rio foi significativamente maior. Embora a aspirina tenha sido significativamente mais prescrita neste grupo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica quanto ao uso de betabloqueadores, inibidores da ECA, nitratos e antagonistas do c&#225;lcio.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia das caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana encontrada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>) assemelha-se &#224;quela observada na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, fato este evidenciado pelos dados publicados no EUROASPIRE I e II<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O EUROASPIRE II foi um estudo conduzido em 15 pa&#237;ses da Europa e teve como objetivo principal avaliar se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de coronariopatia no EUROASPIRE I estavam sendo seguidas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, alguns anos ap&#243;s. Nossos dados se assemelham aos dados europeus, uma vez que o uso de estatinas no EUROASPIRE II foi de 61% e no grupo I de nossa amostra foi de 60%. No estudo multic&#234;ntrico europeu, o uso da aspirina tamb&#233;m foi semelhante ao do grupo I do nosso estudo observacional, sendo 86% no EUROASPIRE II e de 98% no grupo espec&#237;fico de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (84% no grupo II).</p>
    <p>O uso da aspirina est&#225; associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em 17 a 30%, na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. Reduz em aproximadamente 50% a oclus&#227;o de pontes ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, al&#233;m de diminuir as complica&#231;&#245;es oclusivas agudas ap&#243;s angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea (ACTP)<sup>10,11</sup>. Em associa&#231;&#227;o ao supracitado, a aspirina &#233; uma droga barata e de f&#225;cil administra&#231;&#227;o (tomada &#250;nica di&#225;ria). Pelos motivos expostos, a adequa&#231;&#227;o de sua indica&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#233; fundamental, refletindo na alta preval&#234;ncia de seu uso, especialmente em ambulat&#243;rio especializado.</p>
    <p>Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos apontam para uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol s&#233;rico e a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. Sabe-se que h&#225; uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na morbimortalidade da doen&#231;a coronariana com o uso de hipolipemiantes, principalmente inibidores HMG-CoA (estatinas). &#201; importante acrescentar o benef&#237;cio com o uso das estatinas mesmo naqueles indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis normais e/ou baixos de LDL-C, desde que sejam classificados como de alto risco<sup>12-14</sup>. Em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estatinas apresenta uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 42% no risco de mortalidade cardiovascular, com benef&#237;cio absoluto ap&#243;s seis anos de 4 vidas salvas, 7 infartos prevenidos e 6 cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica evitadas em cada 100 pacientes tratados<sup>15</sup>. Nesse grande ensaio cl&#237;nico, o n&#250;mero de pacientes tratados necess&#225;rios para salvar uma vida (NNT) foi de 25. Al&#233;m disso, assim como a aspirina, as estatinas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o administradas em tomada &#250;nica, facilitando sua ader&#234;ncia, por&#233;m seu custo elevado pode ser um fator limitante &#224; ades&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Acredita-se que os resultados cl&#237;nicos relacionados a condutas efetuadas por cardiologistas possam ser mais efetivos do que aqueles provenientes de condutas prestadas por m&#233;dicos internistas, especificamente em se tratando do manejo de pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiol&#243;gicas, entre elas a cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Dentro dessa linha de hip&#243;teses, sugerimos que a terap&#234;utica oferecida por subespecialistas em cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica seja superior &#224; dos cardiologistas gerais. Em nosso entender, talvez possa ser devida ao conhecimento mais aprofundado na &#225;rea em quest&#227;o ou a um seguimento maior das orienta&#231;&#245;es provenientes de diretrizes. Estudo realizado na Filad&#233;lfia comparou as condutas por m&#233;dicos de fam&#237;lia, internistas, cardiologistas autodesignados e cardiologistas com t&#237;tulo de especialista no tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>5</sup>. Os resultados demonstraram que menor mortalidade foi associada ao tratamento por cardiologistas que haviam tratado maior n&#250;mero de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, estavam mais pr&#243;ximos (em anos) da gradua&#231;&#227;o da faculdade de medicina e apresentavam t&#237;tulo de especialista. Outro estudo realizado em Boston, focado na diferen&#231;a do manejo da preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, mostrou que cardiologistas t&#234;m maior propens&#227;o a seguir estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, como testes de colesterol, prescri&#231;&#227;o de dieta e de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, al&#233;m da mensura&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal. Por outro lado, os m&#233;dicos generalistas variam amplamente em suas condutas quanto &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria<sup>6</sup>. Em outro estudo de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria realizado na Calif&#243;rnia, uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes dislipid&#234;micos p&#243;s-infarto recebeu duas vezes mais prescri&#231;&#227;o de hipolipemiantes, quando atendidos por cardiologistas, que seus pares atendidos por internistas<sup>7</sup>. Nesta mesma linha de observa&#231;&#227;o, estudo publicado no final dos anos noventa explicita que os betabloqueadores s&#227;o subutilizados em tratamento ambulatorial de pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, principalmente entre m&#233;dicos de fam&#237;lia e internistas<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nossos dados apontam maior efic&#225;cia no atendimento aos pacientes coronariopatas no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia geral, no sentido de atingir melhor controle de fatores de risco, demonstrado pela tend&#234;ncia verificada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela III</xref> (diferen&#231;a na prescri&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos que modificam a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. No entanto, este estudo n&#227;o &#233; isento de limita&#231;&#245;es. Por apresentar delineamento transversal prospectivo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de adequa&#231;&#227;o do controle de fatores de risco n&#227;o pode ser o foco deste experimento. Indo ao encontro do que j&#225; foi citado, salientamos que o tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento em nossa amostra, ao longo de todo o per&#237;odo deste estudo, foi muito curto, o que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o permite uma avalia&#231;&#227;o apropriada de efetividade no controle de fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>Dados recentemente apresentados pelo nosso grupo<sup>17</sup>, tendo como base de investiga&#231;&#227;o uma coorte ambulatorial robusta, demonstraram melhora significativa no controle de fatores de risco entre os indiv&#237;duos acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio especializado em cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica ao longo de um per&#237;odo de 21 meses.</p>
    <p>Esclarecemos, tamb&#233;m, que podem ter ocorrido diferen&#231;as de qualidade no registro de dados de pacientes atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia geral, uma vez que nesses locais n&#227;o h&#225; o seguimento de protocolos espec&#237;ficos para coleta e armazenamento de dados, o que pode provocar vi&#233;ses de aferi&#231;&#227;o, tanto em uma dire&#231;&#227;o quanto em outra.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, evid&#234;ncias observacionais de outros pa&#237;ses sugerem que o tratamento &#233; tanto mais adequado quanto mais o m&#233;dico assistente for especializado na &#225;rea. Nosso estudo refor&#231;a a hip&#243;tese de que o acompanhamento dos pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica por cardiologistas especialistas nesta s&#237;ndrome seja um elemento de impacto terap&#234;utico e de efetividade na implementa&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes embasadas nas melhores evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis.</p>
    <p>Estrat&#233;gias de amplia&#231;&#227;o e aplicabilidade destas diretrizes passam por ambulat&#243;rios especializados com equipes multidisciplinares, programas de treinamento de generalistas e acesso facilitados &#224; consultoria. Portanto, nossos dados sugerem que o atendimento em ambulat&#243;rio especializado em cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica seja mais eficaz do que aquele prestado pelo cardiologista geral que atende o cardiopata isqu&#234;mico.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dr. Ricardo Stein - R. Jo&#227;o Caetano, 20/302 </p>
        <p> Porto Alegre, RS - Cep 90470-260 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="kuqui2@terra.com.br">kuqui2@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 5/9/03 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 4/2/04</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Variability among cardiologists in the management of patients under secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBECTIVE: To compare the management of patients with ischemic heart disease being followed up in a general cardiology outpatient clinic with that of patients being followed up in an outpatient clinic specific for ischemic heart disease, emphasizing the lipid profile and the pharmacological treatment prescribed. METHODS: Data were collected from the medical records of 52 patients consecutively treated in the outpatient clinic for ischemic heart disease (group I) and of 43 patients treated in the general cardiology outpatient clinic (group II), the anatomical diagnosis of ischemic heart disease being the basic condition for their inclusion in the study. The criteria for dyslipidemia were as follows: total cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dL or LDL-cholesterol &gt; 100 mg/dL, or both, in patients using or not lipid-lowering drugs, and the use of lipid-lowering drugs, even when the total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol levels were &lt; 200 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL, respectively, or both. The Fisher exact test was used for comparing the variables, and a 2-tailed p &lt; 0.05 was accepted as significant. RESULTS: Demographic characteristics, risk factors for ischemic heart disease, prevalence of previous myocardial infarction, and previous revascularization procedures showed no significant differences between the patients in groups I and II. In group I, 98% of the patients received aspirin, while, in group II, 83% of the patients received that drug (p=0.02). In regard to the use of lipid-lowering drugs, the prevalences were 60% in group I and 19% in group II (p=0.001). The lipid profile examination was requested for 98% of group I individuals and 79% of group II individuals (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: In regard to new medical evidence, mainly prescription of aspirin and lipid-lowering drugs, the management was more reliable in the outpatient clinic specifically aimed at treating ischemic heart disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ischemic heart disease</kwd>
        <kwd>secondary prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>outpatient care cohort</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
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      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Variability among cardiologists in the management of patients under secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease</p>
      <p>Ricardo Stein; Caroline Alboim; Candice Campos; Renato Bandeira de Mello; Guido Aranha Rosito; Carisi Anne Polanczyk</p>
      <p> Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Ambulat&#243;rio Especializado em Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBECTIVE: </bold>To compare the management of patients with ischemic heart disease being followed up in a general cardiology outpatient clinic with that of patients being followed up in an outpatient clinic specific for ischemic heart disease, emphasizing the lipid profile and the pharmacological treatment prescribed.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Data were collected from the medical records of 52 patients consecutively treated in the outpatient clinic for ischemic heart disease (group I) and of 43 patients treated in the general cardiology outpatient clinic (group II), the anatomical diagnosis of ischemic heart disease being the basic condition for their inclusion in the study. The criteria for dyslipidemia were as follows: total cholesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dL or LDL-cholesterol &gt; 100 mg/dL, or both, in patients using or not lipid-lowering drugs, and the use of lipid-lowering drugs, even when the total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol levels were &lt; 200 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL, respectively, or both. The Fisher exact test was used for comparing the variables, and a 2-tailed p &lt; 0.05 was accepted as significant.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Demographic characteristics, risk factors for ischemic heart disease, prevalence of previous myocardial infarction, and previous revascularization procedures showed no significant differences between the patients in groups I and II. In group I, 98% of the patients received aspirin, while, in group II, 83% of the patients received that drug (p=0.02). In regard to the use of lipid-lowering drugs, the prevalences were 60% in group I and 19% in group II (p=0.001). The lipid profile examination was requested for 98% of group I individuals and 79% of group II individuals (p=0.003).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In regard to new medical evidence, mainly prescription of aspirin and lipid-lowering drugs, the management was more reliable in the outpatient clinic specifically aimed at treating ischemic heart disease.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>ischemic heart disease, secondary prevention, outpatient care cohort</p>
      <p>The high risk of morbidity and mortality subsequent to the manifestation of ischemic heart disease requires the institution of effective preventive regimens as part of the general management of patients with coronary artery disease. Approximately 8% of those surviving an acute myocardial infarction die during the first year of follow-up. After an acute event, from the second year onwards, mortality rates range from 2 to 4% per year<sup>1</sup>. It is worth noting that an additional proportion of patients has a new infarction or death as the first manifestation; therefore, the use of medications or nonpharmacological interventions is justified, including for patients with asymptomatic disease <sup>2</sup>. These measures of secondary prevention include control of the coronary risk factors, physical exercise, use of medications, such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, lipid-lowering drugs, and antiplatelet agents, and, when indicated, myocardial revascularization procedures <sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the evidence of the clinical benefit of these pharmacological interventions, significant variations in the therapeutic management prescribed for atherosclerotic disease are observed. Some drugs that are formally indicated for the treatment of coronary artery disease seem to be underused. In addition, in other circumstances, when these drugs are prescribed, the dosages used are lower than those tested and approved in clinical trials. Therefore, the existence of a gap between the treatment based on better scientific evidence, with confirmed efficacy in clinical trials, and the usual clinical practice seems clear <sup>4</sup>. Recent studies <sup>5-7</sup> conducted in other countries point to differences in the management of ischemic heart disease among cardiologists and generalists, with an impact on morbidity and mortality of these patients. The differences reported among specialists may result from the medical formation, infrastructure, and motivators for the medical practice or cultural factors. However, it is not clear which is the predominating factor, and whether these findings may be extrapolated to our country.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at comparing the management of patients with ischemic heart disease treated by cardiologists in a general cardiology outpatient clinic with that provided in an outpatient clinic specializing in ischemic heart disease. The quality of treatment provided in both models applied within a tertiary referral center in the city of Porto Alegre was assessed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From April to September 2002, 95 patients diagnosed with ischemic heart disease were consecutively treated. For the purpose of this study, an individual with cardiac catheterization showing an atherosclerotic lesion with luminal stenosis &gt; 50% in at least 1 coronary artery (anatomic diagnosis) was considered as having ischemic heart disease. These patients, depending on the group they belonged to, were treated in 1 of 2 outpatient care groups of the cardiology unit of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas of Porto Alegre (HCPA): an outpatient clinic specialized in ischemic heart disease and a general cardiology outpatient clinic.</p>
      <p>By use of a cross-sectional retrospective study, data from the patients' medical records were collected in a standardized way. The HCPA is a public tertiary hospital, which predominantly treats patients of the Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (Brazilian Public Health System). Six previously trained medical students reviewed the medical records and collected data about the prescriptions contained in the last outpatient clinic visit. Fifty-two patients were treated in the ischemic heart disease outpatient clinic, comprising group I; the other 43 were treated in the general cardiology outpatient clinic, comprising group II. In the ischemic heart disease outpatient clinic, the patients were examinated by medical students and students from the postgraduate program of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), under the supervision of masters and PhD physicians in cardiology. In the general cardiology outpatient clinic, the treatment was provided by residents under the supervision of cardiologists and professors at the HCPA.</p>
      <p>Demographic data, clinical history, laboratory examinations, and previous procedures were collected, emphasizing the lipid profile and pharmacological treatment prescribed. In the present study, the following criteria were adopted for dyslipidemia: total cholesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 200mg/dL or LDL-cholesterol &gt; 100 mg/dL, or both, in patients using or not lipid-lowering drugs. The use of lipid-lowering drugs, even when the total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol levels were &lt; 200 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL, respectively, or both, was also used as a criterion for dyslipidemia.</p>
      <p>Data for both groups were compared, and the Fisher exact test was used to determine the statistical differences between them. A 2-tailed <italic>p</italic> value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The demographic characteristics, the risk factors for ischemic heart disease, prevalence of previous myocardial infarction, and previous revascularization procedures showed no significant differences between the patients treated in the ischemic heart disease outpatient clinic (group I) and in the general cardiology outpatient clinic (group II) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tab. I</xref>). It is worth noting that, specifically, no significant difference was found between the two groups in regard to lipid profile data (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0219-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0219-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Drug prescription in both was compared, and no significant difference was observed in regard to the use of beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, nitrates, and calcium antagonists. Patients treated in the specialized ischemic heart disease outpatient clinic had more prescription of aspirin as compared with those treated in the general cardiology outpatient clinic (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">tab. III</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0219-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>During the study, lipid profile was more frequently assessed in group I patients than in group II patients. Among patients with dyslipidemia (n=51), statins were more often prescribed for group I patients than for group II patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">tab. III</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In recent years, great emphasis has been placed on the identification of treatments causing an impact on morbidity and mortality due to ischemic heart disease. However, scientific evidence is not always adopted for clinical practice in many institutions. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, some differences were found in the control of risk factors for ischemic heart disease and in its treatment in the outpatient clinics studied. A lipid profile was more frequently requested in the specific ischemic heart disease outpatient clinic, and, consequently, the use of lipid-lowering drugs in that outpatient clinic was significantly greater. Although aspirin was significantly more frequently prescribed in that group, no statistical difference was observed in regard to the use of beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, nitrates, and calcium antagonists.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of the demographic characteristics and risk factors for coronary artery disease found (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tab. I</xref>) is similar to that observed in the general population, a fact evidenced by data reported in the EUROASPIRE I and II trials <sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The EUROASPIRE II was a study conducted in 15 countries in Europe, and its major aim was to assess whether the recommendations established for secondary prevention of coronary artery disease in the EUROASPIRE I were being adopted in clinical practice after a few years. Our data are similar to the European data. The use of statins in the EUROASPIRE II was 61% and, in our group I, it was 60%. In the European multicenter study, the use of aspirin was also similar to that in our group I, being 86% in the EUROASPIRE II and 98% in our group treated in the specific ischemic heart disease outpatient clinic. In our group II, the use of aspirin was 84%.</p>
      <p>The use of aspirin was associated with a 17 to 30% reduction in mortality in secondary prevention. It reduces the occlusion in approximately 50% of bypass grafts after myocardial revascularization surgery, in addition to decreasing the acute occlusive complications after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) <sup>10,11</sup>. Furthermore, aspirin is an inexpensive drug of easy administration (single daily dose). Thus, the adequacy of aspirin indication in secondary prevention is very important, reflected in the high prevalence of its use, especially in specialized outpatient clinics.</p>
      <p>Epidemiological studies point towards a positive association between the elevated serum levels of cholesterol and the incidence of atherosclerotic disease. It is known that a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality due to coronary artery disease occurs with the use of lipid-lowering drugs, mainly HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). It is important to emphasize the benefit of the use of statins even in individuals with normal or low levels of LDL-cholesterol, or both, as long as they are classified as high risk <sup>12-14</sup>. In secondary prevention, the use of statins causes a 42% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular mortality, with an absolute benefit after 6 years of 4 lives saved, 7 infarctions prevented, and 6 myocardial revascularization surgeries avoided in 100 patients treated <sup>15</sup>. In this great clinical trials, the number of patients treated necessary to save one life (NNT) was 25. In addition, like aspirin, the statins are also administered in a single dose, which facilitates the patient's adherence to treatment; their high cost, however, may be a limiting factor in adherence to treatment.</p>
      <p>The clinical results related to management by cardiologists are believed to be more effective than those originating from management by generalists, specifically regarding the management of patients with cardiac diseases, such as ischemic heart disease. Following this line of thinking, we suggest that the therapy provided by subspecialists in ischemic heart disease is better than that provided by general cardiologists. This may be due to the deeper knowledge of the specialty in question or a greater adherence to the guidelines provided. A study carried out in Philadelphia<sup>5</sup> compared the management provided by family medicine, generalists, self-proclaimed cardiologists, and cardiologists with the title of specialist in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. The results showed that lower mortality was associated with the treatment provided by cardiologists who had treated a greater number of patients with acute myocardial infarction, had graduated more recently, and had the title of specialist. Another study <sup>6</sup> carried out in Boston, focusing on the difference in management of prevention of cardiovascular diseases, reported that cardiologists are more prone to follow strategies of primary prevention, such as cholesterol tests, dietary and physical exercise prescription, in addition to measurement of body weight. On the other hand, the management provided by generalists varied largely in regard to primary prevention. In another study on secondary prevention carried out in California<sup>7</sup>, a population of dyslipidemic patients prost infarction received twice as many prescriptions of lipid-lowering drugs when treated by cardiologists than other similar patients treated by generalists. A study published at the end of the 1990s showed that beta-blockers are underused in outpatient clinics for the treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease, mainly by family doctors and generalists<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our findings point to a greater efficacy in the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease in the ischemic heart disease outpatient clinic as compared with that in the general cardiology outpatient clinic, in regard to achieving better control of risk factors, which is shown by the trend observed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">table III</xref> (difference in the prescription of drugs that modify the natural history of coronary artery disease. However, this study has same limitations. Because it has a prospective cross-sectional design, assessment of the adequacy of risk factor control cannot be the focus of this experiment. In accordance with that which has already been said, we emphasize that the mean follow-up time in our sample, over the entire period studied, was very short, which does not also allow an adequate assessment of the effectiveness of risk factor control.</p>
      <p>Data recently reported by our group<sup>17</sup>, based on research with a robust outpatient cohort, showed a significant improvement in risk factor control among individuals followed up for 21 months in an outpatient clinic specialized in ischemic heart disease.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that differences in the quality of data recording may have occurred in the general cardiology outpatient clinic, considering that, in places such as that, protocols specifically for the collection and storage of data are not followed, causing biases of measurement in any direction.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, observation evidence from other countries has suggested that the more specialized the attending physician, the more adequate the treatment provided. Our study strengthens the hypothesis that the follow-up of patients with ischemic heart disease by cardiologists specialized in this syndrome is an element with therapeutic impact and effectiveness in the implementation of guidelines based on the best evidence available.</p>
      <p>Strategies for spreading and applying these guidelines may include the following: specialized outpatient clinics with multidisciplinary teams, programs for training generalists, and easy access to physician consults. Therefore, our data suggest that the treatment in an outpatient clinic specializing in ischemic heart disease is more effective than that provided by the general cardiologist treating a patient with ischemic heart disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Ricardo Stein </p>
          <p> R. Jo&#227;o Caetano, 20/302</p>
          <p> Cep 90470-260 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="kuqui2@terra.com.br">kuqui2@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 9/5/03</p>
      <p>Accepted for publication: 2/4/04</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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