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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZWJvXtvFcyhT6nNhH8B7V5m</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001500004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento cir&#250;rgico da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial por isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo em doentes com valvopatia mitral reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica: um estudo randomizado com grupo controle</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Tarc&#237;sio Medeiros de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Argentino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Almeida de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>203</fpage>
      <lpage>210</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar a efetividade do isolamento cir&#250;rgico da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo envolvendo os &#243;stios das veias pulmonares, no tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de etiologia reum&#225;tica. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo e randomizado envolvendo portadores de valvopatia mitral reum&#225;tica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; a 6 meses, idade &lt; a 60 anos e di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo &lt; a 65 mm. Os pacientes foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: tratamento cir&#250;rgico valvar (grupo controle) e tratamento cir&#250;rgico valvar associado ao isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo mediante t&#233;cnica de "corte e sutura" (grupo tratado). RESULTADOS: Foram operados 29 indiv&#237;duos, sendo que 27 (13 do grupo controle e 14 do grupo tratado), foram acompanhados regularmente. Os pacientes dos dois grupos n&#227;o diferiram em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s suas caracter&#237;sticas basais. O tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 11,5 meses no grupo controle e de 10,3 meses no grupo tratado. As freq&#252;&#234;ncias cumulativas de pacientes livres de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foram significativamente maiores no grupo tratado tanto na fase peri-operat&#243;ria (p= 0,0035) quanto na fase tardia (p= 0,0430). CONCLUS&#195;O: O isolamento cir&#250;rgico da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo envolvendo os &#243;stios das veias pulmonares &#233; uma forma efetiva de tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial na valvopatia mitral reum&#225;tica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>tratamento cir&#250;rgico</kwd>
        <kwd>fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo</kwd>
        <kwd>valvopatia mitral reum&#225;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tratamento cir&#250;rgico da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial por isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo em doentes com valvopatia mitral reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica. Um estudo randomizado com grupo controle</p>
    <p>Jos&#233; Tarc&#237;sio Medeiros de Vasconcelos; Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim Scanavacca; Roney Orismar Sampaio; Max Grinberg; Eduardo Argentino Sosa; Sergio Almeida de Oliveira </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar a efetividade do isolamento cir&#250;rgico da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo envolvendo os &#243;stios das veias pulmonares, no tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de etiologia reum&#225;tica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo prospectivo e randomizado envolvendo portadores de valvopatia mitral reum&#225;tica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente com dura&#231;&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> a 6 meses, idade <underline>&lt;</underline> a 60 anos e di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo <underline>&lt;</underline> a 65 mm. Os pacientes foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: tratamento cir&#250;rgico valvar (grupo controle) e tratamento cir&#250;rgico valvar associado ao isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo mediante t&#233;cnica de "corte e sutura" (grupo tratado). </p>
    <p> RESULTADOS: Foram operados 29 indiv&#237;duos, sendo que 27 (13 do grupo controle e 14 do grupo tratado), foram acompanhados regularmente. Os pacientes dos dois grupos n&#227;o diferiram em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s suas caracter&#237;sticas basais. O tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 11,5 meses no grupo controle e de 10,3 meses no grupo tratado. As freq&#252;&#234;ncias cumulativas de pacientes livres de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foram significativamente maiores no grupo tratado tanto na fase peri-operat&#243;ria (p= 0,0035) quanto na fase tardia (p= 0,0430). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O isolamento cir&#250;rgico da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo envolvendo os &#243;stios das veias pulmonares &#233; uma forma efetiva de tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial na valvopatia mitral reum&#225;tica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chaves<italic>: </italic></bold>tratamento cir&#250;rgico, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo, valvopatia mitral reum&#225;tica</p>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial representa um importante problema cl&#237;nico; &#233; o mais freq&#252;ente dist&#250;rbio do ritmo card&#237;aco que requer interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, pode gerar sintomas incapacitantes, &#233; uma causa freq&#252;ente de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares, agrava cl&#237;nica e hemodinamicamente a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, est&#225; associada com aumento de mortalidade e, de maneira consistente, est&#225; implicada em acidentes tromboemb&#243;licos sist&#234;mico<sup>1-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em alguns pa&#237;ses, hoje, a cardiopatia hipertensiva e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca correspondem &#224;s principais anormalidades card&#237;acas associadas &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>11</sup>. Em nosso meio, por&#233;m, a cardiopatia reum&#225;tica ainda tem preval&#234;ncia elevada, suas seq&#252;elas estruturais correspondem a uma das principais causas de tratamento cir&#250;rgico valvar<sup>12-16</sup> e, nesse contexto, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de natureza reum&#225;tica, obviamente, continua a ser para n&#243;s um important&#237;ssimo problema cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>Em pacientes com valvopatia mitral e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar n&#227;o resulta, em geral, em uma solu&#231;&#227;o para a arritmia, pois os &#237;ndices de recorr&#234;ncia s&#227;o elevados, atingindo at&#233; 80% em 6 meses<sup>17-20</sup>.</p>
    <p>A opera&#231;&#227;o do labirinto desenvolvida por Cox e cols<sup>21,22</sup>, h&#225; mais de 10 anos, ainda &#233; considerada o m&#233;todo de refer&#234;ncia no tratamento cir&#250;rgico da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>23-26</sup>. Entretanto, o emprego rotineiro dessa cirurgia &#233; limitado a alguns poucos centros, dada sua complexidade. Al&#233;m disso, discute-se seu impacto sobre a din&#226;mica de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, em fun&#231;&#227;o das m&#250;ltiplas incis&#245;es que se tornam necess&#225;rias<sup>27</sup>. Assim, novas t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas t&#234;m sido propostas nos &#250;ltimos anos, envolvendo desde a substitui&#231;&#227;o da cl&#225;ssica abordagem de corte-e-sutura pelo emprego de alternativas mais simples de abla&#231;&#227;o, como a radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia, at&#233; o direcionamento da interven&#231;&#227;o para &#225;reas espec&#237;ficas do mioc&#225;rdio atrial, consideradas cr&#237;ticas para deflagra&#231;&#227;o e/ou perpetua&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>20,28-35</sup>.</p>
    <p>O &#225;trio esquerdo tem sido o alvo das novas interven&#231;&#245;es, mais especificamente, sua parede posterior. Diversos estudos v&#234;m demonstrando que, no controle da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, a simples cria&#231;&#227;o de linhas mediante corte-e-sutura, ou a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia, contornando ou unindo os &#243;stios das veias pulmonares, implicam resultados cl&#237;nicos similares &#224;queles obtidos pela opera&#231;&#227;o do labirinto<sup>20,28,29,32-35</sup>. &#201; fundamental considerar, entretanto, que os estudos cir&#250;rgicos que respaldam essa linha de conduta s&#227;o estudos de s&#233;ries sem grupo controle e, em geral, com amostras heterog&#234;neas.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a efetividade e a seguran&#231;a do isolamento cir&#250;rgico da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo, envolvendo os &#243;stios das veias pulmonares, no tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de etiologia reum&#225;tica, em um ensaio prospectivo e randomizado com grupo controle.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo prospectivo, randomizado, envolvendo portadores de cardiopatia reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente, com acometimento valvar mitral indicativo de tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes, previamente ao recrutamento, foram orientados detalhadamente quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas e objetivos do estudo e assinaram termo de consentimento p&#243;s-informa&#231;&#227;o. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram distribu&#237;dos de maneira aleat&#243;ria mediante sorteio com uso de envelope lacrado em dois grupos, de acordo com o tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica a ser adotada: a) grupo controle - corre&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar isoladamente; b) grupo tratado - corre&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar e isolamento cir&#250;rgico da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo envolvendo os &#243;stios das veias pulmonares.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes, previamente &#224; sua inclus&#227;o no estudo, deviam apresentar fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente com evolu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos seis meses, ter idade <underline>&lt;</underline> a 60 anos e di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo determinado pelo ecocardiograma modo-M <underline>&lt;</underline> a 65mm. Tendo como objetivo limitar a potencial participa&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio direito nas eventuais recorr&#234;ncias da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, fatores que direta ou indiretamente pudessem estar implicados em acometimento importante dessa c&#226;mara foram motivo de exclus&#227;o do estudo. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os pacientes com outras enfermidades concomitantes &#224; doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica que pudessem ter na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial uma de suas formas de manifesta&#231;&#227;o. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o no estudo est&#227;o listados no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="q1">quadro 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="q1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0203-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As opera&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas pelo mesmo cirurgi&#227;o por esternotomia mediana, empregando-se circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, e os pacientes mantidos em hipotermia sist&#234;mica moderada (32&#176;C). A aorta ascendente foi pin&#231;ada para se interromper o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo coronariano e promover a parada card&#237;aca por an&#243;xia. A prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi realizada mediante inje&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o cardiopl&#233;gica sang&#252;&#237;nea hipot&#233;rmica (4&#176;C) de maneira anter&#243;grada e intermitente, repetida a cada 20minutos.</p>
    <p>A abordagem do &#225;trio esquerdo foi realizada por incis&#227;o lateral direita longitudinal, iniciada entre as veias pulmonares direitas e o sulco interatrial.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes previamente randomizados para se realizar o isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo, o ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo era seccionado e suturado em sua base.</p>
    <p>O isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>) foi realizado antes do tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valva mitral. Ap&#243;s a ressec&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, procedeu-se ao isolamento pela amplia&#231;&#227;o da incis&#227;o atrial esquerda, circundando os &#243;stios das quatro veias pulmonares. Realizaram-se duas outras incis&#245;es atriais, uma entre o orif&#237;cio da veia pulmonar inferior esquerda e a borda posterior do anel da valva mitral e outra, da borda do or&#237;f&#237;cio da veia pulmonar superior esquerda at&#233; a base do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo seccionado. Procedeu-se, em seguida, a sutura das incis&#245;es atriais de forma cont&#237;nua.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0203-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ap&#243;s interrup&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea o ritmo card&#237;aco era avaliado. Nos casos de constata&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, era realizada desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica.</p>
    <p>O seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi dividido em duas fases, com as seguintes defini&#231;&#245;es: a) fase perioperat&#243;ria - correspondente aos 10 dias seguintes ao ato cir&#250;rgico, ou ao per&#237;odo total de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, se este fosse superior a 10 dias; b) fase tardia - correspondente ao per&#237;odo subseq&#252;ente &#224; fase perioperat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>O acompanhamento dos casos no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o foi feito por um &#250;nico observador, mediante emprego de eletrocardiograma di&#225;rio ou monitoriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por equipamento port&#225;til.</p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial na fase perioperat&#243;ria foi interpretada como decorr&#234;ncia de fatores ligados diretamente ao ato cir&#250;rgico. Quando de sua ocorr&#234;ncia, era institu&#237;da terapia oral com cloridrato de amiodarona por 5 a 10 dias, na dose de 600 a 800mg/dia e realizada desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica transtor&#225;cica por corrente direta. O f&#225;rmaco era mantido durante 10 dias ap&#243;s a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o efetiva na dose de 600mg /dia por via oral, ou at&#233; a alta hospitalar, se esta se desse ap&#243;s um tempo superior, tendo a partir da&#237; seu uso interrompido. Se a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ocorresse na vig&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias importantes, tais como infec&#231;&#245;es, estados de hipersecre&#231;&#227;o br&#244;nquica, insufici&#234;ncia renal ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a amiodarona era empregada e a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica realizada apenas ap&#243;s controle efetivo da situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A mesma linha de conduta era adotada frente a ocorr&#234;ncia de outras taquicardias atriais tais como o <italic>flutter</italic>, nessa fase p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, os pacientes eram seguidos mensalmente pelo mesmo observador, com avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e eletrocardiogr&#225;fica. Ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler era realizado ap&#243;s o 2&#186; m&#234;s p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, naqueles pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo que se mantinham em ritmo sinusal, objetivando fundamentalmente avaliar o impacto da cirurgia sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o de transporte do &#225;trio esquerdo, pela presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de onda A no Doppler da valva mitral, representativa da presen&#231;a de s&#237;stole atrial.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes, independentemente do grupo ou do tipo de cirurgia, por raz&#245;es de seguran&#231;a, eram mantidos sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com uso de warfarina, visando manter uma rela&#231;&#227;o normatizada internacional (RNI) entre 2 e 3. Frente &#224; recorr&#234;ncia tardia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, empregava-se amiodarona, na dose de 600 mg/dia, durante 14 a 21 dias e realizava-se desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica transtor&#225;cica por corrente direta, caso n&#227;o ocorresse convers&#227;o espont&#226;nea a ritmo sinusal e mantinha-se amiodarona em dose de manuten&#231;&#227;o de 200 mg/dia, continuamente. Se a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o fosse inefetiva, ou se houvesse recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ap&#243;s procedimento efetivo, a despeito do uso continuado da droga, considerava-se o caso como refrat&#225;rio e direcionava-se a terap&#234;utica exclusivamente para controle da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com emprego de digital, betabloqueador e/ou bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio.</p>
    <p>Ao longo de 28 meses (setembro/2000 a dezembro/2002), 29 pacientes foram recrutados e operados, sendo 15 submetidos a isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo em adi&#231;&#227;o &#224; cirurgia valvar (grupo tratado) e 14 submetidos, exclusivamente, &#224; cirurgia valvar (grupo controle). Dezenove pacientes eram do sexo feminino, 10 do sexo masculino, com idades variando entre 28 e 60 (mediana 53, m&#233;dia 50 &#177; 9,75) anos.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral importante, 12 do tipo estenose, 7 do tipo insufici&#234;ncia e 10 do tipo combinada. Quinze pacientes apresentavam associa&#231;&#227;o de acometimento valvar tric&#250;spide e/ou a&#243;rtico; insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide estava presente em 11 casos, insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica em tr&#234;s e estenose a&#243;rtica em dois. Onze (38%) pacientes apresentavam antecedentes de tratamento cir&#250;rgico de valva mitral.</p>
    <p>O tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em uma forma persistente entre os pacientes variou de 6 a 84 (mediana 19, m&#233;dia 28,46 &#177; 24,38) meses.</p>
    <p>O di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, considerada a totalidade da amostra, variou de 45 a 63 (mediana 55 mm, m&#233;dia 55,55 &#177; 4,8) mm. O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo variou de 42 a 72 (mediana 52 mm, m&#233;dia 54 &#177; 8,1) mm e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de 42% a 77% (mediana 70%, m&#233;dia 67,24 &#177; 9,6%). A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar oscilou entre 25 e 60 (mediana 39 mmHg, m&#233;dia 40,72 &#177; 10,57) mmHg.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis classificat&#243;rias foram organizadas em tabelas de conting&#234;ncia contendo valores absolutos (n) e relativos (%). A associa&#231;&#227;o entre essas vari&#225;veis e os grupos foi feita pelo teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas s&#227;o apresentadas descritivamente em tabelas contendo m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. A distribui&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos foi comparada com o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico da soma de postos de Wilcoxon. Com os eventos fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial perioperat&#243;ria e tardia, foram constru&#237;das curvas segundo o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. As curvas livres de eventos foram comparadas com o teste <italic>log-rank</italic>. Os valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes de ambos os grupos s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>. Os grupos controle e tratado mostraram-se semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s principais vari&#225;veis consideradas.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0203-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foram submetidos a troca valvar mitral por pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica 20 pacientes (9 do grupo controle e 11 do grupo tratado) e 8 pacientes por pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica (5 do grupo controle e 3 do grupo tratado). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas nas propor&#231;&#245;es de pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas e mec&#226;nicas implantadas nos dois grupos (p=0,6776). Uma paciente do grupo tratado foi submetida a comisurotomia mitral. Plastia de valva tric&#250;spide foi realizada em 7 pacientes, sendo 4 pertencentes ao grupo controle e 3 ao grupo tratado (p=0,6817). Troca valvar a&#243;rtica foi realizada em cinco pacientes. N&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas relevantes entre os pacientes dos dois grupos estudados.</p>
    <p>O tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea entre os pacientes do grupo tratado variou de 60 a 124 (m&#233;dia 106 &#177; 17,3) min, mais longo (p=0,0035) do que aquele observado entre os pacientes do grupo controle, que variou de 35 a 120 (m&#233;dia 78,2 &#177; 24,4) min.</p>
    <p>&#192; admiss&#227;o na unidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, 28 (96,6%) pacientes se encontravam em ritmo n&#227;o-fibrilat&#243;rio, dos quais 24 (82,8%) em ritmo sinusal e 4 (13,8%) em ritmo juncional de substitui&#231;&#227;o em decorr&#234;ncia de bradicardia sinusal. Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi observada em apenas um (3,5%) paciente, pertencente ao grupo controle.</p>
    <p>O tempo de perman&#234;ncia em unidade de terapia intensiva entre os pacientes do grupo controle variou de 37 a 182h (m&#233;dia 62,9 &#177; 42,5h), sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (p=0,7182) daquele observado entre os pacientes do grupo tratado, que variou de 37 a 288h (m&#233;dia 66,3 &#177; 70,6h).</p>
    <p>O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar entre os pacientes do grupo controle variou de 7 a 92 (m&#233;dia 23 &#177; 24,2) dias, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o diferindo estatisticamente (p=0,8356) do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes do grupo tratado, que variou de 7 a 42 (m&#233;dia 17,8 &#177; 10,2) dias.</p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o ocorreram eventos cl&#237;nicos relevantes em 6 (42,8%) pacientes do grupo controle e em 4 (26,7%) do grupo tratado. Considerando-se o grupo controle, quatro pacientes desenvolveram hemoperic&#225;rdio, tratados de forma conservadora com sucesso. Uma paciente evoluiu com importante bradicardia sinusal, sendo submetida a implante de marcapasso definitivo. Um paciente desenvolveu quadro de febre de origem n&#227;o estabelecida, evoluindo de maneira favor&#225;vel frente a conduta conservadora. Um dos pacientes que havia desenvolvido hemoperic&#225;rdio apresentou endocardite infecciosa acometendo a pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral, sendo necess&#225;ria reopera&#231;&#227;o. Evoluiu no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com baixo d&#233;bito, pneumonia e hipersecre&#231;&#227;o br&#244;nquica, com recupera&#231;&#227;o gradual e satisfat&#243;ria do quadro, permanecendo internado por 92 dias.</p>
    <p>Entre os pacientes do grupo tratado, um apresentou sangramento esternal, sendo submetido a revis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica bem-sucedida; outra apresentou parada card&#237;aca assist&#243;lica por raz&#227;o n&#227;o-estabelecida no 1<sup>&#186;</sup> dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sendo reanimada com sucesso, evoluindo de forma favor&#225;vel e sem seq&#252;elas. Uma paciente veio a falecer subitamente no 2<sup>&#186;</sup> dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio por tamponamento card&#237;aco. Foi encaminhada &#224; necr&#243;psia, e detectada uma perfura&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o &#226;ntero-basal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, cerca de 2cm abaixo do plano da valva mitral. N&#227;o foram detectadas anormalidades na pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral ou na &#225;rea de isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo. Uma paciente evoluiu com quadro de febre de origem n&#227;o-determinada, vindo a apresentar, no 19<sup>&#186;</sup> dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, epis&#243;dio de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, possivelmente emb&#243;lico. Endocardite infecciosa n&#227;o foi confirmada por hemoculturas seriadas nem tampouco foram identificadas altera&#231;&#245;es conclusivas ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico que justificassem o evento. A paciente evoluiu de forma satisfat&#243;ria, recebendo alta hospitalar com seq&#252;elas motoras m&#237;nimas.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica da incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es nos dois grupos n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a significativa (p=0,4497).</p>
    <p>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente ocorreu em 15 (53,6%) de 28 pacientes no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio (uma paciente foi exclu&#237;da por &#243;bito), sendo 11 pertencentes ao grupo controle e 4 ao grupo tratado. O momento de instala&#231;&#227;o da arritmia variou de 0 a 13 dias ap&#243;s o ato cir&#250;rgico, sendo que em 13 dos 15 (86,6%) pacientes seu in&#237;cio se deu nos primeiros cinco dias (dia m&#233;dio de ocorr&#234;ncia 3,5&#177;3,5; mediana 3<sup>&#186;</sup> dia). Comparativamente ao grupo controle, a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi significativamente menor entre os pacientes do grupo submetido ao isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo. As freq&#252;&#234;ncias cumulativas de pacientes livres de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nessa fase do estudo entre os pacientes dos grupos controle e tratado foram, respectivamente, 0,78 <italic>vs</italic> 0,92 no 1<sup>&#186;</sup> dia, 0,35 <italic>vs</italic> 0,85 no 3<sup>&#186;</sup> dia, 0,28 <italic>vs</italic> 0,78 no 5<sup>&#186;</sup> dia, 0,21 <italic>vs</italic> 0,78 no 10<sup>&#186;</sup> dia e 0,21 <italic>vs</italic> 0,67 no 15<sup>&#186;</sup> dia (p=0,0035) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0203-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Dentre os 11 casos de recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no grupo controle, desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica por corrente direta transtor&#225;cica foi realizada em 10, havendo convers&#227;o a ritmo sinusal em todos. Uma paciente, entretanto, apresentou recorr&#234;ncia decorridos tr&#234;s dias do procedimento. Em um outro paciente, optou-se por realizar a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar em fun&#231;&#227;o de sangramento mediastinal, tendo sido contra-indicado na ocasi&#227;o o uso de terapia anticoagulante.</p>
    <p>Nos quatro pacientes do grupo tratado que apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, houve convers&#227;o espont&#226;nea a ritmo sinusal sem drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas em um caso e convers&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica por amiodarona em outro. Nos outros dois pacientes foi realizada desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica por corrente direta transtor&#225;cica, bem-sucedida em ambos.</p>
    <p>Oito (28,6%) pacientes desenvolveram <italic>flutter</italic> atrial na fase p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. Foram constatados 1 caso no grupo controle e 7 no grupo tratado. Pela an&#225;lise dos eletrocardiogramas, os 7 casos do grupo tratado foram considerados at&#237;picos. O paciente do grupo controle foi tratado mediante cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica externa transtor&#225;cica, n&#227;o desenvolvendo recorr&#234;ncia posterior. Dentre os 7 pacientes do grupo tratado, 4 apresentaram convers&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica a ritmo sinusal por amiodarona e 3 necessitaram de cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. Um paciente submetido a cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica desenvolveu recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s tr&#234;s dias, recebendo alta hospitalar em <italic>flutter</italic>.</p>
    <p>Receberam alta hospitalar 28 pacientes, dos quais 25 (89,3%) em ritmo sinusal, 2 do grupo controle em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e 1 do grupo tratado em <italic>flutter</italic> atrial.</p>
    <p>Vinte e sete pacientes, 13 pertencentes ao grupo controle e 14 ao grupo tratado foram seguidos regularmente. Houve exclus&#227;o desta fase do estudo, por perda de contato, do paciente que apresentou recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial na fase perioperat&#243;ria, n&#227;o tratada por desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica naquele momento.</p>
    <p>&#192; exce&#231;&#227;o de 4 casos, o seguimento cl&#237;nico tardio dos pacientes foi iniciado na aus&#234;ncia do uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, seja por seu emprego n&#227;o ter sido necess&#225;rio na fase perioperat&#243;ria (8 pacientes), seja por interrup&#231;&#227;o do uso, de acordo com o protocolo estabelecido (15 pacientes). O paciente do grupo tratado que havia recebido alta hospitalar na vig&#234;ncia de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial apresentou revers&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica da arritmia utilizando amiodarona, com a droga suspensa a partir do 49<sup>&#186;</sup> dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Dois pacientes, um pertencente ao grupo controle e um ao grupo tratado, receberam alta hospitalar em ritmo sinusal sob uso de amiodarona, introduzida em virtude de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ocorrida na fase perioperat&#243;ria e revertida mediante desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica. No primeiro controle ap&#243;s a alta, ocasi&#227;o em que a droga seria suspensa, encontravam-se em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente, apesar do uso regular do f&#225;rmaco. Uma paciente, j&#225; citada, recebeu alta hospitalar na vig&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em fun&#231;&#227;o de recorr&#234;ncia da arritmia ap&#243;s desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica efetiva; a amiodarona foi mantida visando-se outro procedimento de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica mais tardiamente.</p>
    <p>O tempo de seguimento entre os pacientes do grupo controle variou de 4 a 25 (m&#233;dia 11,5 &#177; 7,3) meses e entre os pacientes do grupo tratado de 3 a 26 (m&#233;dia de 10,3 &#177; 7,2) meses (p=0,5595).</p>
    <p>Dez pacientes apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial durante o seguimento, sete pertencentes ao grupo controle e tr&#234;s ao grupo tratado.</p>
    <p>Dentre os 7 pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia pertencentes ao grupo controle, em 5 a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ocorreu no 1<sup>&#186;</sup> m&#234;s de seguimento e em dois ap&#243;s o 6<sup>&#186;</sup> m&#234;s. Nesses 7 pacientes, foi empregada terapia com amiodarona, objetivando-se desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica secund&#225;ria. Uma paciente apresentou convers&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica para ritmo sinusal, mas com recidiva da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente no dia seguinte a convers&#227;o e 5 foram submetidos a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica, efetiva com recorr&#234;ncia da arritmia na primeira semana em tr&#234;s casos, e efetiva com manuten&#231;&#227;o de ritmo sinusal est&#225;vel em dois. Um paciente desenvolveu recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no 6<sup>&#186;</sup> m&#234;s p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, tendo sido institu&#237;da terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica com amiodarona, mas antes que fosse realizada a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica, foi v&#237;tima de um acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico, culminando com &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>Acrescenta-se a esses 7 casos a paciente que recebera alta hospitalar em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; o procedimento de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o externa transtor&#225;cica, repetido nessa fase, foi inefetivo. Assim, dos 8 pacientes do grupo controle que evolu&#237;ram com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial na fase tardia, em 5 casos foi demonstrada refratariedade &#224; estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica adotada.</p>
    <p>Considerando o grupo tratado, os tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia da arritmia no 1<sup>&#186;</sup> m&#234;s. Terapia farmacol&#243;gica com amiodarona e desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica externa foi empregada nos tr&#234;s casos. Em dois, a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o foi inefetiva e em um, apesar de ter sido obtida convers&#227;o a ritmo sinusal, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o recorreu cerca de 6h ap&#243;s a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o. Assim, os tr&#234;s casos de recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial entre os pacientes do grupo tratado foram refrat&#225;rios &#224; terapia com amiodarona e desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica transtor&#225;cica.</p>
    <p>As freq&#252;&#234;ncias cumulativas de pacientes livres de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial entre os grupos controle e tratado foram respectivamente 0,53 <italic>vs</italic> 0,78 em 1 m&#234;s, 0,53 <italic>vs</italic> 0,78 em 3 meses, 0,44 <italic>vs</italic> 0,78 em 6 meses, 0,35 <italic>vs</italic> 0,78 em 9 meses e 0,35 <italic>vs</italic> 0,78 em 12 meses (p=0,043) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0203-00004-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Seis pacientes desenvolveram <italic>flutter</italic> atrial durante o seguimento, um do grupo controle e cinco do grupo tratado. O tempo decorrente entre o ato cir&#250;rgico e a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o da arritmia variou de 1 a 6 (m&#233;dia de 2,5) meses. O &#250;nico caso de <italic>flutter</italic> do grupo controle tratava-se de um <italic>flutter</italic> at&#237;pico e persistente. Foi realizada cardiovers&#227;o externa por corrente direta efetiva, havendo por&#233;m recorr&#234;ncia tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, apesar do uso de amiodarona. A paciente manteve-se em <italic>flutter</italic> incessante com resposta ventricular satisfat&#243;ria, sob uso de betabloqueador (carvedilol), recusando tentativa de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Dentre os casos de <italic>flutter</italic> do grupo tratado, em um paciente tratava-se de um <italic>flutter</italic> atrial t&#237;pico anti-hor&#225;rio persistente. Foi realizada abla&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea por radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo com sucesso, evoluindo o paciente sem recorr&#234;ncias, na aus&#234;ncia do uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas em 12,5 meses de seguimento. Tr&#234;s pacientes desenvolveram <italic>flutter</italic> atrial at&#237;pico parox&#237;stico, auto-limitado, bem tolerado, com baixa densidade de crises, sendo dispensada terapia antiarr&#237;tmica, salvo betabloqueador (atenolol) visando redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta ventricular em eventuais epis&#243;dios. Em um desses casos, entretanto, no 9<sup>&#186;</sup> m&#234;s p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, a arritmia adquiriu car&#225;ter persistente, cursando com sintomatologia importante, e controlada com sucesso mediante uso de amiodarona. Uma paciente apresentou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial at&#237;pico persistente no 30<sup>&#186;</sup> dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, com resposta ventricular elevada, tornando-se necess&#225;rio o emprego de cardiovers&#227;o externa por corrente direta, sendo mantida sob uso de propafenona e n&#227;o apresentando recorr&#234;ncias posteriores. &#201; relevante citar que os quatro casos de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial at&#237;pico, documentados no grupo tratado, corresponderam aos pacientes que haviam apresentado <italic>flutter</italic> atrial at&#237;pico no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Foi realizada uma compara&#231;&#227;o dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos atriais relevantes, ocorridos na fase de seguimento tardio entre os grupos controle e tratado, considerando em conjunto a fibrila&#231;&#227;o e o <italic>flutter</italic> atrial. Os dois pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com <italic>flutter</italic> atrial parox&#237;stico em todo o seguimento n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos nesta avalia&#231;&#227;o, pelo fato de que as taquicardias n&#227;o foram clinicamente importantes, dado seu car&#225;ter auto-limitado e a aus&#234;ncia de necessidade do uso de terapia antiarr&#237;tmica espec&#237;fica. Foram identificados 9 eventos entre os 13 pacientes do grupo controle e 6 entre os 14 pacientes do grupo tratado, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significativa sob o aspecto estat&#237;stico entre os grupos (p=0,1650) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">fig.4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0203-00004-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler foi realizado em 11 pacientes do grupo tratado ap&#243;s o 2<sup>&#186;</sup> m&#234;s p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, direcionado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o de transporte de &#225;trio esquerdo. A presen&#231;a de s&#237;stole atrial, determinada pela presen&#231;a de onda A no Doppler da valva mitral, foi demonstrada em 10 pacientes. Em um caso essa avalia&#231;&#227;o foi impossibilitada pela presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, cujo jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o estava direcionado para a pr&#243;tese mitral.</p>
    <p>Eventos cl&#237;nicos relevantes ocorreram em dois pacientes no seguimento a longo prazo. Um paciente do grupo controle, portador de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, apresentou acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico no 6<sup>&#186;</sup> m&#234;s p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, que o levou ao &#243;bito. Uma paciente do grupo tratado portadora de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, apresentou dois epis&#243;dios de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, no 2<sup>&#186;</sup> e 3<sup>&#186;</sup> m&#234;s p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, aparentemente tromboemb&#243;lico, apesar de se manter em ritmo sinusal est&#225;vel em todo o seguimento e sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com warfarina, por&#233;m inadequada na ocasi&#227;o do evento (RNI 1,4). O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico demonstrou a presen&#231;a de imagens pediculadas e m&#243;veis, compat&#237;veis com trombos na face atrial da pr&#243;tese mitral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A abordagem cir&#250;rgica exclusiva do &#225;trio esquerdo vem sendo empregada nos &#250;ltimos anos como uma alternativa vantajosa &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o do labirinto para tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, em fun&#231;&#227;o de uma aparente efic&#225;cia com maior simplicidade t&#233;cnica e menor dano &#224; musculatura atrial. Diferentes t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas t&#234;m sido propostas, tendo como ponto comum a todas, o direcionamento das interven&#231;&#245;es para a parede posterior da c&#226;mara, mais especificamente para a regi&#227;o de desembocadura das veias pulmonares<sup>20,28,29,32-35</sup>. A despeito dos bons resultados apresentados no controle da arritmia em diversos estudos, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel ainda obter conclus&#245;es claras a respeito da efetividade dessas novas formas de tratamento cir&#250;rgico da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com base na an&#225;lise desses resultados. Como j&#225; mencionado, esses estudos se limitam a apresentar experi&#234;ncias de s&#233;ries, com uma grande diversidade de t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e uma marcante heterogeneidade de caracter&#237;sticas das amostras.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi realizado para avaliar a efic&#225;cia do isolamento cir&#250;rgico da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo, envolvendo os &#243;stios das veias pulmonares para tratamento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, em portadores de valvopatia mitral reum&#225;tica. Quatro peculiaridades metodol&#243;gicas foram importantes no delineamento do ensaio, distinguindo-o da maioria dos estudos de tratamento cir&#250;rgico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial publicados at&#233; o momento: 1) foi um estudo prospectivo, randomizado, com grupo controle; 2) foram inclu&#237;dos exclusivamente portadores de cardiopatia reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica; 3) buscou-se uma uniformiza&#231;&#227;o da amostra no que diz respeito a diversas caracter&#237;sticas importantes, como idade e di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo, procurando-se excluir a associa&#231;&#227;o de outras condi&#231;&#245;es, que potencialmente trouxessem a interfer&#234;ncia de elementos fisiopatol&#243;gicos distintos daqueles da doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, nas eventuais recorr&#234;ncias da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; 4) o estudo foi delineado para comparar duas formas de abordagem cir&#250;rgica, na aus&#234;ncia da interfer&#234;ncia de f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos. De fato, como p&#244;de ser observado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>), foi not&#243;ria a similaridade de caracter&#237;sticas entre os pacientes dos grupos controle e tratado.</p>
    <p>Um dos maiores problemas na avalia&#231;&#227;o da efetividade de uma t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica para tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, quando empregada em associa&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento tamb&#233;m cir&#250;rgico de uma doen&#231;a valvar, &#233; a dificuldade de se estabelecer se os resultados obtidos foram decorr&#234;ncia do procedimento direcionado para a terapia da arritmia, ou simplesmente o fruto da corre&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar. No presente estudo, a inclus&#227;o de um grupo controle permitiu estabelecer que o isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo, englobando os &#243;stios das veias pulmonares, empregado concomitantemente ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico valvar, em portadores de cardiopatia reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, &#233; um procedimento seguro e eficaz no tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, promovendo uma redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de recorr&#234;ncia da arritmia, tanto na fase perioperat&#243;ria como na fase tardia.</p>
    <p>Apesar da presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide importante ter sido um dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do estudo, um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes foi submetido a plastia tric&#250;spide. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ecocardiogr&#225;fica e hemodin&#226;mica, realizada previamente &#224; inclus&#227;o no estudo, n&#227;o foram detectadas evid&#234;ncias de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide importante. Entretanto, em alguns casos o cirurgi&#227;o tomou a iniciativa de realizar explora&#231;&#227;o valvar tric&#250;spide, considerando, por visualiza&#231;&#227;o direta, a disfun&#231;&#227;o como importante e realizando a plastia. De qualquer modo, como foi demonstrado, a incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, assim como as propor&#231;&#245;es de plastias tric&#250;spides realizadas, n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os dois grupos.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica empregada foi similar &#224;quela utilizada por Sueda e cols e Kalil e cols.<sup>20,35</sup>. A op&#231;&#227;o pela t&#233;cnica de corte-e-sutura adveio do objetivo de se promoverem les&#245;es efetivamente transmurais, n&#227;o garantidas com o emprego de outras modalidades terap&#234;uticas, como a radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia. A adi&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia para arritmia implicou um acr&#233;scimo de cerca de 28min. na dura&#231;&#227;o do tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Esse incremento de tempo, assim como a pr&#243;pria cirurgia, n&#227;o implicaram maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es trans ou perioperat&#243;rias. Ainda, a cirurgia aparentemente n&#227;o implicou preju&#237;zo significativo na fun&#231;&#227;o de transporte do &#225;trio esquerdo, visto que a presen&#231;a de s&#237;stole atrial efetiva, caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de onda A no Doppler da valva mitral, foi observada na totalidade dos pacientes em que foi poss&#237;vel sua avalia&#231;&#227;o por esse m&#233;todo.</p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, tanto na fase de seguimento perioperat&#243;rio quanto na fase tardia, foi elevada entre os pacientes submetidos ao isolamento cir&#250;rgico da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel comparar sua incid&#234;ncia nos dois grupos estudados, pois essa avalia&#231;&#227;o seria acompanhada por um vi&#233;s, considerando a grande propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle que evoluiu com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. &#201; razo&#225;vel inferir, contudo, uma maior probabilidade para a ocorr&#234;ncia de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial incisional entre os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia para a arritmia, obviamente em fun&#231;&#227;o das pr&#243;prias caracter&#237;sticas da interven&#231;&#227;o. Eventuais descontinuidades na linha de isolamento podem ter criado substratos para fen&#244;menos de reentrada. O pr&#243;prio emprego da t&#233;cnica de corte-e-sutura pode ter exercido papel relevante na cria&#231;&#227;o de descontinuidades, visto que o processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o com recupera&#231;&#227;o de condu&#231;&#227;o em &#225;reas efetivamente isoladas tem sido descrito<sup>36-38</sup>. &#201; importante citar ainda que, pela t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica utilizada, o emprego de uma incis&#227;o de uni&#227;o entre a &#225;rea isolada e o anel mitral pode n&#227;o ter evitado a forma&#231;&#227;o de um istmo de condu&#231;&#227;o nessa regi&#227;o, j&#225; que n&#227;o foi realizada complementa&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o mediante eletrocauteriza&#231;&#227;o ou crioabla&#231;&#227;o, conforme t&#233;cnicas propostas por alguns autores<sup>20,35</sup>. A presen&#231;a de condu&#231;&#227;o residual por fibras musculares remanescentes pode ter criado um meio prop&#237;cio para a ocorr&#234;ncia de reentrada do impulso el&#233;trico.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, devemos salientar que esse conjunto de coloca&#231;&#245;es &#233; apenas conjetural. Uma incid&#234;ncia elevada de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial at&#237;pico tamb&#233;m tem sido observada em outros estudos de tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial por abordagem da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo<sup>28,32,33</sup>. A correla&#231;&#227;o dos substratos arritmog&#234;nicos com a &#225;rea de interven&#231;&#227;o e os pr&#243;prios mecanismos dessas taquicardias n&#227;o est&#227;o estabelecidos. Estudos delineados para sua investiga&#231;&#227;o eletrofisiol&#243;gica s&#227;o necess&#225;rios, podendo eventualmente implicar modifica&#231;&#245;es nas t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas adotadas.</p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra foi pequeno, o que impossibilitou uma compara&#231;&#227;o das taxas de ocorr&#234;ncia de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>Um ponto controverso no delineamento deste estudo &#233; a forma como foi definida a ocorr&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nas fases perioperat&#243;ria e tardia. Em linhas gerais, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi considerada como perioperat&#243;ria, quando ocorrida nos 10 dias iniciais, subseq&#252;entes ao ato cir&#250;rgico, ou durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, quando superior a 10 dias e, tardia, se a ocorr&#234;ncia fosse ap&#243;s o 10<sup>&#186;</sup> dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, ou ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Em alguns estudos t&#234;m sido postulado que o processo de recupera&#231;&#227;o operat&#243;ria pode ser prolongado e a recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial at&#233; 3 meses ap&#243;s o ato cir&#250;rgico pode ainda estar ligada a fatores operat&#243;rios e/ou ao processo de remodelamento el&#233;trico atrial<sup>22,39</sup>. De fato, no presente estudo, dos 11 pacientes que apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, em 9 a recorr&#234;ncia se deu no 1<sup>&#186;</sup> m&#234;s ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Salientamos, entretanto, que este foi um estudo prospectivo e randomizado, no qual a forma de seguimento, avalia&#231;&#227;o e a conduta para os dois grupos foi similar. Deste modo, o tempo at&#233; a recorr&#234;ncia da arritmia n&#227;o se contrap&#245;e aos resultados obtidos. Ainda, dos 9 pacientes que apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no 1<sup>&#186;</sup> m&#234;s, 8 foram refrat&#225;rios &#224; estrat&#233;gia de terapia farmacol&#243;gica com amiodarona combinada &#224; desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica transtor&#225;cica. Em apenas um paciente se conseguiu obter revers&#227;o da arritmia, com manuten&#231;&#227;o de ritmo sinusal est&#225;vel, sugerindo que a quase totalidade desses pacientes efetivamente padecia de um quadro irrevers&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>O objetivo prim&#225;rio deste estudo foi avaliar a efic&#225;cia do isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo, englobando os &#243;stios das veias pulmonares na redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de recorr&#234;ncia tardia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Sob este aspecto ficou evidente o benef&#237;cio do tratamento, o que o torna uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica eficaz e recomend&#225;vel. Entretanto, quando as taquicardias atriais clinicamente relevantes foram consideradas em conjunto (incluindo a pr&#243;pria fibrila&#231;&#227;o e o <italic>flutter</italic> atrial) e avaliada sua ocorr&#234;ncia, n&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as significativas de incid&#234;ncia entre os dois grupos estudados. A manifesta&#231;&#227;o freq&#252;ente de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial entre os pacientes do grupo tratado foi o fator determinante desse achado. E, considerando a hip&#243;tese de que as incis&#245;es no &#225;trio esquerdo teriam sido seu elemento causal, os benef&#237;cios do tratamento n&#227;o puderam ser claramente definidos em uma &#243;tica de vantagens cl&#237;nicas globais. O tamanho da amostra estudada, provavelmente, contribuiu para este tipo de resultado. Por outro lado, &#233; importante destacar que o <italic>flutter</italic> atrial &#233; uma taquicardia dependente de um substrato bem definido, mesmo quando dependente de cicatriz, pass&#237;vel de elimina&#231;&#227;o mediante abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter<sup>40-42</sup>, uma caracter&#237;stica que lhe confere significado cl&#237;nico distinto daquele relacionado &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial associada &#224; cardiopatia estrutural.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, em portadores de valvopatia mitral reum&#225;tica e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente, o isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo, envolvendo os &#243;stios das veias pulmonares, empregado em adi&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico valvar, reduz a incid&#234;ncia de recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, tanto no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio quanto na fase tardia de seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica de isolamento da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo aplicada neste estudo, associada &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar, n&#227;o aumentou a morbidade ou a mortalidade cir&#250;rgica, revelando-se um procedimento seguro.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dr. Jos&#233; Tarc&#237;sio Medeiros de Vasconcelos </p>
        <p> Rua do Para&#237;so, 719/31 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> Cep 04103-001 - E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="josetmv@cardiol.br">josetmv@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 15/4/03 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 18/2/04</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation through isolation of the left atrial posterior wall in patients with chronic rheumatic mitral valve disease: a randomized study with control group</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of surgical isolation of the left atrial posterior wall encompassing the ostia of the pulmonary veins for the treatment of atrial fibrillation of rheumatic etiology. METHODS: Prospective and randomized study of patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease, persistent atrial fibrillation for 6 months or longer, age &lt; 60 years, and left atrial diameter &lt; 65 mm. The patients were randomly distributed into 2 groups as follows: surgical valvular treatment (control group) and surgical valvular treatment associated with isolation of the left atrial posterior wall according to the "cut-and-sew" technique (treated group). RESULTS: Twenty-nine individuals were operated upon, 27 of whom (13 in the control group and 14 in the treated group) were regularly followed up. The patients of both groups did not differ in regard to their basal characteristics. The mean follow-up time was 11.5 months in the control group and 10.3 months in the treated group. The cumulative frequencies of the patients without atrial fibrillation were significantly greater in the treated group both in the perioperative (P=0.0035) and late (P=0.0430) phases. CONCLUSION: Surgical isolation of the left atrial posterior wall encompassing the ostia of the pulmonary veins is an effective form of treating atrial fibrillation in rheumatic mitral valve disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>surgical treatment</kwd>
        <kwd>atrial fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>isolation of the left atrial posterior wall</kwd>
        <kwd>rheumatic mitral valve disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation through isolation of the left atrial posterior wall in patients with chronic rheumatic mitral valve disease. A randomized study with control group</p>
      <p>Jos&#233; Tarc&#237;sio Medeiros de Vasconcelos; Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim Scanavacca; Roney Orismar Sampaio; Max Grinberg; Eduardo Argentino Sosa; Sergio Almeida de Oliveira</p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the FMUSP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To determine the effectiveness of surgical isolation of the left atrial posterior wall encompassing the ostia of the pulmonary veins for the treatment of atrial fibrillation of rheumatic etiology.</p>
      <p>METHODS: Prospective and randomized study of patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease, persistent atrial fibrillation for 6 months or longer, age <underline>&lt;</underline> 60 years, and left atrial diameter <underline>&lt;</underline> 65 mm. The patients were randomly distributed into 2 groups as follows: surgical valvular treatment (control group) and surgical valvular treatment associated with isolation of the left atrial posterior wall according to the "cut-and-sew" technique (treated group).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Twenty-nine individuals were operated upon, 27 of whom (13 in the control group and 14 in the treated group) were regularly followed up. The patients of both groups did not differ in regard to their basal characteristics. The mean follow-up time was 11.5 months in the control group and 10.3 months in the treated group. The cumulative frequencies of the patients without atrial fibrillation were significantly greater in the treated group both in the perioperative (P=0.0035) and late (P=0.0430) phases.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Surgical isolation of the left atrial posterior wall encompassing the ostia of the pulmonary veins is an effective form of treating atrial fibrillation in rheumatic mitral valve disease.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words<italic>: </italic></bold>surgical treatment, atrial fibrillation, isolation of the left atrial posterior wall, rheumatic mitral valve disease</p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation is an important clinical problem. It is the most frequent disorder of cardiac rhythm that requires therapeutic intervention and may cause disabling symptoms. It is a frequent cause of hospital admission, may clinically and hemodynamically worsen heart failure, is associated with an increase in mortality, and consistently is implicated in systemic thromboembolic accidents<sup>1-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Currently, in some countries, hypertensive heart disease and heart failure are the major cardiac abnormalities associated with atrial fibrillation <sup>11</sup>. In our country, however, rheumatic heart disease is still highly prevalent. Its structural sequelae correspond to 1 of the major causes of surgical valvular treatment <sup>12-16</sup>, and in this context, atrial fibrillation of a rheumatic nature continues to be an extremely important clinical problem.</p>
      <p>In patients with mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation, surgical correction of valvular dysfunction does not usually result in a solution for arrhythmia, because the indices of recurrence are elevated, reaching up to 80% in 6 months <sup>17-20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Maze surgical technique, developed by Cox et al <sup>21,22</sup> more than 10 years ago, is still considered the reference method for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation <sup>23-26</sup>. However, the routine use of this surgery is limited to a few centers, due to its complexity. In addition, the impact of that technique on the dynamics of atrial contraction is still being discussed, because of the multiple incisions required <sup>27</sup>. Therefore, new surgical techniques have been proposed in recent years, ranging from the replacement of the classical "cut-and-sew" technique by simpler alternatives of ablation, such as radiofrequency, to the directing of the intervention to specific areas of the atrial myocardium considered critical for triggering or perpetuation of atrial fibrillation, or both <sup>20,28-35</sup>.</p>
      <p>The left atrium has been the target of the new interventions, more specifically, its posterior wall. Several studies have shown that, for controlling atrial fibrillation, the mere creation of lines by using the "cut-and-sew" technique or ablation by radiofrequency, contouring or uniting the ostia of the pulmonary veins, determines clinical results similar to those obtained with the Maze procedure <sup>20,28,29,32-35</sup>. However, it is worth considering that the surgical studies supporting this approach are studies of case series with no control group and usually have heterogeneous samples.</p>
      <p>This prospective randomized study with a control group aimed at determining the effectiveness and safety of surgical isolation of the left atrial posterior wall encompassing the ostia of the pulmonary veins for the treatment of atrial fibrillation of rheumatic etiology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A prospective randomized study was carried out in patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease, persistent atrial fibrillation, and also mitral valvular impairment indicating surgical treatment.</p>
      <p>All patients previously recruited were carefully instructed in regard to the characteristics and objectives of the study and signed a written informed consent. The Committee on Ethics and Research at our institution approved the study protocol.</p>
      <p>Based on the type of surgery adopted, the patients were randomly distributed into 2 groups according to a draw with sealed envelopes as follows: a) control group - correction of only the valvular dysfunction; b) treated group - correction of the valvular dysfunction and surgical isolation of the left atrial posterior wall encompassing the ostia of the pulmonary veins.</p>
      <p>All patients should have the following characteristics: persistent atrial fibrillation for at least 6 months prior to the study; age <underline>&lt;</underline> 60 years; and left atrial diameter determined on M-mode echocardiography <underline>&lt;</underline> 65mm. Aiming at limiting the potential participation of the right atrium in the occasional recurrences of atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period, factors that directly or indirectly could be implicated in the significant impairment of that chamber led to the patients' exclusion from the study. Patients with other diseases concomitant with rheumatic disease that could have atrial fibrillation as 1 form of manifestation were also excluded from the study. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="q1-body2">Chart 1</xref> shows the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study.</p>
      <fig id="q1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0203-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The surgeries were performed by the same surgeon using median sternotomy and extracorporeal circulation, and the patients were maintained under moderate systemic hypothermia (32&#176;C). The ascending aorta was clamped to interrupt coronary blood flow and cause cardiac arrest due to anoxia. Myocardial protection was provided through the injection of a hypothermal cardioplegic blood solution (4&#176;C) in an anterograde and intermittent manner every 20 minutes.</p>
      <p>The left atrium was approached through a right longitudinal lateral incision, beginning between the right pulmonary veins and the interatrial sulcus.</p>
      <p>In the previously randomized patients for isolation of the left atrial posterior wall, the left atrial auricle was sectioned and sutured at its base.</p>
      <p>Isolation of the left atrial posterior wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>) was performed prior to the surgical treatment of the mitral valve. After resecting the left atrial auricle, isolation was performed through extension of the left atrial incision, surrounding the ostia of the 4 pulmonary veins. Two other atrial incisions were performed as follows: 1 between the orifice of the left inferior pulmonary vein and the posterior margin of the mitral valve ring, and the other from the margin of the orifice of the left superior pulmonary vein to the base of the sectioned left atrial auricle. Then, the atrial incisions were continuously sutured.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0203-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After interrupting extracorporeal circulation, cardiac rhythm was assessed. Whenever atrial fibrillation was detected, electric defibrillation was performed.</p>
      <p>The postoperative follow-up was divided into 2 phases as follows: a) perioperative phase &#151; corresponding to the 10 days following surgery, or the entire period of hospitalization, should the latter be longer than 10 days; b) late phase &#151; corresponding to the period subsequent to the perioperative phase.</p>
      <p>Follow-up during hospitalization was carried out by a single observer using daily electrocardiography or cardiac monitoring with a portable device.</p>
      <p>The occurrence of atrial fibrillation in the perioperative phase was interpreted as resulting from factors directly linked to the surgical procedure. In these cases, oral therapy with amiodarone hydrochloride was instituted for 5 to 10 days at the dosage of 600 to 800 mg/day, and transthoracic electric defibrillation with direct current was performed. After effective defibrillation, the drug was maintained for 10 days at the dosage of 600 mg/day orally, or, should discharge happen after 10 days, until discharge from the hospital, after which, the drug was suspended. If atrial fibrillation occurred in the presence of significant postoperative complications, such as infections, conditions with bronchial hypersecretion, and renal or heart failure, amiodarone was administered and electric defibrillation was performed only after effective control of the clinical situation. The same management was adopted for the occurrence of other atrial tachycardias, such as flutter, in this postoperative phase.</p>
      <p>After discharge from the hospital, the patients were followed up monthly by the same observer with clinical and electrocardiographic assessment. Two-dimensional echocardiography with Doppler was performed after the second postoperative month in patients undergoing surgery for isolation of the left atrial posterior wall who maintained sinus rhythm, aiming mainly at assessing the impact of the surgery on the left atrial transport function. This was achieved by assessing the presence or absence of the A wave on the Doppler echocardiography of the mitral valve, which represents the presence of atrial systole.</p>
      <p>Due to safety reasons, all patients, independently of the group or type of surgery, received oral anticoagulation with warfarin aiming at maintaining the International Normalized Ratio (INR) between 2 and 3. In case of late recurrence of atrial fibrillation, amiodarone was used at the dosage of 600 mg/day for 14 to 21 days. In case spontaneous conversion to sinus rhythm did not occur, transthoracic electric defibrillation with direct current was used and amiodarone was continuously administered at the maintenance dosage of 200 mg/day. If defibrillation was ineffective, or if atrial fibrillation recurred after the effective procedure, regardless of the continuous use of the drug, the case was considered refractory, and the therapy was exclusively directed to heart rate control by use of digitalis and a beta-blocker or calcium channel blocker, or both.</p>
      <p>Over a period of 28 months (September 2000 to December 2002), 29 patients were recruited and operated on as follows: 15 underwent isolation of the left atrial posterior wall and valvular surgery (treated group), and 14 underwent valvular surgery exclusively (control group). Nineteen patients were females, 10 were males, and their ages ranged from 28 to 60 (median, 53; mean, 50 &#177; 9.75) years.</p>
      <p>All patients had significant mitral valve dysfunction as follows: 12 had stenosis; 7 had insufficiency; and 10 had the combined type. Fifteen patients had associated tricuspid or aortic valve impairment, or both. Tricuspid insufficiency was observed in 11 cases, aortic insufficiency in 3, and aortic stenosis in 2. Eleven (38%) patients had antecedents of surgical treatment of the mitral valve.</p>
      <p>Persistence of atrial fibrillation ranged from 6 to 84 (median, 19; mean, 28.46 &#177; 24.38) months.</p>
      <p>Considering the entire sample, the left atrial diameter ranged from 45 to 63 (median, 55 mm; mean, 55.55 &#177; 4.8) mm. The left ventricular diastolic diameter ranged from 42 to 72 (median, 52 mm; mean, 54 &#177; 8.1) mm, and left ventricular ejection fraction ranged from 42% to 77% (median, 70%; mean, 67.24 &#177; 9.6%). The systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery ranged from 25 to 60 (median, 39 mmHg; mean, 40.72 &#177; 10.57) mmHg.</p>
      <p>The classificatory variables were organized in contingency tables containing absolute (n) and relative (%) values. The association of these variables and the groups was performed using the chi-square or Fisher exact test. The quantitative variables are descriptively presented in tables containing means and standard deviations. The distribution in the groups was compared using the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum test. Curves with the perioperative and late atrial fibrillation events were constructed according to the Kaplan-Meier method. The event-free curves were compared by using the log-rank test. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The major characteristics of the patients in both groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table I</xref>. The control and treated groups were similar in regard to the major variables considered.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0203-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Twenty patients underwent mitral valve replacement with a biological prosthesis (9 in the control group and 11 in the treated group) and 8 patients with a mechanical prosthesis (5 in the control group and 3 in the treated group). No statistically significant differences were observed in the proportions of biological and mechanical prostheses implanted in both groups (P=0.6776). One female patient in the treated group underwent mitral commissurotomy. Tricuspid valvuloplasty was performed in 7 patients, 4 in the control group and 3 in the treated group (P=0.6817). Aortic valve replacement was performed in 5 patients. No significant surgical complications occurred in the patients of the 2 groups studied.</p>
      <p>The time of extracorporeal circulation in the patients in the treated group ranged from 60 to 124 (mean of 106 &#177; 17.3) minutes, which was longer (P=0.0035) than that observed in control group patients, which ranged from 35 to 120 (mean, 78.2 &#177; 24.4) minutes.</p>
      <p>On admission to the postoperative recovery unit, 28 (96.6%) patients had a nonfibrillation rhythm, 24 (82.8%) of whom had sinus rhythm and 4 (13.8%) had junctional rhythm due to sinus bradycardia. Atrial fibrillation was observed in only 1 (3.5%) patient of the control group.</p>
      <p>In control group patients, the intensive care unit length of stay (ICULOS) ranged from 37 to 182 hours (mean, 62.9 &#177; 42.5 h), which did not statistically differ (P=0.7182) from the ICULOS observed in the treated group, which ranged from 37 to 288 hours (mean, 66.3 &#177; 70.6 h).</p>
      <p>The hospital length of stay (HLOS) in control group patients ranged from 7 to 92 (mean of 23 &#177; 24.2) days, which also did not statistically differ from (P=0.8356) the HLOS in treated group patients, which ranged from 7 to 42 (mean of 17.8 &#177; 10.2) days.</p>
      <p>During hospitalization, significant clinical events occurred in 6 (42.8%) control group patients and in 4 (26.7%) treated group patients. Considering the control group, 4 patients developed hemopericardium, which was conservatively and successfully treated. One patient evolved with important sinus bradycardia and required definitive pacemaker implantation. One patient developed fever of an unknown origin and evolved favorably with conservative management. One of the patients who developed hemopericardium had infectious endocarditis in the mitral bioprosthesis and required reoperation. In the postoperative period, the patient had low output, pneumonia, and bronchial hypersecretion, but recovered gradually and satisfactorily, remaining hospitalized for 92 days.</p>
      <p>In the treated group, 1 patient had sternal bleeding and required surgical revision, which was successful; a female patient had asystolic cardiac arrest of an unknown origin on the first postoperative day, was successfully resuscitated, and evolved favorably with no sequelae. Another female patient died suddenly on the second postoperative day due to cardiac tamponade. An autopsy was performed, and a perforation was detected in the anterobasal region of the left ventricle, approximately 2cm below the plane of the mitral valve. Abnormalities were detected neither in the mitral bioprosthesis nor in the isolated area of the left atrial posterior wall. Another female patient evolved with fever of unknown origin, and, on the 19th postoperative day, she experienced an episode of ischemic stroke, possibly embolic. Infectious endocarditis was not confirmed on serial blood cultures, and conclusive alterations that could justify the event were not identified on transesophageal echocardiography. The patient evolved satisfactorily, being discharged from the hospital with minimum motor sequelae.</p>
      <p>The statistical comparison of the incidence of complications in both groups showed no significant difference (P=0.4497).</p>
      <p>Persistent atrial fibrillation occurred in 15 (53.6%) of 28 patients in the perioperative period (1 female patient was excluded because she died), 11 of whom were in the control group and 4 of whom were in the treated group. The moment of arrhythmia onset ranged from 0 to 13 days after surgery, and, in 13 of the 15 (86.6%) patients, arrhythmia began in the first 5 days (mean day of occurrence, 3.5&#177;3.5; median, third day). In comparison with the control group, the incidence of atrial fibrillation was significantly lower in the patients undergoing isolation of the left atrial posterior wall. The cumulative frequencies of patients free from atrial fibrillation in this phase of the study in the control and treated groups were, respectively, as follows: 0.78 <italic>vs</italic> 0.92 on the first day; 0.35 <italic>vs</italic> 0.85 on the third day; 0.28 <italic>vs</italic> 0.78 on the fifth day; 0.21 <italic>vs</italic> 0.78 on the 10th day; and 0.21 <italic>vs</italic> 0.67 on the 15th day (P=0.0035) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0203-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Of the 11 cases of atrial fibrillation recurrence in the control group, electric defibrillation with direct transthoracic current was performed in 10, with conversion to sinus rhythm in all. One female patient, however, had recurrence 3 days after the procedure. In another patient the best choice was the performance of defibrillation after hospital discharge due to mediastinal bleeding; at that moment the anticoagulant therapy was contraindicated.</p>
      <p>In the 4 patients with atrial fibrillation in the treated group, spontaneous conversion to sinus rhythm without antiarrhythmic drugs occurred in 1 case and pharmacological conversion with amiodarone occurred in another. In the other 2 patients, electric defibrillation with direct transthoracic current was performed, being successful in both.</p>
      <p>Eight (28.6%) patients developed atrial flutter in the postoperative phase as follows: 1 in the control group and 7 in the treated group. On electrocardiographic analysis, the 7 cases in the treated group were considered atypical. The control group patient was treated with transthoracic external electric cardioversion, and it did not recur later. Of the 7 patients in the treated group, 4 had pharmacological conversion to sinus rhythm with amiodarone and 3 required electric cardioversion. One patient undergoing electric cardioversion developed recurrence after 3 days, being discharged from the hospital with a flutter.</p>
      <p>Twenty-eight patients were discharged from the hospital, 25 (89.3%) of whom had sinus rhythm, 2 in the control group had atrial fibrillation, and 1 in the treated group had atrial flutter.</p>
      <p>Twenty-seven patients, 13 in the control group and 14 in the treated group were regularly followed up. The patient who had atrial fibrillation recurrence at the perioperative phase who had not undergone electric defibrillation, was excluded from the study due to lost of contact.</p>
      <p>Except for 4 cases, late clinical follow-up of patients was initiated in the absence of antiarrhythmic drugs, because their use was not necessary in the perioperative phase (8 patients) or their use was interrupted, according to the protocol established (15 patients). The patient in the treated group discharged from the hospital with atrial flutter had pharmacological reversion of the arrhythmia with amiodarone, and the drug was suspended from the 49th postoperative day onward. Two patients, 1 in the control group and another in the treated group, were discharged from the hospital with sinus rhythm and using amiodarone, which was introduced due to atrial fibrillation, which occurred in the perioperative phase and was reverted with electric defibrillation. During the first visit after discharge, the occasion on which the drug would be suspended, both patients had persistent atrial fibrillation, despite the regular use of the drug. One female patient already cited was discharged from the hospital with atrial fibrillation due to recurrence of the arrhythmia after effective electric defibrillation; amiodarone was maintained aiming at performing another electric defibrillation procedure later.</p>
      <p>Follow-up of the control group patients ranged from 4 to 25 (mean, 11.5 &#177; 7.3) months, and that of the treated group patients ranged from 3 to 26 (mean, 10.3 &#177; 7.2) months (P = 0.5595).</p>
      <p>Ten patients had recurrence of atrial fibrillation during follow-up, 7 from the control group and 3 from the treated group.</p>
      <p>Of the 7 control group patients with recurrence of atrial fibrillation, 5 experienced arrhythmia in the first month of follow-up and 2 had it after the sixth month. Therapy with amiodarone was used in these 7 patients, aiming at performing secondary electric defibrillation. In 1 female patient, pharmacological conversion to sinus rhythm was obtained, but persistent atrial fibrillation recurred on the day following conversion. Five patients underwent electric defibrillation, which was effective with recurrence of arrhythmia in the first week in 3 patients, and effective with maintenance of stable sinus rhythm in 2 patients. Another patient developed recurrence of atrial fibrillation in the sixth postoperative month; pharmacological therapy with amiodarone was then instituted, but before electric defibrillation was performed, the patient experienced a hemorrhagic stroke and died.</p>
      <p>In addition to these 7 cases with recurrence of atrial fibrillation, there is that female patient, who was discharged from the hospital with atrial fibrillation. The transthoracic external defibrillation procedure, repeated in this phase, was ineffective. Thus, of the 8 control group patients who evolved with atrial fibrillation in the late phase, 5 were refractory to the therapeutic strategy adopted.</p>
      <p>In regard to the treated group, the arrhythmia recurred in 3 patients in the first month. Pharmacological therapy with amiodarone and external electric defibrillation were used in the 3 cases. Defibrillation was ineffective in 2 patients, and, although conversion to sinus rhythm was obtained, fibrillation recurred approximately 6 hours after defibrillation in 1 patient. Thus, the 3 cases of atrial fibrillation recurrence in the treated group were refractory to therapy with amiodarone and transthoracic electric defibrillation.</p>
      <p>The cumulative frequencies of patients free from atrial fibrillation in the control and treated groups were, respectively, 0.53 <italic>vs</italic> 0.78 at 1 month, 0.53 <italic>vs</italic> 0.78 at 3 months, 0.44 <italic>vs</italic> 0.78 at 6 months, 0.35 <italic>vs</italic> 0.78 at 9 months, and 0.35 <italic>vs</italic> 0.78 at 12 months (P=0.043) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0203-00004-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Six patients developed atrial flutter during follow-up, 1 in the control group and 5 in the treated group. The time elapsed between surgery and the first manifestation of arrhythmia ranged from 1 to 6 (mean of 2.5) months. The only case of flutter in the control group was an atypical and persistent flutter. External cardioversion with direct current was performed, but the arrhythmia recurred 3 days after the procedure, despite the use of amiodarone. This patient maintained incessant flutter with satisfactory ventricular response, using a beta-blocker (carvedilol), and refused catheter ablation therapy. Of the cases of flutter in the treated group, 1 patient had persistent counterclockwise typical atrial flutter. Percutaneous ablation with radiofrequency of the cavo-tricuspid isthmus was successfully performed, and the patient evolved without recurrences in the absence of antiarrhythmic drug use during a 12.5-month follow-up. Three patients developed atypical paroxysmal atrial flutter, which was self-limited, well tolerated, and had few crises, not requiring antiarrhythmic therapy, except for a beta-blocker (atenolol), aiming at reducing the ventricular response in occasional episodes. In 1 of these cases, however, in the ninth postoperative month, the arrhythmia acquired a persistent character with important symptomatology and was successfully controlled with amiodarone. One female patient had atypical persistent atrial flutter on the 30th postoperative day with elevated ventricular response, which required external cardioversion with direct current. This patient was maintained with propafenone and had no recurrences. It is worth noting that the 4 cases of atypical atrial flutter documented in the treated group were patients who had atypical atrial flutter in the perioperative period.</p>
      <p>The relevant atrial arrhythmic events occurring in the late follow-up phase in the control and treated groups were compared, considering atrial fibrillation and flutter. The 2 patients who evolved with paroxysmal atrial flutter during the entire follow-up were not included in this assessment, due to the fact that the tachycardias were not clinically important, because of their self-limited character and lack of need for using specific antiarrhythmic therapy. Nine events were identified among the 13 control group patients, and 6 events were identified among the 14 treated group patients, but no significant statistical difference was observed in the groups (P=0.1650) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0203-00004-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Two-dimensional echocardiography with Doppler was performed in 11 treated group patients after the second postoperative month, directed to evaluation of the left atrial transport function. The presence of atrial systole, determined by the presence of A wave on Doppler echocardiography of the mitral valve, was shown in 10 patients. This evaluation was impossible in 1 case due to the presence of aortic insufficiency, whose regurgitation jet was directed to the mitral prosthesis.</p>
      <p>Relevant clinical events occurred in 2 patients during long-term follow-up. One patient in the control group with a mechanical prosthesis in the mitral position had a hemorrhagic stroke in the sixth postoperative month and died. One female patient in the treated group with a bioprosthesis in the mitral position had 2 episodes of ischemic stroke in the second and third postoperative months, apparently thromboembolic, but she maintained stable sinus rhythm during the entire follow-up and used anticoagulation with warfarin, which, however, was inadequate on the occasion of the event (INR 1.4). The transesophageal echocardiogram showed the presence of pediculate and mobile images compatible with thrombi in the atrial face of the mitral prosthesis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The surgical approach exclusive to the left atrium has been used for recent years as an advantageous alternative to the Maze procedure for treating atrial fibrillation, because of its apparent efficacy with greater technical simplicity and smaller damage to atrial muscle. Different surgical techniques have been proposed, and the common point to them all is the focus of the interventions on the posterior wall of the chamber, more specifically on the region where the pulmonary veins merge <sup>20,28,29,32-35</sup>. Despite the several reports of good results in controlling the arrhythmia, obtainment of clear conclusions about the effectiveness of these new forms of surgical treatment for atrial fibrillation based on the analysis of these results have not been possible. As already mentioned, these studies are limited to reporting experiences of case series, with a great diversity of surgical techniques and a striking heterogeneity of sample characteristics.</p>
      <p>The present study was carried out to assess the efficacy of the surgical isolation of the left atrial posterior wall involving the ostia of the pulmonary veins for treating atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatic mitral valvular disease. Four methodological peculiarities were important in designing the study, distinguishing our study from most studies about the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation published so far: 1) ours is a prospective, randomized study with a control group; 2) only patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease were included in the study; 3) we sought uniformity in the sample in regard to several important characteristics, such as age and left atrial diameter, trying to exclude the association with other conditions that could potentially interfere with pathophysiological elements distinct from those in rheumatic disease, in occasional recurrences of atrial fibrillation; 4) the study was designed for comparing 2 surgical approaches in the absence of the interference of antiarrhythmic drugs. In fact, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table I</xref>, the similarity of the characteristics of the patients in the control and treated groups is notable.</p>
      <p>One of the major problems in assessing the effectiveness of a surgical technique for treating atrial fibrillation when used in association with the surgical treatment of a valvular disease is the difficulty in establishing whether the results obtained were consequent to the procedure directed at the treatment of arrhythmia, or simply a consequence of correcting the valvular dysfunction. In the present study, the inclusion of a control group allowed establishing that the isolation of the left atrial posterior wall encompassing the ostia of the pulmonary veins, used concomitantly with the valvular surgical treatment in patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease, is a safe and effective procedure for treating atrial fibrillation, leading to a reduction in the incidence of recurrence of the arrhythmia, both in the perioperative and late phases.</p>
      <p>Although the presence of important tricuspid insufficiency was one of the exclusion criteria in the study, a significant number of patients underwent tricuspid valvuloplasty. In the clinical, echocardiographic and hemodynamic assessment performed prior to inclusion in the study, no evidence of significant tricuspid insufficiency was detected. However, in some cases, the surgeon decided to perform tricuspid valve exploration, and when, through direct visualization, the dysfunction was considered important, valvuloplasty was performed. As already shown, the incidence of tricuspid insufficiency, as well as the proportions of the tricuspid valvuloplasties performed, did not significantly differ between the 2 groups.</p>
      <p>The surgical technique used was similar to that used by Sueda et al <sup>20</sup> and Kalil et al <sup>35</sup>. The choice of the "cut-and-sew" technique was based on the objective to promote effective transmural lesions, which are not guaranteed with the use of other therapeutic modalities, such as radiofrequency. The addition of the surgery for arrhythmia caused an increase of approximately 28 minutes in the time of extracorporeal circulation. This increase in time, as well as the surgery itself, did not cause an increase in the incidence of trans- or perioperative complications. Yet, the surgery apparently did not cause significant damage to the transport function of the left atrium, because the presence of effective atrial systole, characterized by the presence of A wave on Doppler echocardiography of the mitral valve, was observed in all patients in whom its assessment through that method was possible.</p>
      <p>The incidence of atrial flutter, both in the perioperative follow-up phase and in the late phase, was elevated in patients undergoing surgical isolation of the left atrial posterior wall. Its incidence in both groups studied could not be compared, because this assessment would be biased, considering the great proportion of individuals in the control group who evolved with atrial fibrillation. However, it is reasonable to infer the existence of a greater probability of occurrence of incisional atrial flutter in patients undergoing surgery for arrhythmia, obviously due to characteristics of the intervention. Occasional discontinuities in the isolation line may have created substrates for reentry phenomena. The use of the "cut-and-sew" technique may have played a relevant role in the creation of discontinuities, because the healing process with recovery of conduction in effectively isolated areas has been reported <sup>36-38</sup>. It is worth noting that, due to the surgical technique used, a union incision between the isolated area and the mitral ring may not have avoided the formation of a conduction isthmus in this region, because no complementation of the lesion through electrocauterization or cryoablation was used, according to the techniques proposed by some authors <sup>20,35</sup>. The presence of residual conduction through remaining muscle fibers may have created a propitiating medium for the occurrence of reentry of the electric impulse.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, it is worth emphasizing that these statements are only conjectures. An elevated incidence of atypical atrial flutter has also been reported in other studies <sup>28,32,33</sup> about treatment of atrial fibrillation for approaching the left atrial posterior wall. The correlation of arrhythmogenic substrates and the area of intervention and the mechanisms of these tachycardias have not been well established. Studies designed for their electrophysiological investigation are required and may eventually cause modifications in the surgical techniques adopted.</p>
      <p>The sample size was small, which hindered a comparison of the rates of occurrence of atrial flutter between the groups.</p>
      <p>A controversial point in designing this study was how the occurrence of atrial fibrillation in the perioperative and late phases was defined. In general, atrial fibrillation was considered perioperative when occurring in the first 10 days subsequent to surgery, or during the period of hospitalization, when longer than 10 days. Atrial fibrillation was considered late, when occurring after the tenth postoperative day, or after hospital discharge. Some studies <sup>22,39</sup> have postulated that the process of surgical recovery may be prolonged and recurrence of atrial fibrillation up to 3 months after surgery may yet be related to operative factors or the process of atrial electrical remodeling, or both. In fact, in the present study, of the 11 patients with atrial fibrillation, 9 had recurrence in the first month after surgery. However, it is worth emphasizing that this was a prospective, randomized study in which follow-up, assessment, and management were similar in both groups. Thus, the time until recurrence of arrhythmia does not contradict the results obtained. Yet, of the 9 patients with recurrence of atrial fibrillation within the first month, 8 were refractory to the strategy of pharmacological therapy with amiodarone combined with transthoracic electric defibrillation. In only 1 patient was reversion of the arrhythmia obtained, with maintenance of stable sinus rhythm, suggesting that almost all these patients actually had irreversible findings.</p>
      <p>The primary objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of isolation of the left atrial posterior wall encompassing the ostia of the pulmonary veins for reducing the indices of late recurrence of atrial fibrillation. In this regard, the benefit of the treatment was evident, which makes it an effective and recommendable therapeutic option. However, when clinically relevant atrial tachycardias were considered (including atrial fibrillation and flutter) and their occurrence was assessed, no significant differences in the incidence were identified between the 2 groups studied. The frequent manifestation of atrial flutter in the treated group patients was the determinant factor of this finding. And considering the hypothesis that the left atrial incisions were the cause, the benefits of the treatment could not be clearly defined in a perspective of global clinical advantages. The size of the sample studied may have contributed to this type of result. On the other hand, it is worth noting that atrial flutter is a tachycardia depending on a well-defined substrate, even when depending on a scar, which may be eliminated by use of catheter ablation <sup>40-42</sup>, a characteristic that provides a clinical significance different from that related to atrial fibrillation associated with structural heart disease.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, in patients with rheumatic mitral valvular disease and persistent atrial fibrillation, isolation of the left atrial posterior wall involving the ostia of pulmonary veins and used in addition to the surgical valvular treatment reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation recurrence, both in the perioperative period and late phase of postoperative follow-up.</p>
      <p>The surgical technique of isolation of the left atrial posterior wall used in this study in association with surgical correction of valvular dysfunction increased neither surgical morbidity nor mortality, proving to be a safe procedure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Jos&#233; Tarc&#237;sio Medeiros de Vasconcelos</p>
          <p> Rua do Para&#237;so, 719/31 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
          <p> Brazil - Cep 04103-001</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="josetmv@cardiol.br">josetmv@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 4/15/03</p>
      <p>Accepted for publication: 2/18/04</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
