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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">35hFTWS9sZd8pkR5Vz6VjVf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001500003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001500003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em pacientes com suspeita diagn&#243;stica de endocardite infecciosa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pomerantzeff</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo M. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; L. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>191</fpage>
      <lpage>196</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em pacientes com suspeita diagn&#243;stica de endocardite infecciosa. M&#201;TODOS: Foram submetidos &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transtor&#225;cica e transesof&#225;gica 262 pacientes com suspeita diagn&#243;stica de endocardite infecciosa. Analisadas imagens de vegeta&#231;&#245;es, abscessos valvares e insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica aguda e avaliada a correla&#231;&#227;o com dados cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais, categoria diagn&#243;stica e a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. RESULTADOS: O diagn&#243;stico de endocardite foi categorizado como definido em 127 (47,8%) epis&#243;dios, poss&#237;vel em 81 (30,4%) e rejeitado em 58 (21,8%). Nos pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico definido, foram identificadas 135 imagens de vegeta&#231;&#245;es, 37 de abscesso e 6 de insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica. Vegeta&#231;&#245;es foram mais freq&#252;entes em pacientes com endocardite por estreptococos do grupo viridans e enterococos (p=0,02) e com dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas &lt; 10 dias (p= 0,001); abscesso mais freq&#252;ente em pacientes com dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas &lt; 10 dias (p= 0,001) e insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica associada &#224; maior necessidade de tratamento cir&#250;rgico (p=0,001). Nos pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico poss&#237;vel de endocardite, foram identificadas 8 imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas consideradas compat&#237;veis com vegeta&#231;&#245;es e, nos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de endocardite rejeitado, n&#227;o foram demonstradas vegeta&#231;&#245;es, abscessos valvares e insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nossos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos variaram de acordo com a categoria diagn&#243;stica. A contribui&#231;&#227;o tanto para o diagn&#243;stico quanto para a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste do diagn&#243;stico de endocardite infecciosa.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Endocardite infecciosa</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiograma</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em pacientes com suspeita diagn&#243;stica de endocardite infecciosa</p>
    <p>Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira; Max Grinberg; Pablo M. A. Pomerantzeff; Jos&#233; L. de Andrade; Alfredo J. Mansur </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em pacientes com suspeita diagn&#243;stica de endocardite infecciosa. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram submetidos &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transtor&#225;cica e transesof&#225;gica 262 pacientes com suspeita diagn&#243;stica de endocardite infecciosa. Analisadas imagens de vegeta&#231;&#245;es, abscessos valvares e insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica aguda e avaliada a correla&#231;&#227;o com dados cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais, categoria diagn&#243;stica e a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. </p>
    <p> RESULTADOS: O diagn&#243;stico de endocardite foi categorizado como definido em 127 (47,8%) epis&#243;dios, poss&#237;vel em 81 (30,4%) e rejeitado em 58 (21,8%). Nos pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico definido, foram identificadas 135 imagens de vegeta&#231;&#245;es, 37 de abscesso e 6 de insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica. Vegeta&#231;&#245;es foram mais freq&#252;entes em pacientes com endocardite por estreptococos do grupo viridans e enterococos (p=0,02) e com dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas &lt; 10 dias (p= 0,001); abscesso mais freq&#252;ente em pacientes com dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas &lt; 10 dias (p= 0,001) e insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica associada &#224; maior necessidade de tratamento cir&#250;rgico (p=0,001). Nos pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico poss&#237;vel de endocardite, foram identificadas 8 imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas consideradas compat&#237;veis com vegeta&#231;&#245;es e, nos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de endocardite rejeitado, n&#227;o foram demonstradas vegeta&#231;&#245;es, abscessos valvares e insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Nossos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos variaram de acordo com a categoria diagn&#243;stica. A contribui&#231;&#227;o tanto para o diagn&#243;stico quanto para a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste do diagn&#243;stico de endocardite infecciosa.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Endocardite infecciosa, ecocardiograma</p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia contribuiu para o manuseio diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico de doentes com suspeita diagn&#243;stica de endocardite infecciosa, tanto pela t&#233;cnica transtor&#225;cica<sup>1</sup>, quanto pela t&#233;cnica transesof&#225;gica<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar do progresso verificado, situa&#231;&#245;es de dificuldade diagn&#243;stica de endocardite infecciosa ocorrem, como por exemplo, nos portadores de doen&#231;a aguda, de infec&#231;&#227;o em pr&#243;teses valvares card&#237;acas<sup>3,4</sup>, de infec&#231;&#227;o em pr&#243;tese no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato<sup>5,6</sup>, em portadores de marcapasso card&#237;aco artificial<sup>7,8</sup>, em pacientes que receberam terap&#234;utica antimicrobiana pr&#233;via ou aqueles nos quais as hemoculturas foram negativas<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos diferentes estudos recentes sobre o emprego do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico em pacientes com suspeita diagn&#243;stica de endocardite infecciosa publicados na literatura, observamos casu&#237;sticas entre 23 e 180 pacientes, com o emprego de transdutores biplanares ou parte da casu&#237;stica estudada com sondas multiplanares<sup>11-15</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o incluiram a categoriza&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Assim, planejamos o presente estudo com a finalidade de avaliar os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, tanto pela t&#233;cnica transtor&#225;cica quanto pela t&#233;cnica transesof&#225;gica multiplanar, em casu&#237;stica mais numerosa de pacientes com suspeita diagn&#243;stica de endocardite infecciosa, classificados segundo categorias de diagn&#243;stico, e que tamb&#233;m incluem situa&#231;&#245;es de maior dificuldade diagn&#243;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados, prospectivamente, 262 pacientes em 266 epis&#243;dios de doen&#231;a, nos quais o diagn&#243;stico diferencial incluiu a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de endocardite infecciosa. A idade dos pacientes variou de 10 a 85 anos (m&#233;dia 47,6; desvio padr&#227;o 17,9), 139 (52,2%) epis&#243;dios ocorreram em homens, 127 (47,8%) em mulheres.</p>
    <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi feita pelo m&#233;dico cl&#237;nico respons&#225;vel pelo paciente. Os pacientes estudados foram submetidos, inicialmente, ao estudo transtor&#225;cico e, por ocasi&#227;o da investiga&#231;&#227;o transesof&#225;gica, o exame foi precedido de novo estudo transtor&#225;cico. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a investiga&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transtor&#225;cica e transesof&#225;gica.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de endocardite infecciosa foi feito com base no quadro cl&#237;nico (febre, cardiopatia predisponente, uso il&#237;cito de drogas intravenosas, sopro card&#237;aco, fen&#244;menos vasculares ou imunol&#243;gicos), identifica&#231;&#227;o do agente etiol&#243;gico em pelo menos duas hemoculturas, identifica&#231;&#227;o do acometimento endoc&#225;rdico pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico ou transesof&#225;gico e evid&#234;ncia histol&#243;gica de endocardite infecciosa nos achados cir&#250;rgicos ou de necr&#243;psia. O diagn&#243;stico da endocardite infecciosa obedeceu &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es dos crit&#233;rios previamente publicados<sup>1</sup>, sendo este categorizado em definido, poss&#237;vel e rejeitado.</p>
    <p>Os exames foram realizados segundo a rotina do Servi&#231;o, e de acordo com t&#233;cnicas previamente recomendadas<sup>16,17</sup>. Para o exame transesof&#225;gico n&#227;o foi administrada profilaxia antibi&#243;tica<sup>17</sup>. O exame transesof&#225;gico foi feito sob monitora&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e oxim&#233;trica. O tempo m&#233;dio de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame transesof&#225;gico foi 28,2 minutos (desvio padr&#227;o 6,4 minutos).</p>
    <p>Os exames foram realizados em aparelhos <italic>Advanced Thecnology Laboratory</italic>, modelos Apogee CX 200, HDI 3000 e HDI 5000, Bothell, Washington, (EUA). Os exames transesof&#225;gicos foram realizados com transdutores multiplanares. Os exames transtor&#225;cicos que precederam aos exames transesof&#225;gicos, e os exames transesof&#225;gicos, foram registrados em v&#237;deo VHS.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos exames foi feita pelo m&#233;dico que os realizou, e depois por um segundo pesquisador, sem pr&#233;vio conhecimento do diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico. A concord&#226;ncia entre os diferentes observadores, na an&#225;lise dos exames transesof&#225;gicos, foi superior a 95% para a presen&#231;a de imagens definidas como vegeta&#231;&#245;es, abscessos e insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica aguda (deisc&#234;ncia de pr&#243;tese valvar card&#237;aca). Quando ocorreu diverg&#234;ncia na identifica&#231;&#227;o das imagens foi realizada a an&#225;lise por um terceiro observador.</p>
    <p>Os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram diagnosticados segundo crit&#233;rios previamente publicados<sup>18-20</sup>.</p>
    <p>As imagens obtidas nos exames transtor&#225;cicos foram categorizadas quanto &#224; qualidade, tomando como crit&#233;rio a identifica&#231;&#227;o do endoc&#225;rdio e das estruturas valvares em: a) adequada; b) regular; c) inadequada<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram examinadas as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas das vegeta&#231;&#245;es: a) localiza&#231;&#227;o na estrutura card&#237;aca; b) dimens&#227;o em seu maior di&#226;metro (at&#233; 5 mm, de 6 a 10 mm, &gt; 10 mm); c) refring&#234;ncia <underline>&gt;</underline> &#224; do endoc&#225;rdio (com o ganho do equipamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico em valores m&#237;nimos capazes de identifica&#231;&#227;o da imagem definida como vegeta&#231;&#227;o); d) mobilidade (firmemente aderida &#224; estrutura sobre a qual se assenta; base fixa com borda livre m&#243;vel; prolapsante).</p>
    <p>Foram estudados: a) aspectos demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos (idade, sexo, tempo entre in&#237;cio dos sintomas e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, uso pr&#233;vio de antimicrobianos, categoriza&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da endocardite, agentes etiol&#243;gicos, cardiopatia, tratamento, evolu&#231;&#227;o); b) achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (vegeta&#231;&#227;o, abscesso perivalvar; insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica; f&#237;stula entre c&#226;maras card&#237;acas; trombo; derrame peric&#225;rdico).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise descritiva das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi feita pelos valores m&#237;nimo, m&#225;ximo, m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, e das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas pelas freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. A an&#225;lise comparativa foi realizada com o emprego do teste qui-quadrado ou do teste exato de Fisher. Os dados foram processados com o sistema de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica do <italic>SAS Institute</italic>, Cary, Carolina do Norte, EUA. Valores de p&lt; 0,05 foram considerados significantes.</p>
    <p>O projeto foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, incluindo os dados laboratoriais, complica&#231;&#245;es e evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela I</xref>. A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada caracterizou-se por predom&#237;nio de portadores de pr&#243;teses valvares card&#237;acas, com o tempo do in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &lt; 10 dias e, em mais da metade dos pacientes, houve a necessidade de tratamento cir&#250;gico durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0191-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico foi categorizado em definido em 127 (47,8%) epis&#243;dios - 112 (88,2%) por crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e 15 (11,8%) por crit&#233;rios anatomopatol&#243;gicos; em poss&#237;vel em 81 epis&#243;dios (30,4%) e em rejeitado em 58 (21,8%) epis&#243;dios.</p>
    <p>Os agentes microbiol&#243;gicos identificados nos 127 epis&#243;dios com o diagn&#243;stico definido de endocardite infecciosa foram: <italic>estafilococos</italic> coagulase-negativo em 26 (20,5%); <italic>estafilococos aureus</italic> em 21 (16,5%); <italic>estreptococos</italic> do grupo <italic>viridans</italic> em 20 (15,7%); <italic>estreptococos</italic> n&#227;o pertencentes ao grupo <italic>viridans</italic> em 6 (4,7%); bact&#233;rias gram-negativas em 10 (7,9 %); <italic>enterococos faecalis</italic> em 5 (3,9%); fungos em 3 (2,4%); associa&#231;&#227;o de 2 agentes infecciosos em 3 (2,4%) epis&#243;dios. N&#227;o foram identificados agentes infecciosos em hemoculturas em 33 (26%) epis&#243;dios, sendo que, em 22 pacientes com 33 epis&#243;dios, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a identifica&#231;&#227;o do agente etiol&#243;gico, pois apresentavam pr&#243;teses valvares card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>As imagens dos exames transtor&#225;cicos que precederam aos exames transesof&#225;gicos foram consideradas de qualidade adequada em 256 (77,6%) de 330 exames, regular em 52 (15,7%) e inadequada em 22 (6,7%) exames.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico definido de endocardite, foram identificadas 135 imagens de vegeta&#231;&#245;es. Pela an&#225;lise transtor&#225;cica foram identificadas imagens de vegeta&#231;&#245;es em 61 (48%) dos 127 casos de diagn&#243;stico definido como endocardite infecciosa e, em 112 (88,2%) casos, pela an&#225;lise transesof&#225;gica. Portanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de vegeta&#231;&#245;es pela an&#225;lise transtor&#225;cica foi de 61 (54,4%) em 112 casos, onde houve identifica&#231;&#227;o pelo exame transesof&#225;gico.</p>
    <p>As imagens de vegeta&#231;&#245;es foram identificadas em pr&#243;tese valvar mitral em 46 (36,1%) de 127 epis&#243;dios, em pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica em 33 (26%) epis&#243;dios, em pr&#243;tese pulmonar em 1 (0,8%), em valva mitral nativa em 15 (11,8%), em valva a&#243;rtica nativa em 9 (7,1%), em valva tric&#250;spide em 2 (1,6%), em valva pulmonar nativa em 1 (0,8%), em valva mitral e em valva a&#243;rtica em 15 (11,8%), na extens&#227;o de marcapasso card&#237;aco artificial em 3 (2,4 %), e em endoc&#225;rdio ventricular em 2 (1,6%) epis&#243;dios.</p>
    <p>As dimens&#245;es das imagens identificadas como vegeta&#231;&#245;es foram &lt; 5 mm em 24 de 135 (17,8%), entre 6 e 10 mm em 78 (57,8%) e &gt; 10 mm em 33 (24,4%). A refring&#234;ncia das imagens de vegeta&#231;&#245;es foi igual a do endoc&#225;rdio em 132 (97,8%) imagens e maior do que a do endoc&#225;rdio em 3 (2,2%). As imagens de vegeta&#231;&#245;es apresentaram base fixa com borda livre m&#243;vel em 45 (33,3%) caracteriza&#231;&#245;es, e estruturas prolapsantes em 90 (66,7%) imagens.</p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de vegeta&#231;&#245;es diferiu com as diferentes etiologias (mais freq&#252;ente para os <italic>estreptococos</italic> do grupo <italic>viridans</italic> e <italic>enterococos</italic>) (p=0,02).</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de vegeta&#231;&#245;es foi mais freq&#252;ente com os diferentes tempos de in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (mais freq&#252;ente para o tempo do in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o at&#233; 10 dias) (p= 0,001).</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico poss&#237;vel para endocardite, foram identificadas imagens analisadas como vegeta&#231;&#245;es pela ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica em 8 (9,8%) de 81 epis&#243;dios, e em 2 (2,5%) com o emprego do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. Destes 8 casos, todos apresentavam culturas sang&#252;&#237;neas negativas, 5 receberam antibioticoterapia por curto prazo de tempo (inferior a 14 dias), com remiss&#227;o do quadro, com manuten&#231;&#227;o das imagens em exame transesof&#225;gico posterior, e receberam alta hospitalar, com seguimento cl&#237;nico por pelo menos 6 meses, sem terem apresentado novo quadro suspeito de endocardite infecciosa. Dos 8 pacientes com imagem considerada como vegeta&#231;&#227;o, 3 foram submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico, n&#227;o tendo sido encontrado material macrosc&#243;pico ou histol&#243;gico compat&#237;vel com vegeta&#231;&#245;es, tendo sido as imagens visibilizadas ao ecocardiograma caracterizadas como fio de sutura cir&#250;rgica. Dos 8 casos, 7 apresentavam pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica (5 em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, 2 em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica). Um caso apresentava imagem em valva a&#243;rtica nativa. Todos os 8 n&#227;o apresentavam hist&#243;ria pregressa de epis&#243;dio de endocardite infecciosa.</p>
    <p>Nos epis&#243;dios com o diagn&#243;stico rejeitado para endocardite n&#227;o houve identifica&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de imagens de vegeta&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico definido de endocardite infecciosa ocorreram 357 complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do quadro infeccioso: insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda em 67 epis&#243;dios, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva em 52, abscesso valvar card&#237;aco em 31, acidente vascular cerebral em 29, embolia perif&#233;rica em 21, bloqueio &#225;trioventricular total em 13, embolia cerebral em 7, aneurisma mic&#243;tico em 7, embolia pulmonar em 3 e outras complica&#231;&#245;es em 127. Acidente vascular cerebral foi mais freq&#252;ente em pacientes que apresentaram vegeta&#231;&#227;o &gt; 10 mm (p=0,02).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve maior necessidade de tratamento cir&#250;rgico entre os pacientes em que foram identificadas vegeta&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>A taxa de mortalidade n&#227;o foi maior nos pacientes que apresentaram vegeta&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre refring&#234;ncia e sexo, idade, abscesso, fluxo de insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica aguda, tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, uso pr&#233;vio de antibioticoterapia, complica&#231;&#245;es, tratamento e condi&#231;&#227;o de alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Nos epis&#243;dios com o diagn&#243;stico definido de endocardite infecciosa, abscessos de anel valvar foram identificados em 5 casos com o emprego do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (4 em anel valvar a&#243;rtico, 1 em anel mitral). Pela an&#225;lise transesof&#225;gica, foram identificadas 37 imagens de abscesso de anel (24 em anel a&#243;rtico, 7 em anel mitral, 6 em outras localiza&#231;&#245;es). A identifica&#231;&#227;o de abscesso perivalvar durante o ato operat&#243;rio foi de 31 casos (22 em anel a&#243;rtico, 7 em anel mitral, 2 na jun&#231;&#227;o mitroa&#243;rtica). Nos 6 casos onde houve a identifica&#231;&#227;o de abscesso perivalvar pela ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, sem confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica intraoperat&#243;ria, havia manipula&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pr&#233;via.</p>
    <p>Abscesso de anel valvar foi mais freq&#252;ente nos portadores de endocardite com vegeta&#231;&#245;es com dimens&#227;o &gt; 10 mm (p=0,01); e com mobilidade prolapsante (p =0,02).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre a presen&#231;a de abscesso perivalvar e os diferentes agentes etiol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de abscessos diferiu de acordo com os diferentes tempos de in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (tempo do in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o at&#233; 10 dias) (p= 0,001). N&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre a presen&#231;a de abscessos, sexo, idade.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico poss&#237;vel ou rejeitado para endocardite, n&#227;o houve identifica&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de abscesso perivalvar.</p>
    <p>Insufici&#234;ncia renal foi mais freq&#252;ente em pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico definido de endocardite infecciosa que apresentaram abscesso de anel valvar (p=0,04).</p>
    <p>A necessidade de tratamento cir&#250;rgico foi maior entre os pacientes em que foram identificados abscessos perivalvares (p=0,004).</p>
    <p>A taxa de mortalidade foi maior nos pacientes que apresentaram abscessos perivalvares (p=0,003).</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico definido de endocardite infecciosa, insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica foi evidenciada em 2 casos pela an&#225;lise transtor&#225;cica e em 6 pelo exame transesof&#225;gico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. II</xref>). Nesses 6 epis&#243;dios, havia a descri&#231;&#227;o de novo sopro em 3. Houve predom&#237;nio do n&#250;mero de exames transtor&#225;cico e transesof&#225;gico em pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico definido de endocardite, com decr&#233;scimo relativo do n&#250;mero de exames nos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico poss&#237;vel e rejeitado.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0191-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Houve maior necessidade de tratamento cir&#250;rgico entre os pacientes em que foi identificada insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica aguda (p=0,001).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica aguda e sexo, idade, os diferentes agentes etiol&#243;gicos, entre os diferentes tempos de in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foi maior a presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es, a taxa de mortalidade n&#227;o foi maior, e nos pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico poss&#237;vel ou rejeitado para endocardite, n&#227;o houve identifica&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica aguda.</p>
    <p>Nos casos definidos de endocardite infecciosa, al&#233;m das vegeta&#231;&#245;es foram observados pela an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica trombos em 6 casos (todos com confirma&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, 2 ao exame transtor&#225;cico), contraste espont&#226;neo em 10 casos (2 ao exame transtor&#225;cico), perfura&#231;&#227;o de c&#250;spide mitral em 2 (com confirma&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, sem evid&#234;ncia ao exame transtor&#225;cico), fechamento precoce da valva mitral em caso de insufici&#234;ncia valvar a&#243;rtica aguda em 1 (somente realizado exame transtor&#225;cico), destrui&#231;&#227;o da jun&#231;&#227;o mitro-a&#243;rtica em 8 (todos com confirma&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, com identifica&#231;&#227;o pelo exame transtor&#225;cico em 1 caso) e 2 de f&#237;stulas da aorta para o &#225;trio direito (1 caso identificado com o exame transtor&#225;cico, com confirma&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica) e rotura de cordoalha em 5 (todos com confirma&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e com identifica&#231;&#227;o pelo exame transtor&#225;cico).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A casu&#237;stica estudada tem como caracter&#237;sticas predom&#237;nio de portadores de pr&#243;teses valvares card&#237;acas (63%), de pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico (73,2%) e mortalidade elevada (35,2%), o que demonstra a gravidade da doen&#231;a nesses casos.</p>
    <p>Os achados obtidos com o emprego do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico contribu&#237;ram para o diagn&#243;stico em 61 (48%) dos 127 pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico definido de endocardite. Os achados do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico possibilitaram acrescentar informa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas em 112 (88,2%) desses 127 pacientes, visibilizando vegeta&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica em outros 51 pacientes (40,1%), al&#233;m dos j&#225; diagnosticados ao transtor&#225;cico (61 pacientes). Este incremento diagn&#243;stico leva em considera&#231;&#227;o a popula&#231;&#227;o envolvida no estudo, em que h&#225; predom&#237;nio de portadores de pr&#243;teses valvares card&#237;acas. Em grupos espec&#237;ficos, como em portadores de pr&#243;teses valvares card&#237;acas, a investiga&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transesof&#225;gica pode ser evidenciada como m&#233;todo de investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica inicial, tendo-se em vista a maior acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica da t&#233;cnica transesof&#225;gica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico<sup>2,14</sup>. Em pacientes com maior dificuldade diagn&#243;stica, h&#225; a necessidade da repeti&#231;&#227;o dos exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos<sup>2</sup> . No presente estudo, os exames transtor&#225;cicos foram repetidos at&#233; o 6&#186; exame, e os exames transesof&#225;gicos at&#233; o 5&#186; exame. N&#227;o observamos acr&#233;scimo de informa&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica ap&#243;s o 3&#186; exame, tanto transtor&#225;cico quanto transesof&#225;gico<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Observamos maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral em portadores de endocardite em que houve identifica&#231;&#227;o de vegeta&#231;&#245;es com dimens&#245;es &gt; 10mm, embora n&#227;o tenha sido observada maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos perif&#233;ricos correlacionados &#224;s dimens&#245;es das vegeta&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o observamos maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral ou de embolia perif&#233;rica correlacionada &#224; mobilidade das vegeta&#231;&#245;es ou &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o da vegeta&#231;&#227;o. At&#233; 65% dos eventos emb&#243;licos podem acometer o sistema nervoso central<sup>2</sup>, com menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia nos diferentes &#243;rg&#227;os e locais<sup>23,24</sup>. Em estudos pr&#233;vios <sup>24-30</sup>, h&#225; controv&#233;rsia entre a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s dimens&#245;es e mobilidade das vegeta&#231;&#245;es. Em alguns estudos, observou-se maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos em pacientes que apresentavam vegeta&#231;&#245;es com dimens&#245;es &gt; 10mm<sup>24-27</sup>, com grande mobilidade<sup>24,27</sup> e com envolvimento da valva mitral<sup>26</sup> . Em outras s&#233;ries, n&#227;o foi observada maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos em pacientes com vegeta&#231;&#245;es &gt; 10mm<sup>28-30</sup> e com grande mobilidade<sup>28,30</sup>. As diferentes s&#233;ries divergem quanto aos resultados e aos m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos empregados para a identifica&#231;&#227;o das vegeta&#231;&#245;es. Em algumas s&#233;ries foi empregada somente a investiga&#231;&#227;o transtor&#225;cica<sup>25,27,29</sup> e, em outras, a transesof&#225;gica<sup>24,26,28,30</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de vegeta&#231;&#245;es e de abscessos valvares card&#237;acos foi mais freq&#252;ente em pacientes com per&#237;odo de in&#237;cio de sintomas e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &lt; 10 dias, assim como o n&#250;mero de casos com o diagn&#243;stico definido de endocardite, 76 (59,8%) de 127 casos, a ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, de acidente vascular cerebral, de insufici&#234;ncia renal, e de fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos extracerebrais, respectivamente, 28 (53,8%) de 52 casos, 19 (65,5%) de 29 epis&#243;dios, 37 (55,2%) de 67, e 12 (57,1%) de 21. Estes dados mostram a import&#226;ncia da valoriza&#231;&#227;o dos sinais e sintomas cl&#237;nicos iniciais e da investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica em pacientes nos quais &#233; poss&#237;vel o diagn&#243;stico de endocardite infecciosa.</p>
    <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de 132 (97,8%) de 135 imagens de vegeta&#231;&#227;o com refring&#234;ncia semelhante &#224; do endoc&#225;rdio demonstra, a princ&#237;pio, envolvimento endoc&#225;rdico recente, pois a maior refring&#234;ncia estrutural poderia representar dep&#243;sito de c&#225;lcio em fun&#231;&#227;o de maior tempo de ocorr&#234;ncia do evento.</p>
    <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de abscessos perivalvares card&#237;acos foi tamb&#233;m mais freq&#252;ente nos pacientes apresentando vegeta&#231;&#245;es com dimens&#245;es &gt; 10mm e com maior mobilidade. As vegeta&#231;&#245;es de maiores dimens&#245;es e maior mobilidade podem representar envolvimento endoc&#225;rdico mais acentuado, com potencial maior de desenvolvimento de abscessos valvares card&#237;acos.</p>
    <p>A implica&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica e progn&#243;stica do diagn&#243;stico dos abscessos perivalvares e de insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica foi muito grande, uma vez que, nos pacientes com abscessos perivalvares, foi maior a necessidade de tratamento cir&#250;rgico e ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal, havendo maior mortalidade e, entre os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica, foi maior a necessidade de tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>Em oito pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de endocardite poss&#237;vel, foram visibilizadas, nos exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos transesof&#225;gicos, estruturas identificadas como vegeta&#231;&#245;es decorrentes da endocardite infecciosa, que posteriormente n&#227;o apresentaram confirma&#231;&#227;o anatomopatol&#243;gica ou que apresentaram melhora cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s tratamento por curto intervalo de tempo. Na s&#233;rie de pacientes em que crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram introduzidos para a categorizac&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de endocardite<sup>1</sup>, foram identificadas imagens definidas como vegeta&#231;&#245;es em 11 (7%) casos, com o diagn&#243;stico poss&#237;vel para endocardite e em 4 (8%) de diagn&#243;stico rejeitado. O diagn&#243;stico diferencial de vegeta&#231;&#245;es provenientes da endocardite infecciosa ocorre em estruturas naturais como o espessamento e a degenera&#231;&#227;o valvar, a cordoalha valvar, em estruturas nodulares encontradas sobretudo em valva a&#243;rtica nativa, como as excresc&#234;ncias de Lambl e os n&#243;dulos de Arantius. Na endocardite mar&#226;ntica (tromb&#243;tica), na endocardite n&#227;o infecciosa de Libman-Sacks, em pequenos tumores, como o fibroelastoma papilar, em presen&#231;a de trombos card&#237;acos, tamb&#233;m podemos encontrar estruturas com morfologia semelhante &#224; vegeta&#231;&#227;o decorrente da endocardite infecciosa. Maior dificuldade ocorre na diferencia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica de pequenas vegeta&#231;&#245;es e de fios de sutura cir&#250;rgica ou de estruturas denominadas filamentos de fibrina<sup>31,32</sup>. Em nosso estudo, todas as estruturas identificadas como vegeta&#231;&#245;es, que foram submetidas a procedimento cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o tendo havido confirma&#231;&#227;o estrutural, tratavam-se de fios de sutura cir&#250;rgica, com per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio &lt; 2 meses.</p>
    <p>Nossa casu&#237;stica apresentou grupo de pacientes com predom&#237;nio de portadores de pr&#243;teses valvares card&#237;acas com suspeita diagn&#243;stica de endocardite infecciosa, com investiga&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica realizada em hospital terci&#225;rio voltado para cardiologia, e que pode n&#227;o ser representativo de outras circunst&#226;ncias cl&#237;nicas em que &#233; poss&#237;vel o diagn&#243;stico de endocardite. As indica&#231;&#245;es da realiza&#231;&#227;o da investiga&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica foram heterog&#234;neas, tendo sido fundamentadas na necessidade da investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e na aprecia&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, em pacientes com suspeita diagn&#243;stica de endocardite infecciosa submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos variaram de acordo com a categoria diagn&#243;stica definida, poss&#237;vel e rejeitada. A contribui&#231;&#227;o da informa&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, tanto para o diagn&#243;stico quanto para a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste do diagn&#243;stico de endocardite infecciosa.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Dr. Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira </p>
        <p> R: Cardoso de Melo, 463 - ap. 21 </p>
        <p> Vila Ol&#237;mpia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> 04548-002 - e-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mlcvieira@aol.com">mlcvieira@aol.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 9/10/03 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 18/2/04</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Echocardiographic findings in patients with suspected infective endocarditis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the echocardiographic findings in patients with suspected infective endocarditis. METHODS: Two hundred sixty-two patients with suspected infective endocarditis underwent transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic investigation. Images of vegetations, valvular abscesses, and acute periprosthetic insufficiency were analyzed, and the correlation with clinical and laboratory data, diagnostic category, and hospital evolution was assessed. RESULTS: The diagnosis of endocarditis was categorized as defined in 127 (47.8%) episodes, possible in 81 (30.4%), and rejected in 58 (21.8%). In patients with the defined diagnosis, the following images were identified: 135 vegetations, 37 abscesses, and 6 periprosthetic insufficiencies. Vegetations were more frequent in patients with endocarditis due to streptococci of the viridans group and enterococci (P=0.02), and with symptom duration &lt; 10 days (P=0.001). Abscesses were more frequent in patients with symptom duration &lt; 10 days (P=0.001). Periprosthetic insufficiency was associated with a greater need for surgical treatment (P=0.001). In patients with the possible diagnosis of endocarditis, 8 echocardiographic images considered compatible with vegetations were identified. In patients whose diagnosis of endocarditis was rejected, no vegetations, valvular abscesses, or periprosthetic insufficiencies were demonstrated. CONCLUSION: Our echocardiographic findings varied according to the diagnostic category. The contribution to both the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation should consider the pretest probability of the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>infective endocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiographic findings in patients with suspected infective endocarditis</p>
      <p>Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira; Max Grinberg; Pablo M. A. Pomerantzeff; Jos&#233; L. de Andrade; Alfredo J. Mansur </p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the FMUSP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the echocardiographic findings in patients with suspected infective endocarditis.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Two hundred sixty-two patients with suspected infective endocarditis underwent transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic investigation. Images of vegetations, valvular abscesses, and acute periprosthetic insufficiency were analyzed, and the correlation with clinical and laboratory data, diagnostic category, and hospital evolution was assessed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The diagnosis of endocarditis was categorized as defined in 127 (47.8%) episodes, possible in 81 (30.4%), and rejected in 58 (21.8%). In patients with the defined diagnosis, the following images were identified: 135 vegetations, 37 abscesses, and 6 periprosthetic insufficiencies. Vegetations were more frequent in patients with endocarditis due to streptococci of the viridans group and enterococci (P=0.02), and with symptom duration &lt; 10 days (P=0.001). Abscesses were more frequent in patients with symptom duration &lt; 10 days (P=0.001). Periprosthetic insufficiency was associated with a greater need for surgical treatment (P=0.001). In patients with the possible diagnosis of endocarditis, 8 echocardiographic images considered compatible with vegetations were identified. In patients whose diagnosis of endocarditis was rejected, no vegetations, valvular abscesses, or periprosthetic insufficiencies were demonstrated.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Our echocardiographic findings varied according to the diagnostic category. The contribution to both the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation should consider the pretest probability of the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>infective endocarditis, echocardiography</p>
      <p>Echocardiography has contributed to the diagnosis and therapeutic management of patients suspected of having infective endocarditis, both through the transthoracic<sup>1</sup> and transesophageal techniques<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the progress observed, situations occur in which the diagnosis of infective endocarditis is difficult, such as in patients with acute disease, infection in cardiac valvular prostheses <sup>3,4</sup>, prosthetic infection in the immediate postoperative period <sup>5,6</sup>, patients with an artificial cardiac pacemaker <sup>7,8</sup>, patients receiving previous antimicrobial therapy, or those whose blood cultures are negative <sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the different recent published studies <sup>11-15</sup> about the use of transesophageal echocardiography in patients suspected of having infective endocarditis, we observe case series ranging from 23 to 180 patients studied using biplanar transducers, or part of the case series being studied with multiplanar probes. In addition, they did not include the diagnostic categorization of patients.</p>
      <p>Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the echocardiographic findings, both through the transthoracic and multiplanar transesophageal techniques, in a greater case series of patients suspected of having infective endocarditis, classified according to diagnostic categories, which also include situations of greater diagnostic difficulty.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Two hundred sixty-two patients were prospectively studied in 266 episodes of the disease, in which the differential diagnosis included the diagnostic hypothesis of infective endocarditis. The patients' age ranged from 10 to 85 years (mean, 47.6; standard deviation, 17.9), and 139 (52.2%) episodes occurred in men and 127 (47.8%) in women.</p>
      <p>The echocardiographic examination was indicated by the clinician responsible for the patient. The patients studied initially underwent the transthoracic study, and, on the occasion of the transesophageal investigation, the examination was preceded by a new transthoracic study. All patients underwent transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic investigation.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of infective endocarditis was based on clinical findings (fever, predisposing heart disease, illicit use of intravenous drugs, cardiac murmur, vascular or immunologic phenomena), identification of the etiologic agent in at least 2 blood cultures, identification of endocardial impairment on transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography, and histological evidence of infective endocarditis on surgical or autopsy findings. The diagnosis of infective endocarditis followed the recommendations of the previously published criteria <sup>1</sup> and were categorized as defined, possible, and rejected.</p>
      <p>The examinations were performed according to the routine of our service and previously recommended techniques <sup>16,17</sup>. The transesophageal echocardiography was performed with electrocardiographic and oximetric monitoring, and no antibiotic prophylaxis was administered <sup>17</sup>. The mean duration of the transesophageal examination was 28.2 minutes (standard deviation of 6.4 minutes).</p>
      <p>The examinations were performed on Advanced Technology Laboratory devices, Apogee CX 200, HDI 3000, and HDI 5000 models (Bothell, Washington, USA). The transesophageal examinations were performed with multiplanar transducers. The transthoracic examinations that precede the transesophageal examinations and the transesophageal examinations were recorded on VHS videotapes.</p>
      <p>The examinations were analyzed by the physician who performed them, and then by a second researcher, who ignored the previous clinical diagnosis. Agreement between the different observers in the analysis of the transesophageal examinations was greater than 95% for the presence of defined images, such as vegetations, abscesses, and acute periprosthetic insufficiency (dehiscence of cardiac valvular prosthesis). When divergence in identification of the images occurred, a third observer also analyzed the examinations.</p>
      <p>The echocardiographic findings were diagnosed according to previously published criteria <sup>18-20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The images obtained on transthoracic examinations were categorized according to quality, using the identification of the endocardium and the valvular structures as a criterion, as follows: a) adequate; b) regular; c) inadequate <sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The following characteristics of the vegetations were examined: a) location in the cardiac structure; b) dimension in their greater diameter (until 5 mm, from 6 to 10 mm, &gt; 10 mm); c) refringence <underline>&gt;</underline> that of the endocardium (with the gain of the echocardiographic device in minimum values capable of identifying the image defined as a vegetation); d) mobility (vegetation firmly adhered to the underlying structure, fixed base with free mobile border, and prolapsing).</p>
      <p>The following characteristics were studied: a) demographic and clinical aspects: age, sex, time between symptom onset and hospitalization, previous use of antimicrobial agents, diagnostic categorization of endocarditis, etiologic agents, heart disease, treatment, evolution; b) echocardiographic findings: vegetation, perivalvular abscess; periprosthetic insufficiency; fistula between the cardiac chambers; thrombus; and pericardial effusion.</p>
      <p>The descriptive analysis of the continuous variables was performed using the minimum and maximum values, mean, and standard deviation. The descriptive analysis of the categorical variables was performed using the absolute and relative frequencies. The comparative analysis was performed using the chi-square test or the Fisher exact test. The data were processed with the statistical analysis system of the SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA. The P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      <p>The project was approved by the Committee on Ethics in Research of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Medical School of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The demographic and clinical characteristics, including laboratory data, complications, and hospital evolution are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21426t1-body2">table I</xref>. The population studied was characterized by the predominance of patients with cardiac valvular prostheses, and time elapsed between symptom onset and hospitalization &lt; 10 days. More than half of the patients required surgical treatment during in-hospital evolution.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_21426t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0191-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The diagnosis was categorized as defined in 127 (47.8%) episodes as follows: 112 (88.2%) through clinical criteria, and 15 (11.8%) through anatomicopathological criteria. The diagnosis was categorized as possible in 81 episodes (30.4%), and as rejected in 58 (21.8%) episodes.</p>
      <p>The microbiologic agents identified in the 127 episodes with the defined diagnosis of infective endocarditis were: coagulase-negative <italic>staphylococcus</italic> in 26 (20.5%); <italic>staphylococcus aureus</italic> in 21 (16.5%); <italic>streptococcus</italic> of the <italic>viridans</italic> group in 20 (15.7%); <italic>streptococcus</italic> not pertaining to the <italic>viridans</italic> group in 6 (4.7%); gram-negative bacteria in 10 (7.9%); <italic>enterococcus faecalis</italic> in 5 (3.9%); fungi in 3 (2.4%); and association of 2 infective agents in 3 (2.4%) episodes. No infective agents were identified in blood cultures in 33 (26%) episodes, and, in 22 patients with 33 episodes, no etiologic agent could be identified, because they had cardiac valvular prostheses.</p>
      <p>The quality of the images of transthoracic examinations that preceded the transesophageal examinations were considered as follows: adequate in 256 (77.6%) of 330 examinations; regular in 52 (15.7%); inadequate in 22 (6.7%).</p>
      <p>In patients with the defined diagnosis of endocarditis, 135 images of vegetations were identified as follows: through transthoracic analysis in 61 (48%) of the 127 cases of the diagnosis defined as infective endocarditis; and through transesophageal analysis in 112 (88.2%) cases. Therefore, vegetations were identified through transthoracic analysis in 61 (54.4%) of the 112 cases identified through transesophageal examination.</p>
      <p>The images of vegetations were identified on mitral valve prosthesis in 46 (36.1%) of 127 episodes; on aortic valve prosthesis in 33 (26%) episodes; on pulmonary valve prosthesis in 1 (0.8%); on native mitral valve in 15 (11.8%); on native aortic valve in 9 (7.1%); on tricuspid valve in 2 (1.6%); on native pulmonary valve in 1 (0.8%); on mitral valve and on aortic valve in 15 (11.8%); on the extension of artificial cardiac pacemakers in 3 (2.4 %); and on ventricular endocardium in 2 (1.6%) episodes.</p>
      <p>The dimensions of the images identified as vegetations were as follows: &lt; 5 mm in 24 of 135 (17.8%); between 6 and 10 mm in 78 (57.8%); and &gt; 10 mm in 33 (24.4%). The refringence of the images of the vegetations was equal to that of the endocardium in 132 (97.8%) images, and greater than that of the endocardium in 3 (2.2%). The images of the vegetations had a fixed base with free mobile border in 45 (33.3%) characterizations, and prolapsing structures in 90 (66.7%) images.</p>
      <p>The distribution of the presence of vegetations differed with the different etiologies (more frequent for <italic>streptococci</italic> of the <italic>viridans</italic> group and <italic>enterococci</italic>) (P=0.02).</p>
      <p>The presence of vegetations was more frequent with different times between symptom onset and hospitalization (more frequent for the time between symptom onset and hospitalization up to 10 days) (P=0.001).</p>
      <p>In patients with the possible diagnosis of endocarditis, images interpreted as vegetations were identified on transesophageal examination in 8 (9.8%) of 81 episodes, and in 2 (2.5%) with the use of transthoracic echocardiography. Of those 8 cases, all had negative blood cultures, 5 received antibiotic therapy for a short period of time (under 14 days), with remission of the findings and maintenance of the images on later transesophageal examination. They were discharged from the hospital and clinically followed up for at least 6 months, with no other possible diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Of the 8 patients with an image interpreted as vegetation, 3 underwent surgical treatment, and neither macroscopic, nor histological material compatible with vegetation was found. The image saw as vegetation on echocardiography was then attributed to surgical suture thread. Of the 8 cases, 7 had a bioprosthesis (5 in the mitral position, 2 in the aortic position). One patient had an image on the native aortic valve. All 8 patients had no previous history of an episode of infective endocarditis.</p>
      <p>In the episodes in which the diagnosis of endocarditis was rejected, no image of vegetation was identified on echocardiography.</p>
      <p>In patients with the defined diagnosis of infective endocarditis, 357 complications due to infection occurred as follows: acute renal failure, 67 episodes; congestive heart failure, 52 episodes; cardiac valve abscess, 31 episodes; stroke, 29 episodes; extracerebral embolism, 21 episodes; complete atrioventricular block, 13 episodes; cerebral embolism, 7; mycotic aneurysm, 7; pulmonary embolism, 3; and other complications, 127. Stroke was more frequent in patients whose vegetations were &gt; 10 mm (P = 0.02).</p>
      <p>No greater need for surgical treatment was observed in patients in whom vegetations were identified.</p>
      <p>The mortality rate was not greater in patients with vegetations.</p>
      <p>No statistical significance was observed between refringence and the following parameters: sex, age, abscess, flow of acute periprosthetic insufficiency, time elapsed between symptom onset and hospitalization, previous use of antibiotic therapy, complications, treatment, and condition at hospital discharge.</p>
      <p>In the episodes with the defined diagnosis of infective endocarditis, 5 cases of valvular ring abscesses were identified by using transthoracic echocardiography (4 in the aortic ring, and 1 in the mitral ring). On transesophageal echocardiography, 37 images of valvular ring abscess were identified as follows: 24 in the aortic ring, 7 in the mitral ring, and 6 in other locations. A perivalvular abscess was identified during surgery in 31 cases (22 in the aortic ring, 7 in the mitral ring, and 2 in the mitroaortic junction). In the 6 cases, in which a perivalvular abscess was identified on transesophageal echocardiography, but was not confirmed during surgery, previous surgical manipulation had occurred.</p>
      <p>Valvular ring abscess was more frequent in patients with endocarditis, who had vegetations with dimensions &gt; 10 mm (P=0.01) and prolapsing mobility (P=0.02).</p>
      <p>No statistical significance was found between the presence of a perivalvular abscess and the different etiological agents.</p>
      <p>The distribution of the presence of abscesses differed according to the different times between symptom onset and hospitalization (time between symptom onset and hospitalization up to 10 days) (P=0.001). No statistical significance was found between the presence of abscesses, sex, and age.</p>
      <p>In patients with the possible diagnosis of endocarditis or in those whose diagnosis of endocarditis was rejected, no perivalvular abscess was identified on echocardiography.</p>
      <p>Renal failure was more frequent in patients with the defined diagnosis of infective endocarditis who had an abscess of the valvular ring (P=0.04).</p>
      <p>The need for surgical treatment was greater among patients in whom perivalvular abscesses were identified (P=0.004).</p>
      <p>The mortality rate was greater in patients with perivalvular abscesses (P=0.003).</p>
      <p>In patients with a defined diagnosis of infective endocarditis, periprosthetic insufficiency was evidenced in 2 cases on transthoracic echocardiography, and in 6 on transesophageal echocardiography (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21426t2-body2">tab. II</xref>). Of the 6 episodes, a new cardiac murmur was reported in 3. The greater number of transthoracic and transesophageal examinations predominated in patients with the defined diagnosis of endocarditis, with a relative decrease in the number of those examinations in patients with the possible and rejected diagnoses of endocarditis.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_21426t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-03-0191-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A greater need for surgical treatment was observed among patients in whom acute periprosthetic insufficiency was identified (P=0.001).</p>
      <p>No statistical significance was observed between the presence of acute periprosthetic insufficiency and the following parameters: sex, age, and the different etiologic agents. No statistical significance was observed between the different times between symptom onset and hospitalization. Neither the presence of complications, nor the mortality rate was greater. In patients with the possible or rejected diagnosis of endocarditis, no acute periprosthetic insufficiency was identified on echocardiography.</p>
      <p>In the cases with the defined diagnosis of infective endocarditis, in addition to vegetations, the following characteristics were observed on echocardiography: thrombi in 6 cases (all of them with surgical confirmation, 2 on transthoracic examination); spontaneous contrast in 10 cases (2 on transthoracic echocardiography); perforation of the mitral leaflet in 2 (with surgical confirmation and no evidence on transthoracic examination); early closure of the mitral valve in the case of acute aortic valve insufficiency in 1 (only transthoracic echocardiography was performed); destruction of the mitroaortic junction in 8 (all of them with surgical confirmation, and identification on transthoracic examination in 1 case); fistulas from the aorta to the right atrium in 2 (1 case identified on transthoracic echocardiography and confirmed on surgery); and rupture of the chordae tendineae in 5 (all with surgical confirmation and identification on transthoracic echocardiography).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The case series studied was characterized by predominance of patients with cardiac valve prostheses (63%), patients undergoing surgical treatment (73.2%), and a high mortality rate (35.2%), which show the severity of the disease in those cases.</p>
      <p>The data obtained by use of transthoracic echocardiography contributed to the diagnosis in 61 (48%) of the 127 patients with the defined diagnosis of endocarditis. The information provided by transesophageal echocardiography enabled the addition of diagnostic information in 112 (88.2%) of these 127 patients, obtaining the diagnostic of vegetationin 51 (40,1%) other cases, more than the 61 diagnosed on the transthoracio examination. This diagnostic increment takes into consideration the population involved in the study, in which patients with cardiac valvular prostheses predominate. In specific groups, such as that of patients with cardiac valvular prostheses, the transesophageal echocardiographic investigation may be regarded as a method of initial diagnostic investigation, due to the greater diagnostic accuracy of the transesophageal technique as compared with that of transthoracic echocardiography <sup>2,14</sup>. Patients with greater diagnostic difficulty require repetition of the echocardiographic examinations <sup>2</sup>. In the present study, the transthoracic echocardiographies were repeated until the sixth examination, and the transesophageal echocardiographies until the fifth examination. No addition of diagnostic information was observed after the third examination, either transthoracic or transesophageal <sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>A greater frequency of stroke was observed in patients with endocarditis in whom vegetations with dimensions &gt; 10 mm were identified, although a greater frequency of peripheral embolic phenomena correlated with the dimensions of the vegetations was not observed. A greater frequency of stroke or peripheral embolism correlated with the mobility of the vegetations or location of the vegetation was not observed. Up to 65% of the embolic events may affect the central nervous system <sup>2</sup>, with a lower frequency in the different organs and places <sup>23,24</sup>. Previous studies <sup>24-30</sup> about the frequency of embolic phenomena in regard to the dimensions and mobility of vegetations are considered controversial. Some studies <sup>24-27</sup> report a greater frequency of embolic phenomena in patients with vegetations with dimensions &gt; 10 mm, with great mobility, and with involvement of the mitral valve <sup>26</sup>. Other series do not report a greater frequency of embolic phenomena in patients with vegetations &gt; 10 mm <sup>28-30</sup> and with great mobility <sup>28,30</sup>. The different series diverge in regard to the results and the echocardiographic methods used for identifying the vegetations. Some series used only the transthoracic investigation <sup>25,27,29</sup>, while others the transesophageal <sup>24,26,28,30</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with time between symptom onset and hospitalization &lt; 10 days had a greater incidence of the following: vegetations and cardiac valvular abscesses, defined diagnosis of endocarditis, 76 (59.8%) of 127 cases, heart failure, stroke, renal failure, and extracerebral embolic phenomena, 28 (53.8%) of 52 cases, 19 (65.5%) of 29 episodes, 37 (55.2%) of 67, and 12 (57.1%) of 21, respectively. These data show the importance of the initial clinical signs and symptoms and of the diagnostic investigation in patients in whom the diagnosis of infective endocarditis is possible.</p>
      <p>The identification of 132 (97.8%) of 135 images of vegetation with refringence similar to that of the endocardium shows recent endocardial involvement, because the greater structural refringence may represent calcium accumulation due to the greater time of occurrence of the event.</p>
      <p>The identification of cardiac perivalvular abscesses was also more frequent in patients with vegetations &gt; 10 mm and with greater mobility. The vegetations with greater dimensions and mobility may represent greater endocardial involvement, with a greater potential to develop cardiac valvular abscesses.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of perivalvular abscesses and periprosthetic insufficiency was very important because of therapeutic and prognostic implications. Patients with perivalvular abscesses had a greater need for surgical treatment and a higher incidence of renal failure, with higher mortality, and, patients with periprosthetic insufficiency had a higher need for surgical treatment.</p>
      <p>In 8 patients with the possible diagnosis of endocarditis, structures identified as vegetations due to infective endocarditis were visualized on transesophageal echocardiography. These structures were either not confirmed on the anatomicopathological examination or had clinical improvement after treatment for a short period of time. In the series of patients in which echocardiographic criteria were introduced for the diagnostic categorization of endocarditis <sup>1</sup>, images defined as vegetations were identified in 11 (7%) cases with the possible diagnosis of endocarditis and in 4 (8%) cases with the rejected diagnosis of endocarditis. The differential diagnosis of vegetations resulting from infective endocarditis is made with natural structures, such as valvular thickening and degeneration, chordae tendineae, and nodular structures found mainly in the native aortic valve, such as the Lambl excrescences and the Arantius nodule. Structures with morphology similar to that of the vegetation of infective endocarditis may also be found in the following conditions: marantic (thrombotic) endocarditis; noninfective Libman-Sacks endocarditis; small tumors, such as papillary fibroelastomas; and in the presence of cardiac thrombi. The morphological differentiation of small vegetations from surgical suture thread or structures denominated fibrin filaments is more difficult <sup>31,32</sup>. In our study, all structures identified as vegetations, which underwent surgery and were not confirmed as such, were surgical suture thread with a postoperative period &lt; 2 months.</p>
      <p>In our case series, most patients had cardiac valvular prostheses with the suspected diagnosis of infective endocarditis and echocardiographic investigation performed in a tertiary hospital specializing in cardiology, and this may not represent other clinical circumstances with a possible diagnosis of endocarditis. The indications for performing echocardiographic investigation were heterogeneous and based on the need for diagnostic investigation and appreciation of the attending physician.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, in patients with suspected infective endocarditis undergoing echocardiographic assessment, the echocardiographic findings varied according to the following diagnostic categories: defined, possible, and rejected. The contribution of the echocardiographic information, both for the diagnosis and prognostic assessment, should take into consideration the pretest probability of the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira </p>
          <p> Rua Cardoso de Melo, 463/21 </p>
          <p> 04548-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mlcvieira@aol.com">mlcvieira@aol.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 10/9/03</p>
      <p>Accepted for publication: 2/18/04</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
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